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Index
Jules David Prown, Nancy K. Anderson, William Cronon, Brian W. Dippie, Martha A. Sandweiss, Susan Prendergast Schoelwer, Howard R. Lamar
Description: Discovered Lands, Invented Pasts: Transforming Visions of the American West
Discovered Lands, Invented Pasts: Transforming Visions of the American West
Index
Author
Jules David Prown, Nancy K. Anderson, William Cronon, Brian W. Dippie, Martha A. Sandweiss, Susan Prendergast Schoelwer, Howard R. Lamar
PublisherYale University Art Gallery
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 1992 by Yale University
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00038.011
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-15738
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Index
Abbott, Teddy Blue, 114
Abstract Arrangement of American Indian Symbols (Hartley), 190
Ackerman, James, 127
Acoma (Moran), 81
Across the Wide Missouri (DeVoto), 30
Adams, Andy, 114, 170
Adams, Ansel, 83
Adventures of Captain Bonneville (Irving), 161–64
Adventures in the Wilderness (Wissler, Skinner, and Wood), 26
Agate, Alfred (1818–1846): Hood Mountain, 67–68, 68
Agriculture, 51
Alaska, 121
Altowan (Stewart), 154
American art, 31, 99
nostalgia in, viii
historical study of, xiv, 1, 2–3, 33–34
western art as “national”
art, 1, 18, 23–24
landscape painting, 40, 43, 44. See also Western art
American Art News, 23
American Art-Union, 129, 132, 164
American Frontier Life (Trapper Retreating over River) (Tait), 81, 137, 141
American Gothic (Wood), 181, 182
American Indian (Scholder), 187
American Indians, viii, xv, 118, 170
erasure from wilderness art, vii, 56, 81, 156
removal to reservations, xiii, 81, 89
accuracy in depiction of, 3, 6, 26, 27, 29
portraits of, 5, 7, 27, 173
as ethnography subjects, 6, 7–8, 10, 16, 25–26, 27, 49–53, 55, 56
and buffalo, 19, 51
women, 51, 52–53, 142–43, 144, 146, 150, 152, 155, 160, 161, 164, 165, 168, 173
“first encounter”
theme, 55–56, 58, 61
and fur trade, 63, 64, 67–68, 144, 154, 160, 164
progress of civilization theme, 70, 90–94, 96, 99–104, 109–11
whites’ wars with, 92–93, 104, 105, 126
Vanishing American theme, 92, 93–94, 96, 101–2, 105, 109–11, 114
Indian Princess symbolism, 135, 153, 155–56
cross-cultural marriage, 142–43, 146–54, 155–60, 161, 164
and horses, 150–52
modernists and, 173, 176, 183
American Museum of Natural History (New York), 26
American Progress (Gast), 96, 97
American Turf Register and Sporting Magazine, 129, 142
American West (Broder), 167
Amon Carter Museum (Fort Worth), 31–32
Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California (Bierstadt), 14, 14–15, 81
Anderson, Nancy K., xiii, xiv, 167
Anthropology, xiv, 25
Apaches’ Attack and Murder of the White Family, 105, 107
Applegate, Frank (1882–1931): Hopi Niman Kachina Dance at Walpi, 178, 179
Army Exploration in the American West (Goetzmann), 33
Arroyo School, 179
Art and Artists in Nebraska (Geske), 171
Art history, xiii, xiv, 25, 30, 31
Artists and Illustrators of the Old West (Taft), 29, 30, 31
Artist Was a Young Man (Josephy), 32
Ash-can School, 173
Assimilation, xiii
Assiniboin Burial Scaffold (Bodmer), 55
Assiniboin Indians, 26
Assiniboin Medicine Sign (Bodmer), 54, 55
Astor Library (New York), 132
Atlas of the World (Colton), 99, 100
Audubon, John James (1785–1851), 30, 170
Birds of America, 47, 127
Wild Turkey, 47, 48
Author Painting a Chief in an Indian Village (Catlin), 56, 57
Automobile, 114
Autumn—On the Hudson River (Cropsey), 73
Autumn, Smoky Hill River (Sandzén), 181
Autumn Reflections (Cumbow), 189, 191
Aztecs, xiii
Bakós, Józef, 179
Ball, Ellsworth L., 171
Bama, James (b. 1926), 187
Bill Smith—Number One, 188
Bancroft, Hubert H., 90
Banvard, John, 117–18
Baptism of Pocahontas (Chapman), 156, 157
Baudelaire, Charles, 7
Becker, Joseph (1841–1910): Snow Sheds on the Central Pacific Railroad 75, 76
Before the Railroad Came (Koerner), 168, 169
Benton, Thomas Hart, 83, 179–81
Berkeley, Bishop George, 37
Beyond the Mississippi (Richardson), 97–99, 98
Bien, Julius, 127
Bierstadt, Albert (1830–1902), 1, 8–9, 16, 21, 85, 171, 189, 191
Rocky Mountains, Lander’s Peak, 2, 9, 9–10, 80–81, 118, 129, 130, 131
Storm in the Rocky Mountains—Mt. Rosalie, 10–12, 11, 131
Domes of the Yosemite, 12–14, 13
Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, 14, 14–15, 81
Last of the Buffalo, 18–19, 19
Lake Lucerne, 24
Bill Smith—Number One (Bama), 188
Bingham, George Caleb (1811–1879), 1, 30, 31, 132, 170
Jolly Flat Boat Men, 129
Fur Traders Descending the Missouri (French Trader and Half-Breed Son), 137, 160–61, 162, 164
Birds of America (Audubon), 47, 127
Bismarck, N.D., 168
Bisttram, Emil, 179
Blackfoot Indians, 26
Black Hawk War, 126
Blockhouse, St. Regis, Canada (Coates), 64, 66, 67
Bluebonnet School, 179
Bob’s Steer Head (O’Keeffe), 83–85, 87
Bodmer, Karl (1809–1893), 30, 67, 94, 146
accuracy of depictions, 26, 29, 132
influence on later artists, 27, 114
ethnographic art, 50, 53–55, 56, 80, 137.
