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Description: The Formation of Islamic Art
Index
PublisherYale University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00135.015
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Index
Abbasids, 15, 32, 33, 34, 54, 58, 61, 65, 88, 134, 159, 164, 181, 182, 204, 205, 206–07, 208
Abd al-Malik, 30, 35, 47, 48, 49, 52–55, 57, 58–59, 61–63, 90–91, 94, 127, 148
Abraham, 50, 51, 52–54, 62, 68, 79
Abstraction in the arts, 95–97
Abu Basir, 102
Abu Dulaf, mosque of. See Samarra
Abu Ubaydah, 43
Achaemenids, 110
Adam, 50, 51, 52
Afghanistan, 16, 36, 57
Afrasiyab, 182. See also Samarkand
Africa, 8
Agar, 53
Aghlabids, 22
Agricultural settlements, 31–33, 134–37, 144–45, 167
A’isha, 77
Akhtamar, 168
Akkadians, 93
Aleppo, 27, 30, 108, 117
Alexander the Great, 164
Alexandria, 24, 47
Algeria, 20, 22, 23, 136, 171, 172, 182. See also North Africa
Alhambra, 21, 158
Ali, 121
Amida, 28, 33. See also Diyarbakr
Amr ibn al-’As, 24
mosque of, 108, 122
Anatolia, 8, 27, 33, 43, 65, 69, 134, 210
’Anazah (Prophet’s lance), 90
Andalusia, 205. See also Spain
Anjar, 168
Antioch, 27, 28
Aquinas, Thomas, 73
Arabesque, 193, 211. See also Ornament
Arabia, pre-Islamic
conquests by, 7–9
kingdoms, 26, 28, 75–78
arts, 98. See also Mekkah; Madinah
Arch, 105, 123–24, 178, 196, 199
Arculfus, 30, 112
Armenia, 124, 160, 168
Ascension of the Prophet. See mi’raj
Ashir, 136
Assyrians, 43
Axial nave, 105, 117–19, 124, 127, 133
Azerbayjan, 36
Azhar, al-, mosque of, 108
Azraqui, al-, 54, 56, 57
Baghdad, 24, 26, 29, 34, 40, 47, 64–70, 107, 108, 156–62, 171, 200–01, 204–05, 206, fig. 10
mihrab in Museum, 65
Baladhuri, 47
Balikh, 33
Balis, 170
Balkans, 8
Balkh, 16, 36, 110, 125, 182, fig. 39
Basilical hall, 142, 146, 150
Basrah, 28, 40, 65, 107, 108, 169
Baths, 145–50, 158
Bayt, 143–45
Bayt al-mal. See Treasury
Bell, Gertrude, 13
Berbers, 22, 201
Berchem, Max von, 19
Berque, Jacques, 95
Bethlehem, church of the Nativity, 62
Bishapur, 35
Brad, 147
Bronze work, 175, 176, 182, 186, 207, fig. 117
Buddhist art, 2, 36–37, 94, 153
Bukhara, 36, 37, 40, 133, 182, 190, 201, 208, figs. 128, 129
Bukhari, al-, 48
Butler, Howard Crosby, 13
Buyids, 175, 202
Byzantine art. See Christian art
Cairo, 24, 107, 109–10, 113–14, 116, 117, 122, 158, 164, 170
Ibn Tulun mosque, 25, 109, 113, 116, 117, 122, 123, 125–27, 196, 201, 204, 206, figs. 38, 42
Hakim mosque, 201, fig. 47
Fatimid mausoleums, fig. 131. See also Fustat
Caravanserai, 170
Central Asia, 2, 8, 10, 36–38, 41, 44–46, 67, 69, 84, 92, 121, 136, 151–53, 158, 166, 169, 170, 171, 181, 183, 185, 191, 200
Ceramics, 38, 40, 88, 125, 172–75, 178, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 193, 196, 202, 204–05, 207, 208, figs. 107–14
Ceremonies: imperial, 68, 141, 148–49, 159–64
religious, Islamic, 80
religious, Christian, 85
China, 2, 8, 42, 44, 45, 164, 173–74, 204
Christian art, 2, 5–7, 9–11, 21, 22, 27, 40, 56, 76, 84–88, 90, 93–94, 116, 118, 131, 153, 154, 178, 181, 185, 186, 191, 197–99
