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Description: Art and Revolution in Latin America, 1910–1990
Index
PublisherYale University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00020.015
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Index
Numbers in italic refer to illustrations
abstract art, 131, 153
Abstract Expressionism, 96, 98–99, 127, 131, 151, 152
Academia Nacional de San Carlos, 65
Galería de Grabados, 65
Acha, Juan, 75, 200n
L’Action d’Art, 62
Actual, journal, 65
Acuña y Rosete, Elisa, 42
Ades, Dawn, 20–21, 47, 213n
Advocates of Culture, Sandinista, 183, 184
African National Congress, 93
Afro-Cuban cultural traditions, 93, 106, 108, 109, 110, 113
Aguascalientes Convention (1914), 61
Aguirre, Ignacio, 65
El Presidente Cárdenas recibe el apoyo del pueblo mexicano . . . (fig. 20), 28, 58
Las tropas constitutionalistas hacen el primer reparto de la tierra en Matamoros (fig. 18), 26
Aguirre, Julie, 143
interview with (1990), 190
Paisaje Primitivista (fig. 141), 143
Albers, Josef, 96
Homage to the Square, 96
Alea, Tomás Gutiérrez, 9, 76, 86, 88, 116, 192n
The Death of a Bureaucrat (fig. 72), 90, 91, 104, 105
Hasta Cierto Punto (fig. 60), 78, 86
Memories of Underdevelopment, 81, 87, 87–88
Strawberry and Chocolate, 87
Alegría, Claribel, vii
Alejo Carpentier Center for Cultural Promotion, Cuba, 84
Alemán, Arnoldo, destruction of murals by, 118, 143, 159, 164, 174, 174, 213n, 214n
Alemán, Miguel, 72
Alonso, Alicia, 92
Alonso, Augustín, cover of El Artesano (fig. 135), 140
Alonso, Luis Morales, vii, 149
Alt, Dr., 59, 62
Altamirano, Donaldo, vii, 152
“alternative modernism,” 127, 161
Alvarez, Eufemia, 95
El amanecer del pueblo, Nicaraguan primer, 135–36
“generative photos” from (figs. 129, 130), 136
Amauta, journal, 1–2
“Diego Rivera: el artista de una clase” (fig. 2), 2, 13
“Diego Rivera: Biografiá sumaria” (fig. 1), 2
Rivera’s portrait of Rodríguez on cover of (fig. 11), 13, 13, 198n
American Indian Movement (AIM), 22
American Revolution, 7
Amin, Samir, 93
AMNLAE (Asociación de Mujeres Nicaragüenses “Luisa Amanda Espinoza”), 119, 132, 133, 175
Anderson, Benedict, 93, 202n
Angel, Abraham, 34, 63
Angola, 9
Anreus, Alejandro, 215
Anti-Bienal exhibition (1954), 98
Anti-Imperialist League, Mexico, 12
Anti-Salon exhibition (1954), 98
Araña, Eduardo, 125, 186–87
Araña family, 125
Aráoz, Manuel, 65
Arce, Comandante Bayardo, 183, 184
Arce, Manuel Maples, 62, 63
Arce, Rafael, Romero de, 138
architecture, 35, 35–36, 37, 38, 84, 99, 99–100, 178, 195n, 196n
archival holdings and primary sources, 215–16
Arellano, Jorge, 216
Arellano, Rudolfo, Pintura primitivista de Solentiname (fig. 111), 125
Arenal, Luis, 64
Lázaro Cárdenas y la reforma agraria (fig. 19), 27
Arenas, Reynaldo, 89
Argentina, 101
Arias, Carlos Sánchez, 154
Aróstegui, Alejandro, 129
Arroyo, Antonio Vanegas, 65
Art Deco, 31, 32
art festivals, Cuban, 84
“Art in the Factory,” Cuba, 181
Art Informel, 99, 127
art schools, in Cuba, 84
El arte de américa latina es la revolución (fig. 5), poster, 5
Arte del Pueblo, documentary, 106
Arteaga, Augustín, vii
ArteFacto archives, vii, 216
El Artesano cover (fig. 135), 140
Arthola, Aparicio, vii, 156
Retrato de un Hombre (fig. 163), 157
Arthola, Florencio, 167
artisanal production, Sandinista, 142
Artists’ and Writers’ Union, Cuba see UNEAC
artists’ collectives, 59, 167
Artists’ Union, Mexico see SOTPE
Artists’ Unions, Nicaragua see ASTC
Arzubide, Germán List, 62
Ashton, Dore, 131, 175, 200n, 203n, 208n
Assembly of Cultural Workers, Nicaragua, 183
Association for the Promotion of the Arts (APC), Nicaragua, 141
see also Sandinistas
ASTC (Asociación Sandinista de Trabajadores Culturales: Artists’ Unions), vii, 134, 142, 143, 149, 151, 169, 171, 173, 188, 205n, 216
Asúnsolo, Ignacio, 63
ATC (Asociación de Trabajadores Campesinos), 209n
Ateneo de la Juventud, 62
Atkinson, Terry, 121
Aufderheide, Pat, 81
autogestion (worker self-management), 20, 76, 91, 115
Azcuy, 95
Aztecs, 34, 40, 40, 54
Azuela, Alicia, vii, 213n
Azuela, Mariano, Los de abajo (The underdogs), 47
Bachs, Eduardo Múñoz, 95, 104
Cine Movil (fig. 86), poster, 104, 104
5th Festival Internacional del Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano (fig. 80), 100
El baile de Güegüense (The Dance of the Elders), 156
see also Güegüense
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 17, 149
BANIC (Banco Nicaragüense de Industria y Comercio), Managua, 216
Barahona, Amaru, 129
Barlach, Ernst, 68
Barnet, Miguel, 89
Canción de Rachel, 89
Barredo, Dr. Gabino, 54
Barredo, M. Cerezo, cover for Márquez’s Viva Sandino (fig. 106), 122
Barricada (FSLN newspaper), vii, 137, 172, 173
Barthes, Roland, 133
Batista y Zaldivar, Fulgencio, 21, 98
Battle of Celaya, 60
Bauhaus, 34, 35, 68, 96, 100
Bay of Pigs invasion (Cuba, 1961), 21, 76, 89
Bedia, José, vii, 76, 107, 113
Autoreconocimiento (fig. 95), 113
Belkin, Arnoldo, 165
Prometheus: Zapata and Sandino (figs. 56, 178), 72, 73, 164, 165
Belley, Jean Baptiste, 8
Belli, Gioconda, vii, 118, 120, 122, 134–35, 168, 172, 173, 205n
interview with (1990), 188–89
Línea de fuego (Line of fire), 134
La mujer habitada (fig. 125), 122, 134, 135
No Pasarán (fig. 126), 134, 135
Sobre la grama (On the grass), 134
Belli, Lavinia, 188
Belli, Patricia, vii, 156
interview with (1990), 190
Vestidos (Clothes) (fig. 164), 157
Beltrán, Alberto, 65
Beltrán, Félix, 95
Benedetti, Mario, 84, 115, 204n
Benjamin, Thomas, 60
Benjamin, Walter, 68
Bergman, Miriam, 165
Berta Calderón Hospital, 173
Best-Maugard, Adolfo, 34, 63
Beteta, Romel, 118
Beverley, John, 127, 172
billboard paintings (rótulos), 168, 168
see also posters
Blanco, Yolanda, 134
Blos, W., 102
Boari, Adamo, 49
Boff, Leonardo and Clovis, 123, 207n
Bolivia, Che’s death in, 18
Böll, Heinrich, 175
Bolt, Alan, 142–43
Bonner, Raymond, 212n
Borge, Commandante Tomás, 116, 122, 204n, 206n
portrait in mural of, 162
Bosch, Hieronymus, 154
Bosse, Abraham, 17, 18, 192n
Le Corps Politique (fig. 13), engraving, 14, 16
Leviathan (fig. 12), engraving, 14, 15, 16, 17
Bourdieu, Pierre, 85, 90
Bracho, Angel, 64, 65
Braque, Georges, 150
Bravo, Lola Alvarez, 198n
Bravo, Manuel Alvarez, 63, 198n
Obrero en huelga, asesinado, 63
Bravo, Marta María Pérez, 76, 113
Don’t Kill Animals or Watch Them Be Killed (fig. 94), 112
Brazil, 82, 202n
Brecht, Bertolt, “epic theater” of, 56
Bredekamp, Horst, Thomas Hobbes, 192n
Brehme, Hugo, 63
Brenner, Anita, 44
Brey, Ricardo Rodríguez, 107, 113
The Structure of Myths (fig. 96), 113
Brown, Josh, “Reagan and the World” (fig. 15), 18, 18
Burke, Edmund, 7, 16, 17, 18
Burton, Julianne, 88
Bush, George, 18, 93, 175
Bustos, Arturo García, 65
Bustos, Nidia, vii, 209n
Bustos, Salvador, 140
Cabezas, Commandante Omar, 204n
La montaña es algo más que una inmensa estepa verde, 148
Cabildo Teatral, Santiago, 90
Cabral, Amilcar, 171
Cabral, Ernesto García, 33, 46
Cahero, Emilio García, 33, 46
El Caimán Barbudo, 107, 180
Calero, Carlos, 208n
Calles, Plutarco Elías, 26, 28, 29, 32, 33, 36, 38, 46, 52, 56, 57, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62
Camacho, Manuel Avila, 57, 68
Camnitzer, Luis, 96, 106, 116
New Art of Cuba, 84, 199n, 200n
campesino oil painting, 118, 125
campesinos (peasants), 17, 21, 25, 33, 40, 45, 51, 56, 60, 63, 68, 69, 84, 123, 125, 147, 152, 162–63, 186–87
Campos, María Magdalena, 76, 113
Contraceptive (fig. 62), 78
Canal, Ramón Alva de la, 33, 34, 46, 63, 65
Edificio Estridentista (fig. 47), 62
Canales, Alejandro, 161–65
Comunicación en el Presente y el Pasado (figs. 174, 175), Telcor mural, 161–65, 162, 171
cover for Belli’s La mujer habitada (fig. 125), 134
Homenaje a la Mujer (figs. 98, 190), Velásquez Park mural, 118, 161, 163, 174
detail: Somersaulting Literacy Crusade Brigadista (fig. 98), 118, 161
Una Mujer campesina (fig. 176), 162, 162
Canclini, Néstor García, 71
Canifrú, Victor and Moya, Alejandra Acuña, El Sueño supremo de Bolívar (fig. 177), mural, 164, 165–66
Caplow, Debra, 67
Caracas, César, 169
Cardenal, Father Ernesto, vii, 71, 75, 82, 84, 94, 114, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123–25, 126–27, 129, 135, 137–38, 147, 171, 172, 173, 174, 188, 204n, 205n, 206–7n, 208–9n, 216
“Final Offensive,” 165
