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Index
Tadahiko Higuchi, Charles S. Terry (Translator)
Description: The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes
The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes
Index
Author
Tadahiko Higuchi, Charles S. Terry (Translator)
PublisherMIT Press
Copyright© 1983 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00164.021
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-16558
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Index
Aerial photography method, for landscape-visibility study, 6–8
Akizushima Palace, 100, 101
Akizushima-Yamato type of landscape structure, 95, 98–111
and eight-petal peaks, 116
examples of, 100–110, 147
historical significance of, 98–100, 102
psychological meaning of, 95, 99–100, 192
structure of, 95, 96, 99–100, 110–111
Amida Hall, Shiramizu, 155–157
Angle of depression, 36–46
application of, 86, 87, 88
experiments on, 36–38, 39–41, 42–43
for lake views, 41, 44
limit of, 45–46
for port views, 38, 41, 42, 43
and sense of visual nearness, 41, 45–46
Angle of elevation, 46–61. See also Slopes
vs. angle of depression, 46
application of, 86, 88
of focus-center-goal, 184
laboratory tests on, 56, 58–59
Märtens’s Rule on, 46–47, 49, 56, 59, 60
for mountains, 49–60 (see also specific mountains)
at pilgrimage temples, 72
in sacred mountain type, 165, 168
Angle of incidence, 24–30
application of, 86, 87
and domain viewing, 173, 181
for green-hedge mountains, 30
for Mount Arashi, 26, 28, 30
at Mount Daimonji, 30
for Mount Yoshino, 28–30
and perception of planes, 24–26, 27, 30
Appleton, Jay, 90
Arahara Hill, as domain-viewing type, 177
Arashi, Mount, 152
and atmospheric perspective, 83
elevation angle for, 50, 51, 52
perception of planes in, 26, 28, 30
view of, 22, 23, 56
Architecture. See Landscape design Ashihara, Yoshinobu, 11, 12, 24, 49, 60–61, 171, 184
Asuka district, 19, 102–106
Atmospheric conditions
and depth, 80, 82, 83, 86, 88
and visibility, 16, 17, 18
Bachelard, Gaston, 173, 181
Background, as discernibility factor, 11
Bandai-Inawashiro region, development plan for, 8
Blockage, and depth of invisibility, 32
Blumenfeld, Hans, 11
Bollnow, O. F., 110, 117, 157, 186, 187, 188
Borrowed landscapes
angle of elevation for, 50
and Edo period, 22
Mount Arashi as, 26, 28
Mount Hiei as, 22, 23, 32
and visual obstacles, 80
Boundary
of Akizushima-Yamato type, 110, 183
function of, 182
of Mikumari Shrine type, 135, 183
mountains as, 182, 183
rivers as, 183
of sacred mountain type, 171, 183
of secluded valley type, 144, 183
of zōfū-tokusui type, 162, 183
Buddhism
and eight-petal lotus blossom, 112, 113, 116, 117
paradise of, 84, 85
pilgrimages of, 72
and secluded valley type, 141, 143
sites chosen for. 190–191
temples by, 155
Burial mounds
and domain-viewing mountain type, 177–179
and sacred mountain type, 179
Burning character, on Mount Daimonji, 30, 31
Buttoku, Mount, elevation angle for, 50, 51, 53
Case study, of Shiga Heights national park, 87, 89–91
Castles
and directionality, 184
and domain viewing, 173, 177
Himeji, 177, 178
and spatiality, 181
Chausu (Kannabi), Mount, 168, 169
Cherry blossoms, on mountain slopes, 26, 28, 29, 80
China
geomancy from, 146–147
government style from, 106, 110, 148, 157
Composition. See Spatial structure; Visual structure
Computers, and digital terrain model, 8–9, 87
Concave terrain
landscape types as, 171
at Oyamado Shrine, 126
and sense of depth, 72, 76–29
Convex terrain
domain-viewing mountain type as, 171
as focus-center-goal, 184
sacred mountain type as, 171
and sense of depth, 79–80, 81
at Tsuge Shrine. 126
Crescent-shaped Mikumari Shrine subtype, 127, 134–135
Criteria. See Indexes, of visual landscape structure
Crowe, Sylvia, 32, 34, 35
Cullen, Gordon, 35, 45
Daimonji, Mount
burning character on, 30, 31
