Save
Save chapter to my Bookmarks
Cite
Cite this chapter
Print this chapter
Share
Share a link to this chapter
Free
Description: The Disappearance Of Objects: New York and the Rise of the Postmodern City
Index
PublisherYale University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00132.009
View chapters with similar subject tags
Index
A
A & A Sheet Metal Works, 170, 216n51
Abstract Expressionism: successor to, 2
new urban art countering, 10, 40–41, 48
and Ray Gun exhibition, 24
primitivism in, 27
and materiality, 50, 188–89
and Rauschenberg, 94, 96, 101
and flatbed picture plane, 135, 139
and Johns, 200n2
Abstraction: abstract values and soft-sell advertising, 5, 77, 79, 80–81, 204n73
abstraction/materiality continuum, 6–7, 8, 84–85, 87, 90, 166, 186
aesthetic of smoothness/clarity, 6, 69
and order, negotiability, and legibility, 16, 48, 195n4
and Oldenburg’s Street 40, 46
and urban renewal, 44, 188
and urban planning, 45, 48
and Johns, 54, 56, 57, 82, 84–85, 87
Boorstin on, 81, 85, 87
and capitalism, 92, 125, 188
and Rauschenberg, 99, 107, 134
and banking, 125
and modernism, 153–54
and Judd, 165, 169, 173, 183, 184, 186, 218n77
of power structures, 180
Acconci, Vito, 206n90
Advertising: soft-sell advertising, 4, 5, 77, 79–81, 130
spending on, 4, 60, 202n30
and abstract values, 5, 77, 79, 80–81, 204n73
and consumerism, 60–61, 77, 203n49
fiction related to, 60, 202n32
and package design, 61
and waste, 72
and Ballantine beer cans, 74, 75, 204nn57, 58, 59
and Johns, 77
and symbols of goods, 77, 79
comparison of automobile advertisements, 78, 78
for beer, 80, 204n68
and brand names, 80–81
and commodity objects, 142
and Warhol, 189
and Rauschenberg’s silk screens, 212n87
Agee, William C, 150
Alloway, Lawrence, 3, 108, 134, 194n9
American Lithographic Building, 156
American Sugar Refining Company, 125
Appleyard, Donald, 45, 46
Architectural Forum, 19, 125
Architectural scraps: and avant-garde art, 3
and literalism, 5
and Judd, 6
and Rauschenberg’s Wall Street, 119, 121, 126
and Rauschenberg’s Empire II, 134
Architecture: of New York City, 4, 99, 107, 109, 112, 161, 173, 176
visual vocabulary of, 6
language of, 122, 183
and Minimalism, 153, 213n1l
of manufacturing, 173, 114
and modernism, 176, 200n95
and functionalist design, 180–81
postmodernist styles of, 218n79. See also International Style architecture
Art International, 3, 156
Artnews, 2, 24–25, 55, 90, 94, 150
Arts Magazine, 3, 156
A. S. Greenberg & Son Woolens and Worsteds, 156
Ashbery, John, 50, 150
Ashton, Dore, 2
Assemblages: from found objects, 2, 3
Rauschenberg’s assemblages of street detritus, 3, 107, 109, 126, 128, 134, 210n58
and urban detritus, 3, 194n9
and Rauschenberg, 94
Athens Charter, 17
Auricchio, Laura, 103
Avant-garde art, 2, 3, 5, 44, 130, 188
B
Ballantine, P. and Sons, 72, 204n68
Ballantine Beer, billboard for, 75
Ballantine cans, 72, 74, 75, 81, 204nn57, 58, 59, 60
Ballantine Draft can, 74, 75
Ballantine, Peter, 215n36
Banking: and International Style architecture, 123, 125–26
and Judd’s sculptures, 181, 183
and service, 218n83. See also Financial sector
Barricades: and Oldenburg’s Street 16, 30,30, 31
and Rauschenberg’s combines, 96
and Rauschenberg’s Co-Existence, 104, 105, 106, 107, 119
and Rauschenberg’s Aen Floga, 107, 108
and Rauschenberg’s First Landing Jump, 107, 119
and Rauschenberg’s Wall Street, 107, 119, 120, 126
Barry, Robert, Inert Gas Series: Helium, 192, 193
Barthes, Roland, 105
Batchelor, David, 218n80
Beats, 28
Beer, advertising for, 75, 80, 204n68
Beer cans: Johns’s use of, 5, 54, 55, 57, 62, 72, 74, 77, 203n50
redesign of, 62, 74, 204nn57, 58
Bello, Francis, 195n12
Bendiner, Kenneth, 103, 208n23
Benjamin, Walter, 208n21
Berman, Marshall, 219n1
Bernstein, Arnold, 170
Bernstein, Edward, 171, 172, 215n49
Bernstein, Richard, 215n49, 216n57
Bernstein, Roberta, 201nn13, 15, 17, 205nn76, 89
Bernstein, Sandor, 170, 171, 111
Bernstein Brothers Sheet Metal Specialties, Inc., 167, 169, 170–73, 111, 113, 215n49, 216nn52, 56
Better Packaging Advisory Council, 61
Big Sweep, 18
Blake, Peter, 200n95, 218n78
Board of Estimate, 20, 142
Bois, Yve-Alain, 103, 105, 219n88
Bontecou, Lee, 2
Boorstin, Daniel, 4, 80–81, 82, 85, 87, 130, 204nn73, 74, 210n56
Bottles, disposability of, 203n50
Brakhage, Stan, 2
Brand Names Foundation, 80–81
Brecht, George, 2, 211n72
Breuer, Marcel, 150
Broadway, Rauschenberg’s studio on, 99, 109, 110, 111, 112, 119
Brogan, Dennis, 72
Brown, Denise Scott, 200n95
Bryan-Wilson, Julia, 214n32
Buchloh, Benjamin, 208n21, 211n71, 219n88
Building fragments. See Architectural scraps
Burdick, Eugene, 204n68
C
Cage, John, 2, 101, 102, 206–7n9
Capitalism: history of, 3, 7
late capitalism, 6, 92, 125, 186, 194n15, 208n22, 219n88
postmodern capitalism, 7, 180
and obstructed city, 47
and signification, 55, 201n7
and dematerialization of objects, 90
and corporate architecture, 122–23, 125, 181, 183, 218n79
and exchange, 144
transition in, 145, 186
and materiality, 188
