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Index
William L. MacDonald, John A. Pinto
Description: Hadrian’s Villa and Its Legacy
Hadrian’s Villa and Its Legacy
Index
Author
William L. MacDonald, John A. Pinto
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 1995 by Yale University
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00061.019
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-13818
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Index
 
Academy, 4. See also Athens
Acanthus, 179
Acqua Vergine, 207
Adam, James, 239
Adam, Robert, 236–239, 247, 301
Addison, Joseph, 268
Administrative area, 61–62, 187
Aelius Aristides, 19n, 133
“Aelius Spartianus,” 8
Agathias, 204n
Agrippa: proposal for masterworks, 4; Rome stagnum, 110
Air, control of, 91. See also Cooling; Heating
Akbar, 329
Ala, 88 (room); 184 (cavalry)
Alabaster floor, 165
Albaccini, Carlo, 300 and n
Albani, Alessandro, 239, 278, 291, 304
Albano, 257; Domitian’s villa, 6, 193
Albert, Prince, 150
Albury Park, Surrey, 279
Aldovrandi, Ulisse, 288
Alexander I of Russia, 304
Alexander VI, Borgia, 287
Alexandria, 4
Hadrian’s works in, 108–109
Algardi, Alessandro, 278
Allusion, a Villa principle, 4, 7, 80–81, 134, 189, 266–269. See also Nomenclature
Alsium: villa of Antoninus Pius, 199
Amalthaea, Amalthaeum, 138, 182, 269
Ambulatories, 45
Ambulatory Wall, 28, 42, 218; graphic representation, 321
American Academy in Rome, 317, 319, 323
Amici, 17, 148, 188
Anesi, Paolo, 278
Angled Terrace, 11, 30, 36, 43, 56
Anglesey Abbey, Cambridgeshire, 304
Anguillara Sabazia, villa, 200
Aniene, 5, 25, 29, 207, 273
Animals: working, care of, 136–137; wild, 190. See also Horses; Hunters
Anne, Queen, 280
Anson, Thomas, 303
Antinoopolis, 108, 149, 195
Antinous, 7, 19 and n; on Arch of Constantine, 20; death, 20, 108; cult, deification, 45, 149–150; Eleusis, initiation, 132; coins, 149; Rome obelisk, 149; temples / shrines, 149; the Prince Consort, 150
—portraits, 132n, 147, 149–150, 265, 278, 290, 293; pictorial modes, 150
Antiquarian dealers, 301
Antonine portraits, 198–199
Antoninus Pius: portrait, 198; villas of, 199
Aphrodisias, 146, 149n, 292
Aphrodite, statues and shrines, 58, 59
Apicius, 179
Apollo Belvedere, 291
Apollodorus, 22
Appian Way, 206
Apsidal Hall, 36, 42, 66, 217; graphic representations, 258, 309, 341
Apuleius, 133
Aqueducts, 26, 45, 113, 172, 207
Arcaded Triclinium, 36, 42; art gallery?, 103; modifications, 103, 105; analysis, 105–108; precedents, 106; functions, 107; spatiality, 107; marble floor, 167; waterworks, 174
Arcades, 50; on curved plans, 106
Archelaus I of Cappadocia: island palace, 85n
Arches, blind, 97
—on columns, 50
Architect-client relations, 32
Architects, ancient, 5 and n. See also Apollodorus; Decrianus; Hadrian; Rabirius; Vitruvius
Architecture: as Roman profession, 5
Area of Villa, 29–30
Arena, 99; graphic representation, 29
Argos, Sanctuary of Hercules, 192
Aristeas of Aphrodisias, 292
Arlington, Lord, 281
Army. See Hadrian: public life; Praetorians
Arrian (Flavius Arrianus), 14, 16
Art, classical, at the Villa, 147; state themes lacking in, 146
—villas depicted in, 5
Ashby, Thomas, 26
Ashir, 204
Asprucci, Antonio, 307–308
Asprucci, Marco, 308
Astoria, 326n
Athenaeus, 102n
Athena in art, 151
Athens: Academy, 7; Hadrian’s love of, 14 and n, 18; his works in, 95 n, 146, 151, 192, 195, 268, 304; locations cited in HA, 110–111; Painted Stoa, 218; Erechtheum, 268; Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, 308
Atlantis. See Plato’s Atlantis
Atrium, 33
Atticus, Titus Pomponius, 138, 145, 182, 186, 269
Audience hall, 103. See also Ceremonial Precinct
Augusta, Dowager Princess of Wales, 284
Augustan (England) literature, 280
Augustus: Hadrian’s model, 15, 21; portrait in Hadrian’s quarters, 15, 190; Hadrian cites, 21; Rome retreat (“Syracuse”), 85; and Portico of Nations, 151; at Tivoli, 193
Aula palatina, 79
Aulus Gellius, 5, 33
Aurelius Victor, Sextus, 7, 8, 17; his epitomist, 17
Aurigemma, Salvatore, 26, 315–316
Ausonius, Decimus Magnus, 201–202
Aviaries, 190, 275
Avidius Cassius, 15
Avidius Heliodorus, 14
Baalbek, 133
Bacon, Edmund N., 323, 324
Bagnaia, Villa Lante, 275
Baiae, 194; villa of Faustinus, 80; Temple of Venus, 101; Hadrian dies at, 197
Balconies, 66, 80, 106, 181
Balut, Pierre-Yves, 325
Banquets, 102–103, 188–189
Baptisteria, 91n
Barbaro, Daniele, 214
Barberini, Antonio, 289
Barberini, Francesco, 220, 221, 289
Barberini archive, 221
Barberini Codex, 210–211
Bartoli, Francesco, 241
Basilica, 35, 78–79, 193, 298
Baths, 4, 5, 32; Pliny’s, 4; beside Residence, 61; in Southern Range, 63; in the Peristyle Pool Building(?), 76; in Island Enclosure, 83; traditional sculpture in, 158; service of, 185. See also Heliocaminus Baths; Larger Baths; Smaller Baths
Batoni, Pompeo, 290–292
Beaux-Arts architects, 316–320
Bedrooms, 5, 33, 68, 187, 190
Behrens, Peter, 320
Beijing: the Yuanmingyuan, near, 327–328
Belisarius, 199
Bellay, Cardinal Jean du, 288
Belli, Giovan Giocchino, 309
Bellori, Giovanni Pietro, 214
Belvedere Apollo, 291
Bembo, Pietro, 212
Benedict XIV, Lambertini, 239, 289–290, 292
Benghazi Venus, 189 and n
Berlin museums, 163–164
Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 221
Berti, Gaspare, 224
Bibbiena, Cardinal (Bernardo Dovizi), 212–213
Biondo, Flavio, 11, 207–208
Birds, 189–190
Bloch, Herbert, 315
Blomaert, Arrigo, 233