Works: Interior of a Mandan Earth Lodge, 54, 55
Assiniboin Medicine Sign, 54, 55
Cree Woman, 55, 156, 159
Assiniboin Burial Scaffold, 55
First Chain of the Rocky Mountains above Fort McKenzie, 55
Travellers Meeting with Minatarre Indians near Fort Clark, 56, 57, 58
Book of the Artists (Tuckerman), 1
Boone, Daniel, 37, 40, 90, 92, 104
Boone’s First View of Kentucky (Ranney), 39, 39–40, 61
Borein, Ed, 114
Borglum, John Gutzon, 173
Borglum, Solon Hannibal, 173
Boston, Mass., 1–2
“Bourgeois” W—r, & His Squaw (Miller), 136, 141
Boutelle, DeWitt Clinton (1820–1884): Indian Surveying a Landscape, 109, 111
Bowen, John T. (1801–1856), 123, 127
View of Itasca Lake, 125
Bridger, Jim, 155
British Museum (London), 25
Broder, Patricia Janis, 167, 176
Brown, Margaretta Favorite (1818–1897): Mining in the Boise
Basin, 77, 77–78
Brush, George de Forest (1855–1941), 16, 18
Mourning Her Brave, 17
Bryant, William Cullen, 102
Buffalo, xv, 18–19, 27–29, 51, 160
Buffalo Bill Historical Center (Cody, Wyo.), 33
Buffalo Bull’s Back Fat (Catlin), 7
Buffalo Dance (Omahas) (Kurz), 178, 179
Buffalo Hunt (Wimar), 27, 28
Bulger, Andrew, 126
Burch, John C., 128
Bushnell, David Ives, Jr., 25–26, 27, 29, 32
California, 12–13, 39, 40, 86, 127
gold rush, 8, 19
Canada, 64, 67, 136, 137, 165
Carey, Harry, 114
Carnival themes, 155
Carter, Amon G., Sr., 31
Cary, William de la Montagne, 137
Catesby, Mark, 45
Cather, Willa, 173
Catlin, George (1796–1872), 21, 137, 146, 191
historical study of, 1, 31, 32, 34, 171
Indian paintings, 5–8, 32, 56, 80, 96, 104, 170, 173
expeditions, 6, 20, 67, 101, 170
accuracy of depictions, 6–7, 26, 29
ethnographic studies, 7–8, 16, 50–53, 55, 56, 94
influence on later artists, 27–29, 114, 132
publication of works of, 30, 117, 132.
Works: Certificate of Authenticity, “No. 189 . . . ,” 6
Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians, 6, 129
Buffalo Bull’s Back Fat, 7
Little Wolf, 7
Prairie Meadows Burning, 50–51
Prairie Bluffs Burning, 50–51
Pipestone Quarry, Coteau Des Prairies, 52
Commanche Village, Women Dressing Robes and Drying Meat, 52–53, 53
Author Painting a Chief in an Indian Village, 56, 57
Four Bears, 56
North American Indian Portfolio, 129
Catlin and His Contemporaries (Dippie), 32–33
Catlin’s Indian Gallery, 6, 7, 32
Causici, Enrico (active c. 1822–1832), 92
Conflict of Daniel Boone and the Indians, 90, 91
Century Magazine, 18
Chapman, John Gadsby (1810–1889): Baptism of Pocahontas, 156, 157
Chase, William Merritt, 31–32, 173
Cherokee Indians, 3
Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, 72
Childbirth, 143
Chippewa Indians, 126
Choris, Louis (1795–1828), 121
Costumes de femme et têtes de femme du golfe de Kotzebue, 49–50, 123
Chromolithography, 121–23, 129, 131–32
Church, Frederic Edwin (1826–1900), 13–14, 31–32
Mount Ktaadn, 73–75, 74, 80, 81
Twilight in the Wilderness, 80
Citadel Rock. Upper Missouri River (Hutton), 47, 49
Civilization theme: and savagery, 92–93, 99, 104, 105, 106
progress of, 92, 93–94, 96, 97–99, 101–2, 109
Clark, Badger, 114
Clark, I.: View of the Chasm through which the Platte Issues from the Rocky Mountains, 124
Clark, William, 6–7
Clement, Antoine, 146
Clinton, De Witt, 5–6
Coates, Edmund C. (1816–1871): Blockhouse, St. Regis, Canada, 64, 66, 67
Coburn, Wallace, 114
Cody, William F. (Buffalo Bill), 104–5, 109, 115, 170
Cole, Thomas (1801–1848), 31–32, 47, 85, 86
Oxbow, 40–43, 41, 44, 61, 70–71, 73, 168
Course of Empire, 43
North Mountain and Catskill Creek, 80–81
“Collecting the West” (Saunders), 32–33
Collier’s, 20
Colorado River, 10
Colton, George W., 99
Atlas of the World, 100
Columbus, Christopher, vii, 20, 89, 105, 115, 191
Commanche Village, Women Dressing Robes and Drying Meat (Catlin), 52–53, 53
Conflict of Daniel Boone and the Indians (Causici), 90, 91
Conjurer (The Flyer) (White), 5
Connecticut River, 40, 42
Constant, Benjamin, 171
Cook, Howard, 179
Cook, James H., 114
Cooper, James Fenimore, 10, 92, 132
Corn, Wanda, 1, 167