Caro, Anthony, Prospect, 185, 185
Caro, Robert, 195nn12, 13
Castelli, Leo, 203n50
Central Park, 19
Cézanne, Paul, 210n59
Chamberlain, John, 2
Chandler, R. Carl, 61
Chase Manhattan Bank, 123, 123, 125, 126, 148, 210nn50, 56
Chave, Anna, 213n14
Chemical Bank, 124, 125
Cheskin, Louis, 79–80
Choay, Françoise, 45, 199n93
City planning. See Urban planning
City Planning Commission, 20, 125, 176
Clark, T. J., 194n10
Computers, 176, 180, 181, 183, 188, 218n78
Conceptual art, 6, 90, 192, 219–20n3
Cone, Jane Harrison, 150
Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM), 17
Conner, Bruce, 2
Consumerism: critics of, 4, 60–61, 69
and per capita consumption, 4, 59, 202n25
and Oldenburg’s Street, 27, 197n53
and decade of 1950s, 59, 202n26
and waste, 59, 59
and advertising, 60–61, 77, 203n49
and signification, 90
and sex stereotyping, 204n70
Consumer objects: and avant-garde art, 3
Johns’s sculptures of, 5, 54, 60, 82
and Rauschenberg’s combines, 5, 99, 128, 130–31, 133, 134, 139, 142, 146
and waste, 72
Foster on, 201n7
Containerization, 6, 175–76, 115, 180, 183, 188, 217nn66, 68, 71, 72, 218n77
Cooper Union, 23, 39, 112
Copeland, Huey, 218n80
Coplans, John, 172, 214n26
Cranshaw, Roger, 105
Crow, Thomas, 208n23, 209n31, 219n88
Cunningham, Merce, 2
D
Dada, 44, 199n88
Das Kunstwerk, 60, 119
Davidson, Susan, 206n5, 209n39, 211nn68, 72
Debord, Guy: on cities, 47, 48, 20on99
on abstraction of everyday material world 92
Debord, Guy, works, Naked City, 47, 48
De Kooning, Willem, 108, 203n50
Dematerialization: of art object, 6
of everyday life, 6, 189
and paper entrepreneurialism, 7
and Johns, 54
and Boorstin, 81
of objects, 90
of economy of New York City, 181
and Barry, 192
DeSapio, Carmine, 20
“Designs for New Skyscraper Show Zoning Impact,” illustration from, 164
Dine, Jim: and happenings, 2, 24
on Ray Gun exhibition, 29
on representation, 40
and Oldenburg, 197n41
Dine, Jim, works, The House, 24, 24, 195n1
DiSuvero, Mark, and Judd, 183, 218n85
DiSuvero, Mark, works, Are Years What? (For Marianne Moore), 184
Dobrow, Larry, 79, 204n65
Dubuffet, Jean, 44, 199n88, 218n85
Duchamp, Marcel, 199n88, 206n91, 211n72
Dwan Gallery, 133
Dylaby exhibition, 145–46, 212nn84, 85
E
Eagle Sheet Metal Works, 170, 215–16n51, 216n54
East Eighteenth Street, 171, 112
East Nineteenth Street: Judd’s home on, 156, 159, 160, 164, 170, 183, 185, 214n27
and manufacturing, 156, 160
East Twenty-seventh Street, Judd’s home on, 170, 215–16n51, 216n55
Elizabeth Seaport, New Jersey, 175
Emil Vanderleenden Sheet Metal, 170, 216n51
Eminent domain laws, 17
Empire Burlap Bag Company, 39, 199n77
Engels, Friedrich, 188, 219n1
Evans, Walker, photographs from “’Downtown’: A Last Look Backward,” 69, 70–77, 210n57
Exodus (journal), 28
The Exploding Metropolis, 19, 196n18
Export, Valie, 46
Expressways, 17, 18, 19, 20, 28
F
Fahey, Lawrence, Map of the Greenwich Village Section of New York City (detail), 11
Fahlström, Öyvind, 119
Fatta, E., 156
Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, 17, 195n12
Feinstein, Roni, 87, 210n47, 211n72
Fifth Avenue, 20, 142, 181, 182
Financial sector: and International Style office towers, 4, 5, 126
economy based in, 7, 153, 160
and corporate rebuilding, 69. See also Banking
Fineberg, Jonathan, 105
Fishman, Robert, 196n25
Flags: Johns’s use of, 5, 54, 62, 85, 87, 205n85
redesign of, 62, 85, 87, 205n87
as symbols outside time and change, 85, 205n84
Flash Gordon (television series), 181
Flashlights: Johns’s use of, 2, 5, 54, 55, 56, 57, 62, 66, 74, 84, 150
redesign of, 62, 64, 84
Boserman cartoon from Hardware Age, 64, 65
from Sears, Roebuck and Co. catalogues, 64, 65
Usalite aluminum flashlight, 64, 64, 66
Winchester flashlights, 64
Rauschenberg’s use of, 128, 139, 147, 211–60
Packard on, 203n48
Flatley, Jonathan, 213n14, 219n88
Fluxus, 194n4
Follett, Jean, 2
Forge, Andrew, 55, 57, 74
Fortune, 19, 59–60, 69, 125–26, 176
Foster, Hal, 54n55, 201n7, 206–90, 219nn88, 90
Fourth Avenue/Park Avenue South, 164, 165, 215n39
Frank, Thomas, 204n65
Franklin D. Roosevelt Houses, 78
Freeman, Ira Henry, 23, 39, 112
Freud, Sigmund, 80, 204n67
Fried, Michael, 150, 185, 186
Friedman, B. H., 188
Front Street: Johns’s home on, 115, 178, 119
Rauschenberg’s home on, 115, 178, 119, 122, 125
demolition sites on, 119, 122, 126, 210n49
National Sugar Building, 119, 127
manufacturing on, 125
Fulton Street, Rauschenberg’s home on, 112, 173, 119, 125, 209n40
G
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 4, 60
Geldzahler, Henry, 102, 207n11
Giotto di Bondone, Rauschenberg compared to, 99
Giotto di Bondone, works, Resurrection of Lazarus, 101, 107
Glaser, Bruce, 153
Global economy, 7, 8, 112, 184, 188
Glueck, Grace, 55, 150
Goodman, Walter, 60
Greenberg, Clement, 41, 55, 57, 139, 153, 186, 200n2, 219n91
Green Gallery, 2, 156, 166
Greenwich Village: Fahey’s map of, 11
urban renewal in, 19–21, 23, 109, 112
and rejection of logic, 28
jaywalkers of, 30
and Rauschenberg, 109, 112, 209n39.
