Index

Levine, Neil

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Index

Neil Levine

Modern Architecture: Representation & Reality

Index

Author

Neil Levine

PublisherYale University Press

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00084.014

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-15876

Index

Italic page numbers refer to figures. Boldface page numbers refer to primary discussions of specific architects or buildings.

Abbey of Sainte-Geneviève (now Lycée Henri IV), Paris, 67, 128

Abramson, Daniel M., 329n16

Abstract Expressionism, 247, 255, 277

Abstraction (pre-twentieth century): and Boullée, 14, 79, 84, 94, 100, 220

and Schinkel, 79–80, 101, 104, 105, 111–12, 114, 178, 220

and Soane, 79–80, 95, 99, 100–101, 105, 178, 220, 302n61

and Sullivan, 178, 181, 183, 220

Abstraction (twentieth century): and Mies van der Rohe, 7, 14, 219–23, 224, 225, 240, 241, 282, 322n25

and postmodernism, 8, 12

and Le Corbusier, 14, 217, 221, 282

as antirepresentational nonobjectivity, 79, 282, 300n12

and Wright, 189–91, 193–97, 202, 203, 206, 220, 221, 282, 318n43

Hitchcock on, 217, 218, 321nn15, 18

Van Doesburg on, 220, 221

Oud on, 221, 282, 321n9

Greenberg on, 241

and Louis Kahn, 259, 277, 278

Academy of Fine Arts, Paris, 72, 80, 117, 280

Academy of Lyon, 60, 61

Ackerman, James S., 291n29

Adler, Dankmar (1844–1900), 168, 180, 315nn69, 75

Adler and Sullivan (1883–95), 168, 180

Adler House project, 1954–55 (Louis Kahn), 331n43

AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin, 1908–9 (Behrens), 303n77

Agasse, Henri, 297n60

Alberti, Leon Battista (1404–1472), 5–6, 69, 70, 116, 240, 298n63

Laugier’s paraphrasing of, 59

and Boullée, 123

On the Art of Building in Ten Books, 298n63, 306n19. See also specific works

Alexanderplatz project, Berlin, 1928 (Mies van der Rohe), 230–31, 230

Allen-Kim, Erica, 314n58

All Souls Building (Abraham Lincoln Center) project, Chicago, ca. 1896–1905 (Wright in association with Perkins), 183, 183, 316n16

Alofsin, Anthony, 320n2

Altes Museum (originally Museum), Berlin, 1822–30 (Schinkel), 101–3, 102–3, 111

and abstraction of form, 101

Royal Library project compared to, 112, 113

American Academy in Rome, 257–58, 266, 269, 330n33

American Consulate in Luanda project, Angola, 1959–62, (Louis Kahn), 328n4

American Surety Building, New York, 1894–96 (Price), 173, 174

Ames Gate Lodge, North Easton, Mass., 1880–81 (Richardson), 203, 203

Anderson, Stanford, 303n77

Apartment house with ground-floor shop project, 1871 (Viollet-le-Duc), 161–64, 162–63, 165, 312n36

Aquinas, Thomas, 241, 327n71

The Architects’ Collaborative, 262

Aristotle, 39, 292n51, 298n62, 314n58

Poetics, 70

Arp, Jean (1887–1966), 220

Ashbee, Charles Robert (1863–1942), 252–53

Atkyns, John Tracy, 290–91n26

Auditorium Building, Chicago, 1886–90 (Adler and Sullivan), 180

Bakunas, Patricia, 324n48

Baltard, Louis-Pierre (1764–1846), 305n3

Banham, Reyner (1922–1998), 175, 254, 321n12, 322n19, 334n4

Bank of England, London, 1788–1833 (Soane), 80, 95–99, 95–97, 220, 248, 249, 329n16

relation between construction and decoration in, 96–97

Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève compared to, 142

and Schinkel, 304n89

Baroque architecture, 39, 48, 52–53, 70, 71, 76–77, 210

Barr, Alfred H. (1902–1981), 226, 235, 321n9, 323n36

Barrelmaker’s House and Workshop project, Ideal City of Chaux ca. 1784–89 (Ledoux), 3, 4

Barrière, François (1786–1868), 310n71

Basilica of St. Mark’s, Venice, 1063–93, 262, 263, 270

Basilica of St. Peter, Rome (Michelangelo), 61, 64, 64, 264

Baths of Caracalla, Rome, 212–16, 267–68, 269

Bauakademie (formerly Allgemeine Bauschule), Berlin, 1831–36, demolished 1961–62 (Schinkel), 105–11, 106–9;

utilitarian character of, 105, 111

mixed-use program of, 108, 110

structural grid of, 108, 109, 110

iron tie-rods in, 109–10

and neoclassical representation, 111

and British industrial architecture, 111

Royal Library project compared to, 112, 113, 114

Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève compared to, 133, 142, 146

and realism, 151

Bauhaus, Dessau, 1925–26 (Gropius), 220, 223, 321n18, 324n44

Bayard (later Condict) Building, New York, 1897–99 (Sullivan), 176–77, 177, 178, 313n56, 315nn72, 73, 75

Beeby, Thomas, 240, 324n48

Behrendt, Walter Curt (1884–1945), 321n17, 330n24

Behrens, Peter (1868–1940), 13, 303n77, 310n75, 326n51

Belvedere, Petit Trianon, Palace of Versailles, 1778–81 (Mique), 40–41, 41

Bergdoll, Barry, 105, 303n71, 304nn80, 94, 306n28, 307n32

Berkenhout, John, 296n46

Berlage, Hendrik Petrus (1856–1934), 215, 250, 252, 252, 334n5

Bernini, Gianlorenzo (1598–1680), 53, 327n66, 332n45

Bialostocki, Jan, 287n5

Bibliothèque Nationale (formerly Impériale), Paris, 1857–75 (Henri Labrouste), 151, 152, 311n4

Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève (former), Paris, 1675–1733 (begun by Creil, completed by Guépière), 67, 90, 91, 128

Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris, 1838–1850 (Henri Labrouste), 11, 117–18, 128–48, 128–41, 143, 252, 252, 286

use of iron in, 11, 117–118, 130, 134, 141–42, 145, 146, 250, 308n44, 309n57

design of, 118, 128–33, 145, 307n43

Renaissance, Greek, and Gothic sources, 129, 140–41, 146

panels inscribed with names of authors, 130–31, 308n46, 309nn57, 58

role of decoration in relation to construction, 131, 132–33, 146

decoration of main entrance, 132, 133

relation of iron and stone in, 133–35, 137, 140–42, 312n31

structural grid of, 133, 135, 137

vestibule, 133–35, 137, 250, 308n51, 309n57

reading room, 137, 141–42

and decorated construction, 142, 144–47

and realism of expression, 142, 151

reflexivity of interior and exterior, 142, 145, 146–47, 151

Hermant’s review of, 144–45

Wainwright Building compared to, 176

Administration Building of, 1845–50, 252, 252;

Rosengarten’s review of, 309n58, 310n70

Trianon’s review of, 309n56, 310n69

Barrière’s review of, 310n71

Bismarck Monument project, 1910 (Mies van der Rohe), 323n33

Blackall, Clarence Howard, 315n70

Blaser, Werner, 322n32, 326n52

Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire, 1705–24 (Vanbrugh and Hawksmoor), 4, 5, 292nn44, 55

Blondel, François (1618–1686), 85

Blondel, Jacques-François (1705–1774): on Laugier, 46, 48

Cours d’architecture, 1771–77, 68, 124, 295n38, 297nn55, 60

and decorative purpose of classical orders, 85, 124, 295n38, 297n55

Blossom House, Chicago, 1892 (Wright), 183

Boileau, Louis-Auguste (1812–1896), 310n74

Bois, Yve-Alain, 293n61, 329n15

Bossan, Pierre (1814–1888), 312n34

Botticher, Karl (1806–1899), 8, 142, 296n51, 309n59, 310n74

Boullée, Etienne-Louis (1728–1799), 78–94:

and imitation theory, 11, 78, 79, 81, 84–86, 88, 90

and Laugier, 13, 78, 80, 81–82, 84, 86, 94, 95

and abstraction, 14, 79, 84, 94, 100, 220

“Architecture: Essai sur l’art,” ca. 1785–93, 78, 81, 84–86, 89, 95, 300n10

on funerary monuments and cenotaphs, 78–79, 92, 101

cemetery structures of, 79, 92–94

and classical orders, 81, 82, 84, 85, 94, 123, 144, 301n21

Graeco-Gothic synthesis of, 82–83

on Perrault, 85, 94, 301n30

and “théorie des corps,” 85–86, 92

and geometric forms, 86, 88, 92

architecture of shadows, 92, 94

“buried architecture,” 92–93

and Soane, 95, 99

and Schinkel, 103, 114, 303n74

and verisimilitude, 147

Viollet-le-Duc compared to, 153

and Sullivan, 176. See also specific works

Bramante, Donato (ca. 1444–1514): San Pietro in Montorio (Tempietto), Rome, ca. 1502, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 271, 291n33

Basilica of St. Peter project, Rome, 296n50

Braque, Georges (1892–1963), 196, 318n43

Brébion, Maximilien (1716–ca. 1792), 67

Brenner, Daniel, 324n44

Brick Country House project, (possibly) Potsdam-Neubabelsberg, 1924 (Mies van der Rohe), 218, 219–21, 253

Bridgeman, Charles (1690–1738), 16

Briseux, Charles-Etienne (1660–1754), 294n19

Britt, David, 306n21

Brown, Capability (1715–1783), 16, 17

Brown, Frank, 332n47

Brutalism, 272

Bullet, Pierre (1639?–1716), 294n20

Bulliet, C.J., 326n58

Burke, Edmund (1729–1797), 84

Burlington, Lord (1694–1753), 33, 35, 291n29

Burnham, D. H., and Company (1891–1912), Reliance Building, Chicago, 1890–95, 166

Burnham and Root (1873–91): Masonic Temple, Chicago, 1890–92, 166, 166;

Monadnock Building, Chicago, 1889–91, 315n74

Butterfield, William (1814–1900), 152

Callery, Mary (1903–1977), 231, 326n51

Campagna, Paul, 324n44, 324n48

Campbell, Colen (1676–1729), 19, 23–24, 291n29

Carr, John, 290n15

Carson Pirie Scott (originally Schlesinger & Mayer) Department Store, Chicago, 1899–1904 (Sullivan), 313n56

Carter, Rand, 304n88

Castle Howard, Yorkshire, begun 1699 (Vanbrugh and Hawksmoor), 8, 10, 13, 16, 18–44, 20–30, 32–37, 43, 176, 286

and origin of English landscape garden, 16, 21, 23

and Stowe, 16, 289n3

grouping of Temple, Mausoleum, and Pyramid, 18, 30, 36–39, 291n38

first phase of construction, 19, 21, 23–26, 44

garden buildings in landscape setting, 19, 24, 26–33, 35–36, 37, 40, 41–42, 44, 49, 78, 286, 290n25, 291n38

Ray Wood, 19, 21, 23, 26, 27, 30–31, 32, 290n13, 291n40

Obelisk, 1714 (Vanbrugh), 26–27, 28, 30

second phase of construction, 26–33, 35–36, 44

Carrmire Gate, ca. 1730 (Hawksmoor), 27–28, 29, 292n49

Pyramid Gate, 1719 (Vanbrugh; later additions by Thomas Robinson, 1756), 28, 290n23