Blondel, François, 244
Blondel, Jacques-François, 244
Blondel, Paul, 317
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 208
Bog, 41, 151, 177, 294–295
Boissier, Gaston, 26, 314
Bomarzo, Sacro Bosco, 275
Bonaparte, Josephine, 304, 313
Book of Ceremonies, 203, 329
Borromini, Francesco, 100, 224–225
Boselli, Orfeo, 224
Bosio, Antonio, 224
Bosra, cathedral, 106
Boussois, Charles-Louis, 317
Bracci, Pietro, 291
Bramante, Donato, 212, 269
Braschi-Onesti, duke, 314
Brettingham, Matthew, the Younger, 304
Bricks and brickstamps, 8, 19, 49, 199, 255
Bridgeman, Charles, 281
Brown, Frank E., 27 n, 316
Brutus, Marcus Junius, 269, 282
Bucknall, William, 302
Building types, villa, 4, 6, 11, 67, 193
Bulgarini, Simplicio, 291
Bulgarini family, 206, 289
Burgus, 202
Buscot Park, Oxfordshire, 304
Buttressing, earth, 11, 28. See also Central Service Building; East-West Terrace; Upper Park; West Terrace
Byres, James, 300
Calderone, Giulio, 224
Cameron, Charles, 241, 282, 304
Cammucini, Vincenzo, 298
Campagna, the, 25, 26, 28, 206–207, 211, 342
Campagnola, Giulio, 267
Canal Block, 63–64, 218, 286
Canals and channels, 97, 106. See also Scenic Canal
Candelabra, 190; Barberini, 200, 289 and n, 296; Oxford, 296, 302–303
Candles, 190
Canina, Luigi, 307–308, 322
Canopus: canal and town in Egypt, 7, 109–110
—named in the HA, 111
Canova, Antonio, 298, 309
Capracorum, domusculta, 203
Capri: imperial villas, 5, 124
Caraffa, Cardinal Gianvencenzo, 288
Cardelli, Lorenzo, 297
Caryatids, 107, 146, 268, 329
Casino Fede, 10, 40, 206, 230, 300; graphic representation, 233–234
Casino Michilli, 10, 206, 230, 294–295
Cassiano dal Pozzo, 218, 221, 224, 239
Castell’Arcioni, 206
Castello di Santo Stefano. See Tivoli: environs
Castiglione, Baldassare, 213, 272
Castle Howard, Yorkshire, 284
Casts of Villa sculpture, 304
Catherine the Great, 186, 241
Cavaceppi, Bartolomeo, 290, 301
Caylus. See Comte de Caylus
Cell-like chambers, duplicated, 55
Cenatio, 102
Centaurs: excavated by Furietti, 292
Centini, Count, 297
Centocelle, villa, 200
Centorubie, 294
Centralized planning, 100. See also Circles
Central Service Building, 36, 43, 64–66, 185; graphic representations, 232, 235–236, 258, 321
Central Vestibule, 30, 32, 36, 43–44, 69, 148; graphic representations, 31, 245
Cerebus, 276
Ceremonial Precinct, 33, 35, 38, 47, 78–81, 187, 193
Cervini, Cardinal Marcello, 215, 288
Chaix, Louis, 235
Chalke (Bronze House), 203
Chambers, Sir William, 241, 284
Chandigarh, 322
Charles de Bourbon, Cardinal, 275
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 272
Chateaubriand, François-Auguste-René, 313–314
Chatsworth, 187
Chillman, James H., Jr., 319
Chiswick House, 305
Christina, queen of Sweden, 288
Cicero, 22, 33, 146, 189, 266, 269; his villas, 3; and architecture, 5; on islands, 85; and Greek art, 145; and landscape, 179–182. See also Atticus
Cioci, 287 and n
Cipollino, 3
Circles: used in planning, 89, 92, 94–95, 99
Circular Hall, 68–69, 156–158, 163, 233, 271, 292; graphic representations, 70, 208–209, 237, 258, 309
Cistern nymphaeum, 177–178
Cisterns, 35, 127, 131, 173, 176–177
Civitavecchia: Trajan’s villa near, 6, 62, 64, 71, 102, 194
Clark, Eleanor, 13, 316
Classical architecture: and the Villa, 47, 94, 195
Claude. See Gellée, Claude
Clement XII, Corsini, 291
Clement XIII, Rezzonico, 292
Clerestories, 69, 79
Clérisseau, Charles-Louis, 214, 235–236, 247
Climate, 26, 28, 178
Clinton vase, 305
Clodion (Claude Michel), 293
Coade stone, 304
Cobham, Lord, 282
Coimbra, Children’s Garden, 89
Coins, coinage, 18, 149, 151, 184
Colonna, Francesco, 276
Colonnades, 54–55
Color, 159, 167–168, 170, 192n; paints, 152–154; stucco, 157; mosaic, 159, 162–163; marbles, 159, 164–165, 167; pool blue, 175; plants, 180; Egyptian blue, 192; rank order, 192n; in fountain design, 273
Columbaria, 185
Columns: spirally fluted, 52; ubiquity, 55. See also Colonnades; Composite order; Corinthian order; Doric order; Ionic order
Compluvium, 174
Composite order, 6, 52, 127
Comte de Caylus, Anne Claude de Tubières, 246
Conca, Sebastiano, 231
Concrete: Roman hydraulic, 30; construction, 57–58; floor slabs, 58, 105 and n, 163. See also Pozzolana
Consoles, 53, 116
Constantine VII, 203
Constantinople: the Great Palace, 207; Villa resemblances, 203–204; automata in, 204
—Hagia Sophia, 204
Construction: changes during, 33, 77; preparations for, 36–37
Contini, Francesco, 12, 226, 289, 311; Villa survey, 218, 220 and n, 221; graffito, 221, 224. See also Ligorio-Contini
Convivium, 102
Cooling, 28, 80, 122, 131, 177, 190
Corbusier, Le (Charles-Eduoard Jeanneret), 320–322
Cori, 257
Corinthian order, 52; with reversed volutes, 52, 100–101, 225
Cornacchini, Agostino, 291
Cosmology: influence at the Villa(?), 89, 196
Costs of villas and fittings, 184 and n, 185
Courtyards doubly enclosed, 97
Craftsmen, 4–5, 107. See also Gilding; Glass
Crema, Luigi, 136, 334n
Cryptoporticoes, 5, 42, 56, 75, 131, 152
Cubiculum, 68
Cults, mystery: meals, 130; attraction of, 132–133; at the Villa(?), 132–138; classlessness, 133; essential elements of, 134
Culture, High Empire: expressed at the Villa, 22–23, 141, 182, 196–197. See also Greco-Roman culture
Cypress avenue, 230 and n
Dais, 79
Dallaway, James, 295
Damage to the Villa, 8–10, 80, 198, 199, 206–208
Damascus: Great Mosque mosaics, 205
Dante, 278
Dating, 8
Daumet, Pierre-Jérôme-Honoré, 316–319