See also Washington Square Park
Grooms, Red, 2, 24, 197n54
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 99
H
Hansen, Al, 24
Happenings, 2, 24–25, 195n1, 197n42
Hardware stores: and Johns, 5, 66, 203n44
decline in, 66, 69, 203n43
Patterson Brothers hardware store, 68, 203n44
Harper’s Magazine, 59, 59, 72
Harvey, David, 7, 194n15
Hayes, Shirley, 30, 196n25
Haywood, Robert E., 27, 195n3, 199n81
Hemingway, Ernest, 204n68
Hesse, Eva, 90
Heymann, Jacob, 45
Higgins, Dick, 24
Hofmann, Hans, 94
Homosexuality: and Johns, 50, 87, 201n5
and Rauschenberg, 103, 207n16
Hooten, Bruce, 154
Hopper, Edward, 154
Hopps, Walter, 3
Housing, 17, 78, 20, 46, 196n28
Hudson Clothes, 156
Hughes and Thomas Clothing, 156, 160
I
IBM, 176, 179, 180, 181, 217n74, 218n78
Image: image/object dialectic, 3
and advertising, 4, 77, 79, 80–81, 130
and abstraction, 84
hegemony of, 85, 189
Debord on, 92
and Warhol, 206n92
International Longshoremen’s Association, 217n71
International Style architecture: and financial sector of New York City, 4, 5
and revised capitalist ideology, 7
and corporate architecture, 122–23, 125, 218n79
and Manhattan, 122–23, 122, 123, 124, 125
and zoning, 164
and Judd’s sculptures, 176, 218n80
function of, 180–81, 218n78
Interstate system, 4, 17, 18, 112
Isaacs, Stanley M., 143
Izenour, Steven, 200n95
J
Jackson, J. B., 45, 46
Jacob Heymann’s Meats, 44, 45
Jacobs, Jane, 4, 19, 28, 112, 196n18, 203n44
Jameson, Fredric, 54, 194n15
Janis, Sidney, 3
Jewish Museum, 99, 206n4
Johns, Jasper: and flashlights, 2, 5, 54, 55, 56, 57, 62, 66, 74, 84, 150
and beer cans, 5, 54, 55, 57, 62, 72, 74, 77, 203n50
and consumer objects, 5, 54, 60, 62, 82
and flags, 5, 54, 62, 85, 87, 205n85
and literalism, 5, 50, 55–56, 57, 202n20
on loss of objects, 5, 57, 59
and materiality, 50, 54, 56, 57, 66, 72, 82, 84–85, 87, 89, 92, 188, 189, 201n12, 206n91
and abstraction, 54, 56, 57, 82, 84–85, 87
as sculptor, 55–57, 59, 62
homes of, 69, 74, 115, 118, 119, 203n44
and abstraction/materiality continuum, 84–85, 87, 90
and plaster-cast human body parts, 87, 205n89, 206n90
and Rauschenberg, 99, 108, 113, 115, 119, 130, 201n5, 205n88, 206n5, 207n16, 209n43
Judd compared to, 150
family background of, 203n53
Johns, Jasper, works: Coat Hanger, 50, 52
Shade, 50, 57
Target with Four Faces, 50, 52, 87
White Flag, 50, 53, 150
White Numbers, 54
Painted Bronze (Ale Cans), 55, 72, 73, 74, 77, 81–82, 84, 90, 204–5n 76, 205nn77, 78
Painted Bronze (Savarin), 55, 77, 77, 89
Flag (1954-55), 56, 57
Light Bulb I, 57, 58, 59, 84, 201nn15, 76
Flashlight I, 62, 63, 64, 66, 69, 72, 84, 201n17
sketch for flashlight sculptures, 62, 63, 64
Flashlight II, 66, 66, 72
Flash light III, 66, 67, 72, 203n42
Ale Cans, 74, 76
Light Bulb, 77, 78, 84, 204n62
Painted Bronze (Ale Cans) (detail), 82, 83
Untitled (1960-61), 84–85, 84, 165, 205n81
Flag (1960) bronze, 85, 86, 205n83
Flag (1960) Sculp-Metal and collage on canvas, 86, 87, 205n88
Book, 87, 89, 89
Target with Plaster Casts, 87, 88
The Critic Sees, 89, 90
Two Flags, 205n85
Johnson, Ellen H., 161
Johnson, Lester, 40
Jones, Caroline, 210n56, 219n91
Joselit, David, 206n91
Joseph, Branden, 105, 208n22
Judd, Donald: and “Specific Objects,” 2, 90, 153, 165, 188
iron boxes of, 3, 167, 183
and literalism, 5, 6, 150, 153, 154, 213n16
on Rauschenberg, 99, 101, 102, 206nn7, 8, 207n1l
and catalogue raisonné designations, 150, 212n4
and facts, 150, 153
and built environment, 153, 154, 173, 176
and representation, 153, 154, 180, 181, 184, 185, 213n19, 218n80
and materiality, 154, 161, 165, 166, 167, 183
and useless objects, 154, 156, 159–61, 164–66, 167
homes of, 156, 159, 160–61, 160, 170, 185, 214n27
on rough look of piece, 156, 214n26
and abstraction, 165, 169, 173, 183, 184, 186, 218n77
and mass production, 172–73, 216n62
and modular forms, 173, 176, 180, 181, 183
and DiSuvero, 183, 218n85
on “real space,” 206n8
and Kusama, 214n34
light cadmium red as signature color of, 214–15n36
Judd, Donald, works: Installation view, Don Judd, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, 150, 157
Untitled (DSS 79), 150, 152, 181, 216n59
Untitled (DSS 128), 150, 157
Untitled (DSS 55), 152, 153
“Specific Objects,” 153, 213n16
Untitled (DSS 32), 154, 155, 156, 160, 164
sketch, book 1, no. 38, 156, 158
Untitled (DSS 14), 156, 157
Untitled (DSS 33), 156, 157