“geographical poetry,” 150
Homenaje a los Indios Americanos, 123
In Cuba, 125
interview with (1983), 185–87
joins FSLN (1976), 125–26, 127
and liberation theology, 123–24, 125, 127
“Lo que fue Solentiname” (open letter), 127
as Minister of Culture, 117, 123, 135, 142, 143, 145, 146, 169, 183, 185–87, 213n
“The Nicaraguan Revolution of 1979,” 183–84
outlawed by Somoza, 126–27
Reading Poetry (fig. 107), photograph, 122
Sandino (figs. 162a and b), steel sculpture, 156, 156
“Somoza unveils Somoza’s statue of Somoza . . . ,” 169
“Las Tortugas” (The turtles), 150
U.S. Immigration’s treatment of, 213n
visit to Cuba, 124–25, 199n
Cardenal, Fernando, 208n
Cárdenas, Carlos Rodríguez, 76, 113–14
Las ideas llegan más lejos que la luz (fig. 97), 114
Cárdenas, Lázaro, 17, 20, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 49, 55, 57, 57–58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 67, 68, 69, 73
Aguirre’s portrait of (fig. 20), 28
Cardoza y Aragón, Luis, 37
Carlyle, Thomas, The French Revolution, 7
Carol, Alberto Jorge, 181
Carpentier, Alejo, 82, 89, 96, 104, 110, 203n
Carranza, Venustiano, 26, 59, 60, 61, 62
Casa de las Américas, Havana, vii, 81, 82, 95, 100, 101, 107, 115, 124–25, 215
Poetry Prize, 134
Casa de los Azulejos, Mexico City, 60
Casa del Caribe, Cuba, 84
Casa del Obrero Mundial, 49, 59–60
Casanova, Pablo González, 212n
La Democracia en México, 57
Casanovas, Martí, 63, 110
Casas de Cultura, Cuba, 85
Casasola, Agustín Victor, 63
Casauranc, Manuel Puig, 30
Castañeda, Consuelo, 76, 113
Lichtenstein and the Greeks (fig. 93), 112, 113
Castañeda, Jorge, 5
Utopia Unarmed, 5, 191n
Castellanos, Julio, 34, 63
Castillo, Chema, 122
Castro, Fidel, 12, 21, 75, 82, 84, 91, 92, 95, 102, 113, 115, 199n, 204n, 205n
and Hemingway (fig. 70), 82–83, 83
in Mexico, 71, 72
Castro, Raúl, 72
Castro, Umberto, 113
Catlett, Elizabeth, 65, 71
Catlin, Stanton, 38, 55
CDS see Community Defense Committees: Comités de Defensa Sandinista
CENIDIAP (archive), 215
Center for Musical Studies, Cuba, 84
Center for Puerto Rican Art, 71
Central School of Plastic Arts in Mexico see Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas
Centro José Martí, Cuba, 84
Centros Populares de Cultura (CPC), vii, 118, 138–42, 138–41, 143, 173, 184, 186, 188
ceramics, Nicaraguan, 141, 141, 150
Cerrato, Boanerges, 151–52, 167, 211n
Triptych (fig. 154), 151, 152, 152
Cerrato, Leonel, 119, 159, 167, 211n, 212n
La Reunión (figs. 170, 171), mural, 159, 165
Certamen Nacional de Nicaragua, 130, 140, 149, 151
Cervantes, Miguel de, Don Quixote, 85
Césaire, Aimé, 108
Cestero, Emanuel, 185
Cézanne, Paul, 39, 109
La Chachalaca journal, 139
cover (fig. 134), 140
Chamorro, Violeta, 213n
Chapingo, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de (Rivera’s murals), 31, 51, 52–53, 53, 54
Chaplin, Charlie, 104, 116
Charles I, King, 56
Charles II, King, 6, 7
Charlot, Jean, 33, 46, 63
Chéret, Jules, 95, 96
Chiapas insurgency (1994), 1, 5, 61
Chicano Brigade from Los Angeles, 165
Chile, Chileans, 2, 161, 165, 165, 167
El Chipote, Nicaragua, 12
Chirico, Giorgio de, 131
Chomsky, Noam, 175, 201n
On Power and Ideology
The Managua Lectures, 213n
Chontales, 147
Chorotega Indians, 125, 141, 147, 148
Cine Cubano, journal, 87
Cinema Novo, Brazilian, 88
Cinemateca de Cuba, 81
Clavé, Pelegrín, 37
CNC see Consejo Nacional de Cultura
Cockburn, Bruce, “Nicaragua,” 175
Cockcroft, Eva, 175, 203n
Cockcroft, James, 40, 58
Codex Florentina, 56
Codex Mendoza (fig. 30), 40, 40, 196n
Codina, Teresa, vii
Cold War, 2, 3–4, 5, 11, 71, 116, 152
Cold War Cartography: The Reagan-Bush Map of the Western Soviet Empire (fig. 4), 4
Comintern, 20, 21, 36, 45
Comisión de Orientación Revolucionaria (COR; later DOR), 95
Communist Manifesto (1848), 55
Community Defense Committees (CDS: Neighbour Militias), 159–60
Comte, Auguste, 54, 196n
Conceptual Art, 95, 106
Conde, Teresa del, 47, 63
Confederación de Campesinos de México (CCM), 71
Confederación Nacional Campesino (CNC), Mexico, 71
Confederación Sindical Unitaria de México (CSUM), 71
Consejo Nacional de Cultura (CNC), Cuba, 81
Constitutional Army, Mexican, 60
Constructivism, Russian, 35, 95, 96, 167, 202n
Contemporáneos, journal, 63
Contras (Nicaraguan Counter-Revolutionaries), U.S.-backed, 146, 154, 173, 187, 210, 210–11n
cooperatives, Nicaraguan, 142, 143, 146, 167
Cordero, Juan, 37
Corrieri, Sergio, 90
Cortázar, Julio, 82, 115, 116, 132, 133, 149, 171, 175, 204n, 212n
Rayuela (Hopscotch) 132, 133
Cortéz, Aly, 167
Costa Rica, 129
CPCS see Centros Populares de Cultura
Craven, David, interviews with Cardenal, 185–87
Gioconda Belli, 188–89
Nicaraguan artists in UNAP, 190
Craven, David and Ryder, John, Art of the New Nicaragua, 204n
“Cristero” Revolt, Maxico (1928), 36, 59
críticas colectivas of the TGP, 68
CROM (Confederación Regional Obrera Mexicana), 58, 60
Cromwell, Oliver, 6
Cruz, Carlos Gutiérrez, 40
Cruz Atrial (Acolmán Convent: fig. 37), 44, 45
CTC see Cuban Confederation of Labor
CTM (Confederación de Trabajadores Mexicanos: formerly CGOCM), 58, 60, 68, 70
Cuadra, Pablo Antonio, 117, 205n, 207n
Cuba, Cuban Revolution (1959–89), vii, 1, 3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 18, 20, 21–22, 27, 69, 73, 75–116, 124–25, 146, 167, 199–204n
archival holdings and primary sources, 215–16
autogestion and the socialization of art, 90–92
Bay of Pigs invasion (1961–62), 21, 76
Constitution (1976), 91, 115
cultural democracy and popular engagement with art, 85–90
cultural policy, public institutions and dialogical art, 81–85
Dark Periods, 81, 84, 89, 94, 106, 108, 115, 116
economic growth, 22
education, 81–82
films, 76, 77–79, 81, 85, 86–88, 89, 90, 91
First National Congress on Education and Culture, 81
from Cuban Pop Art through Volumen Uno (1959–89), 94–114
general strike (1959), 92
international aid provided by, 92–93
July 26th Movement, 1, 21, 73, 76
literacy program, 81, 82, 84–85
literature/readership, 82–84, 85, 89
museums and libraries, 84
1933–34 insurgency, 21
political prisoners, 204n
popular culture vs populism, 92–94
posters, 94–98, 101–2
press, 114–15
rural hospitals, 22
social function of art (Mosquera’s essay), 180–82
sugar industry, 27
and U.S.A., 72, 76, 83, 84, 86, 88, 98, 116, 154, 181
Cuban Army, 81
Cuban Biennial art exhibition (1984), 87, 149
Cuban Communist Party (Partido Socialista Popular, PSP; later: Partido Comunista de Cuba, PCC), 21, 73, 75–76, 84, 86–87, 95, 114, 115
Cuban Confederation of Labor (CTC), 92
Cuban National Ballet, 81, 92
poster for (fig. 61), 78
Cuban National Film Institute (ICAIC), 77, 78, 81, 85, 86, 87, 87, 88, 90, 95, 96, 97, 101, 104, 104, 167
Cubanacán, National School of the Arts, 84, 201n
Cubism, 11, 34, 39, 44, 55, 56, 68, 95, 109, 150, 161, 167
Cuernavaca, Mexico: Rivera’s paintings in Palacio Cortés, 59
Cueto y Ramón, Germán, 61, 63
Cueva, Amado de la, 33
Cuixart, Josep, 127
cult of personality, 101, 102
cultural brigades, Nicaraguan, 154, 187
cultural democracy, 76, 85–90, 91, 92, 117, 118, 188–89
“cultural missions,” Mexican, 34
cultural progression, concept of, 136–37
“culture of silence,” 82, 85–86
CUSLAR (committee on U.S.-Latin American Relations), Cornell University, 188
dance troupes, factory-based, Cuba, 91
Darie, Sandú, 181
Darío Rubén, 119, 121, 129, 184, 185, 205n
posters depicting (figs. 102, 103), 120
Prosas Profanas, 123
Dartmouth College, U.S.A., Orozco’s works in, 49
Dávalos, Armando Hart, 81, 107, 200n
David, Jacques Louis, 16, 38
portrait of Marat, 8
De Cierta Manera (film), 93
De Kooning, Willem, 152
Debray, Regis, Révolution dans la révolution, 11
Debroise, Olivier, 34, 36, 62
Declaration of Rights (1689), 6
Delacroix, Eugène, 38
Le 28 juillet: la liberté guidant, 16–17
Delaunay, Robert, 167
Delgado, Ana Albertino, 76
democracy, cultural, 76, 85–90, 91, 92, 117, 118, 188–89
Derain, André, 44
D’Escoto, Father Miguel, 22–23, 127, 169, 193n, 216
as Secretary of State, 127
Destutt de Tracy, Antoine, 8, 16
Dewey, John, 2, 29–30, 32, 136, 194n
“learning by doing” theory, 29–30, 35, 81
The School and Society, 30
dialogical method/theory, 88, 121, 122, 125, 127, 136, 137, 149, 152–53, 160, 168, 171, 191n, 208n
Díaz, Jesús, 86, 87
Díaz, Porfirio, 28, 54, 57, 59, 60, 61