Costumes de femme et têtes de femme du golfe de Kotzebue (Choris), 49–50, 123
Course of Empire (Cole), 43
Cover, Sallie (active c. 1880s), 189
Homestead of Ellsworth L. Ball, 171, 172, 181
“Cowboy art,” 1
Cowboys, 33, 108, 109, 187
Crawford, Thomas (1813–1857): Progress of Civilization, 93, 101
Freedom, 99, 100, 104
Dying Chief Contemplating the Progress of Civilization, 101
Cree Chief, Le Tout Pique, at Fort Union (Kurz), 156, 159
Cree Indians, 26
Cree Woman (Bodmer), 55, 156, 159
Cronon, William, xiv, 156, 167–68, 181
Cropsey, Jasper Francis, 31–32
Autumn—On the Hudson River, 73
Starrucca Viaduct, Pennsylvania, 75
Crow Indians, 176
Cubism, 179
Cultural diversity, xiii
Cumbow, Alice (b. 1894): Autumn Reflections, 189, 191
Cun—Ne—Wa—Bum (Kane), 156, 158
Currier and Ives, 129–31, 132, 137
Curry, John Steuart (1897–1946), 179–81
Wisconsin Landscape, 83, 84, 168, 181
Curtis, Edward S., 56, 114
Cushing, Emily Magill, 164–65
Cushing, Frank Hamilton, xi–xiii, 164–65
portrait of (Eakins), xii
Custer, George Armstrong, 19, 21
Custer’s Demand (Schreyvogel), 21, 22
Dakota Eagle Dancer (Howe), 186
Dana, Richard Henry, 10
Dances with Wolves, 115
Darley, Felix O. C. (1822–1888), 132
Red-Eyed and Foaming Prone the Monster Falls (Hunting Buffalo), 27–29, 28
Scenes in Indian Life, 132
Darling, Ben, 189–91
Dasburg, Andrew Michael (1887–1979), 179
New Mexican Village, 180
Davis, H. Winter, 128
Davis, Jefferson, 127
Davis, Natalie Zemon, 155
Deas, Charles (1818–1867), 1–2, 30, 117, 137
Long Jakes, 132, 136, 137, 140, 160, 161, 164
Voyageurs, 161, 163
Death of General Wolfe (West), 3–5, 4, 8–9
de Bry, Theodor, 44
Degas, Edgar, 33
Delacroix, Eugène, 146
Denig, Edward, 156
Destination Nowhere (Dixon), 183, 185
DeVoto, Bernard, 30–31, 32, 33
Dippie, Brian W., xiv, 32–33, 167, 170, 187
Dixon, Maynard (1875–1946), 114, 181–83
Earth Knower, 183, 184
Destination Nowhere, 183, 185
Doepler, Carl Emil, 99
title page, Colton’s Atlas of the World, 100
Dolan, Elizabeth (1871–1948), 171
Hall Garden at Four P.M., 173
Domes of the Yosemite (Bierstadt), 12–14, 13
Doney, Thomas, 129
Douglas, Mary, 159
Drayton, Joseph (active c. 1820–1841): Falls of the Willamette, 68–70, 69
Duck Hunters on the Hoboken Marshes (Ranney), 164
Dunlap, William, 2–3, 6
Dunn, Harvey, 114
Durand, Asher B.: Progress, 73
Dust Bowl, 83, 183
Duval, Peter S.: Navajo Costume, 122
Dying Chief Contemplating the Progress of Civilization (Crawford), 101
Eakins, Thomas (1844–1916), xi–xiii
Frank Hamilton Cushing, xi, xii, 164–65
Earth Knower (Dixon), 183, 184
Eastman, Seth (1808–1875), 25, 26, 30, 31, 121, 156
View of Itasca Lake, 123, 125
Itasca Lake, 123, 125
Sioux Indian Council, 148, 149
Indian Council, 148, 149
Ehret, George Dennis (1708–1770), 49
Magnolia, 45, 46, 47
Eight, The, 173, 176
Eldredge, Charles C., 189
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 191
Erosion No. 2. Mother Earth Laid Bare (Hogue), 83, 85
Ethnicity, xiii
Ethnography, 7–8, 49–50, 53, 56–58
Europe, 154
European art, 13–14, 18, 23–25, 99, 150, 171
European discovery, vii, viii, xiii, 44, 5°, 56, 58
“Evolution of the Cow-Puncher” (Wister), 108
Ewers, John, 26–27, 29, 156
Exploration and Empire (Goetzmann), 33
Exploring expeditions, 5, 44, 117, 120, 121, 128
Eyck, Jan Van, 150
“Fact and Fiction in the Documentary Art of the American West” (Ewers), 27
Falls of the Willamette (Drayton), 68–70, 69
Fight for Water (Schreyvogel), 110
Fight for the Waterhole (Remington), 191
Fireboat (Russell), 20
First Chain of the Rocky Mountains above Fort McKenzie (Bodmer), 55
Flathead Indians, 27, 152
Flyer (The Conjurer) (White), 5
Folklore, xiv
Fort Edmonton, 156
Fortieth Parallel survey, 127
Fort Laramie (Miller), 63, 63–64, 94
Fort Snelling (Sully), 64, 66
Fort Union (Kurz), 64, 65
Four Bears (Catlin), 56
France, 3, 164
Frank Hamilton Cushing (Eakins), xi, xii, 164–65
Frederic Remington (Hassrick), 32
Frederic Remington: Artist of the Old West (McCracken), 31