Untitled (DSS 34), 156, 158
Untitled (DSS 36), 156, 157 160, 214n23
Untitled (DSS 38), 160
Untitled (DSS 42), 160
Untitled (DSS 43), 160, 165–66, 166, 215n43
Untitled (DSS 50), 160
Untitled (DSS 21), 161, 163
Untitled (DSS 27), 161, 163, 164
Untitled (DSS 29), 161, 162, 164, 165, 214n22, 215n36
Untitled (DSS 31), 165, 166, 215n42
Study for a wood sculpture, 1963-64, 166–67, 167
Untitled (DSS 64), 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 176, 180, 183, 184, 215nn45, 47, 50
Untitled (DSS 63), 169, 169, 215n50
Untitled (DSS 65), 169, 170
Untitled (DSS 66), 169, 169, 215n50
Untitled (DSS 72), 169, 170
Studies for sculptures, sketchbook 4, no. 22, 1963, 170, 177
Architectural study: cubic rooms within large room with skylights, 176, 177
Architectural study: skylights above four rooms, 176, 177
Untitled (DSS 85), 176, 179
Untitled (DSS 204), 176, 178
Untitled (DSS 119), 177, 180
Untitled (DSS 39), 215n44
Untitled (DSS 47), 215n44
Untitled (DSS 47), 215nn43, 45, 216n56
Untitled (DSS 53), 215n45
Judson Gallery: as exhibition space, 2
entrance to Ray Gun exhibition, 10, 70
and Oldenburg’s Street, 72–75, 16, 24–25, 27–31, 30, 33, 40, 41, 44, 198n68
and urban renewal, 20, 21, 39
and Washington Square Village, 20
and Exodus, 28
Judson Memorial Church, 10, 77, 19, 20, 22, 41, 195n3
K
Kaprow, Allan: assemblages from found objects, 2, 3
and happenings, 2, 24
on Pollock’s legacy, 2, 41, 102, 194n2, 199n85, 207n12
on representation, 40
and Rauschenberg, 107
Katz, Jonathan D., 50, 87, 103, 201n5, 206n5, 207n16, 208n23
Katz, Paul, 176
Kellein, Thomas, 206n7, 214n27
Kennedy, John F., 189
Keroauc, Jack, 28
Kertész, André, Washington Square and the Judson Memorial Church, 11
Kienholz, Edward, 2
Kiplinger, Suzanne, 195nn1, 6
Klein, Yves, Zone of Immaterial Pictorial Sensibility, 90, 92
Klüver, Billy, 3
Kopie, Jeffrey, 214n27
Kornbluth, Martin, 171
Kouwenhoven, John, “Waste Not, Have Not,” 59, 72
Krauss, Rosalind, 105, 153, 200n2, 207n9, 208nn20, 21, 219n88
Kruger, Barbara, 218n85
Kubrick, Stanley, 218n83
Kusama, Yayoi, 214n34
L
Le Corbusier, urban planning of, 16–17, 20, 45, 199n94
Le Corbusier, works, model of the Plan Voisin for Paris, 1925, 77
Lefebvre, Henri, 47, 48
Legibility: and Oldenburg’s Street 16, 27, 29, 30, 31 33, 35, 40, 44, 46, 48, 188, 195n4
and urban renewal, 24, 45
and Situationist International, 47
and Johns, 50, 82, 85, 200n4
and Rauschenberg, 96, 99, 102–3, 105–8, 127, 134, 135, 139, 144, 208n22
and waste, 130
and Warhol, 189
and Oldenburg’s Ray Gun Poems, 198n54
Leja, Michael, 27
Leo Castelli Gallery, 2, 99, 131, 181, 211nn64, 68
Lever House, 122–23, 122
Levinson, Marc, 217nn64, 71
Lewis, Adrian, 105
Lexington Avenue, 142
Lightbulbs, Johns’s use of, 55, 57, 74, 165, 201n13
Lindsay, John, 19, 21, 196n28
Lippard, Lucy, 6, 150, 153, 154, 213n16, 219–20n3
Literalism: and Pollock’s legacy, 2, 199n87
and avant-garde, 5
and Johns, 5, 50, 55–56, 57, 202n20
and Judd, 5, 6, 150, 153, 154, 213n16
and Oldenburg, 5, 41, 199n87
and Rauschenberg, 5, 102, 127, 142, 146, 208n20
and presentation of material, 6–7
and Greenberg, 41, 199n83
and Kaprow, 41
Loeb Student Center, 22
Lofts: abandonment of, during urban renewal, 4, 6, 161
and Rauschenberg’s Inside-Out, 109
and Rauschenberg’s homes, 112, 115, 209n40
and Johns’s homes, 115
and Rauschenberg, 147
and Judd’s homes, 156, 159, 160–61, 160, 170, 185, 214n27
demolishing of, 159
and manufacturing, 173
Loyal Shirt Company, 156
Lynch, Kevin, 45, 46
M
Machinery: and literalism, 5
visual vocabulary of, 6
and Rauschenberg’s Inside-Out, 109, 112
and Rauschenberg’s Wall Street, 126
and Rauschenberg’s Trophy IV, 128
Madison Avenue, 4, 142
Malcher, Fritz, 17
“Mall on Park Ave. South Advances,” photograph from, 165
Mandel, Ernest, 194n15
Manet, Édouard, 3
Manhattan: and urban renewal, 4, 5–6
Rauschenberg’s homes in, 110
deindustrialization of, 112, 115, 139, 156, 159–60, 171, 176, 209n38
demolition sites in, 122, 210n48
and International Style architecture, 122–23,122, 123, 124, 125
map of lower Manhattan, 123
banking in, 125
rezoning of, 125, 164, 210n53
shipping industry in, 176
Manufacturers Trust Company, 181, 182, 183, 218n83
Manufacturing: departure from New York City, 4, 112, 115, 153, 156, 159–60, 171, 173, 176, 209n38
economy based in, 7
on Pearl Street, 115, 125