Díaz Soto y Gama, Antonio, 61
“el doble compromiso,” 127
La Dolce Vita (film), 81
Dos Cisnes (Two swans) (fig. 137), sculpture, 140
Dos Passos, John, 2
drawing program, Mexican, 34
Duarte, Vilma, Casa de Campesinos (fig. 112), 126
Durrell-Stone, Lawrence, 170
Eagleton, Terry, 7, 8
Earthworks, 106
Eastern Bloc, collapse of (1989), 3
Ecuador, 156
Editorial Nueva Nicaragua catálogo de publicaciones, 216
education
Cuban, 81–82
Mexican, 29, 30–31, 32, 34–37, 40, 51, 58
Nicaraguan, 118, 136–37
Einstein, Sergei, 88
Eirez, Antonia, 106, 181
The Annunciation (fig. 88), 106
ejidos, communal, 51, 52, 54, 59
El Salvador, 21, 71, 165
“La Mantanza” (1932), 21
Eloy, Julio, Que Bueno Canta Usted (fig. 63), poster, 78
Elso, Juan Francisco, 76, 107, 113
Por América: José Martí (fig. 65), 79, 113
Emery, Chico, “Mujer Sandinista y Niño” (fig. 191), 175
ENAP see Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas, Nicaragua
Engels, Friedrich, 124
see also Marx and Engels
ENP see National Preparatory School
English Revolution (1642), 6
epic modernism, Rivera’s, 55–56
Erasmus, Desiderio, 49
Eriz, Antonia, “self-censorship” by, 116
Escalante, Anibal, 21
Escuelas de Pintura al Aire Libre (open-air schools), 34–35, 63, 195n, 215
Escuela Nacional de Artes Dramáticas, Cubanacán, 84
Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas, Cubanacán, 84
Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas, Managua (ENAP), 152, 167, 169, 216
TGJ absorbed into, 167
Xavier Kantón Gallery (fig. 104), 120
Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas, Mexico (ENAP: formerly, Academy of San Carlos), 34, 35, 35, 36, 190, 215
Rivera’s appointment as head of (1929–30), 35–36, 37
Rivera’s plan of study for, 176–79
Escuela Nacional de Arte Público Monumental see National School of Monumental Public Art
Escuela Nacional de Ballet, Cubanacán, 84
Escuela Nacional de Danza Moderna, Cubanacán, 84
Escuela Nacional de Música, Cubanacán, 84
Escuela Nacional Preparatoria (ENP) see National Preparatory School
Espinosa, Julio García, 88
Espinoza, David, 118
Espinoza, Luisa Amanda, 133
La Estampa Puertorriqueña, 71
Estampas de la Revolución Mexicana, 61, 70
see also Taller de Gráfica Popular
Estelí CPC, 142, 209n
stone carving at, 140, 140, 161
Estridentismo (avant-garde movement), 43, 62, 62–63
Manifesto, “A Strident Prescription,” 63
Eurocentrism, 4, 34, 35, 53, 59, 92, 107, 121, 134, 153
Expressionism, German, 46, 159
Falcón, Juan Ramón, vii, 208n
Fanon, Frantz, 11, 93, 171
Les damnés de la terre, 92
fascism, 93, 127
Faulkner, William, 82
Faustino (Pérez Organero), 95
Jornada de solidaridad con Zimbabwe (fig. 74), poster, 93
FDR, El Salvador, 71
Felicia Santizo Brigade, 165
Fellini, Federico, 81
Fernández, Francisco de Asis, 129
Fernández, Justino, 37–38, 44, 46, 49, 51
Field, Les, 206n
Figueredo, Roberto, 95
films, cinema, Cuban, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 85, 86–88, 89, 90, 91, 91, 93, 93, 96, 97
censorship of, 89
Finale, Moisés, 113
Flores, Aurelio, 167
Flores, Mario, 169
Flores Magón Brothers, 59
Folgarait, Leonard, 31
Fonseca, Carlos, 20, 120, 133, 161, 168, 204n, 211n, 213n
Canales’s portrait of, 162
Rodríguez’s portraits of (figs. 180, 186), 166, 168
Fonseca, J., 216
Forma, journal, 63
Fors, José Manuel, 107
Fox, Vicente, 72
Franco, General Francisco, 127
Franco, José, 113, 114
Frankfurt School, 152
Freire, Paulo, 81–82, 88, 135–37, 191n, 208n
Frémez, 95
French Revolution, 1, 7–8, 16
Frente a Frente, journal, 63, 67
Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional see Sandinistas
Frente Ventana, 33, 131–32, 136
frescoes see murals
Freud, Sigmund, 44
FSLN see Sandinista National Liberation Front
Fuentes, Carlos, 6, 25, 59, 132, 148, 175
La muerte de Artemio Cruz, 47, 132
Fusco, Coco, 114
Gaburdi, Gloria, 205n
Gadea, Gerardo, vii, 208n
Galeano, Eduardo, 137, 172, 175
Galería de Arte Moderno del Teatro Nacional, 36
Galería de los Pipitos, Managua, 169, 190, 212n
Galería Fernando Gordillo, Managua, 169
Galería Praxis, Managua, 169
Gallardo, Salvador, 62
Gallo, María, vii, 118, 140, 153, 161, 167, 207n
Amor (fig. 136), 140
La Vendedora (fig. 157), 153, 153
Gamarra, José, 171
Gámez, Bayardo, 140, 207n
Gambón, Raúl, 64
Gamio, Manuel, 35, 38, 53
Garatti, Vittorio, 84
García, Joaquín Torres, 150
García, Manuel, 143, 154
Paisaje Primitivista (fig. 141), 143
García, Porfirio, vii, 153, 207n
Garciandía, Flavio, 76, 105, 107, 110, 181
All You Need Is Love (fig. 87), 105, 105
Gauguin, Paul, 109, 153
Two Tahitian Women with Mango Blossoms (fig. 156), 153, 153
Gelmán, Juan, 172
Genet, Jean, 82
Georgakas, Dan, 87
Gerasimov, Alexander
Lenin on the Tribune, 102
Stalin and Voroshilov in the Kremlin, 102
Gillet, Louis, 51
Gilly, Adolfo, vii, 71
Giotto, 39, 40
Giral, Sergio, 76, 88
Girodet, Anne-Louis, portrait of Belley, 8
Godard, Jean-Luc, 88
Gómez, Ana Ilce, 205n
Gómez, Sara, 76, 88
De Cierta Manera, 93
González, Aldo Méndez, 95
González, Alejandro Aguilera, 76
Che (fig. 92), 111, 113
González, Celeste, vii, 175
González, Don Manuel, 51
González, José Guadalupe, 36
González, Julio, sculpture, 161
González, Lázaro Saavedra, 76, 113
Caballero, No Ven? . . . (fig. 67), 80
González, Miguel, 167
González, Mike, 89
González, Reynaldo, 89
La fiesta de los tiburones, 89
González, Sara, 89
González, Xavier, 63
Goodman, Paul, 32
The Gospels According to Solentiname, 125
Gordillo, Fernando, 131
Gottardi, Roberto, 84
Gottlieb, Adolph, 150
Gould, Stephen Jay, 201n
Goya, Francisco, 38, 46, 154
May 3, 1808, 154
graffiti, Nicaraguan, 117, 204n
Gramsci, Antonio, 67, 88, 93, 94, 147, 202n, 207n
Méndez’s portrait of (fig. 53), 67, 68
Granma, newspaper, 86–87
Grant, Cary, 88
Grass, Günter, 175
GRAV (Groupe de Recherche d’Art Visuel), Paris, 101
El Greco, 46
Greenberg, Greenberg, 94
Greene, Graham, 116, 175, 200n
Greenwood Sisters (Grace and Marion), 33, 64
Gropius, Walter, 35
Gropper, William, 68
Grupo de Socialistas Mexicanas, 42
Grupo Minorista, 110
Grupo Teatro Escambray, Cuba, 90
Guardabarranco, Salvador and Katia Cardenal, 140
Guadalajara, Orozco paintings in, 33, 49–51
Hospicio Cabañas, 49
Palacio de Gobierno (fig. 42), 49, 50, 51
Universidad, 49, 51
El Guadalupano group, 140
Guadarrama, Ramón Alva, 38, 52, 61, 64
Guatemala, overthrow of Arbenz government (1954), 44
Guayasamin, Oswaldo, 156, 171
anti-Imperialist mural in Quito, 156, 156
Origins, 156
Güegüense, 156, 161, 211n
Güegüense or Macho Ratón (play), 140, 161
Guerrero, Xavier, 20, 33, 38, 61, 62, 65
Masthead of “El Machete” (fig. 46), 62, 62
guerrilla (guerrillero), 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 21, 83, 92, 134, 147, 148, 161, 162
definition of, 9, 13, 192n
Guevara family, 125
Guevara, Alejandro, Lake Nigaragua (fig. 110), 124
Guevara, Alfredo, 88
Guevara, Ernesto Che, 5, 8, 12, 13, 18, 21, 22, 75, 76, 94, 95, 102, 107, 110, 111, 134, 148, 171, 199n, 204n
concept of el Hombre Nuevo of, 8, 13–14, 19
death of (1967), 101
Guerrilla Warfare, 9, 11, 192n
images of, 18, 19, 101, 101–2, 108, 110, 111, 113, 162
in Mexico, 71, 72
“El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba,” 199n, 200n
Guevara, Gloria, 147
Cristo alfabetizador (fig. 146), 146, 146–47
Cristo guerrillero (fig. 109), 124
Guevara, Miriam, 146, 147–48, 151
El algodonal (The cotton harvest: fig. 148), 148, 148
Guillén, Arnoldo, 129, 150–51
Amanecer (Dawn: fig. 119), 130
The Volcano (fig. 120), 130
Guillén, Nicolas, 82, 89
Gutiérrez, Alberto Díaz (Korda), Che (fig. 83), photograph, 101
Gutiérrez, Gustavo, 123, 207n
Guzmán, Miguel Aguillón, 63
La Habanera (film), 86, 87
Hacia una política cultural (Sandinista anthology), 183
Hacienda de San Jacinto, expropriation of, 51
Hall, Linda B., 26, 29
Hall, Stuart, 94
Harris, Richard, 72
Hasta Cierto Punto (fig. 60), film, 78, 86, 87
Havana (Cuba), Abstract Expressionism exhibition (1963), 98
archives in, 215
Biblioteca Nacional José Martí, 215
Casa de las Américas, 81, 82, 95, 100, 101, 107, 115, 124–25, 215
Centro Wifredo Lam, 84, 215
Cuban Biennial art exhibition (1984), 87, 149
Cultural Congress (1968), 72
Film Festival (1985), 87
Foundation for Cultural Heritage, 86
Old Havana architecture, 99, 99–100
theater, 90
Volumen Uno exhibition (1981), 94, 107, 116