Frederic Remington: The Masterworks (Shapiro et al.), 33
Freedom (Crawford), 99, 100, 104
Frémont, Charles, 10
Fried, Michael, xiii
Frontier, 37, 167–68
“closing of,” 79–80, 89, 105
women and, 135–36, 137, 143, 165
nostalgia for, 170
“Frontier moment,” 102, 105, 108, 115
“Frontier narrative,” 61, 64, 67, 68, 70–75, 78–79, 81–83, 85–86
Fur trade, 58, 154–55
rendezvous images, 61–64, 75, 143, 155
Indians and, 63, 64, 67–68, 144, 154, 160, 164
women and, 135–37, 143–44, 146, 160–61, 164–65, 168
Canadian and Rocky Mountain systems, 136, 160, 164
cross-cultural marriage, 142–43, 146–48, 150, 155, 159–60, 164
Fur Traders Descending the Missouri (French Trader and Half-Breed Son) (Bingham), 137, 160–61, 162, 164
Gast, John (active 1870s), 99
American Progress, 96, 97
Geology, 47, 49
George III (king of England), 3
Gérôme, Jean-Leon, 18
Geske, Norman A., 171
Gevelot, Nicholas (active c. 1820–1850), 92
William Penn’s Treaty with the Indians, 90, 91
Giambologna (Giovanni da Bologna), 5
Gifford, Sanford: Twilight on Hunter Mountain, 73
Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride (Eyck), 150
Giving Drink to a Thirsty Trapper (Miller), 58, 60
Goetzmann, William, 33, 120, 191
Gold Mining, Cripple Creek (Lawson), 183, 185
“Gone” (Barrows), 115
Goodrich, Lloyd, xiii
Government reports, 119–20, 126–27, 128–29
Grand Canyon, 15
Grand Canyon, Yellowstone (Moran), 116
Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone (Moran), 15, 15–16, 81, 82
“Great American Desert,” 191
Great Britain, 4, 164
Great Depression, 183
Great Plains, 83, 183
Great Plains movement, 179–81
Green, Rayna, 153, 155
Greenough, Horatio (1805–1852): Rescue, 102, 103, 104
Gregorita (Henri), 173, 174
Grinnell, George Bird, 114
Group of a Mountaineer and Kansas Indian (Miller), 94, 95
Grozelier, Leopold, 132
Hall Garden at Four P.M. (Dolan), 173
Handbook of American Indians (Hodge), 25
Hariot, Thomas, 44
Harlan, James, 128
Harper, J. Russell, 32
Harper’s Magazine, 30, 129
Harper’s Monthly, 108
Harper’s Weekly, 97
Harriot, Margaret, 156
Hart, Neal, 114
Hart, William S., 114
Hartley, Marsden (1877–1943), 31–32, 189
Abstract Arrangement of American Indian Symbols, 190
New Mexican Landscape, 191
Harvard University, Peabody Museum, 25
Hassam, Childe, 22
Hassrick, Peter, 32, 33, 34
Hauser, Allan, 183
Hawaii, 121
Hayden, Ferdinand V.: Yellowstone National Park, 116
Hayden, Sarah Shewell, 171
Hayden Art Club, 171
Hays, William, 1
Heade, Martin Johnson, 31–32
Henri, Robert (1865–1929), 176, 183
Gregorita, 173, 174
Water Eagle (1914), 173
Portrait of Dieguito Roybal, 173, 175
Herbert, Henry William, 132
Hernandez Church, New Mexico (O’Keeffe), 189
Higgins, Victor (1884–1949), 176
Storm, 177
Hill, John W., Jr. (1812–1879): View of Tarrytown, 70–71, 71, 73
Hill, Thomas (1829–1908): Irrigating at Strawberry Farm, 75, 76
Hispanic Americans, 173, 176
Historical and Statistical Information Respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States (Schoolcraft), 121–26, 128–29
History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the United States (Dunlap), 2–3
Hodge, F. W., 25
Hogue, Alexandre (b. 1898), 181
Erosion No. 2. Mother Earth Laid Bare, 83, 85
Holyoke, Mount, 40, 43, 47
Homestead of Ellsworth L. Ball (Cover), 171, 172, 181
Hood Mountain (Agate), 67–68, 68
Hopi Indians, 183
Hopi Niman Kachina Dance at Walpi (Applegate), 178, 179
Hopkins, Johns, 148
Horse in Blackfoot Indian Culture (Ewers), 27
Horses, 150–52
Hough, Emerson, 114
Howe, Oscar (b. 1915), 183
Dakota Eagle Dancer, 186
Hudson River, 70
Hudson River School, 73
Hudson’s Bay Company, 137, 154, 156
Huffman, L. A., 114
Humboldt, Alexander von, 53
Hurd, Peter (1904–1984), 187
Portrait of Gerald Marr, 188
Hutton, James D. (active c. 1859–1860): Citadel Rock, Upper Missouri River, 47, 49
Idaho City, Idaho, 77
Impressionism, 179
Incas, xiii
Indian Beauty (Witthae) (Kurz), 150, 151
Indian Council (Eastman), 148, 149
Indian Life on the Upper Missouri (Ewers), 27