Pyramid Gate, east bastions, early 1720s, 28–29, 31

Pyramid, 1728 (Hawksmoor), 29, 30, 35–39, 35, 291n35, 292nn42, 48

Temple (later of Four Winds), 1723–39 (Vanbrugh with Hawksmoor), 31–32, 36–39, 290n26, 291n29, 292n48

Terrace Walk, 31

Mausoleum, 1722–45 (Hawksmoor; bastioned walls around base and stairway added by Daniel Garrett, 1738–45), 32–33, 35, 36–39, 291nn31, 33, 41, 292nn44, 48, 49

and representation of distinction, 39–40, 41, 42

kitchen court, 40

and representation of difference, 40–42, 44

and picturesque, 41–42, 49, 78

and verisimilitude, 70

Trenton Jewish Community Center compared to, 268–69

eclecticism of, 280

Bridge, early 1740s (Daniel Garrett), 290n25, 291n38

Pyramid and Four Faces monument in Pretty Wood, probably 1730s (Hawksmoor), 290n25

Temple of Venus, 1731–35 (Hawksmoor), 290n25, 291nn27, 40, 292n49

“Belvidera” project, 1723 (Hawksmoor), 291n28

Cathedral of Florence, begun 1357, 264

Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris, begun ca. 1200, 60, 81

restoration, begun early 1840s (Viollet-le-Duc and Lassus), 153

Cathedral of Saint-Etienne, Auxerre, choir, 14th century, 66

Cathedral of Saint-Front, Périgueux, 11th–12th centuries, 262, 263, 270

Cemetery entrance gate project, early 1780s (Boullée), 79, 79, 92, 93, 93, 220

Cemetery project with Turenne Cenotaph, ca. 1782 (Boullée), 92, 92

Cenotaph for Isaac Newton project, 1784 (Boullée), 86–89, 86–87, 89, 212

Chambers, William (1723–1796): A Treatise on Civil Architecture, 1759, 9, 56, 116–17, 154, 295n36

rebuttal of Laugier, 10, 46, 48, 56–57, 293n5

and origins of architecture story, 99, 301n59

waning influence of, 116–17

A Treatise on the Decorative Part of Civil Architecture, 1791, 124, 306n22

Chandler House, Tuxedo Park, N.Y., 1885–86 (Price), 182

Château of Ermenonville (Girardin and Robert): garden buildings and landscaping of, 49

Rousseau’s Tomb, ca. 1778, 49, 50

Temple of Modern Philosophy, ca. 1770, 49, 50, 51, 248–49, 254, 278, 294n11

Rustic Temple, ca. 1770, 51, 51, 294n12

Chemical Engineering Building (later Perlstein Hall), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago 1944–47 (Mies van der Rohe), 237

Chemistry Building (later Wishnick Hall), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, 1945–47 (Mies van der Rohe), 237

Cheney, Sheldon, 334n5

Cheney House, Oak Park, 1903–4 (Wright), 189–91, 188, 189, 191, 196

Winslow House compared to, 189–91

separation of elements in, 190, 196

typological synthesis of, 194

Robie House compared to, 195

Taliesin contrasted with, 199, 200, 202–3

Chicago Art Institute, 235, 326n58

Chicago Arts Club, 235, 326n58

Chiswick House, Chiswick, 1725–30s (Burlington and Kent), 23, 33, 291n29

Choisy, Auguste (1841–1909), 249, 266, 266

Church of Sainte-Geneviève (now Panthéon), Paris, 1755–90 (Soufflot), 60–69, 62–67, 69

and Laugier, 10, 49, 60, 64, 82, 296n44

central dome of, 61, 67, 83, 298n66

Greek-cross plan of, 61, 81, 194

portico of, 61, 64, 69, 80, 81, 146

and classical post-and-lintel construction, 64, 66, 296n50

hidden flying buttresses of, 67, 297n53

use of iron in, 69, 96, 109, 297n56

and verisimilitude, 69, 71

Durand’s redesign of, 78, 78;

and Boullée, 81, 82, 123

and Soane, 96, 302n62

Graeco-Gothic compromise of, 105

constructed decoration of, 124

and Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, 128, 129, 146

Quatremère de Quincy on, 298n66

Church of Saint-Gimer, Carcassonne, 1852–59 (Viollet-le-Duc), 165

Church of San Francesco in Rimini, ca. 1450 (Alberti), 69, 129, 247

Church of Sant’Andrea, Mantua, begun 1472 (Alberti), 68, 69, 70

Church of St. Giles, Cheadle, 1840–46 (Pugin), 11, 117, 120–22, 120–23, 127

architectural realism of, 120

didactic purpose of, 120–21

and revival of Gothic architecture, 127, 307n37

Church of St. John’s, Bethnal Green, London, 1826–28 (Soane), 98, 99, 122

Church of St. Stephen, Walbrook, 1672–87 (Wren), 66, 304n89

Church of the Gesù, Rome, 1568–84 (Vignola and della Porta), 52

Church of the Holy Apostles, Constantinople, 536–50, 61, 262, 267

Church of the Holy Trinity, Marylebone, London, 1820–24 (Soane), 99

Church of the Madeleine project, Paris, 1763 (Contant d’Ivry), 296n49

Church of the Madeleine, Vézelay, restoration begun 1840 (Viollet-le-Duc), 153

Church of Val de Grâce, Paris, 1646–67 (François Mansart and Lemercier), 52

Clark, Kenneth, 305n4

Classical architecture: primitive hut as basis for, 8, 10, 54, 55–59

and Laugier, 48–49, 52, 53

and Girardin, 51

post-and-lintel construction, 64, 66, 77, 147, 151, 296n50

union of Gothic with, 67, 68

and verisimilitude, 69, 80

and Quatremère de Quincy, 72, 74

Durand on, 77

and Lodoli, 77

and Boullée, 78, 85, 124

structural logic of, 80

and Soane, 99, 302n61

and Schinkel, 111

canonical texts of, 116

Pugin’s revision of, 122–23, 147

Pugin on, 123, 124, 125, 127, 306n17

and Labrouste, 146

and Viollet-le-Duc, 165, 249

and Sullivan, 176

and Wright, 183, 185, 270

and Mies van der Rohe, 219, 240, 269–70, 282, 327n68

and aesthetic of the unfinished, 248

and Louis Kahn, 259, 278, 282

and Le Corbusier, 270

Classical orders

hierarchical distinctions of, 39–40, 42, 44

Perrault’s drawing of, 40

and Laugier, 54, 85, 295n33, 40

and Wren, 66

and Durand, 77

and Boullée, 81, 82, 84, 85, 94, 123, 144, 301n21

and Blondel, 85, 295n38, 297n55

and Soane, 96, 97, 99, 122, 249, 302n68, 306n22

and Schinkel, 103, 110, 111, 303n76

disintegration of faith in, 117–18, 119, 120

Chambers on, 124, 154

Pugin on, 127

and Henri Labrouste, 144

post-and-lintel system of, 151

and primitive hut, 157

Hawksmoor on, 292n52

Wotton on, 292n53

Palladio on, 306n19

Claude Lorrain (1600–1682), Aeneas at Delos, 1672, 18, 18, 42, 293n59

and Arcadian scenes, 41, 93

Clérisseau, Charles-Louis (1721–1820), Virginia State Capitol (with Jefferson), 77, 80

Cochin, Charles-Nicolas (1715–1790), 67, 297n52

Cohen, Jean-Louis, 324n40, 324n47, 328n79

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste (1619–1683), 280

Collins, Peter, 322n19

Colosseum, Rome, 72–80, 6, 6, 7

Colquhoun, Alan, 297n59

Commissioners’ Churches designs, London, ca. 1820–24 (Soane), 98, 99, 100, 101, 302n66

Concert hall for three thousand people project, 1864 (Viollet-le-Duc), 160, 161, 312nn32, 34

Concert Hall project, 1941–42 (Mies van der Rohe), 224, 230, 231–33, 232, 234, 236, 237, 242, 324nn47, 48, 326nn51, 52

Drexler on, 224–25

formal and expressive concerns of, 224

and Museum for a Small City, 231, 235–36, 324n44

and cruciform-shaped columns, 240, 327n65

as inversion of Resor House, 240

Blaser on, 322n32

and Renaissance Society exhibition, Chicago, 1947, 324n46, 326n53

Conseil des Bâtiments Civils, Paris, 145

Constable, John (1776–1837), 246

Constant-Dufeux, Simon-Claude (1801–1870), 305n7

Construction and decoration, relation between

in Laugier, 59–60, 68

in Church of Sainte-Geneviève, 67, 69

and Alberti, 69

in Soane, 96–97, 249

in Boullée, 123–24

in Viollet-le-Duc, 158, 249. See also Decorated construction versus constructed decoration

Contant d’Ivry, Pierre (1698–1777), Church of the Madeleine project, Paris, 1763, 296n49

Cordemoy, Abbé Jean-Louis de (1631–1713), 60, 296n41

Correggio, Antonio (ca. 1489–1534), 86

Cort, Hendrik de (1742–1810), Castle Howard: Mausoleum and House, 1800, 42, 43

Couchaud, Antoine (1813–1849), 310n72

Courbet, Gustave (1819–1877), 147, 150–51, 310n73

Creil, Claude-Paul de (1633–1708), Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris (with Guépière), 90, 91

Cubism: and Sullivan, 12

and Wright, 196, 197, 203, 204, 318n43, 319n44, 321n12

Synthetic Cubism, 203, 204

development of, 216

conflation with Neo-Plasticism, 217

Giedionon, 217–18

Hitchcock on, 217

Oud on, 217, 321n12

and Mies van der Rohe, 221

Greenberg on, 241, 327n73

and aesthetic of the unfinished, 247

Behrendt on, 321n17

Dairy, Hammels Park, Hertfordshire, 1783 (Soane), 302n68

Dal Co, Francesco, 322n19, 328n74

Daly, César (1811–1894), 144

Dance, George, the Younger (1741–1825), Bank Stock Office, Bank of England, 1791–93 (with Soane), 95

Danforth, George, 233, 323n39, 324n44, 326n53, 327n68

Davis, Eric Emmett, 316n16

Decorated construction versus constructed decoration, 11, 116, 119

in Pugin, 122–25

in Henri Labrouste, 142–47

and steel frame, 168

De Kooning, Willem (1904–1997): Two Women’s Torsos, 246;

on aesthetic of the unfinished, 255, 329n15, 333n69

Delacroix, Eugène (1798–1863), 246, 329n13

Descartes, René, 49, 294n11

Desgoffe, Alexandre (1805–1882), 308n49

De Stijl, 217, 221, 288n17, 318n43, 321n12, 322n19

Diamonstein, Barbaralee, 328n7

Downes, Kerry, 291n38, 292n45

Drexler, Arthur (1925–1987), 224–25, 282–83

Transformations in Modern Architecture, 283

Duc, Louis (1802–1879), 308n51

Duchamp, Marcel (1887–1968), 231–32

Duckett, Edward, 325n50

Dumont, Gabriel-Pierre-Martin (1720–1791): “Temple Hexastyle” (Temple of Hera II), Paestum (based on Soufflot), 1769, 55, 296n46

section through pediment of Church of Sainte-Geneviève, 1755–90 (Soufflot), 1781, 69