elevation angle for, 50, 51
steepness of, 30
Dantoku, Mount (Ōmi Mountain), 174, 176
Deformation. See Folding screen effect
Density gradient, and sense of depth, 62, 65, 66, 67
Depression, angle of. See Angle of depression
Depth, 62–84
and area of invisibility, 80
and atmospheric conditions, 80, 82, 83
in combined application, 86, 88
and concave terrains, 72, 76–79
and convex terrains, 79–80, 81
and density gradients, 62, 65, 66, 67
Gibson’s theory on, 62, 63, 65
Japanese view of, 62, 84
and overlapping elements, 82–84
and sloping surfaces, 66, 70–72
and stairways, 72, 73–75
study needed on, 90
and terrain surfaces, 65–66
and valleys, 65, 80, 81
Depth of invisibility
and blockage, 32
in combined application, 86, 87
and design techniques, 32–35
Design. See Landscape design
Design techniques
folding screen (deformation), 28
for invisibility, 32–35
with low-elevation mountains, 56
for manipulating depth, 66
miegakure (“now you see it, now you don’t”), 84
Determinants. See Indexes, of visual landscape structure
Development, 35, 185, 191
Digital terrain model
for landscape-visibility study, 8–9
for Shiga Heights development, 87
Directionality
conditions creating, 184, 185
in domain-viewing mountain type, 181
in eight-petal lotus blossom type, 117
function of, 182
in Mikumari Shrine type, 135
in sacred mountain type, 171
in secluded mountain type, 144
in zōfū-tokusui type, 162
Distance factor, 9–22
in application of indexes, 86, 88
and atmospheric conditions, 16, 17, 18
and borrowed landscape, 22
historical survey of, 17, 19–22
for mountains, 18, 19–23, 29, 30, 51, 168
research on, 9, 11
standard for, 9, 11–15, 17
and trees, 12–15, 17
Divination. See Geomancy, Chinese
Domain, as spatial-structure element, 182, 184–185
Domain-viewing mountain type of landscape structure, 96, 172–181
and burial mounds, 177–179
examples of, 174–179
psychological meaning of, 96, 192
structure of, 179, 181
Dreyfuss, Henry, 38, 40, 45
East, in ancient Japanese thought, 111
Ecology, protection of, 35
Edo
mountain viewing from, 20, 22
as zōfū-tokusui site, 159, 161
Egypt
vs. Japanese terrain, 100
pyramids in, 171
Eight-petal lotus blossom type of landscape structure, 95, 112–120
Buddhist significance of, 112, 113, 116, 117
locations of, 112, 114–117
psychological meaning of, 192
structure of, 117, 119
Elevation, angle of. See Angle of elevation
Engaku-ji temple, 159, 160
Entsu-ji, garden of, 22, 32, 80
Esoteric Buddhism, 112, 113, 116, 117
Existence, Space, and Architecture (Norberg-Schulz), 182
Experience of Landscape, The (Appleton), 90
Flatlands. See also Plains
in Akizushima-Yamato type, 110
and domain-viewing mountain type, 181
in eight-petal lotus blossom type, 117
as important to Japan, 96
and Mikumari Shrine type, 135
in sacred mountain type, 171
visual obstacles in, 66
Focus-center-goal
function of, 182
requirements for, 183–184
Folding screen effect, 28, 29, 200 n.9
Foliage, sacredness of, 170
Forest. See Trees
Frontal surfaces, perception of, 24–26
Fuji, Mount
elevation angle for, 50, 51, 54, 56, 60
obsession with, 20, 22
views of, 60, 72, 76–78, 80, 81, 161, 201 n.6–7
Fujiwara
capital at, 19, 106, 147–148
and Mount Kagu, 174
Futagi Palace, 106, 109
Gardens
and mountain landscapes, 20, 22, 32
zōfū-tokusui sites for, 151–157
Geography, landscape approach to, 5 (See also Spatial structure)
Geomancy, Chinese, and zōfū-tokusui type, 146–147, 148
Gestalt psychology
and form/color effects, 90
and theory of space perception, 62
Gibson, J.J., 24, 62, 63, 64
Giedion, Siegfried, 181
Golden Pavilion, Temple of (Kinkaju-ji)
views from, 20, 21, 50, 51, 55
zōfū-tokusui site of, 153
Goldfinger, Erno, 24, 171, 184
Gose, as ancient palace area, 100
Green-hedge mountains. See also Mountains
and Akizushima-Yamato type, 99, 102, 110, 111
in Kuni. 106
literary references to, 30, 99