Daylight, 26, 37, 39, 134
De Angelis, Domenico, 294 and n
De Brosses, Charles, 231, 292
Decoration: preservation and losses, 151–152; principles, 158
Decrianus, 22
Defoe, Daniel, 305
Delorme, Philibert, 214–215
Delphi, 6, 133
Desenzano villa, 201
Design units, 55–56
Dewez, Laurent-Benoît, 243
Diaeta, 71, 80, 112
Dining rooms. See Triclinium
Dinner hours, 180
Dio Cassius, 17, 18, 22, 33, 193
Dionysius I of Syracuse, 85n
Discobolus, 300
Disney parks, 329
Distinctiveness of the Villa, 195–196
Dolphins, 189
Domes, gored and paneled, 95, 97, 101
Domitian, 6, 193, 194
Domitia Paulina, 14
Domuscultae, 203
Doric order, 52, 121; pillars, 79
Doric Temple Area, 30, 40, 42, 58–59, 206, 214, 222, 243
Dormer, James, 284
Doryphorus, 170
Dosio, Giovannantonio, 218
Dovecotes, 180
Dream of the Red Chamber, 329
Dresden, Albertinium, 304
Dryden, John, 280
Du Cerceau, Jacques Androuet, the Elder, 274
Dumbarton Oaks, 184
Dupérac, Etienne, 224
East Belvedere, 60
East Terraces, 30, 33, 35, 40, 311–312
East valley, 29, 33, 40, 256, 288
East-West Terrace, 30, 42, 56, 147, 230; graphic representations, 30, 258, 321
Eclecticism, 11, 88, 141, 146, 151, 326
Effects, experiential, 36–37, 107. See also Movement through Villa
Egypt: Nile trip, 19–20; art of, at the Villa, 109–111, 150, 195–196; Hadrian as king of, 151
Élancourt: France Miniature, 89
Eleusis: and Hadrian, 18–19, 207–211; and Antinous, 132; rites, 133
Elizabeth of Russia, 302
Elysian Fields, 131
Empresses, post-Hadrian: portraits, 198–199
Enfilades, 63, 115, 214
Enframement, multiple: in plan, 55–56
Enghien, Château d’, 244
Engineering, 11, 28, 131–132
Ensembles, integrated, 140–141
Entablatures, sinuous, 94, 100
Entrances, 19–30, 32
Epaminondas, 282
Ephesus, 151
Ephyra, 135n
Epidauros, 85; banquet hall, 130
Ercolaneo, 273
Ercole II d’Este, Duke, 288
Espalier, 178
Esquié, Pierre-Joseph, 317
Eton, 241
Euripus, 4
Eurotas, 269
Euston Park, 281
Evelyn, John, 279, 281
Exedra, 83, 103, 105, 200n
Exercise, 187
Externalization, 94
Farms as villa antecedents, 4
Farnese, Alessandro, 288
Farsetti, Abbé Filippo, 235
Fatehpur Sikri, 329
Faun, of rosso antico, 292
Favorinus, 16
Fede, Count Giuseppe, 230, 290, 294, 297, 301, 314
Feliciano, Felice, 208
Fidanza, Paolo, 135, 239
Fields. See Meadows and fields
Fiorelli, Giuseppe, 306, 314
Fish and fishponds, 3, 76, 146, 177
Floors, marble. See Marble
Florence: Uffizi, 10, 208, 213; Boboli Garden, 184, 275; Palazzo Scala, 212
Florida Southern College, 322
Florus, 21n, 196
Flowers, 178–179
Food, 179, 184, 188
Forest Glen. See National Park Seminary
Fountain Court, 35, 40, 147, 174–175, 186n, 217
Fountain Court East, 35, 70–71, 167, 227; graphic representation, 341
Fountain Court West, 35, 80–81, 163, 225, 227; graphic representations, 208–209, 237, 241, 261, 308, 310
Fountains and nymphaea, 33, 35, 95, 97, 123, 124, 172–177; Pliny’s, 3–4, 178; Residence Quadrangle, 33
with triclinia, 33, 35; Stadium Garden, 75–77; Island Enclosure, 83; Water Court, 99–100; Arcaded Triclinium, 103, 106; Scenic Canal and Triclinium, 111, 114; on High Ground, 112; Fountain Court, 147, 174–175; single niche, 175; stadium basin(?), 175; chamber, 175–176; effects of, 175–176; cistern, 177–178, 311–312; embodied in sculpture, 189; graphic representation, 177
Fountain wall, 44, 120
Fowl, 190
Fragonard, Jean-Honoré, 233
Francesco di Giorgio, 12, 214, 219, 265; treatise, 208; attitude toward antiquity, 209–210
Franzoni, Francesco Antonio, 297
Freedmen, 185
Frezza, Giovanni Girolamo, 292
Frezza, Luigi, 308
Friezes, 84, 99, 148
Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, 14–15, 17–18, 184
Fruit and orchards, 178–179
FUR. See Marble Plan of Rome
Furietti, Cardinal Giuseppe Alessandro, 291–293, 297
Gaillon, Château de, 274
Gardens: stadium-shaped, 3, 4; Residence, 33; Central Vestibule, 69–70; planting, 178; Water Court, 178; kitchen, 178, 179; bedding, 180; decor, 180, 189; gardeners, 184. See also Flowers; Irrigation; Topiarius; Topiary
Gell, Sir William, 307–308
Gellée, Claude (Le Lorraine), 232, 267–268, 281
Gestatio, 80, 136
Ghezzi, Pier Leone, 136, 157, 224, 231–232, 261
Ghosts. See Spirits and ghosts
Giallo antico, 164, 167
Gibbon, Edward, 291
Gilding, 192
Giorgione, 267
Giovanni d’Udine, 213–214, 218
Girault, Charles, 95n, 317
Gismondi, Italo, 315
Giulio Romano, 214
Glasgow: Burrell Collection, 296
Glass: products, 191–192; at Villa, 191–192. See also Mosaic
Gods, Roman: remoteness of, 148
Golden section, 49, 154
Gondoin, Jacques, 244–245
Goths, 199
Graffiti, 214, 221n, 244n
Gramen, grass, 179
Granada, Alhambra, 204–205, 272; Generalife, 204n
Grandjean, Jean, 292
Grand Tour, 229
Graves, Michael, 324
Greco-Roman culture: manifested at the Villa, 146–148, 196. See also Culture, High Empire
Greek cultural revival: in Hadrian’s time, 23
Gregory XVI, Cappellari, 309
Greville, George, 294
Grid plans, 49
Grimston, James, 302
Groteschi, 213
Grottoes, 4, 77, 110, 114, 115, 121, 133, 176, 326. See also Park Grotto
Groves, 178
Guarini, Guarino, 221n
Guise, Charles de, 214
Gusman, Pierre, 26, 136, 315, 321
Gustavus III of Sweden, 303
HA (Historia Augusta), 22, 33, 103, 123, 136, 192; Villa references, 6–8; Villa nomenclature, 7, 59, 87; nature of, 13; authors, 22; Canopus, 112; underworld, 136–137; Villa defined, 137–138; provinces in, 151; Villa life, 188; describes empire, 196–197
Hades, 123, 133, 196