Dupérac, Etienne (ca. 1520–1604), Michelangelo plan of Basilica of St. Peter, Rome, 61, 64, 64

Durand, Jean-Nicolas-Louis (1760–1834): rebuttal of Laugier, 46, 78

on primitive hut, 77, 157

utilitarian bias of, 77–78, 101, 300n7

on Louvre, 78, 300n8

Précis of the Lectures on Architecture, 1802–5/21, 77, 78, 78, 302n68

and Schinkel, 103, 303n74

on architectonic decoration, 123–24

and Hübsch, 125

critique of representation by, 281

and Soane, 302n68

Eames, Charles (1907–1978), 233

Eclecticism, 67, 181, 212, 215, 280, 310n75, 320n6

Eco, Umberto, Opera aperta (The Open Work), 1962, 329n15

Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris, 74, 117, 144, 150, 153, 168, 282, 301n17, 305n3

Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, 77, 103

Ecole Centrale (later Spéciale) d’Architecture, 249–51, 329n17

Egyptian architecture, 38, 71, 72, 74, 92, 217, 299n78, 300n2

860–880 North Lake Shore Drive Apartment Buildings, Chicago, 1948–51 (Mies van der Rohe), 238, 239, 240, 327nn63, 68, 69

Eisen, Charles (1720–1778), frontispiece of Laugier’s Essai sur l’architecture, 2nd ed., 1755, 47, 57–58, 73, 80, 84, 95, 119, 295nn30, 33

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 224

Eisenman, Peter (b. 1932)

on abstraction, 8

and postmodernism, 282, 285

on modernism, 284–85, 286, 334n4, 335n12

“Post-Functionalism,” 1976, 284

and aesthetic of the unfinished, 333n69

Engineering, 216–17, 232, 283, 321n10, 324n47

Enlightenment, 10, 86, 288n17, 289n17

Erechtheum, Athens, ca. 421–404 B.C.E., 103, 303n76

Ettlinger, Leopold D., 304n89

Etty, William, 291n36

Exchange, Amsterdam, 1898–1902 (Berlage), 250, 252, 252

Exeter Library. See Library, Phillips Exeter Academy

Fair Store, Chicago, 1890–91 (Jenney and Mundie), 167

Fallingwater (Kaufmann House), Mill Run, Pa., 1934–37 (Wright), 205–12, 205–6, 208–9, 211

site of, 205–7

materials used in, 206–7, 209–10

and Taliesin, 206, 207, 209, 210

and diagonal axes, 207, 209

plan of, 207

Mumford on, 207

representation of movement and time in, 209–10, 212

Museum of Modern Art exhibition, 1938, 214, 320n1

and Mies van der Rohe, 215

Fane, John, 291n29

Farnsworth House, Piano, Ill., 1945–51 (Mies van der Rohe), 339–40, 239

Fasola, Giusta Nicco, 295n34

Federal Court Building, Chicago, 1959–70 (Mies van der Rohe), 328n74

Ferree, Barr (1862–1924), 312nn46, 48, 52, 314nn57, 58, 61

50 x 50 House project, 1951–52 (Mies van der Rohe), 331n43

First Unitarian Church, Rochester, N.Y., 1959–63 (Louis Kahn), 271–72, 271–72, 332n46, 333n61

Fischer von Erlach, Johann (1656–1723), 292n54

Fisher, Michael, 305n6

Flaminius, Emil (1807–1893)

section and sectional details of Bauakademie, Berlin, 1831–36 (Schinkel), 1836, 107, 109

Flitcroft, Henry (1697–1769), Garden, Stourhead, Wiltshire, 1743–69 (with Hoare), 48, 49, 291n38

Fonbonne, Quirijn, 295n33

Forster, Kurt W., 303n75

Fowler, Ralph, 291n37

Frampton, Kenneth, 8, 282, 327n69, 333n67, 334n4

Francesco di Giorgio (1439–1502), plan for Latin cross church, 264, 264

Franklin, Benjamin, 294n11

Fraser, Valerie, 330n24

Fraternity Temple project, Chicago, 1891 (Sullivan), 315n74

French Academy in Rome, 117, 141

Fried, Michael, 334n6

Friedrich-Werdersche Church, Berlin, 1821–30 (Schinkel), 103–5, 103–5, 303n78, 304n8o

Friedrich Wilhelm III (king of Prussia), 105, 304n8o

Fruchter House project, 1952–53 (Louis Kahn), 331n43

Fuller, Buckminster (1895–1983), 312n32

Functionalism, 119, 170, 178, 270–72, 282, 284, 305n10

Funeral Chapel for the Duchess of Alba project, 1867 (Viollet-le-Duc), 312n34

Funerary monument project, early 1780s (Boullée), 93

Gandelsonas, Mario, 282

Gandy, Joseph (1771–1843)

interior perspective of Bank Stock Office, Bank of England, 1791–93 (Soane), 95

interior perspective of Consols Transfer Office under construction, Bank of England, 1797–99, 97

perspective of Commissioners’ Churches designs, London, ca. 1820–24 (Soane), 98, 99

perspective of 1812 addition to Soane House, London, begun 1792 (Soane), 100;

cutaway aerial perspective of Bank of England, 1830, 248, 249, 329n16

and aesthetic of the unfinished, 249, 275

Gardette, Pierre-Claude de la, interior perspective of Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris, 91

Garnier, Charles (1825–1898), Opera House, Paris, 151–52, 153

Garrett, Daniel (d. 1753): additions to Mausoleum, Castle Howard (Hawksmoor), 1738–45, 34, 35

Bridge, Castle Howard, early 1740s, 290n25, 291n38

Gaudi, Antoni (1852–1926), 203, 247

Gehry, Frank (b. 1929), 328n7, 333n69

Geist, Jonas, 111

General Motors Diesel Engine Division Plant, Redford, Mich., 1937 (Albert Kahn), 326n6o

German (Barcelona) Pavilion, International Exhibition, Barcelona, 1928–29 (Mies van der Rohe), 7, 219, 221–22, 222, 238, 239

and abstraction, 322n25

German Pavilion project, International Exhibition, Brussels, 1934 (Mies van der Rohe), 223, 223

Getty Tomb, Graceland Cemetery, Chicago, 1890–91 (Sullivan with Adler), 180

Gibbs, James (1682–1754), 16, 17–18, 61, 296n48

Gide, André (1869–1951), 235

Giedion, Sigfried (1888–1968)

and new monumentality, 12, 269

on historicism and eclecticism, 14, 289n17

Space, Time and Architecture, 1941, 217–18

and Schinkel, 303n74

on Le Corbusier, 318n43

“Les Problèmes actuels de l’architecture,” 1932, 321n9

Girardin, René-Louis de (1735–1808): Temple of Modern Philosophy, Château of Ermenonville, ca. 1770 (with Robert), 49, 50, 51, 248–49, 254, 294n11

Rustic Temple, Château of Ermenonville, ca. 1770 (with Robert), 51, 51, 294n12

An Essay on Landscape, 1777, 294n10

Goalen, Martin, 303n74

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832)

rebuttal of Laugier, 46, 71

Von deutscher Baukunst, 1772, 48, 293n6

Goldhagen, Sarah Williams, 255, 262, 331nn38, 42, 332nn45, 46, 48, 333n61, 334n4

Goldsmith, Myron, 324n48

Gombrich, Ernst (1909–2001), 42

Gondoin, Jacques (1737–1818), Medical School, Paris, begun 1769, 80

Goodman, Bernard, 327n68

Goodwin, Philip (1885–1958), Resor House, Jackson Hole, Wyo., partially built 1935–37, destroyed 1943 (with Rodgers and Peter), 226, 226–27

Gordon, F. C., 314n58

Gothic architecture, 3, 60, 166

revival of, 16, 117, 127, 153

Vanbrugh on, 31

Goethe on, 48

Laugier on, 60, 68, 83, 124, 297n53

and Soufflot, 61, 66–67, 83, 124

and Wren, 66

union of classical with, 67, 68

and Boullée, 82–83, 124

and Schinkel, 101, 111, 303n70

and Pugin, 117, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127–28, 142, 151, 307nn36, 37

Soane on, 124, 302n68, 306n27

Hübsch on, 126, 309n60

and Henri Labrouste, 141, 146

and Viollet-le-Duc, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158–61, l64, 175, 311nn5, 18

representation of nature in, 157, 288n5, 306n27

and Sullivan, 175

Cordemoy on, 296n41

Greek architecture: and Castle Howard, 38

and Laugier’s Graeco-Gothic ideal, 48, 55, 57, 60, 81, 82

and classical orders, 54, 295n40

Vitruvius on, 55–56

primitive hut as origin of, 58–59, 72, 73–74, 77, 80, 99, 119, 125, 191, 280, 299n77, 301n59

and Soufflot, 67

Quatremère de Quincy on, 71, 72, 73–74, 76

Durand on, 77, 300n5

and Boullée, 81–82, 83, 119, 123, 301n21

and Henri Labrouste, 120, 129, 140, 140–41

Hübsch on, 125, 157, 307n29, 309n6o

Pugin on, 126, 147

Bötticher on, 142

and Viollet-le-Duc, 154–56, 157, 158, 249–50, 250

and Sullivan, 175

and Le Corbusier, 217

and Soane, 99, 302n68

Greenberg, Clement (1909–1994), 12, 197, 241, 283–84, 285, 327n73, 334n6, 335n12

Gropius, Walter (1883–1969), 215, 221, 221, 270, 323n37

Grube, Oswald W., 322n32, 326n6o

Guaranty (later Prudential) Building, Buffalo, 1894–96 (Sullivan, with Adler), 170, 176, 177, 177, 313n56

Guépière, Jacques de la (d. 1734), Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève (former), Paris, 1720–33, 67, 90, 91, 128

Guggenheim Foundation, Venice, 247

Guggenheim Museum, New York, 1943–59 (Wright), 212

Hardouin-Mansart, Jules (1646–1708), Palace of Versailles (with Le Vau, Le Nôtre, and others), 3, 3, 53, 53, 120

Harris, Eileen, 294n28, 295n32, 306n22

Hasenauer, Carl von (1833–1894), Hofburg Theater, Vienna (with Semper), 1871–88, 151–52, 153

Haskell, Douglas (1899–1979), 320n6, 321n15

Hastings, Thomas (1860–1929), 313n54

Haus, Andreas, 303n74, 303n79

Hawksmoor, Nicholas (1661–1736), 10, 35, 61, 291n36, 296n48

and Vanbrugh, 21

and Palladio, 23

design of Carrmire Gate, Castle Howard, ca. 1730, 28

and classical orders, 40, 292n52

and pictorialism, 89

and historicism, 280, 292n54

on Porsenna’s tomb, 290n20. See also specific works

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831), 151

Hemingway, Ernest (1899–1961), 283

Henderskelfe Castle and village (site of later Castle Howard), 19, 21, 25, 29, 31, 32, 35