Indian Princess symbolism, 135, 153, 155–56. See also American Indians
Indian Procession (Miller), 155
Indians Approaching Fort Union (Wimar), 111, 113
Indians on Green River (Miller), 94, 95
Indians’ New World (Merrell), viii
Indian Surveying a Landscape (Boutelle), 109, 111
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, 146
Inness, George: Lackawanna Valley, 75
In from the Night Herd (Remington), 23
In the Tepee (Rindisbacher), 142, 142–43
Interior of Fort Laramie (Miller), 65
Interior of a Mandan Earth Lodge (Bodmer), 54, 55
Irrigating at Strawberry Farm (Hill), 75, 76
Irving, John Treat, 30
Irving, Washington, 10, 92, 161–64
Itasca Lake (Eastman), 123, 125
Jacobshagen, Keith (b. 1941): Northeast of Greenwood, 191, 192
James, Edwin, 121, 124
Japanese-Americans, xiii
Jarves, James Jackson, 118
Jefferson, Thomas, 73, 75
Jews, xiii
Johns, Elizabeth, xiii, 34
Jolly Flat Boat Men (Bingham), 129
Jones, H., 126
Josephy, Alvin M., Jr., 32
Julian Academy, 171
Kane, John (1860–1934): Monongahela Valley, 83, 84
Kane, Paul (1810–1871), 26, 32, 117, 137, 165
Winter Travelling in Dog Sleds, 156, 157
Cun-Ne-Wa-Bum, 156, 158
Kansas, 179
Kansas Indians, 94
Katahdin, Mount, 73
Kelly, Yellowstone, 114
Kensett, John Frederick, 31–32
Kentucky, 40
Kern, Richard H. (1821–1853), 93, 120–21
Navajo Costume, 121, 122
King, Charles Bird, 27, 31
King, Clarence, 127
Knoedler’s Gallery (New York), 21–22
Koerner, W. H. D. (1878–1938): Madonna of the Prairie, 166, 168
Before the Railroad Came, 168, 169
Kolodny, Annette, 165
Koppel, Charles: Valley of San Pasqual, 126
Kotzebue, Otto von, 121
Kurz, Rudolph Friederich (1818–1871), 25, 137, 146, 156, 165
Fort Union, 64, 65
Indian Beauty (Witthae), 150, 151
The Cree Chief, Le Tout Pique, at Fort Union, 156, 159
Buffalo Dance (Omahas), 178, 179
Lackawanna Valley (Inness), 75
Lake Lucerne (Bierstadt), 24
Lamar, Howard R., xv
Lander, Frederick W., 8
Lander, Mount, 10
Landscape art, 43, 44, 73, 85
western, 8–15, 24, 72, 80, 83, 176, 179, 183
Landscape history, 49
Lange, Dorothea, 183
Last of the Buffalo (Bierstadt), 18–19, 19
Last of His Race (Vanishing American) (Remington), 109, 112
Last of the Mohicans (Cooper), 92, 104
Last of Their Race (Stanley), 101–2, 102
Laurens, Henry, 3
Lawson, Ernest (1873–1939): Gold Mining, Cripple Creek, 183, 185
Le Moyne de Morgues, Jacques, 5
Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians (Catlin), 6, 129
Leutze, Emanuel Gottlieb (1816–1868), 1, 42, 43, 86, 170
Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way, 37–40, 38, 43, 44, 61, 67, 168, 183
Lewis, Henry, 117–18
Lewis and Clark expedition (1804–1806), 89, 168
Linderman, Frank Bird, 114
Linguistics, xiv
Linnaeus, Carolus, 45
Lithography, 120–23, 127, 129, 132
Little Crow, 118
Little Wolf (Catlin), 7
Lockwood, John Ward (1894–1963), 179
Symbols of Taos, 180
London, England, 10
Long, Stephen H., 117, 191, 124
expedition (1819–1820), 117, 121
Long Jakes (Deas), 132, 136, 137, 140, 160, 161, 164
Lorrain, Claude, 40
Louisiana Purchase (1803), 89
Lubin, David, xiii
Lummis, Charles F., 114
Lyell, Charles, 47
McCracken, Harold, 31, 32
McDermott, John Francis, 29, 30
McLean, Thomas, 131
Madonna of the Prairie (Koerner), 166, 168
Magnificent Charge, 105, 107
Magnolia (Ehret), 45, 46, 47
Maine, 73, 80
Making Moccasins (Miller), 143, 144
“Manifest destiny,” xv, 37
Man On Horseback (Samuels), 132
Many Tender Ties (Van Kirk), 136
Marin, John (1870–1953), 31–32, 179
Storm, Taos Mountain, New Mexico, 176, 177
Massachusetts, 86
Maurer, Louis, 132
Maximilian (prince of Wied), 26, 53, 56
Melrose, Andrew (1836–1901): Westward the Star of Empire Takes Its Way, 72, 72–73, 75
Merrell, James, viii
Metcalf, Willard Leroy, 22
Métis, 142
Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), 33
Michelangelo Buonarroti, 150
Miller, Alfred Jacob (1810–1874), 58–62, 67, 75, 96, 155
historical study of, 1, 171
influence on later artists, 27
publication of works of, 30, 131–32
depiction of women, 137, 143, 146.