Christian population, 33, 37, 38–39, 43, 69, 85, 169, 175
Cilicia, 121, 171
Classicism in the arts, 11–12, 40, 195, 201–02
Coinage, 89–94, 132–33, 209, figs. 15–21
Columns. See Supports
Compostello, 4, 38
Constantinople, 4, 25, 38, 84, 86, 94, 125, 158, 164
Hagia Sophia, 68, 73, 86, 179
Coptic art, 1, 10, 24–25, 77, 168, 182
Cordoba, 4, 9, 20, 21, 40, 104, 106–10, 113–19, 123–27, 133, 169, 181, 186, 187, 188, 196, 198, 199, 201, 205, 208
Creswell, K. Archibald C., 16, 83
Crusades, 47, 69
Ctesiphon, 26, 30
Damascus, mosque of, 9, 27, 30, 31, 34, 40, 61, 66, 68, 69, 84, 88, 89, 94, 95, 104–09
passim, 113–30
passim, 156, 169, 178, 204, 206, figs. 13, 14, 23–25
Damghan, 109, 113, fig. 48
Dar al-imarah, 156
Dar al-khilafah, 65
Dara, 28
Darabgird, 67, 160
Delhi, 4
Desert palaces. See Palaces, Umayyad; Steppe
Diocletian, 66
Diyarbakr, 33
Dura-Europos, 139, 147
Edessa, 33, 61, 84
Egypt, 1, 10, 24–25, 29, 39, 40, 57, 77, 88, 95, 97, 107–10, 118, 121, 123, 126, 134, 135, 163, 165, 173–76, 181, 187–88, 199, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206. See also Coptic art
Ethiopia, 44, 77
Euphrates, 26, 28, 33, 66, 110, 170
Eutychius, 47
Façades, 139
Farés, Bishr, 81n
Fatimids, 24, 25, 118–19, 136, 158–59, 163, 164, 165, 201, 205, 208
Fertile Crescent, 1, 20, 23–26, 27, 33–35, 37–38, 40, 43, 89, 130, 134–36, 151, 181
Firuzabad, 140
Folk art, 77, 97, 128, 174–75
Fustat, 24, 25, 40, 41, 112–13, 122, 170, 173. See also Cairo
Ghassanids, 28
Ghazi, 37, 201
Ghumdan, 76
Glasswork, 25, 125, 173, 183, fig. 115
Goldwork, 165, 176, fig. 116
Gombrich, Ernst, 212
Granada, 4
Greeks. See Christian art, population
Grunebaum, Gustav von, 92
Guarrazar, 21
Hadith (Traditions), 81–82, 100–01
Hajib, 141
Hajj. See Pilgrimage Hajjaj, al-, 47, 54, 66, 156
Hallaj, 192
Harun al-Rashid, 34, 35, 57, 164
Hatra, 28, 77
Hazareh, 121, fig. 50
Heraclius, 43, 85
Herat, 36
Herod, 46, 49–50, 58
Herzfeld, Ernst, 12–13
Hisham, 33, 35, 66, 148
Hodgson, Marshall, 96
Ibn al-Zubayr, 47, 53, 54, 56
Ibn Ishaq, 48
Ibn Khaldun, 100, 101
Ibn Miskawayh, 97, 198
Ibn Rustah, 103n
Ibn Tulun, mosque of. See Cairo
Iconoclasm: Byzantine, 5, 72
Islamic, 72–86, 95–98
Idrissids, 22
Ifriqiyah, 205
Images. See Representational art
Imam, 101, 104, 111, 113, 115, 116
India, 2, 7, 8, 36, 38, 45, 88, 153, 168, 185, 211
Indus, 34
Inscriptions, meaning of. See Writing
Iran, 2, 9, 28, 36–42, 44–46, 69, 72, 84, 88, 92, 108–10, 113, 121, 123, 126, 128, 130, 134, 140, 148–49, 151, 153, 163, 165, 166, 169, 173, 174, 175, 182, 183, 189, 190, 193, 197, 207, 208
western, 10, 97, 125, 135, 182, 202, 205
northeastern, 15, 16, 37, 39, 40, 121, 125, 165, 172–73, 196, 198, 199, 202, 205, 210
Iraq, 15, 16, 25–30, 33–35, 38–41, 64, 65–67, 76, 77, 97, 107, 109–13, 118, 121, 123, 126, 128–30, 134, 136, 150–52, 156, 159, 170–76, 181, 182, 183, 193, 199, 200, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207