and waste, 130
and commodity objects, 142
and Judd’s sculptures, 156, 160, 166, 216n51
and zoning, 164
architecture of, 173, 174
and lofts, 173
and modular metal box, 173, 180
Marisol, 2
Martha Jackson Gallery, 2, 3, 198n70
Martin, Reinhold, 217n74
Marx, Karl, 188, 219n1
Marxism, 48, 69, 72, 203n49
Materiality: and Pollock’s legacy, 2, 41, 44, 147, 186, 199n85
and modernism, 3, 139, 188
and Oldenburg’s Street, 5, 16, 30, 35, 39, 40, 44
of urban space, 5
abstraction/materiality continuum, 6–7, 8, 84–85, 87, 90, 166, 186
and Oldenburg’s Self-Portrait, 1959, 41
and Oldenburg, 48
and Johns, 50, 54, 56, 57, 66, 72, 82, 84–85, 87, 89, 92, 188, 189, 201n12, 206n91
and use value, 72, 80
loss of primacy, 80
and Pop art, 90
and Rauschenberg, 99, 102, 103, 106–8, 126–28, 133, 135, 139, 142, 144, 145, 147, 211n71
and Packard, 130
and Judd, 154, 161, 165, 166, 167, 183
and Warhol, 191, 192. See also Dematerialization
Matta-Clark, Gordon, 46
Mattison, Robert S., 209n31
Mayer, Martin, 60
Mayor’s Committee on Slum Clearance, 4, 18, 19
McDarrah, Fred, 134
McDonough, Tom, 47
McElheny, Josiah, 216n62
McLean, Malcom, 175, 217n66
Mellow, James R., 150, 185
Meyer, James, 219n88
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, Seagram Building, 122, 123
Minimalism: and Judd, 6, 101, 150, 154, 167, 180, 181, 183, 184
Fried on, 150, 185, 219n90
and architecture, 153, 213n1l
Rosenberg on, 153
Chave on, 213n14
Meyer on, 219n88
Modernism: history of, 2
archetypical account of, 3
and materiality, 3, 139, 186, 188
last waves of, 7
and urban planning, 7, 16–17, 45, 199n93
and representation, 48, 153–54
grid of, 161
and architecture, 176, 200n95
formalist dialectics of, 186
Modern Packaging, 72–74
Monosemic planning, 45, 46
Moody, Howard, 20
Morris, Robert, 150, 207n13, 214n32, 219n90
Moses, Robert: and urban renewal, 4, 5, 18, 19, 194n10, 195n9
and Washington Square Park, 20, 28, 196n27
and materiality, 147
Motherwell, Robert, 207n17
Mumford, Lewis, 4, 20, 196n18
Muschinski, Pat, 25,26, 27
Museum Ludwig, Cologne, 35, 211nn74, 75
Museum of Modern Art, 99, 194n9
N
National Sugar Building, 119, 121, 125
Negotiability: and Oldenburg’s Street 16, 40, 46, 195n4
and urban renewal, 24, 45
and one-way traffic planning, 143
Neo-Dada, 3, 25
Neorealist cinema, 3
New Media-New Forms (exhibition), 3, 198n70
New Paintings of Common Objects (exhibition), 3
New Realists, 3
Newsweek, 3
“New Uses of the Human Image in Painting” symposium, 41
New York City: avant-garde art in, 3
postmodernization of, 3–4, 7, 144–45, 173, 183, 188
transformation of, 3–7, 48, 126, 144–45, 153, 164, 184–85, 186, 188, 217n72, 219n89
architecture of, 4, 12, 99, 107, 109, 112, 161, 173, 176
economy of, 4, 7, 153, 175, 176, 180, 181, 183, 184, 217n64
financial sector of, 4, 5, 7, 69, 126, 153, 160
and Oldenburg’s Street, 16
Title I housing reconstruction in, 17. See also Greenwich Village Manhattan
New York City Housing Authority, 17
New Yorker, 19
New York junk culture, 3, 108, 134, 194n9
New York Times: on urban renewal, 19, 21, 23, 40, 112
on Washington Square Park roadway, 28, 196n27
on hardware stores, 66, 68
on one-way traffic planning, 142, 143
on Judd’s sculptures, 150, 156
on zoning impact, 164, 164, 171
on Manhattan development, 210n57
New York University, 21, 22
New York World’s Fair of 1964-65, 180
Nixon, Richard, 59
Noguchi, Isamu, 210n50, 218n85
O
Objects: and modernist art, 2–3
Rauschenberg’s use of, 2, 96, 100, 102, 107, 108, 109, 128, 130, 135, 139, 194n2
Johns on loss of, 5, 57, 59
disappearance of, 7, 57
exchangeability of, 55, 144, 212nn81, 82
and meaning, 55, 153
dematerialization of, 90. See also Consumer objects
O’Doherty, Brian, 128, 130, 156, 207n11, 208n29
Oldenburg, Claes: and happenings, 2, 24, 25, 26
and Kaprow, 2
and literalism, 5, 41, 199n87
homes of, 23, 39, 199n77
and urban renewal, 23–24, 33
on truth, 28, 198n55
on representation, 40–41, 201n19
and Dada, 44, 199n88
and obstructed city, 46, 47
Judd compared to, 150
as post-Pollock artist, 199n81
monumental sculptures of, 200n96
Oldenburg, Claes, works: Snapshots from the City, 25, 26, 27, 197n46, 198n65
Ray Gun money, 27, 27, 197n52
Street Head I (“Big Head”; “Gong”), 32, 33, 34
Street Head III, 32, 35–36, 37-38, 44, 199nn75, 76
Street Sign 1, 32, 35
Big Man (Big Guy), 33
Street Chick (Big), 33