Hermant, Achille (1823–1903), 144

Herrmann, Anni, 294n14

Herrmann, Wolfgang, 52, 58, 293n1, 294nn14, 20, 296n48

Hirt, Aloys Ludwig (1759–1836), 303n73, 306n28

Historical forms

natural forms contrasted with, 8, 11, 118–19, 151, 281

and Henri Labrouste, 117, 118–19, 147–48, 151, 281, 310n75

and Pugin, 117, 118–19, 127, 147–48, 151, 281, 310n75

and modern structural and programmatic needs, 151–52

and Viollet-le-Duc, 156–59, 164, 165, 175, 178, 281

and Sullivan, 173, 175, 176, 177–78, 315nn69, 76

and New Tradition, 215

and Mies van der Rohe, 219, 240, 270

Historicism

of garden buildings of Castle Howard, 78

and Soane, 99, 100–101, 120, 280

of Schinkel, 101, 111, 113, 114, 118, 280

and realistic representation, 150–51

and Wright, 182, 187, 212, 282, 317n30

and Louis Kahn, 254, 259, 264, 267, 268, 270, 271, 277–78, 282, 330n36, 333nn67, 68

and Hawksmoor, 280, 292n54

and architectural space, 286

Hitchcock, Henry-Russell (1903–1987)

on abstraction, 7, 216–18, 302n61

The International Style, 1932 (with Johnson), 215, 282, 321n12

Modern Architecture, 1929, 215, 283, 310n75, 321n15

on New Tradition, 215–16, 219, 320n4

on Wright, 215, 216, 220, 315n14, 317n31, 320n8

on abstract painting, 217

on Soane, 302n61

on Schinkel, 303n77

Hitler, Adolf, 223, 325n50

Hoare, Henry, II (1705–1785), Garden, Stourhead, Wiltshire (with Flitcroft), 1743–69, 48, 49, 291n38

Hofburg Theater, Vienna, 1871–88, (Semper and Hasenauer), 151–52, 153

Hoffman, Donald, 320n61

Hoffmann, Josef (1870–1956), 215

Hôtel de Brunoy, Paris, 1774–79 (Boullée), 81

Hôtel-Dieu, Lyon, 1738–60s (Soufflot), 61

“House of Diana,” Ostia, Italy, mid-2nd century, 273

House of the Directors of the Loue River project, 1790s (Ledoux), 320n63

House with Three Courts project, ca. 1934–35 (Mies van der Rohe), 225, 225

Housing Block, Hook of Holland, 1924–27 (Oud), 216

Howard, Charles, third Earl of Carlisle (1669–1738), 19, 21, 23–27, 30–32, 38–39, 41–42, 290n14

Howard, Charles, fourth Earl of Carlisle, 290nn14, 15

Howard, Frederick, fifth earl of Carlisle, 42

Howard, William, 19, 35, 36

Hubbe House project, Magdeburg, 1935 (Mies van der Rohe), 227, 229, 230

Hübsch, Heinrich (1795–1863): Im welchem Style sollen wir bauen? 125–26, 307n29, 309n60

on primitive hut, 125, 157

Uber griechische Architectur, 125, 306n28

Hugo, Victor (1802–1885), 146

Cromwell, 1827, 116, 305n1

Notre-Dame de Paris, 1831–32, 116

Hunt, John Dixon, 38, 39, 290nn10, 13, 15, 292n42

Hussey, Christopher (1899–1970), 18, 42, 289n3, 290nn13, 18, 292–93n59

Illinois (formerly Armour) Institute of Technology, Chicago, begun 1939: Mies van der Rohe as director of, 223, 226, 323n37, 328n79

master plan of, 224, 231, 255, 269–70, 270, 303n77. See also specific buildings

Imitation theory

and representation, 7, 46, 68, 71, 288n5

and Boullée, 11, 78, 79, 81, 84–86, 88, 90

and design by discrimination, 39

and Laugier, 46, 54, 58, 68, 69, 71, 74, 78, 125, 281

and Vitruvius, 56

Greek architecture as source of, 58, 72–73, 74, 76–77

Quatremère de Quincy on, 71–74, 76, 77, 78, 199, 125, 299nn73, 75, 76, 78, 300n2

Lodoli on, 76–77, 157

Durand on, 77, 157, 302n68

Soane on, 99, 302n68

Pugin on, 125

Viollet-le-Duc on, 154–55. See also Verisimilitude

Impressionism, 246–47, 277

Institut de France, Paris, 80

Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies, New York, 282

International Style, 215, 282, 322n19

Inwood, Henry W. (1794–1843), 120

Inwood, William (ca. 1771–1843), 120

Irwin, Anne, Viscountess, 26, 39, 41–42, 86, 290n26

Izenour, Steven, Leaming from Las Vegas, 1972 (with Scott Brown and Venturi), 282, 283, 285

Jeanneret, Pierre (1896–1965), Museum of Living Artists project, Paris, 1930 (with Le Corbusier), 253

Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826), Virginia State Capitol, Richmond, 1785–89 (with Clérisseau), 77, 80

Jencks, Charles, The Language of Post-Modern Architecture, 1977, 283

Jenney, William Le Baron (1833–1907), 166

Jenney and Mundie (est. 1891): Fair Store, Chicago, 1890–91, 167

New York Life Building, Chicago, 1893–94, 167, 168, 313n48

Jeton de présence for Société Centrale des Architectes, 1846–47 (Henri Labrouste), 118–19, 119, 305nn7, 8

Johns, Jasper (b. 1930): Light Bulb (or Painted Bronze), 241, 241

Johnson, Albert M., 204

Johnson, Philip (1906–2005): The International Style, 1932 (with Hitchcock), 215, 282, 321n12

on Mies van der Rohe, 319, 224, 231, 324n44, 324n48, 327n68

and Soane, 270, 333n57

and aesthetic of the unfinished, 333n69

Johonnot, Rodney, 318n39

Jones, Inigo (1610–1660), 49, 57

St. Paul’s, Covent Garden, London, 1630–31, 296n48

Jordy, William H. (1917–1997), 240, 241, 322n32, 324n48, 327nn61, 67, 68, 328n79

Joyce, James (1882–1941), 283

Justinian I (emperor), 61, 262, 267

J. Walter Thompson Advertising Agency, 225

Kahn, Albert (1869–1942): Martin Assembly Building, Glenn L. Martin Aircraft Plant, Middle River, Md., 1937, 231, 232–33, 232, 240, 242, 322n32, 324n47, 324n48, 325n50

General Motors Diesel Engine Division Plant, Redford, Mich., 1937, 326n6o

Kahn, Louis (1901–1974), 12, 244–45, 254–78

and concept of unfinished, 12, 244, 245, 247, 254–56, 257, 259, 268–78, 282, 286, 333n69

and new monumentality, 12, 269, 270, 332n55

and Wright, 13

on desires versus needs, 244–45, 270–71, 272, 275, 278, 333n58

on ruins, 244–45, 255, 272, 277, 278, 328n4

“Architecture: Silence and Light,” 1970, 245

and representation, 245, 254, 256–68, 270, 271, 272, 276–78

Form and Design theory of, 270–72, 271. See also specific works

Kandinsky, Wassily (1866–1944), 220

Kaplan, Louis S. (1897–1964), 331n37

Kaufmann, Edgar, Jr. (1910–1989), 205–6

Kaufmann, Emil (1891–1953), 14, 16, 288–89n17, 332n56

Kent, William (1685–1748), redesign of Garden, Stowe, Buckinghamshire, 1713–30 (with Gibbs), 16, 17–18

Hussey on pictorialism of, 293n59

Kienitz, John Fabian, 320n63

Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Tex., 1966–72 (Louis Kahn), 273, 275–77, 276–77, 278, 333n67

Klee, Paul (1879–1940), The Colorful Meal, 227, 324n40

Koetter, Fred, Collage City, 1978 (with Rowe), 283

Kolbe, Georg (1877–1947), 235

Koolhaas, Rem (b. 1944), Delirious New York, 1978, 283

Krauss, Rosalind, 334n6

Krautheimer, Richard (1897–1994), 7, 288n8

Kûhn, Margarete, 302n69

Kupka, Frantioek (1871–1857), 220

Labrouste, Henri (1801–1875), 11, 13, 117–19, 138–48

and decoration of construction, 11, 142, 144–47, 193, 309n6o

and Viollet-le-Duc, 13, 153

as classical rationalist, 117

and historical forms, 117, 118–19, 147–48, 151, 281, 310n75

representational realism of, 147–48, 172, 286

Hitchcock on, 220

Louis Kahn compared to, 256

and Rosengarten, 300n7

protofunctionalism of, 305n10

and Quatremère de Quincy, 305n3. See also specific works

Labrouste, Théodore (1799–1885), 144

Lambert, Phyllis, 327n65

Larkin Building, Buffalo, 1902–6 (Wright), 183, 193, 252

Lassus, Jean-Baptiste-Antoine (1807–1857), 153

Laugier, Marc-Antoine (1713–1769), 8, 10–11, 13, 14, 46–48, 53–58, 68–71

on primitive hut, 8, 10–11, 13, 14, 46, 54–55, 57, 59, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 80, 95, 114, 125, 154, 248, 280, 281, 286, 301n59

Chambers’ rebuttal of, 10, 46, 48, 56–57, 293n5

and Church of Sainte-Geneviève, Paris, 1755–90 (Soufflot), 10, 49, 60, 64, 296n44

Essai sur l’architecture, 1753/55, 10, 46, 48, 51, 53–54, 57, 59, 60, 70, 71, 84, 95, 116, 281, 293n2, 294n19, 295nn32, 33, 296n41

and Quatremère de Quincy, 10–11, 13, 46, 71–74, 76

and Boullée, 13, 78, 80, 81–82, 84, 86, 94, 95

and Soane, 13, 46, 95, 99, 301n59, 302nn63, 68

role in neoclassicism, 14, 71, 76, 108

Essai sur l’architecture, 2nd ed., 1755, frontispiece by Eisen, 46, 47, 57–58, 73, 80, 84, 95, 119, 295nn30, 33

on Maison Carrée, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58

and classical orders, 54, 85, 295n33, 295n40

An Essay on Architecture, 1st English edition, 1755, frontispiece by Samuel Wale, 56, 57, 80, 95, 99, 293nn1, 2.295n32

and Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris, 60, 81

Graeco-Gothic ideal of, 60, 68, 81

waning influence of, 116–17

Pugin compared to, 122

and representation, 168, 281

and Wright, 190

link between nature and history, 204, 210

Mies van der Rohe compared to, 239, 240

on Cordemoy, 296n41

and structural rationalism, 297n59

Observations sur l’architecture, 1765, 298n64, 302nn62, 63

on Louvre, 300n8

Lavin, Sylvia, 299n78

Law School, Paris, 1763–74 (Soufflot), 67, 128, 128, 129

Le Brun, Charles (1619–1690), Louvre, Paris, east facade, 1667–70 (with Le Vau and Perrault), 53, 53

Le Corbusier (1887–1965): Louis Kahn influenced by, 12, 259, 277

and Mies van der Rohe, 13

and abstraction, 14, 217, 221, 282

Vers une architecture, 1923, 37, 216, 217, 218, 266

Hitchcock on, 215

on engineering, 217

and aesthetic of the unfinished, 253–54, 255

La Ville radieuse, 1935, 253, 253

and exposed reinforced concrete, 254, 330n25

and Cubism, 318n43, 322n18. See also specific works

Ledoux, Claude-Nicolas (1736–1806): Barrelmaker’s House and Workshop project, Ideal City of Chaux, ca. 1784–89, 3, 4

and Boullée, 13

and abstraction, 14

Vidler on, 288n17

and Fallingwater, 320n63

House of the Directors of the Loue River project, 1790s, 320n63

Lehmbruck, Wilhelm (1881–1919), 235

Lemoine, Bertrand, 311n6

Le Nôtre, André (1613–1700), Palace of Versailles, begun 17th century (with Le Vau, Hardouin-Mansart, and others), 3, 3, 53, 53, 120

Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)

and the unfinished, 245

plan for Latin cross church, 264, 264, 333n61

and Henri Labrouste, 308n50

Lequeu, Jean Jacques (1757–1825), exterior perspective of Church of Sainte-Geneviève, 1755–90 (Soufflot), 1781, 62

Le Roy, Julien-David (1724–1803), 296n49, 300n5

Lessing, G. E. (1729–1781), Laocoôn, 1766, 44

Le Vau, Louis (1612–1670): Palace of Versailles, begun 17th century (with Le Nôtre, Hardouin-Mansart, and others), 3, 3, 120

Louvre, Paris, east facade, 1667–70 (with Le Brun and Perrault), 53, 53

Library, Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, N.H., 1965–72 (Louis Kahn), 244–45, 273–75, 273–75, 278

and aesthetic of the unfinished, 255, 274–75

Scully on, 255, 273

and Roman construction, 273–74

and McKim, Mead and White, 274–75

Library and Administration Building project, Illinois (formerly Armour) Institute of Technology, Chicago, 1944 (Mies van der Rohe), 324n44, 327n68

Library, Trinity College, Cambridge, 1676–84 (Wren), 90

Library (former refectory of Abbaye of Saint-Martin des Champs), Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, Paris, restoration and retrofitting, 1844–49 (Léon Vaudoyer), 140, 141

Library of St. Mark, Venice, begun 1536 (Sansovino), 146, 147

Liger, François, 312n38

Lissitzky, El (1890–1941), 233

“Make More Tanks,” 1941, 236, 236

Lodoli, Carlo (1690–1761), 76, 77, 78, 125, 157, 281, 300n2

Loge du Change, Lyon, 1747–50 (Soufflot), 61

London, George (1681–1714), 19, 21, 290n10

Longaberger Company Headquarters, Newark, Ohio, 1995–97 (NBBJ and Korda/Nemeth Engineering, with Dave Longaberger), 3, 4

Loos, Adolf (1870–1933), 278

Loud, Patricia Cummings, 330n33

Louvre, Paris, east facade, 1667–70 (Perrault, Le Vau, and Le Brun), 52–53, 53, 78, 120, 297nn56, 57

Love, Tim, 317n29

Low Library, Columbia University, New York, 1894–98 (McKim, Mead and White), 274–75, 274–75

Machine aesthetic, 218, 282

Machuca, Pedro (d. 1550), Palace of Charles V, Alhambra, Granada, 1526–68, 271, 271, 333n61

Machy, Pierre-Antoine de (1723–1807), Cornerstone Laying Ceremony of the New Church of Sainte-Geneviève, September 6, 1764, 1765, 61, 64

Maeterlinck, Maurice, 315n68

The Magic Flute design, act 1: “The Hall of Stars in the Palace of the Queen of the Night,” 1815–16 (Schinkel), 100

Maillol, Aristide (1861–1944): The Mediterranean, 1902–5, 224, 233, 236, 322n32, 326nn51, 52

Monument to Cézanne, 1912–25, 234, 235, 236

Night, 1902, 234, 235, 236

Maison Carrée, Nîmes, ca. 20 B.C.E., 52, 53, 53, 54, 57, 58

Malevich, Kazimir (1878–1935), 220, 300n12

Malraux, André (1901–1976), 234–35

Manet, Edouard (1832–1883), 246–47, 284

Mannerism, 203, 248

Manson, Grant Carpenter, 316n16

Marigny, Marquis de (1727–1781), 60–61

Marin County Civic Center, San Rafael, Calif., 1957–70 (Wright), 211, 212

Marlborough, Duke of, 26

Martin Assembly Building, Glenn L. Martin Aircraft Plant, Middle River, Md., 1937 (Albert Kahn), 231, 232–33, 240, 242, 322n32, 324n47, 325n50

Marx, Karl (1818–1883), 151

Masonic Temple, Chicago, 1890–92 (Burnham and Root), 166, 166

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, ca. 353 B.C.E., 33

Maybeck, Bernard (1862–1957), 203

McAtee, Cammie, 320n1, 323n39, 324n44, 324n48

McKim, Charles Follen (1847–1909), 274

McKim, Mead and White

and Shingle Style, 182

Pennsylvania Railroad Station, New York, 1902–10, 267, 268, 332n52

Low Library, Columbia University, New York, 1894–98, 274–75, 274–75

and Louis Kahn, 274–75

Haskell on, 320n6

Medical School, Paris, begun 1769 (Gondoin), 80

Medieval architecture

and Wren, 66

and Schinkel, 101, 104, 111, 113, 114, 125, 303n70, 304n80

and Pugin, 119–20, 124, 147

and Hábsch, 125, 157

and Henri Labrouste, 129, 141, 146

and Viollet-le-Duc, 165

and Sullivan, 175

and Louis Kahn, 256, 259, 262, 278

Meier, Richard (b. 1934), 8

Mendelsohn, Erich (1887–1953), Amerika, 1926, 242

Menocal, Narciso, 315n68

Mereworth, Kent, 1722–23 (Campbell), 291n29

Metropolitan Church project, 1781–82 (Boullée), 80, 81–84, 81–82, 84, 301n17

and constructed decoration, 123

Meyer, Hannes (1889–1954), 282

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564): Basilica of St. Peter, Rome, 1546–64, 61, 64, 64, 296n50

and aesthetic of the unfinished, 245–46, 247, 270, 278, 329n10

“Slaves” (or “Captives”), 1513–16, 245, 246

Rondanini Pietà, ca. 1555–64, 245–46

Michelet, Jules (1798–1874), 151

Middleton, Robin, 60, 296n43, 311n10, 312n30, 314n65, 332n48

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig (1886–1969), 7, 12, 14, 214–15, 219–42

and abstraction, 7, 14, 219–23, 224, 225, 240, 241, 282, 322n25

collages of, 12, 224, 225, 237, 238, 323n33

Louis Kahn influenced by, 12, 254, 255, 259, 277

and steel I-beam, 12, 237–41, 242, 256, 278, 286, 327nn63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 327nn72, 328n79

and Wright, 13, 214, 320n1

“A Tribute to Frank Lloyd Wright,” orig. pub. 1946, 214–15, 320nn1, 2

Hitchcock on, 215

political views of, 223, 224, 236

in exile, 224–25, 231

and representation, 224, 237–41, 242, 254, 256, 270, 278, 282;

and space, 224–25, 231

photomontages of, 230, 237

and World War II, 232, 234–37, 242, 325n50, 326n55

and cruciform-shaped column, 238–40, 327n65

and aesthetic of the unfinished, 253. See also specific works

Military-industrial complex, 224, 240

Millet, Eugène (1819–1879), 144

Minerals and Metals Research Building, Illinois (formerly Armour) Institute of Technology, Chicago, 1942–43

(Mies van der Rohe), 3, 3, 231, 327, 326n60, 327n65

Mique, Richard (1728–1794), Belvedere, Petit Trianon, Palace of Versailles, 1778–81, 40–41, 41

Modern architectural history: as continuous development, 2, 14, 287n1

role of representation in, 2, 281, 286

and Sullivan’s functional definition of form, 175

evolution of, 215, 247, 285–86

and influence of painting on architecture, 218, 286, 322n19

and machine aesthetic, 218

and modernism, 283–84

and postmodernism, 283, 285

Modernism

modern replaced with, 12, 283, 284, 334n4

prehistory of, 19

and aesthetic of the unfinished, 247, 278, 329n15

and Louis Kahn, 278, 280

Hitchcock on, 283

Mumford on, 283

Greenberg on, 283–84, 334n6

in literature, 283

Eisenman on, 284–85, 286, 334n4, 335n12

Fried on, 334n6

Krauss on, 334n6

Modernity, 167–68, 203, 215, 220, 242

Modern Movement

and abstraction, 12, 206, 217–18

advent of, 76

and Mies van der Rohe, 219

and functionalism, 282

and modernism, 283, 334n4

Eisenman on, 284

Moeller, Marta, 325n50

Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl, 223

Monadnock Building, Chicago, 1889–91 (Burnham and Root), 315n74

Mondrian, Piet (1872–1944)

on Neo-Plasticism, 217, 288n17, 321n12

and abstraction, 220, 300n12

“Is Painting Secondary to Architecture?” 1923, 321n16

Montaigne, Michel de, 294n11

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de, 49, 294n11

Morpeth, Viscount, 32, 291n33

Mosler House, Potsdam-Neubabelsberg, 1924–26 (Mies van der Rohe), 7, 219–20, 219

Mumford, Lewis (1895–1990), 207, 209–10, 283

Municipal Palace project, 1792 (Boullée), 304n93

Museum for a Small City project, “New Buildings for 194X,” 1943 (Mies van der Rohe), 224, 233–35, 233–34 236, 237, 238, 242, 324n44, 326n53

and Concert Hall project, 231, 235–36, 324n44

and Picasso’s Guernica, 234–35, 236, 326n55

and Renaissance Society exhibition, Chicago, 1947, 326n53

Museum of Living Artists project, Paris, 1930 (Le Corbusier with Jeanneret), 253–54, 253

Museum of Modern Art, New York: Fallingwater exhibition, 1938, 214, 320n1

International Style exhibition, 1932, 215

Mies van der Rohe exhibition, 1947, 224, 231, 324n44

and Helen and Stanley Resor, 225, 226, 323n36

Mies van der Rohe collection, 231

“The Architecture of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts” exhibition, 1975–76, 282

Wright exhibition, 1940–41, 320n1

Museum of Unlimited Growth project, Philippeville (now Skikda), Algeria, 1939 (Le Corbusier), 254

National Cash Register Building, World of Tomorrow Exhibition (World’s Fair), New York, 1939–40 (Teague), 3

Natural forms historical forms contrasted with, 8, 11, 118–19, 212, 281

and primitive hut, 8, 46, 57, 58–59, 118, 119

and Boullée, 11, 83–84, 85, 86, 88–89, 93, 94, 95, 281

and Wright, 12, 182–83, 197–207, 209–10, 212, 216, 282, 316n12

Natural world, architecture’s relationship to, 7, 42, 48, 54, 57, 72–74, 79, 151, 288n5

Navy Building (later Alumni Memorial Hall), Illinois (formerly Armour) Institute of Technology, Chicago, 1945–46 (Mies van der Rohe), 237, 237–38, 240, 255, 327n68

NBBJ and Korda/Nemeth Engineering (with Dave Longaberger), Longaberger Company Headquarters, Newark, Ohio, 1995–97, 3, 4