Isaac, 50
Isfahan, 114
Islamization, 11, 29, 34, 36–38, 54, 68–71, 137
Isra’ (Night Journey of the Prophet), 48, 59
Istanbul, 114
Ivories, 25, 165–66, 180–81, 182, 205, figs. 94–97
Iwan, 65, 141, 142, 143, 156, 197
Jabal Says, 134, 138, 143, 145, 146
Jahiliyyah, 77. See also Arabia, pre-Islamic
Jawsaq al-Khaqani, 157, fig. 90
Jazirah, 26, 28, 33, 34, 39, 135, 170
Jerusalem, 11, 30, 46–56, 61, 64, 68, 69, 84, 100, 102, 107, 109–10, 112, 123, 130, 193, 204, fig. 4
Dome of the Rock, 9, 15, 46–63, 68–70, 89, 91, 95, 127, 128, 132, 178, 181, 190, 197, 204, 206, figs. 5–9
Holy Sepulchre, 51, 56, 61
Jewish Temple, 50–54
Aqsa Mosque, 107, 108, 109, 117, 125, 127, 193, figs. 37, 53
Jewish art, 1, 11, 50–52, 68, 77
Jewish population, 21, 29, 37, 69, 93
John of Damascus, 10, 11, 53
Jundishapur, 35
Kabul-shah, 57–58
Kairouan, 23, 40, 107, 109, 113, 114, 116, 117, 122, 124, 125, 126, 128, 193, 201, 204, figs. 40, 41, 44, 45, 54, 56
Khabur, 33
Khatib al-Baghdadi, al-, 159–62
Khaqan of the Turks, 44–45
Khawarnaq, 76
Khirbat al-Mafjar, 31, 32, 87, 134, 138, 140, 141, 143–55, 158, 166, 168, 178, 180, 182, 185, 186, 188, 196, 205
Khirbat Minyah, 134, 138, 140–42, 145, 149, 151, 168, 182, 204, 206, figs. 58, 78
Khorasan 36, 65, 66, 135, 201–02
Khorezm, 135
Khosrow Anushirvan, 44–45
Khutbah, 101
Kiosk, 158–59, 160
Koran, 7, 48, 51, 52, 53, 72, 75, 78, 79, 90, 92, 93, 99, 100, 115, 128–29, 132, 175, 207, 212, fig. 57
quotations from the, 2.111, 60
2.130, 60
2.256, 60
3.16–17, 60
3.25, 60
3.43, 79
3.58, 53
3.78, 60
4.169–71, 59
5.92, 79
6.12, 60
6.74, 79
7.155, 60
9.17–18, 99
9.33, 60, 90
9.107, 99
17.1, 48
17.3, 59
19.34–37, 59–60
22.39–40, 100
24.35, 60
24.35–36, 115
33.54, 59
34.12–13, 78
57.2, 59
59.24, 81
61.9, 60
62.17, 100
64.1, 59
112, 59–60
inscriptions from the, 58–61, 128–29
on art, 78–81
Kufah, 28, 40, 65, 66, 107, 108–11, 116, 134, 156, 169, 204, figs. 35, 64
Lakhmids, 28, 76
Lebanon, 43, 168
Libya, 23
Lydda, 61
Madinah, 7, 84, 100–08, 111–18, 129, 204
Prophet’s house and mosque, 102–03, 106, 110–12, figs. 22, 34
Madinah al-Zahra, 21, 134, 158, 163, 181
Madrasah, 121
Maghrib. See North Africa
Mahdiyah, 136
Ma’in, 9–10
Majlis. See Throne room
Ma’mum, al-, 35, 57–58, 157
Manichaeism, 29, 36–37
Mandaean, 29
Mansur, al-, 57, 64–65, 156
Mansuriyah, 136
Maqam (holy emplacement), 48
Maqsurah, 106, 116, 117, 119, 125, 133
Marçais, George, 1, 4
Marrakesh, 4
Marshak, Alexander, 207
Martyrium, 48, 49, 61, 68
Marwan ibn Abd al-Malik, 45
Masjid. See Mosque
Masjid al-aqsa. See Jerusalem
Maslamah, 33
Massignon, Louis, 192
Mas’udi, 208
Mausoleums, 37, 121, 133, 190, 198, 205, 208
Mekkah, 7, 47, 48, 52, 54, 56–57, 62, 75, 76, 77, 78, 89, 99, 100, 102, 104, 114, 205, 208
Ka’bah, 47, 53–54, 56–57, 75, 76–77, 80, 208, fig. 12
Merv, 36
Mesopotamia, 15, 26, 67, 113
Metalwork, 179, 182, 204, 207. See also Bronze work; Goldwork; Silverwork
Mihrab, 48, 65, 90, 106, 114–17, 119–20, 124, 125, 130, 133, 138, 187, 193, 197, 198, 208, 209