Street Chick (Small), 33
Street Sign II, 35, 36
Lady, 41, 43
Self-Portrait, 1959, 40, 42
Street Event—Woman Beating Child, 41, 43
Proposed Monument for the Intersection of Canal Street and Broadway, 47
The Store, 197n53, 199n87
Car II (Wall Piece), 198n68
Ray Gun Poems, 198n54
Street Figure in Grey Planes, 198n70. See also The Street (Oldenburg)
One-way traffic planning, 4, 17, 142–44, 143
Order: and Oldenburg’s Street 16, 27–28, 29, 33, 40, 46, 48, 195n4
and anti-jaywalking campaign, 18–19
and urban renewal, 18, 23, 24, 45
and Ray Gun exhibition, 24, 25, 28
and primitivism in Abstract Expressionism, 27
and littering, 28
and urban planning, 28, 29, 45, 46
and Rauschenberg, 134, 139, 146
and one-way traffic planning, 143
and Judd, 161, 164, 166, 167, 184, 218n80
Orton, Fred, 50, 87, 201n15, 203n42, 204nn62, 76, 205n88
Otero, José, 167, 215n49
Owens, Craig, 208n21
P
Packard, Vance: on consumerism, 4, 60, 61, 69
and use value, 72, 80, 130
cover of The Waste Makers, 75
on soft-sell advertising, 79–80, 130
on waste, 130
on flashlights, 203n48
Panetta, George, 60
Paris, 3, 48, 194n10
Park Avenue South. See Fourth Avenue/Park Avenue South
Pasadena Art Museum, 3
Pearl Street: John’s home on, 114, 115, 119
Rauschenberg’s home on, 114, 115, 119, 125
broadening of, 115
manufacturing on, 115, 125
Pedestrians: and sidewalks, 17, 18, 20
and jay-walking, 18–19, 30
and one-way traffic planning, 143
Pedestrian Safety Month, 19
Pei, I. M., 216n55
Perreault, John, 180, 181, 183, 218n83
Picard, Lil, 115, 119
Pictoriality: complexity of, 6
and Oldenburg, 41, 44
and Rauschenberg, 99, 108, 142
and Judd, 153
and late capitalism, 186
Place: erosion of, 7
abstraction in sense of place, 81, 204n73
Planned obsolescence, 61
Plastics, increase in use of, 4, 61, 64, 84
Pollay, Richard W., 202n32
Pollock, Jackson: Kaprow on, 2, 41, 102, 194n2, 199n85, 207n12
and materiality, 2, 41, 44, 147, 186, 199n85
and legibility, 46
and Abstract Expressionism, 94
and Rauschenberg, 147
Pollock, Jackson, works, Full Fathom Five, 199n85
Pop art, 3, 6, 90, 219n2
Porter, Fairfield, 50, 55, 57
Postmodernity: of New York City, 3–4, 7, 144–45, 173, 183, 188
rise of, 8
and urban environment, 46
and signification, 54–55
and etherealization, 87
Potter, David, 59
Potts, Alex, 219n88
Preston, Stuart, 50, 55, 150
Printing: and Johns’s and Rauschenberg’s Pearl Street homes, 115
and East Nineteenth Street, 156, 160
and Warhol, 189
R
Rainier, Yvonne, 2
Rauschenberg, Robert: everyday objects used by, 2, 96, 100, 102, 107, 108, 109, 128, 130, 135, 139, 194n2
assemblages of street detritus, 3, 107, 109, 126, 128, 134, 210n58
combines of, 5, 94, 96, 101, 102, 105, 107, 108, 131, 145, 146–47, 188, 206n3, 207n11, 208n23, 209n31
and literalism, 5, 102, 127, 142, 146, 208n20
and Coke bottles, 62, 102
homes of, 94, 99, 109, 110, 112, 113, 774, 115, 118, 119, 122, 125, 203n44, 209nn38, 39, 40
and junk, 94, 96, 99, 101–2, 103, 109, 131, 134, 142, 144
and flat image-transfer practices, 96
and legibility, 96, 99, 102–3, 105–8, 127, 134, 135, 139, 144, 208n22
and formalism, 99, 102
and Johns, 99, 108, 113, 115, 119, 130, 201n5, 205n88, 206n5, 207n16, 209n43
and materiality, 99, 102, 103, 106–8, 126–28, 133, 135, 139, 142, 144, 145, 147, 211n7i
and facts, 102–3, 107
and painting/room relationship, 102, 207n13
iconographie readings of, 103, 105, 106, 107, 126, 207nn15, 17, 208n23
and urban environment, 108–9, 119, 127, 134, 145–46, 147, 208n29, 209n31, 210n59
area of homes of, 115, 116, 117
silk screens of, 146, 147, 212nn86, 87
Judd compared to, 150
Rauschenberg, Robert, works: Inside-Out, 94, 95, 99f 102, 106, 107, 109, 112, 119, 128, 134, 206n2, 209n38
Inside-Out (details), 94, 96, 96
Allegory, 96, 97
Crocus, 96, 98, 105, 146
Rebus, 96, 97, 147, 207n15
Black Market, 99, 134–35, 136, 139, 142–45, 21nn65, 68, 69, 72–75, 212nn81, 82
First Landing Jump, 99, 100, 107, 119, 131, 211n65
Canyon, 103, 103
Co-Existence, 104, 105–8, 119, 131, 208nn24, 27, 211n65
Aenfloga, 107, 108, 211n64
Wall Street, 107, 119, 120, 126, 131, 210n47
View from 809 Broadway, from “Random Order,” 109, 111
Pantomime, 119, 2nnn64, 65
Wall Street (detail), 119, 121, 126–27
Trophy IV (for John Cage), 128, 129, 130, 131, 134
announcement for exhibition at Castelli Gallery, 131, 132, 133
Soles, 131