Hadrian, 205, 207; autobiography, 8, 16; other ancient sources, 13, 14; ancient authors on, 13–19; his writings, 21–22
—personalia: birth, family, marriage, 13–14; curiosity, 18; and mystery cults, 18–19, 132–133; generosity, 19, 188; meddlesome, 19, 188; religion, 19, 29, 132; and astrology, 19, 132; personality, 19, 186; appearance, 20; portraits, 20, 149; as renatus(?), 149; finances, 184–185; and wine, 188; illness and death, 197. See also Antinous
—activities and interests: his other villas, 6; travels, 7, 18–19, 195; art, 11, 22–23, 195; creation of Villa, 11, 22, 26, 28, 35–36, 194–195; favorite overseas locales, 14, 16, 18; intellectual company, 16 and n, 188–189; restores monuments, 17, 18, 187, 324n; architecture and urbanism, 19, 22–23, 95n, 108–109, 146, 151, 192, 194; riding and hunting, 20, 187; at Villa, 62–63, 186–189; and Herodium, 87–88; banquets, 102–103, 188–189; music, 188
—public life: could rule from Villa, 6, 17, 192–193; and military, 14, 15, 184; coinage, 14, 20, 151; Augustus his model, 15, 21; philhellenism, 15–17, 196; staff, 17, 185, 192; administration, 17–19, 20, 78, 186, 192–193; propaganda, 18, 22; early career, 18–19, 186; Italian years, 19; law-abiding, 19, 22; and Rome, 19, 48, 196; and imperial cult, 19, 132; and Senate, 19, 192; and Christians, 19, 205–206; restitutor orbis terrarum, 20; official documents, 21–22
Hadrianotherae, 187
Hague, The: Madurodam, 89
Hall of the Cubicles, 32, 35, 68, 187; mosaics of, 92–93, 161–162
Hamerani, Ferdinando, 292
Hamilton, Gavin, 111, 294–295, 297–298, 300–301
Hamilton, Sir William, 296
Hardwick, Thomas, 241
Harsdorff, C. F., 245
Hawksmoor, Nicholas, 284
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 289, 291
Heating, 4, 75, 80, 83, 91 and n, 106, 190. See also Baths
Heemskerck, Martin van, 288
Heliocaminus, 71
Heliocaminus Baths, 32, 35, 39, 71, 148
Herba, 179
Herculaneum, 146 n
Hercules, Herakles, 142, 192, 300–301
Herod, 87–88
Herodes Atticus, 14, 192
Herodium, 87–88
High Empire Culture. See Culture, High Empire
High ground, 45, 117–118, 138, 177
Hippodrome, 271
Historia Augusta. See HA
Holkam Hall, Norfolk, 304
Homer, 278, 282
Horace, 184, 189, 266, 280
Horses, 184. See also Hunters
Hospitality, 190–191. See also Banquets
Hothouses, 179
Housing, staff, 63–64
Howard, Charles, earl of Carlisle, 284
Howard, Henry, duke of Norfolk, 279
Howard, William, Lord, 284
Hunters (horses), 184, 187, 293, 301
Hunting, 20, 180, 187 and n, 188
Hyde Park, 29
Ice, use of, 190
Ida, Mount, 269
Impluvium, 174
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, 309
Innocent VIII, Cybo, 270
Innocent X, Pamphili, 290
Inscriptions, 6, 133n, 184
Insula, 66, 88
Intercolumniation, 54–55
Interiorization, 46, 92
Ionic order, 44, 51, 82, 83, 94, 329
Ippolito II d’Este, Cardinal, 206, 215–216, 272, 288
Irrigation, 178–180
Isis, 133, 144, 145
Island Enclosure, 28, 212–213, 217, 223, 271, 274, 307; analysis, 81–89; alterations, 82; compared to Pantheon, 82; theories about, 84–86; possible antecedents, 85, 87–80; planning and mosaic forms, 89; size, scale, 89, 272; friezes, 89, 274, 276, 288, 289, 290; graphic representations, 208–209, 214, 232, 245, 261, 308, 310
Islands, Roman concepts of, 85 and n
Isthmia: sanctuary of Poseidon, 192
Ivy, 179
Iwan, 116
Jefferson, Thomas, and Monticello: pavilions, grottoes, and columns, 316; and antiquity, 325; landscape, 325–326; eclecticism, 326; and Hadrian, 326
Jehan, Shah, 329
Jenkins, Thomas, 289, 290, 297, 300–301
Johnson, Kenneth B., 319
Jones, Thomas, 241
Josephus, 87
Julian, 17, 188n
Julius II, Della Rovere, 270
Juvenal, 102, 109, 111, 176, 188 and n
Kähler, Heinz, 12, 315
Kahn, Louis, 323–324
Keats, John, 309
Kennedy, Raymond M., 319
Kent, William, 268, 281–284, 287, 305
Kitchen gardens, 179
Kitchens, 122, 131, 185–186
Knidos, 40, 58, 180
Krier, Leon, 324
Kufa, 204
Laborers, 184, 185
Laer, Pieter van, 232
La Jolla: Salk Institute, 323
Lake Como: Pliny’s villa, 3, 184
Lamps, 190
Lanciani, Rodolfo, 26, 314
Landforms, 28
Landscape, 147, 181–182, 199, 325–326, 328–330
Lansdowne, marquis of (William Petty-Fitzmaurice), 300
Lanuvium: Antinous cult, 149
Laocoön, 291, 293
Lararium, 61
Larger Baths, 71, 75, 156–158, 163, 185, 213–214, 225; graphic representations, 211, 214, 232, 235–237, 258, 261, 264, 309, 321, 342
“Latin” Theatre, 41–42, 222, 248, 307
La Turbie, 60
Laugier, Marc-Antoine, 246, 265
Laurentine villa, Pliny’s, 3–4, 178
Lavatories, 35, 61, 64, 66, 70, 71, 83, 99, 112
Le Corbusier. See Corbusier, Le
Legrand, Jacques-Guillaume, 247, 297
Le Nôtre, André, 231, 281
Leo X, Medici, 212, 287
Le Roy, Julien-David, 246, 265
Levels, of site, 28
Levens Hall, 184
Library, 35, 62, 187, 193; Pliny’s, 4; in Island Enclosure(?), 83
Lighting, 57, 68, 100, 106–107, 115, 131, 167–168, 190
Ligorio, Pirro, 12, 111, 135–136, 217, 229, 272–274, 276; excavations, 216–217, 288–289; Villa description, 217; manuscripts, 217–218; Villa plan, 217–218; drawings, 218
Ligorio-Contini, 12, 121, 124, 127, 131, 135
Lituus, 100
Lolli, Francesco Antonio, 290
Lolli, Luigi, 294–295
London: Kew Gardens, 29, 284–285; British Museum, 290; Lansdowne House, 301; Somerset House, 304; Bank of England, 342; Louis XV of France, 291
Lucian, pseudo-, 180
Lucius Verus, 14, 15, 198
Lucullus, 146, 185
Lugli, Giuseppe, 315
Luxury and luxury materials, 159, 167, 190–192
Lyceum, 7
Lycurgus, 282