Heartfield, John, 46, 67
Liberty Itself Fights in their Ranks (photomontage), 17
Hemingway, Ernest, 82–83
with Castro (fig. 70), 82–83, 83
Hernández, Erena, vii
Hidalgo, Miguel, 60
Híjar, Alberto, 38
El Hijo del Ahuizote, journal, 62, 65
Hill, Christopher, 6
history paintings, 8, 16
Ho Chi Minh, 102
Hobbes, Thomas, 8, 17, 18, 192n
le Corps politique, 14, 16, 192n
Leviathan, 14, 15, 16, 192n
Hobsbawm, E. J., 2, 3, 191n, 202n
Homer, Iliad, 55
Hopper, Edward, 105
Hoy (PCC publication), 81
Hoyt, Katherine, 20
Huberman, Jack, 4
Huerta, Adolfo de la, 46, 51, 59, 60, 61
Huyssen, Andreas, 103–4
Hyperrealism, 105, 106, 108
ICAIC see Cuban national Film Institute
Ilce, Ana, 134
Illich, Ivan, 32
INBA (Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes), 58, 215
indigenismo, concept of, 38, 47, 54, 122, 123
see also mestizaje
Infante, Guillermo Cabrera, 89
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, 38, 131
Institute of Culture, Nicaragua, 173, 174, 188, 216
Instituto Cubano de Arte y Industria Cinematográfico
see Cuban National Film Institute
Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, Cuba, 72
Instituto Superior de Arte (ISA), Cuba, 84
Inter-American Development Bank report (July, 2000), 3
International Festival of Ballet, Cuba, 84
International Film Festival, Cuba, 84
International Herald Tribune, 86–87
International Peace Rally for Cuba to End the Blockade (1992), 201n
Izquierdo, César, 129
Izquierdo, María, 36
Altar de Dolores (fig. 28), 37
James II, King, 7
James, C. L. R., 11
Jefferson, Thomas, 8
Jiménez, Dolores, 42
Jiménez, Luz, 40
Jiménez, Mayra, 125, 137, 172, 173, 187
Jinotega CPC, 141
Johns, Jasper, 153, 210n
Johnson, Kent, 137
Jones, Lindsay, 216
Jordan, June, 175
Jose Gómez Sicre Papers, Miami, 215
Juan Marmello Cultural Center, Cuba, 84
Juárez, Benito, 59, 60
Juárez, Freddy, 118
Juárez, Juan Bautista, vii
July 26th Movement, Cuba, 1, 21, 73, 76
Kabil, Laurent, 148
Kafka, Franz, 82
Kahlo, Frida, 20, 35, 42, 44, 108, 196n
Las dos Fridas (fig. 35), 43, 44
marriage to Rivera (1929), 42
Marxism Will Heal the Sick, 44
self-portraits, 44
Kahlo, Guillermo, 215
Kaimowitz, David, 146
Kalatozov, Mikhail, 97, 202n
Kanda-Matulu, Tshibumba, 148
Kandinsky, Wassily, 34
Kaplan, Jay, 204n
Kattau, Colleen, viii, 191n, 200n
interview with Gioconda Belli (1990), 188–89
Kaufman, Thomas DaCosta, 191n
Kcho, vii, 114
King, Martin Luther, 22
Kinzer, Stephen, 212n
Klee, Paul, 104
Kline, Franz, 152
Knight, Alan, 17, 27, 28, 57, 68
Kollantai, Alexandra, 45, 61
Kollwitz, Käthe, 68
Konenkov, Sergei T., The Golden Man (Liberation), (fig. 3b), 3
Korsch, Karl, 53
“Leading Principles of Marxism,” 53–54
Kretz, Peter, 169
Kunzle, David, 102, 158, 211n, 216
Labille-Guiard, Adélaïde, self-portrait, 8
labor movement/unions, Cuban, 91, 115
Mexican, 29, 32, 57, 57, 58, 59–60
Nicaraguan, 141, 142,
Labrada, Roger Aquilar, 95
LaDuke, Betty, 207n
Lake Managua, 161, 188
Lake Nicaragua, 124
see also Solentiname
Lam, Wifredo, 93, 106, 108–9, 110, 171, 203n, 215
La Jungla (The jungle), 109
La Silla (The Chair), 109
land/agrarian reform
Mexican, 26, 26, 27, 28, 45, 51–52, 58, 59, 60
Nicaraguan, 142, 143, 146
Landau, Saul, 87
Lara, Augustín, 69
Lara, Mauricio, Guatemalan Cross (fig. 38), 44, 45
Las Casas, Bishop Bartolomé de, 159
Latin American Biennial in the Visual Arts, Cuba, 84
Lazo, Augustín, 34, 63
Le Parc, Julio, 101, 171
Leal, César, 105
Leal, Fernando, 33, 46, 63
LEAR (Liga de Escritores y Artistas Revolucionarios), 59, 67
Frente a Frente publication of, 63, 67
“learning by doing,” Dewey’s theory of, 29–30, 35, 81, 136
Ledesma, Gabriel Fernández, 33, 63
Léger, Fernand, 95, 167
Leibling, A. J., 115
Leiva, Angel, 185
Lejanía (film), 86–87
Lenin, V. I., 45, 54, 58, 102, 181, 208n
Leninism, 33, 69, 91, 114, 126, 136, 208n
LeoGrande, William, 21
León, Israel, 107
Leonardo da Vinci, 22–23, 127
Letelier, Francisco, 211n
liberation theology, 123–24, 125, 127, 159, 160, 207n
libraries, public, 34, 84
El Libro Libre Press, 68
El Libro negro del terror nazi en Europa, 67, 67–68
Libros sobre la Revolución (UCA), 216
Liftshitz, Mikhail, 54
Liga Contra Imperialismo, 38
Liga de Comunidades Agrarias y Sindicatos Campesinos, 38
Liga Pro-Cultura Alemana, 67
Lima, Lezama, 89
Paradíso, 89
Lindstrom, Marilyn, 165
Lippard, Lucy, 175, 200n, 203n
Literacy Crusade Emblem (fig. 128), poster, 136
literacy program
Cuban, 81, 82, 84–85
Mexican, 29, 34, 37, 136
Nicaraguan, 118, 118, 135–37, 136, 147, 161, 165, 208n
literature/readership
Cuban, 82–84, 85, 89
Nicaraguan, 118, 120, 131–35
see also poetry
Livingstone, Diana, 137
Llinás, Guido, 98
Llorca, Rubén Torres, 107
Lockwood, Lee, 199n
López, Nelida, 105
López, O., 215
Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, 39, 52
Los Once (The eleven), Cuba, 98
Lozano, Manuel, Rodríguez, 34, 63
Lucía (film), 77, 81, 104
Lugo, Genaro, 118, 129, 167
Cabeza de pájaro (fig. 114), 127, 127
No Pasarán (fig. 126), print, 134
Lukács, Georg, 116, 204n
Luna clara, luna oscura (play), 142
Lunacharsky, 31
Lunes de Revolución, Cuban, 89
Luxemburg, Rosa, 53
Machado, Eloy, 82
El Machete, journal, 61, 62, 65
Guerrero’s Masthead of (fig. 46), 62, 62
McMahan, Jeff, Reagan and the World, 18, 18
Madero, Francisco, 28, 59, 60, 61
El Maestro journal, 32, 42, 65
Rivera’s cover (fig. 25), 32, 32
Magaña, Mardonio, 63
Magical Realism (realismo mágico), 104–5, 131, 156, 203n
Magón, Ricardo Flores, 61
Magritte, René, 105
Major Writers in Nicaraguan History (fig. 103), poster, 120
Malraux, André, 68
Managua (Nicaragua), 12–13, 119
Architectural Center Gallery, 169
archives and libraries, 216
Biblioteca Nacional: Colección Rubén Darío, 216
billboard paintings, 168, 168
La Casa de las Artes del Pueblo (figs. 13739), 140, 141
Centro Commercial El Punto mural, 129
Centros Populares de Cultura, 138, 140, 186
destruction of murals by Mayor Alemán (1990), 118, 143, 159, 164, 174, 174
Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas (fig. 104), 120, 152, 167, 169, 216
Huembes Market: El Molejón Gallery, 169
murals in and around, 158, 158, 161–66
Museo de Arte Contemporaneo “Julio Cortázar” (fig. 189), 170, 171, 212n
Museum of the Revolution, 12, 12–13
National School of Fine Arts, 129
National School of Monumental Art, 132, 158, 159
new galleries, 169
Paisaje Primitivista, Velásquez Park (fig. 141), 143, 143
Palace of the heroes of the Revolution: Cardenal’s address to First Assembly of Cultural Workers (1980), 183–84
Palacio Nacional, 72, 73, 216
Plaza de España supermarket (fig. 115), 128, 129
Praxis group, 127, 127, 131, 136, 149, 152, 156, 169
Rubén Darío Theater, 163, 170, 171
Las Ruinas Museum Gallery, 169
Sandino Vive . . . exhibition, 1985 (fig. 161), 155
Santa María de los Angeles murals, Barrio Riguero (figs. 172, 173), 159–61, 160
Telcor Building: Canales murals (figs. 174, 175), 161–65, 162
Velásquez Park and murals (figs. 170, 171), 159, 165
Mandela, Nelson, 92–93, 202n
Manet, Edouard, 56
Manrique, Jorge Alberto, 196n
Manuel García, Victor, 109, Gitana tropical (fig. 90), 109, 110
Mao Tse Tung, 102
Maradiaga, Olga, 146
Marat, Jean Paul, 8
Marcos, Subcommandante, 5, 91
Mariátegui, José Carlos, 1–2, 13, 22, 53, 54, 93, 125, 171
Marín, Mario, 146
El pueblo de Boaco (y la Plaza Mayor) (fig. 143), 144
Marín, Rogelio (Gory), 105, 107
Marinello, Juan, 110
Mariscal, Federico, 49
Márquez, Gabriel García, 71, 82, 84, 116, 131, 132, 169
Cien años de soledad, 84, 123, 132
Viva Sandino, cover (fig. 106), 122, 123
Martí, Farabundo, 21
Martí, José, 82, 103
Elso’s portrait of, 79, 113
Martin, Randy, 143, 209n
Martínez, Cecilia Rojas (fig. 165), 156
Retrato de un Mujer (fig. 165), 157
Martínez, Oliverio, 63, 98–99
Martínez, Raúl, vii, 76, 93, 94, 95, 98, 102–4, 106, 109, 113, 114, 162
La Isla (fig. 85), 102–3, 103
Lucía (fig. 59), poster, 77, 104
Pop Art portraits of, 103, 104
retrospective exhibition (1988), 103
Roberto Fernández Retamar (fig. 69), 82, 103
Siempre Che (fig. 58), 76
Sin título (fig. 76), 98
Martínez, Rojas, 156
Marx, Karl, 8–9, 13, 35, 49, 53, 54, 102, 113, 183, 184
Das Kapital, 9
Rivera’s portraits of, 55, 56, 58
Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich, The German Ideology, 8, 135