announcement for exhibition at Dwan Gallery, 133, 133, 211n66
Cartoon, 134, 134
Empire II, 134, 211n64
N.Y. Bird Calls for Öyvind Fahlström, 134, 135, 212n89
Black Market (detail), 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 144
Viewers with Black Market, at Oberlin College, 140
Drawings contributed to Black Market, 141
Installation at Dylaby, 145–46, 145
Barge, 146, 146-47
Estate, 147, 148, 212n89
Short Circuit, 207n16
Untitled (1955), 207n16
Broadcast, 208n29
White Paintings, 208n22
Blue Eagle, 211n65
Blue Exit, 211n65
Empire I, 211n64
Magician, 211n64
Navigator, 211n65
Nettle, 211n65
Reservoir, 211n64
Rigger, 211n65
Slug, 211n64
Wooden Gallop, 211n65
Oracle, 212n88
Ray Gun exhibition, 10, 70, 21, 24–25, 28, 29, 29, 45, 195nn1, 3, 197n41
Ray Gun Spex, 24–25, 27, 195n1, 197nn42, 54
Raysse, Martial, 145, 188
Readymades, 62, 206n91
Real estate, 160, 219n89
Rembrandt van Rijn, The Rape of Ganymede, 103, 103
Remini, Vincent, 156
Representation: opacity of, 2
limits of, 3
and materialism, 3
as abstraction, 6
failures of, 6
as second-order function, 7
and Oldenburg’s Street, 31, 33, 35, 39
Oldenburg on, 40–41, 201n19
and Greenberg, 41
urban planning as form of, 45
and modernism, 48, 153–54
and Johns, 54, 56, 82, 84, 87, 201n19
and Boorstin, 81
and Debord, 92
and Rauschenberg, 105, 106, 107, 145
and Judd, 153, 154, 180, 181, 184, 185, 213n19, 218n80
structures of, 189
and Warhol, 191
Restany, Pierre, 3
Reuben, Anita, 198n70
Reuben Gallery: as exhibition space, 2
and Oldenburg’s Street, 16, 31, 32, 33, 35, 39–40, 41, 198nn68, 70
and urban renewal, 39–40, 39, 40, 47
and Rauschenberg, 112
Riesman, David, 60
Roberts, Jennifer L, 218n77
Rose, Barbara, 29, 39, 102, 150, 156, 195n3, 214n24
Rosenberg, Harold, 57, 153
Rosenthal, Rachel, 115, 209n43
Rosier, Martha, 46
S
Sadler, Simon, 212n84
Safeway Building, Marfa, Texas, 215n50
Saint Phalle, Niki de, 2, 145
Samaras, Lucas, 2, 25
Sandberg, Willem, 212n84
Sandler, Irving, 57, 87, 99, 101, 109, 127, 134, 195n1
Save the Square Committee, 21
“Save the Village” movement, 4, 112
Schneider, John G., 60
Schwitters, Kurt, and Dada, 199n88
Schwitters, Kurt, works, Merz Picture with Candle, 210n47
Scott, Bernard “Bud,” 28, 197n41
Sculp-Metal, Johns’s use of, 2, 57, 62, 87, 201n15
Seagram Building, 122, 123, 218n83
Sea-Land Service, Inc., 175
Seitz, William C., 194n9
Seldin, Joseph J., 61, 77, 79
Sheet metal: Rauschenberg’s use of, 128, 146
Judd’s use of, 150, 160–61
Sheet metal shops: Judd’s use of, 167, 170–73, 215n49
in Manhattan, 216n54
Shipping, containerization of, 6, 175–76, 175, 180, 183, 188, 217nn66, 68, 71, 72, 218n77
Sidewalks, 17, 18, 20
Silver, Kenneth E., 50
Simpson, Charles R., 159–60
Situationist International, 47, 48, 212n84
Smileing Workman, The (film), 197n42
Smith, Roberta, 156, 214nn22, 23
Smithson, Robert, 172, 22on4
Snapshots of the City (film), 25, 29, 197n46
SoHo/South Houston Industrial District, 112, 159–60, 176
Solomon, Alan R., 103, 108, 128, 200n2, 206n4, 207n1l
Soviet Union, 59, 60
Spoerri, Daniel, 2, 145, 212n84
Spring Street, Judd’s home on, 156, 159, 161, 176, 177 185, 217n73, 219n89
Stamped metal ceilings: in Reuben Gallery, 32, 40
Rauschenberg’s use of, 109, 139
in Johns’s homes, 115, 119
Standard Packaging company, 61
Stankiewicz, Richard, 2
Stedelijk Museum, 134, 145
Steinberg, Leo: on Johns, 50, 205nn81, 89
on Rauschenberg, 101, 102, 108, 207nn9, 17, 208n29
flatbed picture plane of, 135, 139
Stella, Frank, Sidney Guberman, 210n56
Stevenson, Fance, 87
The Street (Oldenburg): and materiality, 5, 16, 30, 35, 39, 40, 44
and Ray Gun exhibition, 10, 16
as three dimensional mural, 10, 195n2
as urban environment, 10, 16, 35, 39, 44
Judson Gallery installation, 72–75, 16, 24–25, 27–31, 30, 33, 40, 41, 44, 198n68
and legibility, 16, 27, 29,30, 31, 33, 35, 40, 44, 46, 48, 188, 195n4
Reuben Gallery installation, 16, 31, 32, 33, 35, 39–40, 41, 198nn68, 70
and urban renewal, 16, 24, 33, 46
disorder and nonsense in, 25, 29
and Snapshots from the City, 25
violence in, 28, 29
and misery, 29
and traffic, 30–31
and Situationist International, 47, 48
viewers’ experience of, 195n6
and Rauschenberg’s Co-Existence, 208n27
Streets: Rauschenberg’s use of street
detritus, 3, 107, 109, 126, 128, 134, 210n58
and urban renewal, 4, 18, 20
and urban planning, 19
and order, 28