Works: Sir William Drummond Stewart Meeting Indian Chief, 58, 59, 62, 111, 155
Giving Drink to a Thirsty Trapper, 58, 60
Racing—near Wind River Mountains, 62, 62–63
Fort Laramie, 63, 63–64, 94
Interior of Fort Laramie, 65
Indians on Green River, 94, 95
Group of a Mountaineer and Kansas Indian, 94, 95
Trapper’s Bride, 136, 138, 139, 146–54, 154, 155, 159–60, 161, 164, 173, 191
“Bourgeois” W—r, &His Squaw, 136, 141
Making Moccasins, 143, 144
Waiting for the Caravan, 143–44, 145
Pipe of Peace at the Rendezvous, 145
Snake Girl Swinging, 146, 147
Toilet of the Indian Girls, 146
Indian Procession, 155
Mining in the Boise Basin (Brown), 77, 77–78
Mississippi River, 30, 123
Missouri River, 20, 30, 55, 72, 160, 164, 170
Mix, Tom, 114
Modernism, 24–25, 34, 176, 179
Monongahela Valley (Kane), 83, 84
Montana, 19–20, 21, 114
Moore, Sarah Wool, 171
Moran, Thomas (1837–1926), 31, 80, 85, 117
Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, 15, 15–16, 81, 82, 116
Acoma, 81
Tower Falls, 81
Mother Earth Laid Bare (Hogue), 83, 85
“Mountain men,” 135–36, 143, 146, 154, 159, 160, 161, 164
Mount Ktaadn (Church), 73–75, 74, 80, 81
Mourning Her Brave (Brush), 17
Movies, 108, 114, 115
Museum of Fine Arts (Houston), 33
Music in the Plaza (Sloan), 176
Myles, Frank, 179
Nast, Thomas: title page, Beyond the Mississippi, 97–99, 98
National Museum of American Art (Washington, D.C.), xiii, 34
National parks, 81, 83
Natural Man Observed (Truettner), 8, 32
Navajo Costume (Kern), 121, 122
Navajo Indians, 121, 183
Nazism, xiii
Nebraska, 171–73, 189–91
Nebraska Art Association, 171
Nemerov, Alex, 34–35, 187
New Mexican Landscape (Hartley), 191
New Mexican Village (Dasburg), 180
New Mexico, 176, 179, 189
New York, N.Y., 9, 12
New York Herald, 21
New York Illustrated Magazine, 132
New York Metropolitan Fair (1864), 118, 131
New York Times, 22, 33
North American Indian Portfolio (Catlin), 129
North American Review, 128
North Dakota State Capitol, 168
Northeast of Greenwood (Jacobshagen), 191, 192
North Mountain and Catskill Creek (Cole), 80–81
O’Keeffe, Georgia (1887–1986), 189, 191
Bob’s Steer Head, 83–85, 87
Red and Yellow Cliffs, 85
Hernandez Church, New Mexico, 189
Onderdonk, Julian, 179
Onondaga Indians, 118
Oregon City on the Willamette River (Stanley), 68, 69, 70–71, 80, 168
Oregon Trail (Parkman), 94
Orr, N., 126
Oxbow (Cole), 40–43, 41, 44, 61, 70–71, 73, 168
Pacific Railroad, 44, 119–20, 126, 127–28
Pageant of America, 26
Paris Exposition Universelle (1889), 18
Parker, Cora, 171
Parkman, Francis, 10, 92, 94, 99
Pastoral imagery, 61, 67–68, 72, 75, 83
Patterson, Henry, 93
Paul Kane’s Frontier (Harper), 32
Peale, Titian Ramsay, 5, 30, 31, 117, 171
Pelly, Robert Parker, 126
Pend d’Oreille Indians, 27
Penn, William, 90
Philadelphia, Pa., 6, 32
Photography, 56, 83
“Pictorial Record of the Old West” (Taft), 29
Pierce, Franklin, 127
Pipe of Peace at the Rendezvous (Miller), 145
Pipestone Quarry, Coteau Des Prairies (Catlin), 52
Plains Indian Painting (Ewers), 27
Plains Indians, 27, 132, 144, 152, 154, 165
“Pocahontas perplex,” 153
Poetry, 170
Poinsett, J. R., 6–7
Pomarede, Leon, 30
Poor, Henry Varnum, 179
Portrait of Dieguito Roybal (Henri), 173, 175
Portrait of Gerald Marr (Hurd), 188
Portrait of the Old West (McCracken), 31
Prairie Bluffs Burning (Catlin), 50–51
Prairie Meadows Burning (Catlin), 50–51
Prang, Louis (1824–1909), 129
Grand Canyon, Yellowstone, 116
Progress (Durand), 73
Progress of Civilization (Crawford), 93, 101
Pueblo Indians, 173, 176
Pulszky, Francis, 90, 92
Pulszky, Theresa, 90, 92
Racing—near Wind River Mountains (Miller), 62, 62–63
Railroads, 12, 19, 72, 73, 97, 127–28
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 44
Ranney, William Tylee (1813–1857), 1, 31, 137
Boone’s First View of Kentucky, 39, 39–40, 61
Trapper’s Last Shot, 129
Duck Hunters on the Hoboken Marshes, 164
Rash, Nancy, 170
“Rebirth of the ‘Vanishing American’” (Wissler), 26
Red-Eyed and Foaming Prone the Monster Falls (Darley), 27–29, 28
Red River Colony, 126
Red and Yellow Cliffs (O’Keeffe), 85
Reed, Roland, 114
Regionalism, 179, 181, 189
Remington, Frederic (1861–1909), 104
frontier paintings, 19–23, 81–83, 105, 106–8, 109, 167, 170
accuracy of depictions, 20, 21, 22, 33, 179
exhibitions, 21–22, 33
historical study of, 31, 32, 33–35
influence on later artists, 114, 181–83, 187
publication of works of, 117, 131, 137.