Nelson, George (1908–1986), 232, 324n48

Neoclassicism

and Quatremère de Quincy, 11, 46, 71, 76, 298n66

representational basis of, 11, 71, 77–78, 80, 191, 240

and Schinkel, 11, 101, 111, 114

Laugier’s role in, 14, 71, 76, 108

and subject matter of history, 44, 101

as international style, 76

effect of utilitarianism on, 77–78

and Soane, 99, 101, 114

and Henri Labrouste, 131–32, 144–45, 146, 147, 311n4

realism contrasted with, 147

demise of, 151

and constructed decoration, 249

and Mies van der Rohe, 270

Neo-Gothic style, 152

Neo-Palladianism, 49, 291n29

Neo-Plasticism, 217, 220, 288n17, 321n12

as Cubism, 217

Neues Museum, Berlin, 1841–55 (Stüler), 303n72

Neumeyer, Fritz, 237, 288n16, 322n32, 326n55

Neutra, Richard (1892–1970), Wie baut Amerika? 1927, 216, 217, 242

Newman, Barnett, 328n15

New Pioneers, 215–19, 283, 321n8

Newton, Isaac (1642–1727), 49, 86, 88, 294n11

New Tradition, 215–16, 219, 221, 283, 310n75, 320nn4, 8, 334n5

New York Life Building, Chicago, 1893–94 (Jenney and Mundie), 167, 168, 313n48

Olencki, Ed, 325n50

Opera House, Paris, 1861–75 (Garnier), 151–52, 153

Opera House project, Paris, 1860–61 (Viollet-le-Duc), 165, 165

Ostia, Italy, 273, 278

Oud, Jacobus Johannes Pieter (1890–1963): Housing Block, Hook of Holland, 1924–27, 215, 216

on De Stijl, 217, 321n16

and abstraction, 221, 282

on Wright, 221, 318n38, 318n43, 320n8, 321n9, 12

Hitchcock on, 334n5

Ozenfant, Amédée (1886–1966), 318n43

Paestum, 58, 61, 140–41, 140, 296n46

Palace of Charles V, Alhambra, Granada, 1526–68 (Machuca), 271, 271, 333n61

Palace of Versailles, begun 17th century (Le Vau, Le Nôtre, Hardouin-Mansart, and others), 3, 3, 53, 53, 120

Palazzo del Te, outside Mantua, 1526–31 (Romano), 247–48, 247, 249

Palladio, Andrea (1508–1580)

and Castle Howard, 19, 33, 290n8, 291n33

Villa Trissino project, Meledo, probably 1560s, 23, 23

Villa Rotonda, Vicenza, 1560s, 31, 31, 38, 39, 291n29

Chambers on, 57

and Durand, 78

as canonical, 116

and verisimilitude, 298n62

on ornament, 306n19

Panckoucke, Charles Joseph (1736–1798), Encyclopédie méthodique, 1782–1832, 71, 72

Panizzi, Antonio (1797–1879)

design of stacks for British Museum library, London, 1852–54, 311n4

Panthéon, Paris. See Church of Sainte-Geneviève

Pantheon, Rome, 118–28, 49, 88, 101, 302n61

Patte, Pierre (1723–1814), 296n48

Payne, Alina, 298n62

Penn, William, 49, 294n11

Pennsylvania Railroad Station, New York, 1902–10 (McKim, Mead and White), 267, 268, 332n52

Perkins, Dwight (1865–1941), All Souls Building, Chicago (with Wright), 183, 316n16

Pérouse de Montclos, Jean-Marie, 300n10, 301nn17, 51

Perrault, Claude (1613–1688): Ordonnance des cinq espèces de colonnes selon la méthode des anciens, 1683, 40, 85

Louvre, Paris, east facade, 1667–70 (with Le Vau and Le Brun), 52–53, 53, 78, 120, 297nn56, 57

Boullée critique of, 85, 94, 301n30

Perret, Auguste (1874–1954), 13, 215, 310n75

Peter, Marc, Resor House, near Jackson Hole, Wyo., partially built 1935–37, destroyed 1943 (with Goodwin and Rodgers), 226, 226, 323n36, 324n40

Petrikirche project, Berlin, 1810 (Schinkel), 304n94

Pevsner, Nikolaus (1902–1983), 289n2, 304n88, 305n10

Philadelphia Civic Center project, Market Street East (Louis Kahn), 332n45

Phillips, Andrew, 326n55

Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome, 1537–61 (Michelangelo), 111

Picasso, Pablo (1881–1973)

and Wright, 196, 197, 203, 204

Portrait of Wilhelm Uhde, 1910, 197

Student with a Newspaper, 1913, 204

papiers collés, 204, 233

Guernica, 1937, 234–35, 326nn54, 55, 57, 58

and abstraction, 282

and Le Corbusier, 318n43, 321n18

Picon, Antoine, 289n17, 296n43, 297n59

Planche, Gustave (1808–1857), 308n46

Platz, Gustave Adolf, Die Baukunst der neuesten Zeit, 1927, 320n4, 321n1o

Pollock, Jackson, 333n69

Pommer, Richard, 322n26

Pont du Gard, Nîmes, early 1st century, 212

Pop Art, 14, 241–42, 289n19

Pope, Alexander (1688–1744), Villa, Twiekenham, near London, after 1718, 23

Porte Maillot Synthèse des Arts Majeurs project, Paris, 1950, (Le Corbusier), 261

Portoghesi, Paolo, After Modern Architecture, 1980, 283

Posener, Julius, 303n77

Postmodernism

and representation, 7–8, 12, 284–85

and Louis Kahn, 245, 278, 283

and Venturi, 282, 285

and Jencks, 283

and the unfinished, 333n69

Poussin, Nicolas (1593/94–1665), 18, 41, 93, 210, 212

Preyer, Brenda, 287n4

Price, Bruce (1845–1903): American Surety Building, New York, 1894–96, 173, 174

Chandler House, Tuxedo Park, N.Y., 182

and Shingle Style, 182

Blackall on, 315n70

Priestley, William, 226

Priestly, Joseph, 294n11

Primitive hut

as theoretical basis for classical architecture, 8, 10, 54, 55, 58–59, 60, 69, 70, 73, 80, 125, 191, 248, 280, 294n20

Laugier on, 8, 10–11, 13, 14, 46, 54–55, 57–59, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 80, 95, 114, 125, 154, 248, 280, 281, 286, 301n59

and natural forms, 8, 46, 57, 58–59, 118, 119

Goethe on, 48

Chambers on, 56–57, 99, 125

Vitruvius on, 56

Quatremère de Quincy on, 71–74, 85, 119, 125, 299nn76, 78, 301n59, 302n67

Durand on, 77, 157

Boullée on, 84–85, 95

Soane on, 99, 302nn67, 68

Hiibschon, 125, 157

Pugin on, 125, 126, 127

Viollet-le-Duc on, 154–57

and Wright, 182, 316n12

Primitivism, 203

Public Library and Museum project, Milwaukee, 1893 (Wright), 183, 183

Pugin, Augustus Charles (1762–1832), 307n36

Pugin, Augustus Welby (1812–1852), 117–28

and Laugier, 10, 13, 125

and decorated construction versus constructed decoration, 11, 122–23, 124–25, 127, 142, 193

as Gothic revivalist, 117, 118–19, 127–28, 147–48, 151

and history, 281, 310n75

The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture, orig. pub. 1841, 118–19, 118, 120, 122–28, 125, 306n14

Contrasts, 1836, 119–20, 120, 126, 127, 305n11

architectural realism of, 120, 128

critique of primitive hut argument, 124–25

on arcuated construction, 126–27

Viollet-le-Duc compared to, 153, 157, 160

and program of the church, 165

protofunctionalism of, 305n10

An Apology for the Revival of Christian Architecture in England, 1843, 306n17. See also specific works

Pure Plastic Art, 220

Quadruple Block Plan project, 1900–1901 (Wright), 317n32

Quatremère de Quincy, Antoine-Chrysostôme (1755–1849), 71–74

response to Laugier, 10–11, 13, 46, 71–74, 76

on neoclassicism, 11, 46, 71, 298n66

defense of imitation, 71–74, 76, 77, 78, 119, 125, 299nn73, 75, 76, 78, 300n2

“Architecture,” in Encyclopédie méthodique, 1801–25, 71–72, 298n66

on primitive hut, 71–74, 85, 119, 125, 299nn76, 78, 301n59, 302n67

De l’architecture égyptienne, 1803, 72, 299n78, 300n2

waning influence of, 116–17, 305n3

and Htibsch, 125

and verisimilitude, 147

representation defended by, 281

anàparagone, 292n57

critique of Soufflot’s Church of Sainte-Geneviève, 298n66

and Soane, 302n67

on origin of stone vaulting, 331n39

Ranke, Leopold von (1795–1886), 151

Raphael (1483–1520)

and Boullée, 86

School of Athens, 1509–11, 90, 91, 92

Rave, Paul Ortwin, 302n69

Realism, as reaction to classical representation:

Hugo on, 116

in Pugin, 127–28

in Henri Labrouste, 142, 145–48

and Courbet, 150–51

in Sullivan, 172, 176–77; 281–82

Rebay, Hilla (1890–1967), 220, 300n12

Reconstruction of Temple of Hera I project, Paestum, 1828–29 (Henri Labrouste), 140–41, 140, 305n3

Reed, Peter S., 322n32

Reinhardt, Ad, 329n15

Reliance Building, Chicago, 1890–95 (D. H. Burnham and Company), 166

Renaissance architecture, 16, 39, 44, 53, 56, 59, 61

and representation, 5–6, 70

and proportions, 85

and Schinkel, 111

and Henri Labrouste, 120, 129, 146

and Viollet-le-Duc, 157, 165

and aesthetic of the unfinished, 245

and Louis Kahn, 256, 264, 272

and Durand, 300n7

Representation

definition of, 2–7, 241–42

and postmodernism, 7–8, 12, 284–85

modern history of, 8–12

by differentiation of historical types in Castle Howard, 37–40, 42–44

by classical means of hierarchical distinction, 39–40

relation to painting and narrative expression in English garden and Boullée, 41–42, 49–51, 86, 88–94, 212

and model of primitive hut, 57–59, 68, 70–74, 80, 84–85, 99, 119, 281

and classical architecture, 59

Durand critique of, 77

Boullée on imitation of nature, 79, 86, 88

in historical syntheses of Soane and Schinkel, 99–101, 103–5, 111

divorce of historical reference from natural model and disintegration of classical theory of, 114, 11–19, 151–52, 281

Pugin critique of primitive hut, 122, 124–27

and Rundbogenstil, 125–26

impact of realism on, 135, 147–48

functionalist critique of, 153

Viollet-le-Duc critique of, 154–57, 159, 164

and Sullivan, 173–78, 281

in early Wright, 181–83, 185–86

effect of space on, 189, 190–91, 193, 282

tension with abstraction in Wright, 194, 196–97

direct imitation of nature in later Wright, 202–4, 207, 209–10, 212, 282

Hitchcock on New Pioneers’ rejection of, 215, 218

Hitchcock on New Tradition’s embrace of, 215–16, 219

and early Mies van der Rohe, 219, 220

and structural expression in later Mies van der Rohe, 224, 237–38, 24–42, 270

and the aesthetic of the unfinished, 245, 254, 272–77

relation between construction and decoration in, 249–50, 252

and use of historical reference in Louis Kahn, 258, 262–65, 267–68, 271–72

Resor, Helen (1886–1964), 225–27, 235, 323n36, 324n40

Resor, Stanley (1879–1962), 225–27, 323n366, 323n39

Resor House, near Jackson Hole, Wyo., partially built 1935–37, destroyed 1943 (Goodwin, Rodgers, and Peter), 226, 226–27, 323n36, 324n4