Judd’s use of street detritus, 161. See also specific streets
Street signs: and avant-garde art, 3
and literalism, 5
and urban planning, 45–46, 199n94, 200n95
and Rauschenberg, 142, 143–44, 147–48
Stuckey, Charles F., 207n15
Suburbanization, 4, 66, 69, 159, 171, 176
Sullivan, Louis, 180
Superblocks, 19, 20, 125
Swenson, Gene R., 90, 94, 99, 101, 102
Sylvester, David, 57, 59, 62, 64, 105
T
Television, 4, 189
Third Avenue: El train, 115, 171
and one-way traffic planning, 142, 143, 143
and Bernstein Brothers, 171
towers of, 171, 172, 172, 216n57
Thompson Street, 10, 19
Tillim, Sidney, 156, 200n2
Time magazine, 25, 55, 127, 134, 150, 153, 180
Tinguely, Jean, 2, 145, 212n85
Title I of the Housing Act of 1949, 17, 19, 20, 21, 196n28
Tobin, Austin J., 176
Tomkins, Calvin, 194n2, 205n88, 206n5, 207n12, 208n24
Tone, Lilian, 206n5, 209n39
Traffic: one-way traffic planning, 4, 17, 142–44, 143
and urban planning, 17, 29, 142–43
and anti-jaywalking campaign, 18–19
and Washington Square Park, 19–20, 30
and Oldenburg’s Street 30–31
and International Style architecture, 126
Trash: density of, 7
and Oldenburg’s Street 10, 24, 25, 30, 33
and Big Sweep, 18
and Dine’s The House, 24
Rauschenberg’s use of, 128, 130, 131, 134, 146. See also Urban detritus
Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, 18
Troncy, Eric, 214n34
2001: A Space Odyssey (film), 218n83
Tyler, Richard O., 2, 197n54
U
Ultvedt, PerOlof, 145
Union Carbide Building, 123, 176, 178, 179
Urban detritus: and assemblages, 3, 194n9
and transformation of New York City, 4
and literalism, 5
and Oldenburg’s Street, 40
and Oldenburg’s Lady, 41
Urban planning: and modernism, 7, 16–17, 45, 199n93
of Le Corbusier, 16–17, 20, 45, 199n94
and traffic, 17, 29, 142–43
Jacobs on, 19
and streets, 19
and order, 28, 29, 45, 46
and white buildings, 29, 198n64
and abstraction, 45, 48
and Rauschenberg, 127. See also Traffic; Urban renewal; Zoning
Urban renewal: and Moses, 4, 5, 18, 19, 194n10, 195n9
and Oldenburg’s Street 16, 24, 33, 46
and order, negotiability, and legibility, 16, 195n4
eminent domain and, 17
and corruption, 19, 21
in Greenwich Village, 19–21, 23, 109, 112
opposition to, 20, 21, 23
and Reuben Gallery, 39–40, 39, 40
70 East Tenth Street, 39, 40, 112
and abstraction, 44, 188
and transformation of cities, 48
and Rauschenberg, 109, 112
Urban space, 5, 19, 40
U.S. economy, 60, 85, 130
V
Vanderbeek, Stan, 25, 197n42
Venturi, Robert, 200n95
Vermeer, Johannes, Allegory of the Art of Painting, 107, 107
Village Voice: on New York University, 21
on Ray Gun exhibition, 25
and Judson Gallery, 28
advertisement for Ray Gun exhibition, 29, 29
and Washington Square Village, 33, 33
and Jacob Heymann’s Meats, 44, 45
and Judd’s modular forms, 180
Violence, in Oldenburg’s Street 28, 29
W
Wagner, Robert F., Jr., 19, 20, 142
Wainwright, Lisa, 103, 210n47
Wakeman, Frederic, 60
Wall Street: office buildings of, 6
International Style tower on, 124, 125
Warhol, Andy: and signification, 90
and silk screens, 189, 212n86
and material registration of images, 206n92
Warhol, Andy, works: Brillo Boxes, 90, 91
16 Jackies, 189, 191, 197
TV $199, 189, 190
Washington Square Park: expressway through, 5
and Judson Memorial Church, 10, 77, 19
and traffic, 19–20, 30
proposed roadway for, 20, 27, 28, 46, 196n25
map of, 27
photograph of, 22
aerial view of, 46
and Rauschenberg, 112
Washington Square Village, 20–21, 22, 33, 33, 45, 112, 125, 196n28
Waste: and press, 6
and consumerism, 59, 59
and disposability of products, 61, 77
and redesign of products, 61–62, 69, 74, 77
and beer cans, 72, 74
and leg ibility of objects, 130. See also Packard, Vance
Water Street: broadening of, 115, 119
bank building on, 125
Rauschenberg in a Water Street lot, 127–28, 127, 134
Weinberg, Jonathan, 20in5
Weiner, Lawrence, Staples, Stakes, Twine, Turf, 192, 193
Whitechapel Gallery, 176, 177
Whitman, Robert, 2, 24, 197n54
Whitney Museum of American Art: and Johns retrospective, 55
and Rauschenberg, 99
Judd’s solo exhibition at, 150, 154, 180, 185
Whyte, William H., Jr., 4, 19, 180
Wiley, T. T., 142, 212n80
Williams, Raymond, 203n49
Witkovsky, Matthew, 218n80
Wolanin, Barbara, 211n69
Wood, James Playstead, 60
Y
Yau, John, 85, 205n84
Young, Joan, 206n5, 209n39, 211nn68, 72
Z
Zoning, 125, 164, 171, 210n53, 216n55, 218n85
Index
Next chapter