Miles, George, 90
Minaret, 105, 106, 113–14, 117, 119, 122, 130, 138, 169, 197, 209
Minbar, 101, 104, 112, 117, 119, 125
Mi’raj (Ascension of the Prophet), 48–49, 52
Mongols, 8, 42, 155
Monneret de Villard, Ugo, 77
Morocco, 20, 22, 23, 39, 170, 181, 201
Mosaics, 146, 151, 155, 185, 186, 188, 196, 204
Dome of the Rock, 55–56, 89, 95, 178, 197
mosque of Damascus, 88–89, 125, 127, 178
Mosque, 99–130, 133, 138, 168–69, 196, 197, 199
hypostyle, 15, 109–12, 117–21, 129, 138, 197, 210
construction, 122–25
decoration, 125–29
in palaces, 138–39, 157
Mossul, 33
Mshatta, 15, 31, 32, 88, 89, 134, 138, 139, 140, 142, 145, 146, 151, 152, 154, 156, 168, 178, 181, 186–89, 204, 205, figs. 62, 66, 70, 120–23
Mu’awiyah, 35, 66
Muezzin, 101
Muhammad, 48, 49, 53, 59, 60, 77, 80, 90, 103, 113
life of, 81–82
mission to kings, 86. See also Koran
Muqaddasi, 11, 47, 61, 62
Muqarnas, 171, 199, 208
Musalla, 103–04
Musil, Alois, 44
Mu’tamid, al-, 57
Mutawakkil, al-, 57, 208
Muwaffaq, al-, 57
Mythology, 41, 84
Abbasid, 35, 65–67, 164
imperial, 44–45, 76
Nabatean, architecture, 76
Narshakhi, 135
Nasir-i Khrusrow, 49
Nayin, 108–09, 125, 182
Negus, 44–45
Nile, 24
Niriz, 121, fig. 49
Nishapur, 16, 36, 40, 127, 171, 182, 187, 208, figs. 105, 106
Nisibis, 28
North Africa, 2, 20–23, 34–36, 39, 41, 69, 118, 121, 126, 136, 158, 164, 171, 197, 201, 205, 210
Ornament, 178–94, 196–97, 211
Ottomans, 8, 33
Painting, 77, 146, 151–55, 163, 172, 182
Palaces, 134–36, 169, 196, 203
Abassid, 15, 65–66, 134, 159–64
pre-Islamic, 75–76
Umayyad, 15, 134–59
Palermo, Capella Palatina, 168
Palestine, 10, 26–34
passim, 39, 47, 62, 69, 84, 136–37, 150, 152, 170, 182, 204, 206
Palmyra, 27, 76–77, 153
Paret, Rudi, 82
Parthians, 26, 183
Pastime, setting for, 148–49
representation of, 153–54
Pavilion. See Kiosk
Persia. See Iran
Petra, 77
Piers. See Supports
Pilgrim of Bordeaux, 50
Pilgrimage (hajj), 47–48
Plotinus, 5
Princely cycle, 154–56, 163–64, 173–74, 199
Procopius, 73
Qal’ah of the Beni Hammad, 136, 171
Qasr al-Hallabat, 121
Qasr al-Hayr East, 15, 31–32, 66, 117, 123, 134, 141, 145–51, 170, 172, 181, 193, figs. 52, 69, 73, 74, 102–04
Qasr al-Hayr West, 16, 31, 87, 134, 138, 139, 141, 142, 146, 151–55, 166, 170, 178, 185, 186, 188, 206, figs. 61, 65, 79, 80, 84, 88, 118
Qasr-i Shirin, 140
Qasr ibn Wardan, 134
Qasr Kharaneh, 31
Qiblah, 51, 52, 89, 101, 104–05, 115, 118, 138, 197
Qinnasrin, 43
Qoba, 102
Qubbah (cupola), 48, 61
Qusayr Amrah, 31–32, 43, 44–46, 64, 68, 70, 72, 87, 134, 146, 148–55, 206, figs. 2, 3, 59, 87, 89
Ramleh, 30, 32
Raqqah, 33, 66, 109, 181
Representational art, 74–75, 79–82, 86–89, 92–98, 125–28, 153–55, 163, 173, 178, 186–87, 189, 197
Ribat, 22, 37, 121–22, 131, 171, 201
Riegl, Alois, 12, 211
Rock crystal, 165, 201, fig. 92
Roderic, 44
Rogers, Michael, 205
Roman art, 6, 21, 22, 25, 27, 32, 37, 76, 134–35, 143–44, 146–47, 153, 187, 197
Rostemids, 22
Rumi. See Christian art population Rusafah, 28, 34, 66, 156