Marxism, 13, 22, 52, 53–54, 68, 107, 116, 123–24, 125, 142, 152, 188n, 208n, 212n
Marxist Quarterly, 37, 53
Masaccio, Brancacci Chapel frescoes, 38
masks, 156, 161
Matagalpa, 141, 142, 143
Matisse, Henri, 95, 99, 100, 101, 194n
Matta, Roberto, 108, 171
poster for Collection of
Latin American Artworks (fig. 188), 170
Matute, Laura, 215
Maximato (1928–34), 57, 57, 59
Mayo, 29, 31
MECATE (Movimiento de Expresión Campesina Artistica y Teatral), vii, 209n
Medellín (Colombia), Conference of Latin American Bishops (1968), 125
Mederos, René, 95, 104
Medina, Efrin, 207n
Medina, Santos, 131, 150–51, 207n
The Revolutionary Unity of Indo-Americans (fig. 151), 149–50, 150–51
Mejía Godoy Brothers, 184
Mejía Godoy, Carlos, 135, 140
Mella, Julio Antonio, 42, 44
Mello, Antonio González, 196–97n
Memories of Underdevelopment (film), 81, 87, 87–88
Méndez, Leopoldo, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 71, 194n, 198n, 215
Deportación a la Muerte (fig. 52), 67, 67
Retrato de Antonio Gramsci (fig. 53), 67, 68
Méndez, Oscar Rodríguez, 156
Mendieta, Ana, 106
Mendive, Manuel, 76, 93, 108
Che (fig. 89), 108, 110, 113
Malecón (fig. 66), 80
Mendoza, Juana Baptiste Gutiérrez, 42
Mendoza, Reyneris, 167
Menendez, Aldo, 105
Meneses, Vidaluz, 134
Mercado Abelardo L. Rodríguez (including Colegio de San Gregorio), murals, 33, 63–64
Mérida, Carlos, 33, 61, 150
Merton, Thomas, 123
mestizaje, concept of, 31, 35, 38, 47, 49, 53, 76, 94, 96, 99, 123
metalepsis (chronological reversal), 55
Mexican Communist Party (PCM, Partido Comunista Mexicano), 20, 21, 36, 38, 42, 44, 49, 58, 59, 64, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 199n
banned by Calles régime (1929–34), 36
Rivera expelled from, 36
Mexican Folkways magazine, 43, 63, 65
Mexican Mural Revolution/Movement, 1, 2, 31, 32–33, 34, 35, 36, 37–57, 63–64, 65, 67, 68, 71, 72–73
Mexico, Mexican Revolution (1910–40), vii–viii, 1, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 20, 25–73, 81, 146, 193–99n
archive holdings and primary sources, 215
Chapingo (1926) and the Palacio Nacional (1929–35), 51–63
Chiapas insurgency (1994), 1, 5, 61
counter-revolution (1924), 38, 46, 59, 61
critique: the “socialization of art,” 71–73
Constitution (1917), 26, 32, 51, 59
economy, 27–29 education, 29, 30–32, 34–7, 40, 51, 58
feminist interpretation of, 91
government patronage, 58–59 institutionalization in 1920s of, 25, 34–37
labor movement/strikes/unions, 29, 32, 57, 57, 58, 59–60, 70
land/agrarian reform, 26, 26, 27, 28, 45, 51–52, 58, 59, 60, 68
literacy program, 29, 34, 37, 136
minimum wage law (1933), 58
Ministry of Education murals (1923–28), and the new mass politics, 37–45
muralismo, 1, 2, 31, 32–33, 34, 35, 36, 37–57, 63–64, 65, 67, 68, 71, 72–73, 195n, 198n
1994 Chiapas Revolution, 5
oil industry, 27, 28, 29, 57, 58
Orozco’s murals in Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, 46–51
population growth, 26–27
Taller de Gráfica Popular (TGP) and Estampas de la Revolución, 16, 17, 18, 61, 63, 64–71, 167, 194n, 198–99n
three revolutions, 59–61, 69
Mexico City, 2, 38, 44, 49, 51, 56, 64, 71, 72, 161
archives in, 215
Casa de los Azulejos, 60
CENIDIAP, Centro Nacional de las Artes, 215
Court of Labor, 129
Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas (ENAP), 34, 35, 35–36, 37
Palacio de Bellas Artes (fig. 41), 49, 49, 51, 58, 67
Taller de Gráfica Popular, 16, 17, 18, 61, 63, 64–71, 167, 194n, 198–99n, 215
Meyer, Hannes, 35, 68
Michel, André, Histoire de l’art, 51
Michelangelo, 55
Michilini, Sergio (et al.), 132, 211n
The History of Nicaragua (murals in Santa María de los Angeles), 159–61
Practice Mural (fig. 168), 158
The Resurrection, 161
San Francisco (fig. 172), 160, 160
Milanés, Pablo, 89
Millares, Manolo, 127
Miller, Nicola, In the Shadow of the State, 191n
Millet, Jean François, 147
Man with a Hoe (fig. 145), 145
Milo, Juan García, 181
Milton, John, Paradise Lost, 55
Minero, Camilo, 165
Minimalism, 95, 104
Ministry of Culture, Nicaragua, 137, 141, 142, 143, 152, 154, 160, 167, 169, 183, 184, 186, 188, 205n, 213n
dissolution of (1988), 173, 188, 216
network of programs under (fig. 133), 139
Ministry of Labor, Nicaragua, 142
Miranda, José Porfirio, 123, 207n
Mistral, Gabriela, 40
“El poema de la madre,” 42
Mobutu, Sese Seko, 148
Modotti, Tina, 20, 21, 42, 43–44, 63
Bandolier, Maize, Guitar (fig. 34), 42, 43
expelled from Mexico (1930), 44
photographs of, 43–44
Powerlines, 43
Workers Reading “El machete,” 43
Molina, Pastor Uriel, 160
Momotombo volcano, 148–49, 149
Montenegro, Roberto, 33
Montezuma’s Palace, 55
Montiel, Olga, 175
Monzón, Gustavo Pérez, 107
Mora, Francisco, 65
Contribucción del pueblo a la expropriación de la industria petrolera (fig. 21), 29
Morales, Armando, vii, 121, 131, 132, 152, 169, 208n
Adiós a Sandino (fig. 161), 155, 156
Dead Guerrilla, 131
Electrocuted Political Prisoner, 131
Moon Bitten By Dogs, 131
Mujer sentada (fig. 121), 131, 131
Nicaraguan Ambassador to UNESCO (1982–90), 131
Morales, Beltrán, 131
Morejón, Nancy, vii, 82, 89
Morelos province, Mexico, 25, 51, 60
Morenco, Carlos, 146
Moreno, Servando Cabrera, Retrato de Teresa (fig. 73), poster, 91
Morones, Luis, 58, 60
Mosquera, Gerardo, vii, 18, 20, 76, 84, 85, 92, 94, 103, 107, 110, 114, 116, 200n, 203n, 204n, 215
“The Social Function of Art in Cuba since the Revolution of 1959,” 180–82
Mosquera, Gerardo and Saruski, Jaime, The Cultural Policy of Cuba, 200n, 215
Mothers of Heroes and Martyrs of the Revolution, 160
Motherwell, Robert, 131, 151, 152
Spanish Elegies, 131
Movimiento de Aficionados, Cuba, 76, 85
Moya, Alejandro Acuña see Canifrú and Moya
La Mujer Nueva (fig. 101), poster, 119
Mujer Revolución (fig. 124), poster, 133
La mujer y la construcción de Nicaragua Nueva (figs. 122, 123), 132
multinational corporations, 92, 152
murals, muralism, Mexican, 1, 2, 31, 32–33, 34, 35, 36, 37–57, 63–64, 65, 67, 68, 71, 72–73, 195n, 198n
Chapingo, 31, 51, 52–53, 53
Mercado Abelardo Rodríguez, 63–64
Ministry of Education (1923–28), 37–45
National Preparatory School, 32, 46, 49
Palacio Nacional 33, 36, 37, 51, 55, 55–57, 58
proto-Renaissance, 39
murals, muralism, Nicaraguan, 72, 118, 118, 129, 132, 143, 143, 147, 147, 156, 158–66, 167, 169, 187, 211n
Canales, 118, 161–65
Church of Santa María de los Angeles (History of Nicaragua), 159–61, 160
destruction by Alemán of (1990), 118, 143, 159, 164, 174, 174, 213n, 214n
Murillo, Rosario, 118, 134, 169, 171–72, 173, 188, 213n
Museo de Arte Contemporaneo “Julio Cortázar”
Managua (figs. 188, 189), 170, 171, 212n
interview with Nicaraguan artists in UNAP (1990), 190
Mussolini, Benito, 169
Myers, Michael C., 52
Najlis, Michelle, 118, 120, 129, 131, 133, 134, 172, 173, 205n
El viento armado, 133
Namibia, 9
National Autonomous University of Agriculture see Chapingo
National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), vii, 72, 73, 176
Library (fig. 27), 35, 35
National Chorus, Cuban, 81
National Commission on Museums and Monuments, Cuba, 84
National Council on Culture, Cuba, 85
National Fine Arts Program, Mexican, 34
National Folkloric Ensemble, Cuba, 81
National Guard, Somoza’s, 126, 133, 154
National Institute for Radio and Television, Cuba, 84
National Literacy Crusade (1961), 81
National Preparatory School (Escuela Nacional Preparatoria)
Orozco’s murals, 32, 46, 49
Rivera’s Creación, 32, 38
National Recording Institute for Music, Cuba, 84
National School of Fine Arts, Managua, 129, 151
National School of Monumental Public Art, Nicaragua, (figs. 1679), 132, 158, 159
Michilini’s fresco mural (fig. 168), 158
National School of the Arts, Cubanacán, 84
National School of the Visual Arts see Escuela
Nacional de Artes Plásticas
national school system, Mexican, 34
national self-determination vs nationalism, 93
National Symphony Orchestra, Cuba, 81
National Theater Festival, Nicaragua, 142
National Union of Visual Artists, Nicaragua, 149, 169
Neoclassicism, 8, 35, 37, 39, 56
Neo-Expressionism, 104, 106, 113, 156
Neoplatonism, 30, 31
Neo-Realism, 88
Netherlands, 85, 174, 213n
Neue Sachlichkeit, 56
“new generation” art in Cuba, 94
New Left, 21, 75, 81, 95, 101, 103, 107, 133, 152
New Person/New Man (El Hombre Nuevo), doctrine of, 8, 13–14, 19, 125, 134, 185–86