Resor House project, near Jackson Hole, Wyo., 1937–39 (Mies van der Rohe), 224, 335–31, 228–29;

collages of, 225, 227, 230–34, 237, 242, 323n39, 324nn4o, 41

cruciform-shaped steel columns for, 238–39, 327n64

and Concert Hall project, 240

Reynolds, Joshua (1723–1792), 41

Richardson, Henry Hobson (1839–1886), 152

Thomas Crane Public Library, Quincy, Mass., 1880–82, 154

Ames Gate Lodge, North Easton, Mass., 1880–81, 203, 203

Trinity Church, Boston, 1873–77, 315n74

Ridgway, Christopher, 291n26

Rigorism, 76

Robert, Hubert (1733–1808)

and English landscape garden, 49

The Temple of Augustus (Maison Carrée) in Nîmes, 1783, 53. See also Château of Ermenonville

Robie House, Chicago, 1908–10 (Wright), 189, 194–97, 195, 196

Cheney House compared to, 195

Taliesin contrasted with, 199, 200

and Mies van der Rohe, 221, 320n1

and construction-decoration issue, 252

Hitchcock on, 320n8

Robinson, Thomas (1703–1777), 35, 290nn15, 23

Rodgers, John Barney, Resor House, near Jackson Hole, Wyo., partially built 1935–37, destroyed 1943 (with Goodwin and Peter), 226, 226–27, 323n36, 323n39, 324n40

Roman architecture

and Castle Howard, 38

and classical orders, 54

Vitruvius on, 55–56

and Soufflot, 66

and neoclassicism, 76

and Schinkel, 111

and Henri Labrouste, 120, 129

Viollet-le-Duc on, 157–58, 311n19

and Le Corbusier, 217

and Louis Kahn, 254, 255–56, 259, 262, 267–68, 270, 273–78, 330n33, 330n36, 331n40

and Durand, 300n7

Roman Basilica, Trier, early 4th century, 114

Romanesque architecture, 110, 111, 114, 126, 157, 252–53

Romano, Giulio (ca. 1499–1546), 203

and the unfinished, 247–48, 249

Palazzo del Te, outside Mantua, 1526–31, 247–48, 247, 249

Rosengarten, Albert (1809–1893), 300n7, 309n58, 310n70

Rousham, Oxfordshire, Garden, ca. 1725 (Bridgeman), altered beginning 1737 (Kent), 23

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–1778), 49, 294n11

Discourse on the Origins of Inequality, 1755, 57, 295n30

Rousseau’s Tomb, Château of Ermenonville, ca. 1778 (Robert), 49, 50

Rowe, Colin (1920–1999): Collage City, 1978 (with Koetter), 283

and Mies van der Rohe, 326n68

and Louis Kahn, 332n44

Royal Library project, Berlin, 1835–39 (Schinkel), 110, 111–14, 112–13, 220, 304n93

and abstraction of form, 111–12

grid of, 112–13

and round-arched construction, 112–13

Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève compared to, 133, 146

Royal Library project (rue de Richelieu site), Paris, 1785 (Boullée), 89–93, 89–91;

and library type, 90

and Raphael’s School of Athens, 90–92

and Schinkel, 103, 303n74

Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève compared to, 140

Rucellai Palace, Florence, ca. 1455–70 (Alberti, attrib. to)

and classical representation, 5–7, 6, 247

and Roman architecture, 7

and verisimilitude, 70

and Henri Labrouste, 146

and Sullivan, 177, 178

as unfinished, 247

Preyer on, 287n4

Ruskin, John (1819–1900), 203

Rustic Temple, Château of Ermenonville, ca. 1770 (Girardin and Robert), 51, 51, 294n12

Saarinen, Eero (1910–1961), 13

St. Gertrude’s Church project, Berlin, 1819 (Schinkel), 100, 101, 303n70

St. Pauls, Covent Garden, London, 1630–31 (Jones), 296n48

St. Pauls Cathedral, London, 1666–1711 (Wren), 21, 49, 61, 66, 67, 124

Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, Calif., 1959–65 (Louis Kahn), Meeting House project, 1960–62, 245, 272

San Marcos in the Desert Hotel project, South Phoenix (formerly Sait River) Mountains, Ariz., 1928–29 (Wright), 204

San Pietro in Montorio (Tempietto), Rome, ca. 1503 (Bramante), 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 271, 291n33

Sansovino, Jacopo (1486–1570), Library of St. Mark, Venice, begun 1536, 146, 147

Saulnier, Jules, 312n40

Saumarez Smith, Charles, 35, 38, 39, 290nn13, 14, 291nn33, 37

Scamozzi, Vincenzo (1552–1616), 57

Scarpa, Carlo (1906–1978), 13

Schinkel, Karl Friedrich (1781–1841), 101–14

and neoclassicism, 11, 101, 111, 114

and abstraction, 79–80, 101, 104, 105, 111–12, 114, 178, 220

and medieval architecture, 101, 104, 111, 113, 114, 303n70, 304n8o

and historical synthesis, 101, 104, 105, 111, 303n79, 304n80

“Architektonische Lehrbuch,” 104

Sammlung architektonischer Entwürfe, 1819–40, 105

and round-arched style, 126

and Sullivan, 176

and representation of nature, 281. See also specific works

Schlegel, Friedrich (1772–1829): A thenaeum Fragments, 1798, 244

and ruins, 244, 248, 278

and incompleteness, 245

Schmarsow, August (1853–1936), 191

Schulze, Franz, 231, 237, 324n44, 324n47, 326nn52, 55, 327n68

Schuyler, Montgomery (1843–1914), 176–77, 252, 314nn58, 61, 315nn71, 72, 73

Schwarzer, Mitchell, 8, 296n51

Schwitters, Kurt (1887–1948), 233–34

Scott Brown, Denise (b. 1931), 330n36, 333n69

Learning from Las Vegas, 1972 (with Venturi and Izenour), 282, 283, 285

Scully, Vincent J. (b. 1920), 181–82, 255, 273, 317n31, 322n19, 327n68, 328n4, 331n39

Seaton Delaval, Northumbria, 1719–26 (Vanbrugh), 290n21

Semper, Gottfried (1803–1879), 13, 151, 154, 310n3, 311m10

Hofburg Theater, Vienna (with Hasenauer), 1871–78, 151–52, 153

Serlio, Sebastiano (1475–1554), 292n51

Sert, José-Luis (1902–1983), Spanish Pavilion, International Exhibition, Paris, 1937, 235, 235, 326n57

Sheldon, George William, 316n1o

Shingle Style, 182

Shrewsbury, Earl of, 121

Smith, E. Baldwin, 262

Smith, Norris Kelly, 317nn29, 31

Soane, John (1753–1837), 94–101

and neoclassical representation, 11

and Laugier, 13, 46, 95, 99, 301m59, 302nn63, 68

and abstraction of classical forms, 79–80, 95, 99, 100–101, 105, 178, 220, 302n61

and Boullée, 95, 99

and Soufflot, 96, 99, 302n62

and round-arched style, 97, 302n65

Royal Academy lectures, 99, 99

and Medieval architecture, 101

and Schinkel, 104, 105, 114

and Pugin, 119–20

on Gothic architecture, 124, 302n68, 306n27

and aesthetic of the unfinished, 249

and Philip Johnson, 270, 333n57

natural origin of man-made forms, 281. See also specific works

Soane House, London, begun 1792 (Soane), 100, 101, 119–20

Société Centrale des Architectes, 118, 305n7

Solomon, Susan G., 262, 331n40, 332nn46, 48, 49

Soufflot, Jacques-Germain (1713–1780)

and verisimilitude, 10

and classicism, 49

and Paestum, 58, 61, 296n46

and Gothic architecture, 61, 66–67, 83

and Soane, 96, 99, 302n62. See also specific works

Spanish Pavilion, International Exhibition, Paris, 1937 (Sert), 235, 235, 326n57

Spencer, Robert (1865–1953)

on Winslow House, 184, 317n31

“The Work of Frank Lloyd Wright,” 1900, 189

Speyer, A. James, 326n52

Sprague, Paul, 316nn15, 16

Steel-frame (skyscraper) construction

and Sullivan, 11, 165, 168, 172–73, 237–38

characteristics of, 166–68, 172–73

Jenney’s use of, 166

and decorated construction, 168

and structural grid, 171–72, 177

tripartite division of, 173–74, 176, 314n58

vertical aspect of, 173, 186, 314nn57, 58

Ferrée on, 312n46, 313n48, 314n57

Hastings on, 313n54

critical writing on, 314n58

Stein, Gertrude (1874–1946), 283

Steinbach, Erwinvon, Strasbourg Cathedral facade, begun ca. 1277, 48

Stevens, Wallace (1879–1955), 283

Stowe, Buckinghamshire, Garden, 1713–30

(Bridgeman and Vanbrugh), 1730–50 (Kent and Gibbs), 16–18, 17, 18, 37, 49, 292nn42, 48

Hussey on, 18, 289n3

picturesque ideas employed in, 23

Stourhead, Wiltshire, Garden, 1743–69 (Flitcroft with Hoare), 48, 49, 291n38

Strasbourg Cathedral, begun 1236; facade begun ca. 1277 (Steinbach), 48

Structural rationalism and expressionism, 101, 103–4, 111, 141, 147, 153, 297n59

Stuler, August, Neues Museum, Berlin, 1841–55, 303n72

Sullivan, Louis (1856–1924), 168–78

functional definition of form, 4, 11, 12, 153, 168, 170, 173–78, 281, 315n69

and steel-frame construction, 11, 165, 168, 172–73, 237–38

and skyscraper design, 11, 165, 166, 168, 170–75, 177, 181, 183–84, 185, 186, 286, 317n17

and Wright, 11–12, 13, 180, 183, 185–86, 189, 216, 282, 317n17, 319n44

and Viollet-le-Duc, 13, 153, 170, 175, 178, 314n65

and decorated construction, 168, 193

“The Tall Building Artistically Considered,” 1896, 170, 173–75, 176, 185, 313n52, 314n58, 315n69

and historical forms, 173, 175, 176, 177–78, 315nn69, 76

and programmatic analysis, 174, 281

and abstraction, 178, 181, 183, 220

Hitchcock on, 220

“Ornament in Architecture,” 1892, 312n46

Ferrée on, 314n57

Blackall on, 315n70. See also specific works

Summerson, John (1904–1992), 95, 159, 293n2, 302n61, 311n24, 312n35, 321n18, 329n16

Suprematism, 220

Suvée, Joseph-Benoît (1743–1807), Dibutades, or the Origin of Drawing, 1791, 94, 94