Russia, 204
Rustam, 41
Sadir, 76
Saffah, al-, 57
St. Bernard, 73–74
Saloniki, 89
Samanids, 37, 133, 182, 190, 205, 208
Samarkand, 4, 9
Samarra, 15, 29, 30, 87, 88, 106, 109, 113, 114, 117, 122–23, 134, 157, 158, 163, 164, 173, 181, 182, 185, 187–88, 191, 200–01, 204, 206, 209, figs. 33, 36, 43, 90, 91, 124, 125
Sanskrit, 207
Sassanians, 9, 26, 28, 29, 36, 38, 44 45, 58, 63, 67, 68, 90, 109, 111, 113, 121, 140, 142, 144, 148, 153–56, 159, 167, 168, 185, 189, 197
Sauvaget, Jean, 13
Schacht, Joseph, 8
Sculpture, 77, 78, 79–80, 125, 146, 151–54, 163, 166, 180, 183, 188, 196
Sedrata, 172, 182
Senmurv, 182
Serjilla, 147
Seville, 127
Shiz, 67
Sicily, 8, 159, 168
Silverwork, 38, 166–67, 168, 176, 205, 207
Sind, 160
Siraf, 35, 113, 117
Sistan, 36
Soghd, 135
Solomon, 41, 50, 67, 78
Sophronius, 51
Spain, 8, 20–23, 29, 38–41, 84, 87, 108, 121, 124, 130, 134, 135, 158, 163, 165–66, 169, 180, 181, 184, 185, 201
Visigoth, 4, 124
Steppe, 2, 200
its use for agriculture, 28
Stucco decoration, 125, 139, 146, 151–52, 155, 163, 179, 182–84, 185–86, 187–88, 189, 197, 200, 207
Suger, Abbot, 6, 73
Sumerians, 122
Supports, 105, 109–10, 122–23
Suq, 171
Sussa, 122, fig. 51
Symbolism: imperial, 66, 154–64
cultural, 70, 195–96, 199
religious, 88–89, 110, 131
Syria, 3, 7, 9, 10, 21, 25–34, 39, 43, 47, 51, 61, 65, 66, 67, 69, 76, 77, 84, 97, 105, 108, 109, 113, 121, 124, 125, 128, 130, 134, 136–37, 139, 143, 146–47, 150, 152, 156, 170, 173, 181, 182, 184, 197, 201, 204, 206, 210
Tabari, 45, 47, 48, 51
Tabaristan, 160
Talas, 8
Tariq ibn Ziyad, 20
Tashkent, 8
Textiles, 125, 165, 176, 182, 190, 204, 207, figs. 93, 100, 101
Theophilus, 164
Throne room, 141–42, 148
Tigris, 26, 28, 29, 33, 157, 162
Tivoli, 134
Trade, architecture of, 170–71. See also Caravanserai; Suq
Transjordan, 9, 31, 46, 121, 136, 138, 139, 146, 204
Transoxiana, 36, 135, 201
Treasury: in mosques, 105, 116
in palaces, 162, 164, fig. 93
Tulunids, 24
Tunisia, 15, 20, 22–23, 117, 118, 134, 136
Turkey, 2, 110, 128
Turks, 3, 24, 26, 37, 44–45, 65, 183, 190, 202, 207
Ukhaydir, 134, 138–43, 145, 146, 150, 152, 156, figs. 63, 67
Umar, 51, 52, 58, 85, 111
Umayyads, 20, 32, 34–35, 45, 47, 53–56, 58, 63, 66, 67, 75, 84, 104, 105, 114, 115, 119, 121, 125, 133, 135, 137, 144, 146–56, 158–59, 163, 166, 168, 181–84, 196, 201, 204–06, 208
Ummah, its role in the arts, 96–97, 130
Uqbah ibn Nafi, 20
Urban forms, 67, 156–57, 169, 199
Urbanization, 28–29, 97, 136, 169–76, 190
Uthman ibn Maz’un, 103n
Vandals, 22
Vaults, 111, 196
Villa architecture, 134, 137, 143–44, 147, 151
Walid I, al-, 30, 33, 35, 57, 61, 104, 118, 119, 127
Walid II, al-, 57, 137, 148
Wasit, 29, 67, 156, 160, 204
Woodwork, 25, 88, 125, 182, 183, 193, 201, figs. 126, 127
Writing, iconographic significance, 62–63, 80–81, 92, 128–29, 174–75, 178, 189, 197, fig. 57
Ya’qubi, 47, 48, 54
Yazid I, 57
Yazid II, edict of, 85, 93
Yazid III, 45
Yemen, 76, 77
Zoroastrianism, 10, 11, 29, 36, 37, 132
Zullah, 102, 107
Index