Machuca, Pedro, 272
Madrid: Prado Museum, 288
Maffei, Cardinal Marcantonio, 288–289
Malibu: Getty Museum, 184, 286, 301
Malmaison, 304, 313
Mangurian, Robert, and Mary-Ann Ray, 325 and n
Mantinea: Temple of Antinous, 149
Mantua: Palazzo del Te, 214
Maps and the Villa plan, 196
Marble, 4, 10, 146, 159, 165, 167. See also Walls
Marble Plan of Rome (FUR), 71, 110, 255, 264
Marchionni, Carlo, 278, 305
Marcius Turbo, Quintus, 14, 16, 17
Marcus Aurelius, 12, 14, 197, 198
Marefoschi, Cardinal Mario, 297–298
Marina di Patti: villa, 201
Marius Maximus, 8
Maron, Anton von, 291
Martelli, Domenico, 289
Martial, 6, 80, 179
Martinelli, Fioravante, 225
Mauretania, 151
Mausolea. See Tombs
McMillan Commission, 315
Meadows and fields, 3, 6, 178, 180
Meaning of the Villa, 194–197, 329–330
Medinat-al-Zahra, 203n
Mehmed II, 207
Memory and the Villa, 197
Mengs, Anton, 298
Mercury, 282
Metals, precious, 190, 192
Meudon, Château, 214
Mews, 137
Michelangelo, 215 and n, 287
Michilli, Liborio, 290
Milan: San Lorenzo Maggiore, 106
Miniaturized architecture, 89
Mirik, Henry D., 319
Mithra, 133
Model, Villa, 67, 106n, 108, 315
Module, five-foot planning, 49, 82
Monsu d’Autreville, 218
Monte Ripoli, 28, 258, 321
Montmusard, Château de, 244
Moore, Charles H., 324
Moreau-Desproux, Pierre-Louis, 243
Mori, Benedetto, 247, 256
Moroni, Gaetano, 309
Morto da Feltre, 212
Mosaic, 99, 101, 105–106, 114, 159, 203, 205; vault, 10, 108, 159; underlying patterns, 92–93, 101, 160, 164; glass, 114, 159, 168, 170; imitating painting, 159, 163–164, 292–293, 298–301, 304; floor, 159–163; on fountains and columns, 175n, 192. See also Color; Opus vermiculatum
mosaico minuto, 293
Moss, 179
Movement through Villa, 28, 32, 36, 89, 189. See also Effects
Museo Didattico, 10, 11 and n, 30, 152, 155, 165, 206, 230
Music, 188 and nn
Myron, 300
Mystery cults. See Cults, mystery
Namantianus, Rutilius Claudius, 203
Names of Villa buildings. See Nomenclature
Naples, 211; Certosa di San Martino, 255–256
Natatorium, 84
National Park Seminary, 328–329
Natoire, Charles, 233
Negotium, 3, 192
Neoclassicism, 246
Nero, 5, 25, 110, 194. See also Rome: Domus Aurea; Subiaco
Newdigate, Sir Roger, 296, 302
Nibby, Antonio, 307, 311
Niches, 75–76, 156–158
Nile, 18, 20, 109, 151
Nîmes, 192
Nollekens, Joseph, 301, 303
Nolli, Giambattista, 248
Nomenclature, 3 and n, 111, 189. See also the folding plan of the Villa
Northern Ruins, 10, 40–41, 152. See also Mews
North Service Building, 39, 63, 64–66, 121
graphic representations, 232, 245, 264
North Theatre, 42–43, 66, 134, 185, 217, 222, 271; graphic representation, 233
Novels, pavilioned landscapes in, 329
Nymphaea. See Fountains and nymphaea
Oak Alley, 190
Occupation of Villa post-Hadrian, 198–199
Octagonal room, 71
Oculuses, 57, 122, 130–131
Odescalchi, Prince Livio, 288
Odeum, 127
Oecus, 102
Olympia, 101
Olympiodorus, 202–203
Opus reticulatum, 57
Opus vermiculatum, 163
Orange, France, 211
Orchards. See Fruit and orchards
Orders, the, 52–55
Originality: in Hadrian’s architecture, 40, 81, 93–94, 101
Orsini, Giulia Farnese, 276
Orsini, Pier Francesco, 275
Orsini family, 275
Ostia, 29, 235; Hadrian’s works, 19; Vigiles barracks, 32, 68; insulae, 66; Forum Baths, 71, 184; Round Temple, 97; marblework, 165
Otium, 3, 80, 192, 193, 266
Ovid, 59
Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 296; Radcliffe Camera, 296
Paestum, 246
Painting: wall, 10, 84, 152–154; vault, 10, 152, 153–154; figure, 152; linear and geometric, 152–154; “moulding,” 154–155; Campanian, evidence for villas, 178, 205
Palace architecture and the Villa, 193
Palace, palatium: shifting meanings of, 8, 193
Palestra, 30
Palestrina, 219–220, 269, 283; Hadrian’s villa, 6, 194; Beaux-Arts restoration of sanctuary, 316
Palmucci, Domenico, 224
Pannini, Gian Paolo, 239
Pannini, Giuseppe: and Paolo Fidanza, 135, 239
Pantanello. See Bog
Papias of Aphrodisias, 292
Paradeisos, 190, 205, 329
Parasacchi, Domenico, 221
Parigi, Giulio, 275
Paris, 229; Louvre, 235; Ecole de Chirugie, 245
Paris, Pierre-Adrien, 243
Park Grotto, 7, 122–124; graphic representations, 123, 311
Park Rotunda, 30, 67, 121–122, 307; graphic representations, 121, 311
Pasiteles, 141n
Pastoral, essential elements of, 267
Paul the Silentiary, 204n
Pausanias, 18n, 130, 133, 149, 151, 192, 197, 198
Pavilions, 180, 326
Pavlovsk, 282, 304
Pavonazzetto, 167
Pelosi, Marcantonio, 288
Penna, Agostino, 29, 30, 31, 64, 67, 70, 95, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 130, 136, 172, 177, 198, 208; his oeuvre, 310–313
Perambulation. See Movement through Villa
Percier, Charles, 316
Performances, locales for, 188
Pergamon, 4, 133
Perimeter, 28–29
Peristyle Pool Building, 28, 75, 76, 167, 278; graffiti, 231, 233, 247
Perkins, Holmes, 323
Perrault, Charles, 244
Persephone, 124, 132
Persian Porch, 269
Peruzzi, Baldassare, 213, 215, 269
Peruzzi, Sallustio, 215
Petrarch, Francesco, 208
Petronius, 5, 102
Peyre, Marie-Joseph, 243, 244
Philip V of Spain, 288
Phlegon, 16
Piazza Armerina: villa near, 62–63, 201
Piazza d’Oro, 218
Pictorial evidence for villas, 5. See also Painting
Pietro da Cortona, 211
Pilasters, 52–53, 165
Pinelli, Bartolommeo, 310
Pinturicchio, Bernardino, 212
Piranesi, Francesco, 12, 124, 247, 255, 303, 308
Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, 12, 114, 123, 124, 127, 135, 136, 152, 154, 157, 171, 214, 243, 245–246, 294–295, 303, 308–309, 311, 312, 327; Villa plan, 218, 247–248, 247n, 255–257; graffiti, 231, 247; Pianta Commentary, 255, 264, 298; vedute, 257–261; drawings, 261–263; archaeological method, 264; antiquities dealer, 297, 301
Pius II, Piccolomini, 11, 207–208, 217, 220, 306, 314
Pius V, Ghislieri, 274
Pius VI, Braschi, 298, 301, 303
Plan: defined, 32
Plan of the Villa, 5, 32–33; irrationality, 5, 32, 39–40; principles, 35–38, 40
Planning, geometry in, 48–51; traditional features, 48–50; five-foot modules, grids, 49; asymmetry, 91; nontraditional features, 92
Planting, 3, 76–77, 97, 141, 178, 180
Platform Structure, 27n, 35, 66–67, 124
Plato’s Atlantis, 85
Pliny the Elder, 159, 293
Pliny the Younger, 12, 22, 184, 193, 266, 271; influence, 3n, 202, 325;villas, 3–4; with Trajan at Civitavecchia, 6, 102; cryptoportico, 56; stadium-shaped garden, 76; landscape and gardens, 178–180
Plotina, 14, 192
Plutarch, 133, 194, 196
Pluto, 124, 283
Plutonium, 124
Pluto’s grotto, 133
Podium, 33
Poecile 4, 7, 218
Poggio a Caiano: Villa Medici, 210
Poggioli, Antoine, 308
Polemo, 16, 20
Polenburch, Antoine, 308
Polignac, Melchior de, Cardinal, 294
Politti, Luigi, 308
Pompeii, 29, 33, 47, 235, 299, 306; Villa of the Mysteries, 67, 124; basilica, 79; House of the Cryptoportico, 85; Building of Eumachia, 97
Pompey, sculpture at his Rome theatre, 146, 151
Ponce, Nicolas, 241
Ponte Lucano, 25, 29, 206
Pools, 103, 106, 113–114, 123, 173–175; Pliny’s, 4; Peristyle Pool Building, 71, 75; Stadium Garden, 76–77; swimming, 81, 85; Island Enclosure, 83, 85; Reverse-Curve Pavilion, 94; Arcaded Triclinium, 103; Residence Fountains, 175
Pope, Alexander, 228, 268, 280–281
Porphyry, red, 165
Porporina de Villa Adriana, 206
Porticoes, 54, 189
Portico Suite, 31, 32, 35, 70–71; vaulted gallery, 70–71, 259; mosaic floor, 159–160; graphic representation, 262
Portraits, imperial, 20, 149, 198–199
Posillipo, 269, 279
Pots for plants, 178, 180
Poussin, Nicolas, 221, 232, 267–268
Pozzolana, 30, 36, 136n
Praetorians, 32, 68, 184
Pratum, pratulum, 179
Praxiteles, 40
Preservation of the Villa, 80, 314, 329
Primaticcio, Francesco, 214
Prince Albert, 150
Privacy, 187
Procopius, 203
Pronti, Domenico, 136, 308
Property ownership, 231
Proserpine, 278, 283
Provinces, represented at the Villa(?), 151
Provisioning, 184
Prytaneum, 7
Pumice, 122, 180
Qala of the Beni Hammas, 240n
Qianlong emperor, 327–328
Quarenghi, Giacomo, 30, 135, 231, 241
Quatremère de Quincy, Antoine-Chrysosthôme, 244–245, 247
Rabirius, 35, 106, 110
Rainaldi, Carlo, 226
Ramsay, Allan, 236
Raphael, 212–213, 269, 271, 287
Rasponi, Cesare, 226
Ravenna: San Vitale, 106
Re, Antonio del, 26, 221
Readings, recitations, 188
Records, record keeping, 18, 184, 195–196
Regions, Villa, 132
Reichardt, Walter L., 319
Religious activity, Villa evidence for, 133–134
Religious syncretism, 109
Repin, Ilya, 328
Residence, 32, 247, 288, 297; expansion from, 33, 34; imperial suite, 35; nymphaeum-triclinium, 35, 110; mosaic, 162
Residence, alternative. See Southern Range
Residence Cryptoportico, 33, 35, 247
Residence Fountains, 33, 174
Residence Quadrangle, 32, 33; graphic representation, 321
Restoration: on paper, 3n, 95n, 97n, 116, 316–319; of sculpture, 291. See also Model
Retreats, 6n, 80. See also Southern Range
Reverse-curve designs: origins, 100–101
Reverse-Curve Pavilion, 94–95, 219–220, 226, 274, 292; graphic representation, 95
Revett, Nicholas, 246
Revillas, Diego de, 229n
Rich, Adrienne, 316
Richard Lion-Heart, 190
Riding, 187, 192
Ristori Gabbrielli, Giovanni, 230
Roads: Villa, 30–32; cost, 184
Robert, Hubert, 231, 233
Roman culture expressed at Villa. See Culture, High Empire
Romano, Luzio, 218
Rome: Estate in the Gardens of Sallust, 6; Arch of Constantine, 20, 291; Colossus of Nero, 22; Tabularium, 47; Domitian’s buildings, 47–48; Augustus’s retreat (“Syracuse”), 85; Agrippa’s lake (stagnum), 110; Palatine nymphaeum, 110; Temple of Serapis, 110; Mausoleum of Hadrian, 116, 192, 214; obelisk of Antinous, 149; Hadrianeum, 151; Portico of Nations, 151; theatre of M. Aemilius Scarus, 159; Capitoline Museum, 163, 289, 291–293; Palatine and the Villa, 193; Flavian works, 193–194; Theatre of Marcellus, 211; Basilica of Maxentius, 213; Castel Sant’Angelo, 214; Palazzo Barberini, 221; Catacomb of Domitilla, 224; Baths of Diocletian, 225; Palazzo di Propaganda Fide, chapel, 225; French Academy, 243; Colosseum, 261; Campo Marzio, 264; Baths of Titus, 270; Palatine, 270, 288; Monte Mario, 271; Quirinal, 288; Via Aurelia, 290; Trevi Fountain, 291; Palazzo Tomati, 301, 303; Campo Vaccino (Forum), 303; Trajan’s Column, 326; Piazza dei Cavalieri di Malta, 327
—Domus Aurea, 5–6, 29, 35, 62, 182, 193, 211, 213, 278; Domus Augustana, 62, 85, 97, 174; Domus Flavia, 62, 79, 103, 106, 193; Domus Transitoria, 68, 192
—FUR. See Marble Plan of Rome
—Pantheon: Agrippa’s, 85; Hadrian’s, 82, 112, 192, 225, 261; compared to the Villa, 195–196
—Sant’Andrea delle Fratte, 100; San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, 100, 224–225; San Giovanni in Laterano, 100, 226; San Pietro in Montorio, Tempietto, 209, 212–213, 271; Santo Stefano Rotondo, 203; Santa Costanza, 212; Lateran Baptistry, 212; Santa Maria degli Angeli, 225; Sant’Ivo alla Sapienza, 225; Oratorio dei Filippini, 225; Santa Maria delle Sette Dolori, 226; Santa Maria in Campitelli, 226; Santa Maria della Pace, 227; San Paolo fuori le mura, 308