Works: In from the Night Herd, 23
What an Unbranded Cow Has Cost, 108
Last of His Race (Vanishing American, 109, 112
Fight for the Waterhole, 191
Renaissance, 150
Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Most Practicable and Economic Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, 120
Rescue (Greenough), 102, 103, 104
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 4
Richardson, Albert: Beyond the Mississippi, 97–99, 98
Rindisbacher, Peter (1806–1834), 32, 126, 137–43, 156
In the Tepee, 142, 142–43
Roanoke, Va., 44–45, 51
Rocky Mountains: landscapes, 2, 9–12, 15, 24, 121
expeditions to, 8, 58, 67, 117, 121
fur trade, 62, 136, 146, 154–55, 160, 161, 164
Rocky Mountains, Lander’s Peak (Bierstadt), 2, 9, 9–10, 80–81, 118, 129, 130, 131
Rogers, Will, 114
Rolfe, John, 156
Romanticism, 31, 58–61, 102–4, 148, 154
Roosevelt, Theodore, 114, 170
Rosalie, Mount, 12
Rowand, John, Jr., 156
Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, 3
Running Buffalo (Russell), 104, 106
Russell, Charles Marion (1864–1926), 31, 173, 187
invention of the past, 19–20
accuracy of depictions, 20
nostalgic vision, 81–83, 111, 114, 115, 167
publication of works of, 137, 170.
Works: Fireboat, 20
Running Buffalo, 104, 106
Salute of the Robe Trade, 111, 113
Russell, John, 33
Sacajawea, 168
Saint Louis Art Museum, 33
Salute of the Robe Trade (Russell), 111, 113
Samuels, William M. G.: Man on Horseback, 132
Sandweiss, Martha A., xv, 160, 170
Sandzén, Birger (1871–1954), 179
Autumn, Smoky Hill River, 181
San Francisco Bay, 39
Santa Fe school, 176, 191
Saturday Review, 10
Saunders, Richard, 32–33
Scenes in Indian Life (Darley), 132
Schoelwer, Susan Prendergast, xiv–xv, 168
Scholder, Fritz (b. 1937), 183
American Indian, 187
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe (1793–1864), 121–26, 127, 128–29
View of Itasca Lake, 125
Itasca Lake, 125
Schreyvogel, Charles (1861–1912), 31, 109, 170, 179
Custer’s Demand, 21, 22
Fight for Water, 110
Schuessele, Christian (1824–1879): Navajo Costume, 122
Schultz, James Willard, 114
“Scientific” art, 45, 47, 49
Seltzer, Olaf, 137
Sexuality, 143, 146, 155–56, 159
Seymour, Samuel (active c. 1797–1822), 5, 30, 117
View of the Chasm through which the Platte Issues from the Rocky Mountains, 121, 124
Shapiro, Michael, 33
Sharp, Joseph Henry, 176
Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery (Lincoln, Neb.), 171
Shoshone Indians, 10, 118
Sierra Nevadas, 39, 86
“Significance of the Frontier in American History” (Turner), 79–80, 105, 168
Simpson, James H., 120–21, 122
Sioux Indian Council (Eastman), 148, 149
Sioux Indians, 126, 176
Sir William Drummond Stewart Meeting Indian Chief (Miller), 58, 59, 62, 111, 155
Skinner, Constance, 26
Sloan, John (1871–1951), 176, 183
Music in the Plaza, 176
Smillie, James (1807–1885), 123, 129, 131
Itasca Lake, 125
Rocky Mountains, Lander’s Peak, 130
Smith, Henry Nash, 168
Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll, 159
Smithsonian Institution, 25
Snake Girl Swinging (Miller), 146, 147
Snow Sheds on the Central Pacific Railroad (Becker), 75, 76
Sohon, Gustavus, 27
Soviet Union, xiii
Spanish Peaks from Raton Pass (Whittredge), 78–79
Stanford, Leland, 12
Stanley, John Mix (1814–1872), 5, 25, 27, 117–18
Oregon City on the Willamette River, 68, 69, 70–71, 80, 168
Last of Their Race, 101–2, 102
Western Wilds, 118
Starrucca Viaduct, Pennsylvania (Cropsey), 75
Stevens, Isaac, 120
Stewart, Sir William Drummond, 148, 152, 155
Miller’s painting of, 58, 59, 62, 111, 155
Rocky Mountains expedition, 58, 143, 144, 146, 165
Altowan (1846), 154
Storm (Higgins), 177
Storm, Taos Mountain, New Mexico (Marin), 176, 177
Sully, Alfred (c. 1820–1879): Fort Snelling, 64, 66
Symbols of Taos (Lockwood), 180
Taft, Robert, 29–30, 31, 120
Tait, Arthur Fitzwilliam (1819–1905), 117, 132
American Frontier Life (Trapper Retreating over River), 81, 137, 141
Trapper’s Defense, “Fire Fight Fire,” 129–31, 131
Taos school, 24–25, 176, 191
Taos Ten, 176
Taxonomy, 45, 47
Taylor, Bayard, 10
Technology, xv, 73
Texas, 109
Thoreau, Henry David, 73
Throessel, Richard, 114
Toilet of the Indian Girls (Miller), 146
Tourist art, 61
Tower Falls (Moran), 81
Towns, 68, 70
Trading posts, 63–64, 67, 94
Trapper’s Bride (Miller), 136, 138, 139, 146–54, 154, 155, 159–60, 161, 164, 173, 191
Trapper’s Defense, “Fire Fight Fire” (Tait), 129–31, 131
Trapper’s Last Shot (Ranney), 129
Travellers Meeting with Minatarre Indians near Fort Clark (Bodmer), 56, 57, 58
Truettner, William H., xi, 8, 32, 187
Tuckerman, Henry, 1–2, 9, 18, 23–24, 3 4, 167