and Mikumari shrines, 122
as viewed from Mount Kagu, 174
Hachiman Shrines, 157, 158
Hakodate, view of, 41, 42, 43
Hall, Edward, 11
Harima, domain-viewing mountains in, 174, 176–177
Hase-dera monastery, and secluded valley, 137, 138 139
Hatsuse
and Mount Miwa, 165
as secluded valley, 136–138
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 3, 4
Hegemann, Werner, 48, 49
Heidegger, Martin, 187
Hidden Dimension, The (Hall), 11
Hiei, Mount
as borrowed landscape, 22, 23, 32
elevation angle for, 50, 51
and visual obstacles, 80
Hieian. See Kyoto
Hills, as urban beauty factor, 173–174. See also Mountains
Himeji Castle, 177, 178
Hodaka Range, elevation angle for, 51, 55, 56
Homeland
features of, 186–188
landscape as, 185–186, 187–189
Ieyasu, Tokugawa, 159, 161
Image of the City (Lynch), 182
Imperial palaces. See Palaces
Incidence, angle of. See Angle of incidence
Indexes, of visual landscape structure. See also specific indexes
combined application of, 86–91, 191
common list of, 3
Higuchi’s, 4, 5, 86–87, 88, 191
Litton’s, 3
Uehara’s, 3
Invisibility, landscape section. See also Visibility of landscape structure
depth of, 32–35, 86, 87
and sense of depth, 80
techniques to accomplish, 32–35
Ise Shrine, 70–72, 82, 95, 184
Ishikawa, Hideaki, 173–174
Ishiwara, Shuji, 11
Itsukushima Shrine, and zōfū-tokusui type, 153–155
Iwashimizu Hachiman Shrine, 157
Izumo Province, sacred mountain type of landscape in, 165, 168
Japan
in Edo period, 20, 22
flatlands in, 96
injomon period, 17, 19
landscape in, 4, 90, 94–95, 96
Japanese
depth as seen by, 84
meaning of landscape for, 161, 186, 192
and nature, 12, 19, 20, 22, 188–189, 191, 205 n.20
sightseeing by, 2
and views from heights, 36, 41
Jimmu (first emperor of Japan), 19, 95, 98, 100, 199 n.22
Jung, C. G., and universal archetypes, 193
Kagu, Mount, 102, 103, 104
as domain-viewing type, 172, 174, 175, 177
as Yamato mountain, 106, 147–148, 149
Kamakura
new housing invades, 35
and zōfū-tokusui site, 157–160
Kamei, Katsuichiro, 4, 143
Kannabi (Chausu), Mount, 168, 169
Kannabi-Yama. See Sacred mountain type of landscape structure
Kanto Plain, as zōfū-tokusui configuration, 161
Karaki, Junzō, 4, 22, 186, 187, 188, 189
Kasuga, Mount, 19, 50, 51
Kasuga Shrine, 170
Katsuragi, Mount, palaces near, 100–102
Katsuragi Mikumari Shrine, 127, 130, 131
Kegel, Augen, 46–47
Kinkaju-ji. See Golden Pavilion, Temple of
Kinugasa, Mount, 20, 50, 51
Kōbō Daishi, mausoleum of, 71, 72, 73. See also Kukai
Kojima, Usui, 72, 76
Koya, Mount
and directionality, 184
as eight-petal peak, 112, 114, 115, 116–117, 184
Kōbō Daishi mausoleum at, 71, 72, 73
sense of depth at, 70, 80
and zōfū-tokusui type, 120, 121
Kukai, Mt. Kōya temple founded by, 116, 117. See also Kōbō Daishi
Kumano-Nachi district
as secluded valley, 138–144
sense of depth at, 80
Kuni district
as Akizushima-Yamato type, 106–110
origin of name, 100, 172
Kurobe, Lake, 7
Kurobe Gorge, 81
Kyoto
mountain view from, 19
zōfū-tokusui site of, 95–96, 150, 151, 157
Lakes, and angle of depression, 41, 44
Landscape design
and approach of this book, 5
method for, 184–185
and natural order, 94, 189
and spatial images, 90, 192, 193
and spatial structure, 184–185, 191, 192
techniques for, 82, 32–35, 56, 66, 84
and visual structure, 191
Landscapes. See also Spatial structure; Terrain; Visual structure
definition of, 6
ecological protection of, 35
in harmony with utilization, 185, 191
as homeland, 185–186, 187–189
Japanese, 4, 90, 94–95
Japanese word for, 153
meaning to Japanese, 161, 186, 188–189
and spiritual experience, 173, 174 (see also Reverence; Sacredness)
Landscapes, study of
approaches to, 4–5
and beauty, 90
and indexes of visual structure, 5
Landscape spaces, seven types of, 95–96, 191, 192. See also specific types
Land utilization
harmful to ecology, 35