New Republic, journal, 29
New School for Social Research (U.S.A.), Orozco’s
paintings in, 49
New Women, 134
New York City, 71
Rockefeller Center controversy (over Rivera mural), 37, 58
New York School, 98, 104, 105, 127, 150, 151, 152–53
New York Times, 140, 162–63, 212n
Newman, Barnett, 152
Nicaragua, Nicaraguan Revolution (1979–90), vii, viii, 1, 5, 6, 9, 12, 13, 18, 20, 22, 272, 54, 69, 71, 73, 82, 117–25, 183–87, 204–13n
archival holdings and primary sources, 216
artisan production, 142
assassination of school teachers by Contras, 146, 154
Centros Populares de Cultura (CPCS), vii, 118, 138, 138–42, 143
ceramics, 141, 141
coffee industry, 27, 145
contradictions in the 1980s, 171–75
Contras, U.S.-backed, 146, 154, 173, 187, 210n
cultural policy during 1980s, 135–43
cuts in funding and reduction of arts programs (1980s), 173–75, 188
earthquake (1972), 169
education, 118, 136–37 galleries, 169
land/agrarian reform, 142, 143, 146
liberation theology, 123–24, 125, 127
literacy campaign, 118, 118, 135–37, 136, 147, 161, 165
literature, 118, 120, 131–35
Ministry of Culture replaced by Institute of Culture (1989), 173, 174, 188, 216
murals, 118, 118, 129, 143, 143, 147, 147, 156, 158–66, 187, 213n
new forms of patronage and attendant debates, 169–71
particular artworks exemplary of 1980s, 143–68
poetry, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 125, 133–35, 136–38, 150, 151, 165, 171–73, 174, 185, 186
posters, 119, 120, 133, 135, 136, 138, 155, 162, 166–68
primitivist painting, 125, 143, 143–46, 146–49, 151, 186–87
protorevolutionary developments prior to 1979, 123–35
Sandinista general uprising (1977–79), 126–27
Solentiname, 123, 125–27, 136, 143, 145, 146, 172, 186–87
theater, 142–43, 209n
UNO, 22, 173, 214n
and U.S.A., 122, 120, 137, 146, 152–53, 154, 162–63, 171, 173, 175, 185, 204–5n, 211–12n, 213n
women’s role, 118, 119, 132, 133, 133–35, 136, 147, 147
Nicaraguan Communist Party, 73
Nicaraguan Mural Movement, 72
Nicaraguan Socialist Party (Partido Socialista de Nicaragua; PSN), 22
Nicaráuac, journal, 152
Nixtayolero cooperative, 142
Noguchi, Isamu, 64
Novedades, newspaper, 133
Nueva Canción, Nicaragua, 100, 140
Nueva Trova (New Troubador), folk music, Cuba, 89
El Nuevo Diario, 143
“objective poetry” or “exteriorismo,” 172
Obregón, Alvaro, Obregonismo, 20, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 46, 51–52, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 161, 194n, 205n
O’Higgin’s portrait of (fig. 24), 31, 31
Rivera’s portrait of (fig. 23), 30, 31, 52
obreros (urban workers), 60
OCLAE (Latin American Continental Students Organization), 95
Ocón, David, vii, 151
Fruta perforando madera, (fig. 153), 151
O’Gorman, Juan, 35, 36, 195n
Library of National Autonomous University designed by (fig. 27), 35, 35
Rivera’s home/studio complex designed by, 35
O’Higgins, Pablo, 33, 38, 52, 64, 68, 71, 215
The Bricklayers, Valley of Mexico (fig. 48), 64
El General Obregón con los yaquis (fig. 24), 31, 31
La Lucha de los contra los monopolios, 64
oil industry, Mexican, nationalization of, 27, 28, 29, 57, 58
Oldenburg, Claes, Artists Call Against U.S. Intervention in Central America (poster), 104
Oles, James, 62
Olivio, 95
Olmec art, 40
Op Art, 95, 101, 103, 104
Oraa, Rolando de, 95
La Orden de la Independencia Cultural “Rubén Darío,” 119, 133
Orlando Letelier Brigade, 165
Orozco, Franz, 167
Public Monument to Popular Militia and National Sovereignty (fig. 187), 170
Orozco, José Clemente, 33, 38, 44, 59, 61, 62, 63, 159, 161, 196–97n, 211n, 215
Adiós, 47
La Bandera, (fig. 49), 65, 67
Catharsis (fig. 41), 49, 51
Cortés y Malinche (fig. 40), 46, 48, 49
death of (1949), 72
The Epic of American Civilization, (fig. 147), 147, 147
Escuela Nacional Preparatoria murals (1926–27), 32, 46, 49
Guadalajara murals, 33, 49, 50, 51
Maternity, 46
memoirs, 73
Padre Hidalgo (fig. 42), 50
political career, 49
prints made by, 65, 65
The Rich Banquet . . . , 46
Los soldados, 47
La Trinchera (fig. 39), 46, 47, 47
Orozco, Leticia López, vii
Ortega, Camilo, 134–35
Ortega, Daniel, 117, 121, 135, 143, 162, 169, 173, 204n, 212n
Ortiz, Fernando, 203n
Ortiz de Montellano, Bernardo, 63
OSPAAAL (Organización en Solidaridad con el Pueblo de Africa, Asia y América Latina), 93, 95, 101, 167
The Other Francisco (film), 81
Overseas Development Council, Quality of Life Index, 81
Pacheco, Cony, 208n
Pacheco, Fernando Castro, 65, 68, 71
“Carrillo Puerto” (fig. 14), 16, 16–17, 18
Pacheco, Máximo, 33, 38, 52
Padilla, Herberto, 115, 204n
Paine, Thomas, 7, 16
Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City (fig. 41), 49, 67, 72
Orozco’s murals (Catharsis) in (fig. 41), 49, 51
Rivera’s Humanity, Controller of the Universe, 58
Palacio Nacional, Mexico, Rivera murals in (1929–35), 33, 36, 37, 51, 55, 55–57, 58
Palma, Francisco Reyes, 25, 62, 215
Paris Commune, 21
Parrales, Roberto, 216
Parrales, Rubén, 190
Participating Theater Group, Cuba, 90
Partisan Review, 57
Pasolini, Paolo, 88
Paternosto, César, 150
patronage, new forms in Nicaragua, 123, 169–71
Pavletich, Esteban, “Diego Rivera: el artista de un clase,” 13
Paz, Octavio, 6
Pearlstein, Philip, 105
Peláez, Amelia, 99, 100, 109
Still Life (fig. 77), 98
Peña, Umberto, 95, 106
Premio Casa de las Américas (fig. 68), 82
Peñalba, Rodrigo, 129, 132, 169, 207n
Pensamiento Crítico, publication, 116
Pereira, Manuel, 81
Pérez, Antonio (Niko)
Images of Three Ballets (fig. 61), poster, 78
José Martí, 101
Revolución en cine . . . (fig. 64), 79
Pérez, Louis A., 92, 216
Pérez, Marcos, 95
Pérez, Rigoberto López, 131, 168, 211n
Canales’s portrait of, 162
Reyes’s billboard mural of, 168
Pérez de la Rocha, Roger, 125, 129, 167, 187, 207n
Pesadilla (Nightmare) (fig. 108), 124
Peru, 21
Petras, James, 90, 91–92, 205–6n
philosophes, French, 8
photography, 63, 71, 81, 101, 105, 122, 136, 175, 198n, 204n, 215
photomontages, 17, 43–44, 46, 67, 68
photorealism, 105
Picasso, Pablo, 44, 96, 109, 116, 150, 151, 156, 194n, 196n
Guernica, 46
Pinochet, General Augusto, 165
Pinter, Harold, 175
pintura matérica, 127
pintura primitivista (primitivist painting), Nicaragua, 125, 125, 143, 143–46, 146–49, 151, 152, 186–87, 216
Plan de Ayala (1911), 1, 59
P.M. (film), censorship of, 89
poder local, Cuban, 85, 104, 115
Poesía Campesina de Solentiname, 125
Poesía Libre, journal (fig. 131), vii, 137, 137, 208n
poetry, poets
Cuban, 87, 88, 89, 124–25
feminist, 133–35, 136, 172–73
Nicaraguan, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 125, 129, 133–35, 136–38, 150, 151, 165, 171–73, 174, 185, 186
Poetry Workshops see Talleres de Poesía
Pollock, Jackson, 151, 152, 203n
Polyforum Cultural Siqueiros, Hotel de México, 73
Pop Art, vii, 75, 76, 94, 95, 96, 101, 102, 103–4, 106, 113, 114, 153, 167, 200n
popular culture vs populism, 92–94, 172, 288, 289
Popular Front, 64, 67, 68
Porro, Ricardo, 84
Porter, Katherine Anne, 193n, 194n
Portocarrero, René, 75, 93, 96, 98
La Catedral amarilla (fig. 57), 74, 99
Soy Cuba (I am Cuba: fig. 75), poster, 96, 97, 99, 100, 202n
Portuando, José Antonio, 204n
Posada, José Guadaloupe, 65, 198n
Rivera’s portrait of, 65
posters, Nicaraguan, viii, 119, 120, 133, 135, 136, 138, 155, 162, 166, 166–68
posters, poster artists, Cuban, vii, 77–79, 82, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 93, 94–98, 100, 101–2, 104–5
Che, 18, 19, 101, 101–2
vallas (billboards), 95
see also prints
post-Impressionism, 34
Poulantzas, Nicos, 17–18
POUM (“Trotskyist” organization, Spain), 21
Pound, Ezra, 137
“A Few Don’ts,” 137
Praxis avant-garde group, Managua, 127, 129, 131, 136, 149, 152, 156, 169, 207n
Praxis cooperative gallery, 169
Praxis, journal (fig. 113), 127
pre-Columbian art, 44, 47, 54, 55–56, 96, 99, 100, 127, 128, 129, 141, 148, 150, 161, 171
La Prensa, newspaper, 117, 174
PRI (Partido de la Revolución Mexicano), 73
Prignitz, Helga, 65
“La Primera Exposición de Grabados en Madera en México” (1929), 63
prints, print-making/engraving, 7, 14, 15–16, 16–17, 18, 37, 61, 63–71, 95, 167, 198–99n
acquatints, 67
Estampas de la Revolución Mexicana (TGP), 61, 70
etchings, 67, 166
linocuts, 16, 16–17, 18, 31, 31, 65, 67, 68, 70, 199n
lithographs, 64, 65, 65, 66, 67, 199n