Swartwout, Edgerton (1870–1943), 255

Swift, Jonathan, 21

Swiss Pavilion, Cité Universitaire, Paris, 1930–32 (Le Corbusier), 330n32

Switzer, Stephen (1682–1745), 21

Symbolist art and literature, 175

Tafuri, Manfredo, 288n17, 322n19, 328n74

Taliesin Fellowship, 212

Taliesin West, Phoenix, Ariz., begun 1938 (Wright), 212

Taliesin (Wright House and Studio), Hillside, Wis., begun 1911 (Wright), 197–204, 198–202

and shift in thinking about representation, 197, 303, 204, 212

site of, 197–303, 204

and diagonal axes, 199–200

relation of interior to exterior, 200

materials used in, 201, 202, 203, 204, 319n56

role of abstraction in, 202

and Fallingwater, 206, 207, 209, 210

and Mies van der Rohe, 320n1

Talman, William (1650–1719), 19, 21, 290n10

Taylor, Robert, (1717–1788), 95

Teague, Walter Dorwin (1883–1960), 3

Tegethoff, Wolf, 231, 324n41, 326n55

Telford, Thomas, 304n89

Temple of Athena Polias, Priene, 340–334 B.G.E., 103, 303n76

Temple of Athena Nike, Athens, ca. 420 B.C.E., 303n76

Temple of Hera I, Paestum, ca. 530 B.C.E., 140–41, 140

Temple of Modern Philosophy, Château of Ermenonville, ca. 1770 (Girardin and Robert), 49, 50, 51, 248–49, 254, 294n11

Temple of the Sun (Venus), Baalbek, 3rd century, 49

Temple of Vesta, Tivoli, ca. 80, 49, 95

Theater (Schauspielhaus), Berlin, 1818–21 (Schinkel), 303n76

Thomas Crane Public Library, Quincy, Mass., 1880–82 (Richardson), 154

Tomb of Caecilia Metella, Rome, ca. 20 B.C.E., 33, 35

Tomb of King Porsenna, ancient Clusium, ca. 500 B.C.E., 28, 33, 290n20, 292n49

Tower of Babel, 247, 278

Transportation Building, World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1891–93 (Adler and Sullivan), 180

Trélat, Emile (1821–1907), 249

Trenton Jewish Community Center, Ewing Township, N.J., 1954–59 (Louis Kahn), 258–68, 258–65, 268–69;

commission for, 258–59, 332n54

Bath House, 259–64, 266–67, 270, 276, 330n35, 331n38, 39, 40, 43, 332nn50, 51

Community Building, 259, 262–65, 266, 267–68, 270

Day Camp, 259, 265–67, 270, 332nn46, 48

Castle Howard compared to, 268–69

Trianon, Henry (1811–1896), 309n56, 310n69

Trinity Church, Boston, 1873–77 (Richardson), 315n74

Tugendhat House, Brno, Czech Republic, 1928–30 (Mies van der Rohe), 221

Turenne, Maréchal de, 92

Turner, J. M. W. (1775–1851), 246

Twombly, Robert, 315n75

Tyng, Anne, 331n38, 332n46

Unfinished

concept of, 245–54

and Louis Kahn, 12, 244, 245, 247, 254–56, 257, 259, 268–78, 282, 286

and Girardin, 49, 51

and ruins, 45, 248, 270, 272, 278

aesthetic of, 245–50, 252–57, 270, 271, 272–78, 329nn10, 13, 15

Vasari on, 246, 329n10

de Kooning on, 255, 329n15, 333n69

Gehry on, 328n7, 333n69

and postmodernism, 333n69

Unité d’Habitation, Marseille, 1946–52, (Le Corbusier), 254, 254

Unity Temple, Oak Park, 1905–8 (Wright), 191–94, 192, 193, 194

spatial conception of, 191, 193, 194

and Sullivan, 193

relation between construction and decoration in, 193, 252

tension between abstraction and representation in, 193–94

and Mies van der Rohe, 320n1

Urbig House, Potsdam-Neubabelsberg, 1915–17 (Mies van der Rohe), 219–20, 219

Utzon, Jorn (1918–2008), 13

Vallée, Sheila de, 300n10, 301n35

Vanbrugh, John (1664–1726): and English garden, 10

as playwright, 21, 40

and Palladio, 23

on Gothic architecture, 31

and classical orders, 40, 292n52

and pictorialism, 89

and historicism, 280, 292n544. See also specific works

Van Doesburg, Theo (1883–1931): and De Stijl, 217, 322n19

Rhythm of a Russian Dance, 1918, 218, 219, 220

on abstraction, 220, 221

on elementarism, 288n17

and Oud, 318n43

Van Zanten, David, 317n28

Vasari, Giorgio (1511–1574), 246

Vatican Library, Rome, 1587–90 (Fontana), 140, 308n53

Vaudoyer, Antoine-Laurent-Thomas (1756–1846), 297n56

Vaudoyer, Léon (1803–1872), Library (former refectory of Abbaye of Saint-Martin des Champs), Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, Paris, 1844–49, 140, 141

Venturi, Robert (b. 1925): on architecture of representation, 8, 285

on rhetorical function of ornament, 240, 327n66

Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, 1966, 282, 283, 284

Learning from Las Vegas, 1972 (with Scott Brown and Izenour), 282, 283, 285

on Mies van der Rohe, 328n74

and Louis Kahn, 330n36, 331n42, 333n61

and aesthetic of the unfinished, 333n69

Verisimilitude

truth distinguished from, 5–6, 70, 111, 119, 297n60, 298n63

Laugier’s redefinition of, 10, 48, 58, 59, 68, 69–71, 82, 111, 147, 281, 295n40, 297n53, 298n62

decorated construction undermining, 11, 116, 119

representation bound by criterion of, 13

and classical architecture, 69, 72, 80, 151

Aristotle and origins of concept, 70, 298n62

and imitation theory, 74, 76

and Soane, 97

and Schinkel, 111

and Henri Labrouste, 144–45, 147

Hugo on, 146

and Viollet-le-Duc, 164

and Fallingwater, 210

and Mies van der Rohe, 240

meaning of, 286

Blondel on, 297n60. See also Imitation theory

Vidler, Anthony, 288n17, 295n30, 297n59, 299n78

Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da (1507–1573), 116

Villa Rotonda, Vicenza, 1560s (Palladio), 31, 31, 38, 39, 291n29

Villa Trissino project, Meledo, probably 1560s (Palladio), 23, 23

Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène-Emmanuel (1814–1879), 10, 11, 13, 153–64, 155–56, 158–59, 249–50, 250–52, 256, 267, 274

Semper compared to, 13, 154, 311n10

and Sullivan, 13, 153, 170, 175, 178, 314n65

Entretiens sur l’architecture, 1863–72, 152, 153, 154–57, 159, 180, 249, 267, 311nn6, 18, 329n18

and Gothic architecture, 152, 311nn5, 18

on primitive hut, 154–57

and historical forms, 156–59, 164, 165, 175, 178, 281

and rational synthesis, 159–60

Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française, 1854–68, 180, 249

and decorated construction, 193, 278

and abstraction of historical models, 220

and the unfinished, 249–50, 275

and Ecole Centrale (later Spéciale) d’Architecture, 249, 329n17. See also specific works

Virgil, 41, 294n12

Virginia State Capitol, Richmond, 1785–89 (Jefferson with Clérisseau), 77, 80

Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus (ca. 90–ca. 20 B.C.): and classical orders, 8

and primitive hut, 54–56, 57, 77, 99, 154, 281, 301n59

De architectura, 55–56, 295n40

and Laugier, 71, 119, 296n41

origin story of the ornamenta, 73, 298n62

and Boullée, 84, 94, 95

as canonical, 116

on Etruscan temple, 266

Blondel on, 295n38

and proportions, 301n32

Volbertal, J.-H., 294n11

Voltaire, 49, 294n11

Vreeland, Tim, 331n38

Wainwright Building, St. Louis, 1890–91 (Sullivan with Adler), 168–76, 169–72, 181, 185, 186, 190

and Sullivan’s conception of building type, 168, 181

Wright on, 168, 180–81, 183, 185, 186

emotional expression of, 172, 173, 186

representational elements of, 175–76

decorated construction of, 181

Ferree on, 314nn57, 58

Wale, Samuel, Laugiers An Essay on Architecture, 1st English edition, 1755, frontispiece by, 56, 57, 80, 95, 99, 293nn1, 2, 295n32

Walpole, Horace (1717–1797), 28, 291n26

Warchavchik, Gregori, 330n24

Warhol, Andy (1928–1987), Atomic Bomb, 1965, 241, 242

Watkin, David, 293n2, 301n59, 302nn62, 63, 68

Weekend House (Villa Henfel/Félix), La Celle-Saint-Cloud, 1935 (Le Corbusier), 331n43

Weissenhofsiedlung housing exhibition, Stuttgart, 1927 (Mies van der Rohe), 221

Westminster Abbey, London, 124

Wiebenson, Dora, 294n12

Wilk, Christopher, 334n4

Williams, Robert, 290nn21, 24, 291n34

Williamson, Tom, 27, 291n30

Winslow House, River Forest, 111., 1893–94 (Wright), 181, 183–89, 184, 186–87; Spencer on, 184, 317n31

Wright House contrasted with, 184, 186–87

as basis of Prairie House type, 185, 188, 189, 317nn22, 23

historieizing features of, 187, 317n30

Cheney House compared to, 189–91

Taliesin contrasted with, 199

Wit, Wim de, 315n76

Wittkower, Rudolf (1901–1971), Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism, 1949, 14, 264, 264, 332n44, 333n61

Worsley, Giles, 291n35

Wotton, Henry, 292n53

Wren, Christopher (1632–1723): St. Pauls Cathedral, London, 1666–1711, 21, 49, 61, 66, 67, 124

reconstruction of Porsenna’s tomb, 28

Church of St. Stephen, Walbrook, London, 1672–87, 66, 304n89

and Boullée, 81

Library, Trinity College, Cambridge, 1676–84, 90

Wright, Catherine, 181

Wright, Frank Lloyd (1867–1959), 180–212

and Sullivan, 11–12, 13, 180, 183, 185–86, 189, 216, 282, 317n17

and Mies van der Rohe, 13, 214–15, 320n1, 327n68

and Adler and Sullivan, 168

on Wainwright Building, 168, 180–81, 183, 186

Autobiography, 180, 198, 201–2, 319n54

and architecture as space, 181, 187, 189, 190, 194–97, 204, 282, 315n7

and third dimension, 181, 187, 189, 191, 199, 315n7

“In the Cause of Architecture,” 1908, 182–83, 185, 316n12

and primitive hut, 182, 316n12

Prairie House type, 185, 188, 189, 196, 200, 201, 202, 203, 317nn18, 22

on suburban house, 186, 187–88

and abstraction, 189–91, 193–97, 202, 203, 206, 220, 221, 282, 318n43

decoration and construction, 193, 252–53

and Cubism, 196, 197, 203, 204, 318n43, 319n44, 321n12

and representation, 197, 202, 204, 212, 282

Hitchcock on, 215, 216, 220, 316n14, 317n31, 320n8

and International Style, 215, 322n19

Oud on, 221, 318n38, 318n43

and Berlage, 252

on Bayard Building, 315n75

Haskell on, 320n6

Museum of Modern Art rétrospective exhibition, 320n1. See also specific works

Wright, John Lloyd (1892–1972), 180

Wright House (and Studio), Oak Park, Ill., 1889–90 (Wright), 181–82, 182, 184, 186–87, 316n9

Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Conn., 1920s (Swartwout), 255

Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Conn., 1951–53 (Louis Kahn), 254–56, 256–57, 276–77

and aesthetic of the unfinished, 254–55, 277

Scully on, 255

Goldhagen on, 255

and Mies van der Rohe, 255–56

Yorke, Philip, 302n68

Zucker, Paul, 332n55

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