in harmony with nature, 185, 191
Lao-tse, 192
Lighting, index of, 4, 86, 88
Litton, R. B., Jr., 3
Longitudinal surfaces
perception of, 24–26
and sense of depth, 62–66
Lynch, Kevin, 182
on harmonious development, 191
on homeland, 187
on level of obstacles, 32
on nodes, 181
on rivers, 183
on sacredness, 165
on slopes, 72
Maeyama (Otachi Mountain), 174, 176
Märtens, Hans, 3, 9, 11, 12
Märtens’s Rule, on angle of elevation, 46–47, 49, 50, 56, 58, 59, 60
Mashū, Lake, 44, 45
Meadow, in eight-petal lotus blossom type, 116. See also Flatlands; Plains
Miegakure (“now you see it, now you don’t”), as illusion of depth, 84
Mikasa, Mount, 168, 170
Mikumari Shrines. 123–127.128–133, 184
Mikumari Shrine type of landscape structure, 95, 122–135
distances of views in, 19
focus-center-goal in, 184
locations of, 123–127, 128–133
psychological meaning of, 95, 192
structure of, 19, 123, 126, 127, 134–135
and water-distributing god, 122–123, 126
Miminashi mountain, 106, 147–148, 149, 174
Minkowski, Eugene, 187
Misaka Pass, Mt. Fuji viewed from, 76, 77
Mitachi Mountain (Mount Tachioka), 174, 176
Miwa, Mount
and Hatsuse, 137, 138
palaces near, 102
as sacred mountain type, 164, 165–168, 192
Miyajima (Island), beauty of, 153
Morioka, and zōfū-tokusui type, 161–162
Mountains. See also Green-hedge mountains
angle of elevation for, 49–60
as boundary, 182, 183
distances viewed from, 18, 19–23, 29, 30, 51, 168
and eight-petal lotus blossom type, 117
and Mikumari Shrine type, 127, 135
and secluded valley type, 136, 138, 144
in zōfū-tokusui type, 162
Mountains of Yamato, 106, 147–148, 149, 174
Murō-ji nunnery, and eight-petal lotus blossom type, 117, 118, 119
Myōhō, Mount, 140, 141, 142, 144
Nachi, Mount, 141
Nachi Bay, 141, 142
Nachi River valley, 141, 142
Nachi Waterfall, 140, 141
Nagaoka, and zōfū-tokusui type, 148
Nakai, Masakazu, 3, 189
Nakamura, Teiichi, 11
Nakamura, Yoshio, 8
Naniwa, capital at, 102, 110
Nantai, Mount, elevation angle of, 50, 51, 55, 56, 57
Nara
capital at, 102, 106, 110
view of mountains in, 19, 56, 57
zōfū-tokusui site of, 106, 148, 149, 151
Nara mountains, 165, 168
Nature. See also Landscapes
beauty of, 2–3, 4–5
conformity to, 190–191
development in harmony with, 191
insensitivity toward, 94, 191
Japanese feeling for, 12, 19, 20, 22, 188–189, 205 n.20
Nature worship, 141, 168, 173, 177, 190. See also Sacredness
Nearness, sense of, and angle of depression, 41, 45–46
Node, as spatial element, 138, 144, 181
Norberg-Schulz, Christian
on experienced space, 184, 186
on function of landscape, 188, 189
and Higuchi’s typology, 182
on homeland, 187
on image of landscape, 185–186
on levels of space, 94, 161
le Nôtre, André, 80
N spaces, 171, 184
Obstacles, visual. See Invisibility, landscape section; Visual obstacles
Okunoin. See Kōya, Mount
Ōmi Mountain (Mount Dantoku), 174, 176
Optics, physiological
and angle of elevation, 47
angle of incidence in, 26
and effect of distance, 11
Origuchi, Shinobu, 4–5, 84, 99, 174
Osaka, considered for capital, s161. See also Naniwa
Otachi Mountain (Maeyama), 174, 176
Otome Pass, Mt. Fuji viewed from, 76, 77, 78
Otsukayama Burial Mound, 178, 179
Ōtsuki, Fumihiko, 99
Overlap, and sense of depth, 82–84
Oyama, Haruo, 191
Oyamado Mikumari Shrine, 123–126
Palaces
in Akizushima-Yamato landscape, 100–102
zōfū-tokusui sites for, 147–150
Peets, Elbert, 48, 49
Perception of planes. See Angle of incidence; Depth; Depth of invisibility
Perception of space. See Depth; Visual perception of space; Visual structure
Perspective drawings, and sense of depth, 66, 69
Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome, 48, 80
Piazza del Campo, Siena, 135
Piazza del Popolo, 180, 181
Piazza di San Pietro, Rome, 48
Plains, and secluded valleys, 144. See also Flatlands
Planes, landscape as, 24. See also Angle of incidence; Depth; Depth of invisibility