silkscreens, 4, 18, 19, 77, 78, 79, 90, 91, 93, 95, 97, 100, 134
woodcuts, 61, 62, 62, 63, 65, 68, 167, 199n
see also posters
Proletariado publication, 68
Proust, Marcel, 82
Puerto, Felipe Carrillo, 17
Pujol, Antonio, 64
Quetzalcotl, 56
Quimantú Press, Chile, 167
Quintanilla, Raúl, vii, 121–22, 153, 207n, 211n, 216
Identi-dada (fig. 160), 154
interview with (1990), 190
The Lenin Train (fig. 105), 121
and Leoncio Sáenz (fig. 150), 149
Rambo: Final Chapter (fig. 158), 153, 154
El Sueño de razón (fig. 159), 154
Rama, Angel, 116
Ramírez, Everardo, 65, 69, 71
La Tierra (from Vida en mi barricada: fig. 55), 70
Ramírez, Muro Sara Estela, 42
Ramírez, Sergio, vii, 3, 117, 118, 120, 122, 131, 132, 133, 162, 169, 183, 184, 191n, 194n, 204n, 216
Cuentos, 123
Estás en Nicaragua, 3–4, 133
Vice-President of Nicaragua, 131
Ramona Parra Brigade, Mural (fig. 179), 165, 166
Ramos Martínez, Alfredo, 34, 35
Randall, Margaret, 90, 134, 173, 216
Sandino’s Daughters Revisited, 172
Read, Sir Herbert, 84
Reagan, Ronald, 18, 93, 153, 154, 171, 175, 204n
Reboiro, Antonio Fernández, 95
Rebull, Santiago, 8
Red Battalions, Mexican, 26, 60
Reiman, Karen Cordero, 62
“relaciones,” Cuban street theater, 90
Rendón, Pedro, 64
resistant cultures, role of masks in, 156
Retamar, Roberto Fernández, vii, 81, 92, 103, 199n
Martínez’s portrait of (fig. 69), 82, 103
Para al perfil definitivo del hombre, 82
Revista Actual, journal, 62
Revista de Avance, 110
Revista Moderna, 62
revolution
city vs country conflict, 9
and democracy, 20–23
history of the word, 6–14
representations of the modern body politic, 14–20
revolving definitions of word, 1–23
Revueltas, Fermín, 33, 46, 61, 63
Reyes, Antonio, 168, 211n
The Founders of the FSLN and Revolutionary Martyrs (fig. 185), 168
Revolutionary Martyrs (fig. 186), 168
Reymena, Ricardo, 95
Ricardo Morales Aviles Gallery, Managua, 169
Rigol, Jorge, 216
Rió, Zaida del, 105
Rios, Marvin, vii, 208n
Ripa, Cesare, Iconologia (figs. 6, 7), 6, 7, 11, 16
Risquet, Jorge, 91
Rivas, Frederico Méndez, 38
Rivas, Juan, After Pollock (fig. 155), 151, 152
interview with (1990), 190
Rivas, Umberto, 62
Rivera, Diego, 1–2, 8, 12, 13, 18, 20, 21, 25, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 54, 59, 61–62, 63, 65, 68, 71, 108, 149, 150, 161, 187, 193–94n, 196n, 211n, 215
Amauta article on, 13
appointment as head of Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas (1929), 35, 35, 36, 37
death of (1957), 58, 72
expelled from CP, 36
marriage to Frida Kahlo, 42
plan of study for National School of Plastic Arts, 176–79
San Angel home/studio complex, 35
visit to Soviet Union (1928), 44
WORKS
El Abrazo (fig. 29), 38, 39, 39–40
The Architect (fig. 116), 128, 129
“el artista de una clase”(fig. 2), 2, 2
The Aztec World, 56
“Biografía sumaria” (fig. 1), 2, 2
El capataz (The Foreman), 40
“Canción de la tierra” (Chapingo), 52
Chapingo murals (1926: fig. 44), 31, 33, 51, 52–53, 53, 54
Corrido de la revolución agraria, 44
Creación, 32, 38
Detroit murals, 62
El día de los muertos (fig. 36), 38–39, 44, 45
Distribución de armas (fig. 32), 39, 42, 42, 44
essay on Tina Modotti, 43
Humanity, Controller of tbe Universe (1934), 58
Imperialism (fig. 9), 11–12, 12, 17
Labors of the Mexican People, 38
Leaving the Mine, 40
The Liberated Earth and Natural Forces (fig. 44), 52–53, 53
La maestra rural (fig. 31), 38, 40, 41, 42, 61, 67
El Maestro cover (1921: fig. 25), 32, 32
Mexico Today and Tomorrow (fig. 17), 24, 54, 56
Palacio Nacional murals (1929–35: figs. 17, 45), 24, 33, 36, 37, 51, 55–57, 58
Paisaje Zapatista: el Guerrillero (fig. 8), 9, 10, 11, 17, 39, 43, 161
Portrait of America (with Wolfe), 12, 12
Portrait of José Guadalupe Rodríguez (fig. 11), 13, 13, 198n
portrait of Posada, 65
portraits of Karl Marx, 55, 56, 58
portraits of Zapata, 59
Presidente Alvaro Obregón y Ministro Negroponte (fig. 23), 30, 31, 32
prints made by, 65, 67
Rockefeller Center mural controversy, 37, 58
Secretaría de Educación murals, 38–42, 39, 41, 44–45, 54
Robbe-Grillet, Alain, 82
Robleto, Octavio, 131
Roche, Glauber, 88
Rocha, Luis Ordaz, 62–63
Rockfort, Desmond, 55
Rodchenko, Alexander, 167
Rodríguez, Antonio, 46–47, 55, 64
Rodríguez, Benavides, 91
Rodríguez, Filiberto, 142
Rodríguez, José Guadalupe, Rivera’s portrait of (fig. 11), 13, 13
Rodríguez, Oscar, 119, 167
A Carlos (Portrait of Carlos Fonseca: fig. 180), 167
Rodríguez, Silvio, 89
Playa Girón, 89
Rodríguez-Prampolini, Ida, vii
Román, Jaime Wheelock, 122, 132, 206n
Romero, Manuel, 209n
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 57
Roosevelt, Theodore (“Teddy”), 119
ROSTA, in Moscow, 167
Rostgaard, Alfredo, 94, 95, 101, 104, 162
Cancíon protesta (fig. 81), poster, 100, 101
Che (fig. 82), poster, 101, 101
La Muerte de un burócrata (fig. 72), poster, 90, 104–5
Rothko, Mark, 151, 152
Rubén Darío and his Poem “To Roosevelt” (fig. 102), poster for FSLN, 120
Rugama, Leonel, 184
“The Earth is a Satellite of the Moon,” 165, 212n
Ruíz, Antonio, 34, 63
Ruíz, Ramón Eduardo, 6
Rulfo, Juan, Pedro Páramo, 132
Rushdie, Salman, 205n
Russian Revolution (1917), 1, 20, 25, 44, 45
Ryder, John, viii, 204n, 205n, 216
interview with Cardenal (1983), 185–87
Saavedra, Gustavo, 35
sabotage, revolutionary tactic, 11
Sacred Heart (anon. fig. 33), 42
Sáenz, Leoncio, 129, 167
Mercado pre-colombino (fig. 115), 128, 129, 169
La Montaña mágica (fig. 149), 149
and Raúl Quintanilla (fig. 150), 149
Sáenz, Moisés, 30–31, 32, 34, 194n
Sigueiro’s portrait of (fig. 22), 30
Salas, Osvaldo, 82–83
San Carlos, Sandinistas’s assault on, 126
San Juan, Abdel Hernández, 200n
San Juan de Limay (fig. 137), 140, 153
San Juan de los Platos CPC, 141
San Juan de Oriente CPC, 141
polychrome ceramics (figs. 138, 140), 141, 141
Sánchez, Juan, 71
Sánchez, Osvaldo, 83, 86, 92, 200n
Sánchez, Tomás, 105, 107
Relaciones, 105
Sandinista National Liberation Front, Sandinistas (FSLN), 1, 9, 12, 13, 20, 22, 71, 73, 117, 118, 118, 119, 120, 122–23, 125, 126, 127, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134–35, 141, 142–43, 147, 148, 152, 162, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 181, 188, 205n
artisanal production, 142
Cardenal joins (1976), 125–26, 127
cultural brigades, 154
general uprising of (1977), 126
“Historical Program,” 122, 123
insurrection (1977–79), 126–77
Manifesto (1969), 117, 122
1984 elections won by, 174
1990 elections lost by, 141, 173, 174, 188
see also Nicaragua
Sandinista Union of Cultural Workers, 129
Sandinista Union of Visual Artists, vii, 152
Sandino, Augusto, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, 120, 129, 148, 156, 161, 168, 184, 185, 211n
Belkin’s mural of, 72, 73, 164, 165
Canales’s portrayal of, 162
Cardinal’s sculpture of (figs. 162a and b), 156, 156
Morales’s poster Adiós a Sandino (fig. 161), 155, 156
Reyes’s billboard mural of, 168
“Sandino’s Daughters,” 134, 172–73
Sandoval, Mario, 95, 104
Santa Ana Iztapalapa, open air art school, 34
Santa María de los Angeles church, Barrio Riguero (Managua), mural paintings (figs. 172, 173), 159–61, 160
Santería, religion, 93, 109
Santiago, Chile, Cabildo Teatral, 90
Santos, Cristian, 205n
Sao Paulo Biennial (1959), 131
Saravia, Fernando, 140, 142
Sarduy, Severo, 89
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 82, 83–84, 115
Saruski, Jaime, 85
see also Mosquera and Saruski
El Sauce cooperative, 142
Savia Moderna, journal, 62
Schapiro, Professor Meyer, 37, 53–54, 195–96n
“The Patrons of Revolutionary Art,” 53
Schultz, George, 156
Schuster, Joe, Superman (comic strip: fig. 3a), 3
sculpture, 63, 64, 161, 169
Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP), Mexico City, Rivera murals, 38–42, 44–45, 54
Segre, Roberto, vii, 92, 201n, 215
Selbin, Eric, 21
Serrano, Elena, 94, 95, 104
Che (fig. 16), 18, 19, 101, 102, 162, 193n
sexual politics, 133–34
see also women
Sheeler, Charles, 105
Sherman, William L., 52
Silva family, 125
Silva, Luiz Inacio da, 202n
Silva, Olivia, 147, 151
La cosecha de café (con el Ministro de Cultura, Ernesto Cardenal), (fig. 144), 145, 147
Sims, Lowery, 109
Sindicato Mexicano de Electricistas, 72
Siqueiros stairway mural, 33
Siqueiros, David Alfaro, 20, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36–37, 42, 44, 45, 59, 61, 65, 68, 72–73, 160–61, 187, 195n