—Villas in and near Rome: Sette Bassi, 199; Quintilii, 199–200; Maxentius, 200; “ad duos lauros” (Centocelle), 200; by the Porta Maggiore, 200; Madama, 214, 271–272, 287; Ludovisi, 278; Albani, 278–289, 305; Borghese, 278, 288, 290, 307–308; Doria Pamphili, 278, 290; Medici, 278–290
Ronchamp: Notre-Dame-du-Haut, 321–322
Roofs, tile and timber, 90, 107
Rooms: numbers of, in villas, 4–5; decor indicates use(?), 153; at Villa, 183
Roos, Philipp Peter, 232
Rosa, Pietro, 314
Rossini, Luigi, 231, 309–310
Rosso antico, 167
Rousham Park, Oxfordshire, 283
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 246
Rowe, Colin: and Fred Koetter, 324–325
Royal School of Engineering, 314
Russian architects at Villa, 316n
Rusticity, imitation, 178
Sabina, 14, 188
portraits, 147, 149
Saint-Non, Abbé de, 233
Saint Petersburg, 286
Saladin, 190
Saldae, 132
Sallust, 145, 265
Salone, 207
Salpi, Lago di: villa, 5, 33
Salvius Julianus, 14
Sangallo, Antonio da, the Younger, 271
Sangallo, Giuliano da, 210–211, 224, 287
Sannazaro, Jacopo, 278
Santa Maria Capua Vetere, La Conocchia, 101
Santa Maria di Sala, Villa Farsetti, 235
Santo Stefano, villa. See Tivoli, environs
Satyricon, 5, 102
Scenae frons, 66
Scenic Canal: 28, 43–44, 108, 112, 218, 223, 244, 259, 268, 270; and Egyptian question, 7, 108–111; water and sculpture, 111; sculpture, 139, 141–142, 286–287; bonded with environment, 147; losses, 147
Scenic Canal and Triclinium: Egyptian connections(?), 108–111; their union, 113, 114–116; artistic spirit of, 139, 141
Scenic Triclinium, 43–44, 217, 226, 268, 321; central vault area, 108, 112–113, 114–115; thought a Serapeum, 110; description and analysis, 112–116; axial extension, 113–114; waterworks, 113–114; stibadium, 115; graphic representations, 211, 226, 233, 239, 245, 258–259, 274, 309, 321, 341
Scheemakers, Peter, 283
Schouvaloff, General, 302
Scipio Africanus: farm, 4; baths, 158–159
Scrinium, 192
Sculpture, 271, 300–301, 303; collections, supply, 145–146
—at the Villa, 142, 189; fate of, 11; eclectic variety, 141, 189; content vs. style, 146–147; copies, casts, 146, 147, 304; settings, 147–148; pairs, groups, 148, 292; reflects Hadrian’s world, 151; in gardens, 180, 189
Sebastiani, Filippo Alessandro, 221, 243
Secretaries, imperial, 14, 17
Security, 14, 30, 35, 63, 79, 88, 184, 186, 192
Seneca, 4, 16, 109, 158–159, 190, 192, 194n
Serapis, 109, 124, 132
Serlio, Sebastiano, 212, 215, 268
Serpentine (stone), 166
Service Quarters, 30, 63–64, 184, 185; graphic representations, 30, 261
Service rooms and corridors, 4, 70–71, 103, 187n
Severan portraits, 199
Shell motif, 157–158
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 309
Shrines, 61, 68, 103; to Antinous(?), 71
Shugborough, 268, 303
Shutze, Philip T., 317, 319
Sidonius Apollinaris, 202
Sileni, 102, 108
Simonetti, Michelangelo, 287
Site: choice of, 26, 28, 32; state purchase of part of, 306, 314. See also Area of Villa; East valley; Perimeter; West valley
Skopas, 300
Slabs, roofing: of concrete, 58, 105–106
Slaves, 64, 102, 184–185
Smaller Baths, 217, 226; plan analysis, 89–92; external anonymity, 90; antecedents, 91; plan, and Villa plan, 91–92; marbles, 164–165, 167; decoration, 167–168, 170; squatters in, 199; graphic representations, 214, 237, 259–261, 321, 341–342
Smirke, Robert, 301
Smith, John “Warwick,” 135, 242
Snow, use of, 190
Soane, Sir John, 242
Socles, painted, 152–153
Socrates, 282
Soils, 180
Soliardi, Sebastiano, 264
Solids, structural: significance of, 92
Sortais, Louis-Marie-Henri, 113n, 116, 317
Sosos of Pergamon, 163, 293
Southern Hall, 307; description, analysis, 124, 127, 130; other names, 127; banquet hall(?), 130–131; adjacent structure, 131; cult use(?), 134–135; graphic representations, 130, 245, 311
Southernmost Ruins, 26, 29, 30, 218, 307; graphic representation, 67. See also Ambulatories; Aqueducts
Southern Range, 30, 206, 217–218, 239, 289, 291; alternative residence, 44, 63, 132; sculpture found in, 148, 291–293, 337; graphic representation, 70
South Theatre, 66, 207, 217, 239–242, 271, 287; shrine, 61, 127; description, analysis, 124, 127, 130; underground corridors, 124, 130, 135; North Theatre compared, 134; cult use(?), 134–135; graphic representations, 64, 157–160
Spada, Virgilio, 225–226
Spanish Succession, war of, 229
Sparta, 269
Sperlonga, 85
Spirits and ghosts, 137n, 199n, 205–206
Split: Diocletian’s palace, 237
Spolia, 206, 287 and n
Stables, 137
Stacha, Gismondo, 224
Stadium Garden, 270; description and analysis, 76–77; waterworks, 173–174
Stadium-shaped basin, 175
Stadium-shaped gardens. See Gardens
Stagnum, 110
Stampa, Giovanni Antonio, 289
Stampa, Vincenzo, 289
Stanislaus Augustus of Poland, 255
Statius, 102, 189
Stevens, Gorham P., 317, 319
Stibadium, 51, 103, 108, 114, 115
Stirling, James, 324
Stoa, painted, 4
Stockholm: Nationalmuseum, 303
Storr, Paul, 305
Stourhead, Wiltshire, 284
Stowe, Buckinghamshire, 269, 281–283
Strabo, 59, 109
Strolling, 3, 5. See also Movement through Villa
Structure, originally unseen, 8–9, 158, 167–168, 170
Stuart, James, 246, 268, 304
Stucco, 5, 10, 71, 122, 155
Styx, 123, 124
Subiaco, 5, 25, 110
Sudatio, 71
Suetonius, 6, 8, 17, 192, 193n; and Hadrian, 14, 15–16
Sundials, 180
Swans, 111 n, 190
Symphorosa, Saint, 205
“Syracuse,” Augustus’s Rome retreat, 85
Syracuse: Ortygia, 85
Taberna (shop), 66