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 61, 79–80, 89, 105, 115, 168, 170
Turner, J. M. W., 16
Twain, Mark, 12–13
Twilight on Hunter Mountain (Gifford), 73
Twilight in the Wilderness (Church), 80
United States, 86
Louisiana Purchase, 89
government expedition reports, 119–20, 126–27, 128–29
United States Army, 63–64
United States Capitol, 37, 90, 99, 102, 156
United States Congress, 120, 128
United States Constitution, 80
University of Nebraska, 171
Utah Indians, 93
Valley of San Pasqual (Koppel), 126
Van Kirk, Sylvia, 136, 143, 150, 154
View of the Chasm through which the Platte Issues from the Rocky Mountains (Seymour), 121, 124
View of Itasca Lake (Eastman), 123, 125
View of Tarrytown (Hill), 70–71, 71, 73
Views in Hudson’s Bay (Jones), 126
“Villages of the Algonquian, Siouan, and Caddoan Tribes West of the Mississippi” (Bushnell), 25
Virgin Land (Smith), 168
Voyageurs (Deas), 161, 163
Waiting for the Caravan (Miller), 143–44, 145
Walker, Joseph Reddeford, 136
Walters, William T., 148
Washington, Stanley, 118
Washington, D.C., 6
Water Eagle (Henri), 173
Watson’s Weekly Art Journal, 12
Watteau, Jean-Antoine, 146
Waugh, Alfred S., 30
Webber, Charles, 131–32
Weber, David, 120–21
Weir, J. Alden, 22
Wells, Cady, 179
West, Benjamin (1738–1820), 11, 12, 35
Death of General Wolfe, 3–5, 4, 8–9
West as America (1991), xiii, 34
Western America, xi, xiii–xv
as exotic unknown, 2, 10
accessibility of, 12, 14
nostalgia for, 20–21, 114–15, 170
“closing of the frontier,” 79–80, 89–90
“Wild West,” 83, 104, 109
“Vanishing American” as, 105, 109–11
image as drama, 132–33
Emerson on, 191
Western art, xiii
discovery, erasure, and invention themes, vii–viii, 20, 56, 81, 156, 167–68
as nostalgia, viii, 19, 90, 114, 167, 170, 181
accuracy of depiction, xi, 2, 3, 5, 6–7, 10–12, 20, 21, 25–26, 33, 34, 118
from expeditions, xiv, 5, 94–96, 117, 120, 121, 127
derision of, 1, 24–25, 33
as American “national” art, 1, 18, 23–24
as historical information, 7–8, 25, 27–30
landscape paintings, 8–15, 24, 72, 80, 83, 176, 179, 183
European influences, 13–14, 24
as serious art, 22, 27, 34, 167
historical study of, 30–33, 34, 35
romanticism, 31, 58–61, 102–4, 148–50, 154
modernism, 34, 167, 176, 181, 183, 187–91
optimism of pioneer migration, 37–40
“first encounter” theme, 44, 55–56, 58, 61
boosterism, 44
“scientific” art, 45–49
as Indian ethnography, 49–53, 56, 58
wilderness paintings, 80–81, 83
theme of change, 89–90, 92, 94, 105–6, 109, 115, 167
savagery and civilization theme, 92–93, 97–99, 102, 105
Vanishing American theme, 92, 93–94, 96, 101–2, 105, 109–11, 114
public panoramas, 117–19
in government reports, 119–20, 126–27, 128–29
lithographs, 120–23, 127, 129–33
depictions of women, 135, 137, 143–44, 146, 165, 168, 173
Indian Princess symbolism, 135, 153, 155–56
female artists, 168–70, 171–73
regionalism, 179, 181, 189
Western Art-Union, 129
Western Wilds (Stanley), 118
West of the Imagination (Goetzmann), 33
Westward migration, 37, 39, 50, 67
Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way (Leutze), 37–40, 38, 43, 44, 61, 67, 168, 183
Westward the Star of Empire Takes Its Way (Melrose), 72, 72–73, 75
What an Unbranded Cow Has Cost (Remington), 108
White, John, 5, 25, 26, 44–45, 51, 56
The Flyer (The Conjurer), 5
Whitney, J. D., 127
Whittredge, Thomas Worthington (1820–1910), 31–32
Spanish Peaks from Raton Pass, 78–79
Wilcox, Ella Wheeler, 94, 105
Wild, J. C., 30
Wilder, Mitchell, 31
Wilderness imagery, vii, 40, 80–81, 83, 92, 99, 101, 102–4, 168
Wild Turkey (Audubon), 47, 48
Wilkes, Charles, 128–29
Willamette River, 68
William Perm’s Treaty with the Indians (Gevelot), 90, 91
Williamson, R. S., 126
Wimar, Carl F. (1828–1862), 27, 29, 114, 170
Buffalo Hunt, 27, 28
Indians Approaching Fort Union, 111, 113
Wind River Mountains, 18–19
Winter Travelling in Dog Sleds (Kane), 156, 157
Wisconsin Landscape (Curry), 83, 84, 168, 181
Wissler, Clark, 26–27, 29
Wister, Owen, 108, 109, 170
Witthae, 156
Witthae (Kurz), 150, 151
Women: Indians, 51, 52–53, 142–43, 144, 146, 150, 152, 155, 160, 161, 164, 165, 168
on the fur trade frontier, 135–37, 143–44, 146, 160–61, 164–65, 168
Indian Princess and Squaw symbolism, 135, 153, 155–56
cross-cultural marriage, 142, 146–54, 155–60, 161, 164
childbirth, 143
artists, 168–70, 171–73
Wood, Grant (1891–1942), 179–81
American Gothic, 181, 182
Wood, William, 26
Works Progress Administration, 181
World War II, xiii
Wyoming Valley, 63
Yale University, 26–27
Yellowstone National Park (Hayden), 116 129
Yellowstone River, 15–16
Yosemite Valley, 12, 13
Zuni Indians, xi, 164