Autoretrato (Self-Portrait) (fig. 51), 66, 67
Burial of a Worker, 46
Cómo se pinta un mural, 160, 199n
Elements, 46
La marcha de la humanidad, 73
Moises Sáenz (fig. 22), 30
Nueva democracia, 72
prints made by, 65, 65, 66, 67, 198n
El pueblo a la Universidad . . . , 72–73
“Rectificaciones sobre las artes plásticas en México” (essay, 1932), 68–69
Retrato de la Burguesía, 72
stairway mural in Sindicato Mexicano de Electricistas, 33
Zapata (fig. 50), 65, 67
Sobalvarro, Orlando, 129, 131, 151, 169, 193n, 207n, 208n
Paisaje de verano en Subtiava (fig. 118), 129
Sandino (fig. 117), 129
socialist pluralism, 31, 68, 107, 121
Socialist Realism, 13–14, 17, 45, 54, 61, 68, 75, 95, 101, 102, 104, 107, 133, 147, 162, 171, 199n
socialization of art, 71–73, 76, 85–86, 92, 181
Solas, Humberto, 76, 88
Solentiname islands (Lake Nicaragua), 123, 125–27, 136, 143
pintura primitivista, 125, 125, 126, 145, 146, 146, 147, 147, 186–87
poetry workshops, 125, 172, 187
religious community, 123, 125
Somoza’s destruction of (1977), 126, 127
Somersaulting Literacy Brigadista see Canales, Alejandro
Somoza, Anastasio, 22, 54, 122, 123, 126–27, 129, 131, 133, 141, 142, 154, 159, 161, 162, 181, 185
equestrian statue of (fig. 10), 12, 13, 169
overthrow of (1979), 169
Sonora, Mexico, 28, 29, 31
Sontag, Susan, 95
Sosa, Joaquín, 137
Soto, Jesús Rafael, 101, 171
Soto, Leandro, 107, 110
Primer Día de Enero (fig. 91), 110
SOTPE (Sindicato de Obreros Técnicos, Pintores y Escultores), 25, 38, 59, 62
Manifesto (1924), 61
Soviet Union/Russia, 2, 3, 17, 20–21, 33, 44, 45, 53, 55, 88, 102, 107, 116
and Cuba, 21, 75–76, 81, 202n
Free Art School (1920s), 34
and Mexico, 20–21
Moscow exhibition of TGP (1940), 68
and Nicaragua, 22
Soy Cuba (I am Cuba), film, 96, 97, 99, 202n
Spain, 26, 127
Spanish Civil War (1936–39), 21, 108–9
Stalin, Josef, 20–21, 45, 54, 61, 102
Standard Oil, 11, 58
state, Poulantzas’s concept of the, 17–18
Stendhal, 84
Stimson, Henry Lewis, 12
Stone, I. F., 76
stone-carving, 140, 140, 142, 153, 161
Strawberry and Chocolate (film), 87
strikes in Mexico, 57, 57, 58
Styron, William, 175
Surrealism, 44, 63, 95, 104–5, 106, 189, 196n
Sweezy, Paul, 201n
Tablada, Guillermo Rothschuh, 171
Taller de Gráfica Experimental, Nicaragua (TGE), 7, 119, 120, 133, 167
El año de la defensa y la producción (fig. 182), 166
La causa de Lenin viva (fig. 184), 167
Construyendo la Patria nueva . . . (fig. 100), 119
Por la Paz (fig. 181), 166
Tercero Anniversario de la Revolución—Masaya (fig. 183), 167, 167
Taller de Gráfica Popular (TGP), Mexico City, viii, 16, 17, 18, 61, 63, 64–71, 167, 194n, 198–99n, 215
Archivo de, 215
Declaración de Principios (1937), 68, 69
Estampas de la Revolución Mexicana (1947), 61, 70
Moscow exhibition (1940), 68
Taller de San Jacinto (TSJ), Managua, 119, 167
absorbed into ENAP, 167
Talleres de Poesía (Poetry Workshops), Nicaraguan, vii, 118, 137, 137, 139, 171–73, 174, 186, 187, 188, 208n
Tamayo, Rufino, 34, 35, 63, 72
Tàpies, Antoni, 127, 131, 151
Tata Beta group, 140
Tatlin, Vladimir, 167
Taylorism, 45
Tellez, Commandante Dora María, 147, 204n
Teotihuacán, 55
Teyocoyani cooperative, 142
TGP see Taller de Gráfica Popular
theater, Cuban, 90, 181
Nicaraguan, 142–43, 209n
theater/farm cooperatives, 142, 143, 146
Third World, 11, 20, 22, 25, 52, 82, 84, 85, 86, 92, 95, 107, 108, 148, 152, 153, 171
Third World Theology, 123
!30–30!, Organo de los Pintores de México, journal, 63
Tibol, Raquel, vii, 40, 175, 196n
Arte y política, 176
Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista, 55
Tikay, Orlando, 167
Time Magazine, 162, 212n
Titian, 56
Toledano, Vicente Lombardo, 36, 58, 60
Tolstoy, Leo, 206n
Tomás, Angel, 107
Tomasello, Luis, 101, 171
Toor, Francis, 63
Torres, Emilia, vii, 140, 141
Torres, María Dolores G., 207n
Torres-García, Joaquín, 150
Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, 95, 96
Traba, Marta, 25, 116, 129, 131, 152, 156, 200n, 207n, 208n
Treece, David, 89
Trejo, Miguel Tzab, 64
Trotsky, Leon, 44, 57, 58, 71, 192n
Trujillo, Marisol, 88
Tunnerman, Dr Carlos, vii
Tynan, Kenneth, 83
UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México) see National Autonomous University
UNAP (Unión Nacional de Artes Plásticas), 129, 173
interview with Nicaraguan artists in (1990), 190
Under Fire, film, 117
UNEAC (Union de Escritores y Artistas Cubanos), 89, 95
UNESCO, 81, 85, 131
Union of Technical Workers, Painters and Sculptores, Mexico see SOTPE
United Fruit Corporation, 11, 44
United Nations, General Assembly, 88
Krupskaya Award in Education, 135
interview with Cardenal (1983: in New York City), 185–87
United States, viii, 2, 4, 11, 12, 12, 18, 20, 22, 57, 127
air strikes in Central America, 9
archival holdings and primary sources in, 215, 216
Congressional Report on Cuba (1982), 21–22
and Cuba, 72, 76, 83, 84, 86, 88, 98, 116, 154, 181, 216
Cuban exiles in, 86
economic imperialism of, 27
feminism, 22
and Guatemala, 44
and Mexico, 27, 29, 33, 68, 72, 215
and Nicaragua, 122, 129, 137, 146, 152–53, 154, 162–63, 171, 173, 175, 185, 204–5n, 211–12n, 213n
Nicaraguan anti-Communist campaign funds from, 22
press, 115
Rivera’s murals in, 37, 58, 61–62
El Universal Gráfico, newspaper, 36
University of New Mexico (UNM), vii, viii
UNO, Nicaragua, 22, 173, 214n
urban proletarian revolution, Mexican, 59–60, 61
“urban tapestry” project, Cuba, 181
Urbina, Luis, 129
Masks (Máscaras: fig. 166), 156, 157
Urrutia, President, 92
Urtecho, José Coronel, 137
U.S. Communist Party, 11
U.S. Marine Corps, 12
Valdéz, Luis Miguel, 167
Valenzuela, Orlando, 175
Valle-Castillo, Julio, 137, 147, 207n, 216
van Gogh, Vincent, 146
Vanegas, Leonel, 129, 131, 150
Paisaje (Landscape: fig. 152), 150
La Vanguardia, 62, 65
Vargas, Robert, 183
Vargos Llosa, Mario, 205n
Vasconcelos, José, 30, 31–32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 42, 49, 53, 54, 195n, 196n
Rivera’s painting of, 31
Vasishta, Neerja, 216
Vaughan, Mary Kay, 32
Vázquez, Adolfo Sánchez, 107, 116, 153, 210n
Vega, Pastor, 86, 88
Portrait of Theresa (fig. 73), 91, 91
Vela, Argueles, 62
Velasco, José Maria, 34
Velasco, Juan Mártinez de, 35
Venezuela, 101, 174
Venice Biennale, xxv (1950), 73
Ventana, weekly, vii, 171–72
Vera de Cordova, Rafael, 63
Verde Olivio, journal, 81
Veronese, Paolo, 56
Verrocchio, Andrea, Baptism of Christ, 22–23, 127
Vertov, Dziga, 88
Vidal, Antonio, 98, Sin título (fig. 78), 98
Vidali, Vittorio, 21, 44
Vietnam, 9
Vilas, Carlos, 208n
Villa, Pancho, 59, 60
Vitrales (stained-glass overdoors: fig. 79), 99, 100
Vogel, Hilda, 143
Paisaje Primitivista (fig. 141), 143
Voltaire, 120, 213n
Volumen Uno Group, 76, 84, 93, 94, 106, 107, 110, 113
Havana exhibition (1981), 94, 107, 116
Wachsmuth, Jeremias, “Rebellion” and “Fortune” engravings from Ripa’s Iconologia (figs. 6, 7), 7
Walker, Alice, 88, 201n
Warhol, Andy, 95, 102, 103, 104
Marilyn × 100 (fig. 84), 102, 102
Watson, Timothy Milton Hebbert, 143
Clear Water, Bluefields (fig. 142), 144
Weber, John, 165, 175, 211n
Wellinga, Klaas, 213n
Wells, Carol, 216
Weston, Edward, 43
Whitman, Walt, 137
Wilde, Oscar, 171
Williams, Edwin, 22
Williams, Raymond, 1, 6
Keywords, 11, 14
Williams, Tennessee, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, 83
Memoirs, 83
Williams, William Carlos, 137
Wolfe, Bertram D., 12, 12
Diego Rivera, 176, 194n
women, women’s lib./feminism, 22, 36, 40, 42, 43–44, 61, 85, 118, 119, 132, 133, 133–35, 136, 147, 161, 172–73, 174, 190
worker self-management see autogestion
Works Project Administration (WPA), U.S., 29
World Development Report of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (1981), 22
Xavier Kantón Gallery (ENAP), 169, 213n
Yampolsky, Mariana, 65, 69, 71, 198n
La Juventud de Emiliano Zapata (fig. 54), 70
Yañes, José, 82
Ysla, Nelson Herrera, “Coloquialismo,” 88
Zaire, 148
Zalce, Alfredo, 65, 68, 69
Zamora, Daisy, 118, 120, 134, 172, 173, 188, 205n, 213n, 216
Zapata, Emiliano, 5, 9, 11, 12, 17, 25, 45, 49, 52, 59, 60, 61, 72
Belkin’s mural of, 72, 73, 164, 165
Rivera’s portraits of, 59
Yampolsky’s linocut of, 70
Zapatistas, 1, 5, 9, 17, 26, 51, 60, 61
Zhdanovism, 68
Zimbabwe, 9
Zimbalist, Andrew, 22
Zimmerman, Marc, 127, 172
Zis, Avner, 116