Tablinum, 33, 78–79, 88
Tabularium, 192
Tabularius, 184
Telemons, 287
Telluric content of the Villa, 134
Tempe, Vale of, 7, 59, 269
Temple by the Service Quarters, 30, 60–61, 133, 295, 307
Temple-front motif, 67
Tents, 157 and n, 189
Terraces, terracing, 5, 28, 36, 56, 105, 121, 180. See also Angled Terrace; East Terraces; East-West Terrace; West Terrace
Terrain: as a planning factor, 11, 28
Theatre, “Latin.” See “Latin” Theatre
Theatres: North and South compared, 66, 134; underground and mechanical installations, 135 and n
Tholos, 58, 60, 111
Thomason, Edward, 305
Thomson, James, 280
Thornton, Anna, 329
Thorwaldsen, Bertel, 309
Throne, 79
Tiber, 48, 273
Tifernum: Pliny’s villa, 3–4
Timgad, 161
Tivoli (Tibur), 207; amphitheatre, 185; battles for, mid-540s, 199; San Pietro, 206; Villa d’Este, 219, 233, 272–273, 289; Temple of the Sibyl, 257; Piazza Palatina, 287; Piazza San Lorenzo, 287; San Silvestro, 287
—environs: villas in, 25–26, 257, 271; Santo Stefano, 29, 206; Monte Sant’Angelo, 207; Santa Caterina, 207; Colle di Santo Stefano, 222; Casale del Barco, 264
Tombs and mausolea, 17–18, 121–122, 206, 257; by the Via Tiburtina, 29, 211, 307; costs of, 184
Topham, Richard, 241
Topiarius, 179
Topiary, 3, 178, 184
Toposthesia, 182
Torlonia family, 291
Totila, 191, 307
Towers, 60; pictorial evidence, 80
Townley, Charles, 146n, 290, 294, 300
Trajan, 14, 18, 20; Rome works, 48. See also Civitavecchia
Transenna, 105
Trapezus (Trebizond), 15
Trees, 3, 178, 180
Tribunal, 78, 79, 105
Triclinium, 3, 35, 80, 81, 100, 102, 103
Trilobed plan, 106
Trimalchio, 5, 102
Trollope, Anthony, 329
Tsarskoye Selo, 241
Turbo. See Marcius Turbo
Turf, cooling potential of, 177 and n
Turris, 80
Typology: of villa buildings, 5, 201
Uggieri, Angelo, 308
Unctorium, 170
Underground Galleries, 7, 30, 35, 57, 123, 206, 224, 293, 307; description and analysis, 45, 131–132; entrances, 132; past identifications, 135–136; possible uses, 135–137; for animals(?), 136–137; graphic representations, 232, 308
Underground routes, passages, 9, 30, 32–33, 36, 56–57, 69, 124, 127, 135n, 185. See also Central Vestibule; Southern Hall; South Theatre; Underground Galleries
Underworld, 7, 123, 131, 133, 136n; theme of, 276–278
Ungers, Oswald Mathias, 325
Universality, 195–196
University of Pennsylvania, 189n, 323
Upper Park, 36, 44, 224
Urban VIII, Barberini, 289
Urban forms and the Villa, 6, 11, 67, 193, 203 and n
Utilitarian design, 47–48, 63–66
Valadier, Giuseppe, 239
Val Catena villa, 37, 200
Valenti, Cardinal Silvio, 239
Valla, Lorenzo, 208
Vallée-aux-Loups, 313
Valleys. See East valley; West valley
Value, historical, of the Villa, 329–330
Vanbrugh, Sir John, 283
Varro, 189, 268, 275; aviary, 190, 275; his Hebdomades, 202
Vasari, Giorgio, 212, 214, 269
Vatican: Villa mosaics, 163–164; gardens, 184; bronze peacocks, 192; Saint Peter’s, 213, 242, 291; Stufetta, 213; Loggie, 214; Casino of Pius IV, 219, 273–274; Cortile del Belvedere, 270–271; Museums, 287, 290, 294, 297–298, 300–301, 309
Vaults: segmented, 39, 47, 95, 97, 108, 112–115; construction, 58; diversity of, 90; mosaic in, 114–116, 168, 170
Vegetables and vegetable gardens, 179
Venantius Fortunatus, 203
Venus-Aphrodite shrines, 58–59
Venuti, Ridolfino, 291
Vernet, Claude-Joseph, 235, 247
Vespasian, 192
Via Appia, 212
Via Ardeatina, 224
Via Tiburtina, 25, 29, 30, 206
Viatores, 192
Vicenza: Palazzo Thiene, 214
Victoria, Queen, 150
Views, 26, 56, 60, 89, 178, 181 and n
Villa, Renaissance revival of, 266
Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène Emmanuel, 214
Virgil, 133, 149n, 278, 280
Visconti, Ennio Quirino, 300
Visconti, Giovanni Battista, 301
Visitors, casual, to the Villa, 10
Viticulture, 179
Vitruvius, 4, 5, 48, 185, 192n, 210, 213–215, 271; Fano basilica, 79. See also Intercolumniation
Vives-Eaux, 245
Vleughels, Nicholas, 233
Volpaia, Eufrosino della, 206
Volpini, Andrea, 298–300
Vreeland, Thomas, 323
Wailly, Charles de, 243, 244
Walking. See Ambulatories; Movement through Villa
Walkways, 53–54
Walls, revetment of, 164–165
Walpole, Sir Robert, 282
Warcupp, Edmund, 279–280
Warwick vase, 296–297, 303, 305
Washington, D.C., mall, 30
Waterclock, 185
Water Court, 30, 35, 217–218, 225–226, 248; description and analysis, 45–46, 94; vestibule, 95, 97; canal, 97; nymphaeum chamber, 99–100, 213; sculpture in, 148; mosaic, 162; graphic representations, 231, 237, 245, 258–259, 321
Water supply, distribution, 27 and n, 159, 170–171, 174, 178, 187n. See also Aqueducts; Cisterns
Waterworks, 189 and n; Pliny’s, 3–4; typology, design, 171–174; artistic media, 175, 177–178, 189; sounds of, 177. See also Arcaded Triclinium; Fountain Court; Fountains and nymphaea; Fountain wall; Park Grotto; Scenic Canal; Scenic Triclinium; Stadium Garden; Water Court
Waugh, Evelyn, 329
Weather: protection from, 189. See also Climate
Webster vase, 305
West Belvedere, 44, 60, 218; graphic representations, 264, 310
West Terrace, 44–45, 218
West valley, 28–29, 256
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 265, 278, 291, 302
Windows, 69, 71, 80, 103
Windsor, Royal Library, 218, 239
Wolf, Nicholas, 233
Woodwork, structural, 58
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 322–323
Wulf, Carlo de, 316n
Xenophon, 190
Yourcenar, Marguerite (Marguerite de Crayencour), 12–13
Yuanmingyuan. See Beijing
Zeno, 218
Zenobia, 7, 8
Zeus, 269
Zoffany, Johann, 300