Political authority
and domain viewing, 172, 173, 177, 179
highway symbol of, 157, 159
and Tsuge Shrine, 126
Ports, and angle of depression, 38, 41, 42, 43
Problems for study
of universalizing spatial forms, 192–193
of visual structure, 90
P spaces, 171
Psychology
Gestalt, 62, 90
Jung’s universal unconscious, 193
of landscape structures, 95–96, 192 (see also types of spatial structure)
Pure Land Buddhism, 84, 155
Research
on angle of depression, 36–41, 42–43
on angle of elevation, 56, 58–59
on effect of distance, 9, 11, 14, 16–17
Märtens’s on angle of elevation, 46–47, 49
needed, 90, 192–193
Reverence. See also Sacredness
and landscape viewing, 173, 174
“looking up to” as, 46
toward nature, 94, 190–191
and slopes. 72. 126
Rikuchu National Maritime Park, 10
Rivers
as boundary, 183
in Japan, 96
and Mikumari Shrine type, 135
in sacred mountain type, 165, 168, 171
and secluded valleys, 144
Sacred mountain type of landscape structure, 96, 164–171, 181
and burial mounds, 179
definition of, 164
examples of, 164–170
psychological meaning of, 96, 192
and religious concepts, 96, 164
structure of, 165, 171
Sacredness. See also Nature worship; Reverence
and conformity to existing landscape, 190–191
of foliage. 170
of Mikumari Shrine sites, 126, 135
of Miyajima, 153
of secluded valleys, 65, 143, 144
Saga-in, zōfū-tokusui site for, 151–153, 154
Sakidama Palace, 147
Sakuteiki (“Record of Making Gardens”), 147, 151. 162
Sand, George, 173
Satō, Hironori, 17
Satō, Nobuhiro, 161
Secluded valley type of landscape structure, 95, 136–144
examples of, 136–144
focus-center-goal in, 184
psychological meaning of, 95, 192
structure of, 136, 144
Shiga, Shigetaka, 3, 59, 188
Shiga Heights national park, case study on, 87, 89-91
Shinohara, Osamu, 41
Shiramizu Amida Hall, 155–157
Shiun, Mount, elevation angle for, 50, 51, 56
Shoden-ji, garden of, 22, 32, 34
Shōjin Peak, as eight-petal peak, 117, 118, 119
Shōmu, Emperor, 106
Sightseeing
and domain viewing, 177
Japanese love of, 2
Silver Pavilion, angle of elevation from, 50, 55
Sitte, Camillo, 5, 46, 49, 185
Slopes
cherry-blossom covered, 28, 29
and directionality, 184
and reverence, 72, 126
and sense of depth, 66, 70–72
steep vs. gentle, 30, 66, 70, 200 n.3
Space, levels of, 94. See also Visual structure
Spatial structure
and beauty, 90
boundary in, 182–183 (see also Boundary)
directionality in, 182, 184 (see also Directionality)
domain of, 182, 184–185
focus-center-goal in, 182, 183–184
and landscape design, 184–185, 191, 192
mental image from, 90, 192, 193
seven types of, 95–96, 191, 192 (see also specific types)
worldwide archetypes of, 192–193
Sphere of influence. See Visual sphere of influence
Spirituality. See Nature worship; Reverence; Sacredness
Stairways, and sense of depth, 72, 73–75
Standards. See Indexes, of visual landscape structure
Streams. See Rivers
Structure. See Spatial structure; Visual structure
Sujin, Emperor, 100, 102, 168
Susumu, Ono, 111
Tachioka, Mount (Mitachi Mountain), 174, 176
Tagonoura, Mt. Fuji viewed from, 76, 78
Takahashi, Takashi, 11, 17
Take Mikumari Shrine, 127, 132, 133
Techniques. See Design techniques Tenji, Emperor, 102, 147, 165
Terrain. See also Concave terrain; Convex terrain; Landscapes
as foundation for architecture, 94, 189
models of, 6–9
and sense of depth, 65–66
Togetsu Bridge, Kyoto, and atmospheric perspective, 83
Tokyo. See Edo
Tokyo Tower, angle-of-depression studies at, 36–38, 39, 45
Tomi, Mount, 137, 138
Trees. See also Foliage
in Akizushima-Yamato type, 110
as distance-standards, 12–15, 17
and sacred mountain type, 165
Triangular Mikumari Shrine subtype, 127, 134–135
Tsuge Mikumari Shrine, 123, 124, 126–127
Tsukuba, Mount
elevation angle for, 50, 51, 56
and mountain waters, 123
and view from Edo, 20, 22, 161
Tsurugaoka Hachiman Shrine, 158
Twenty-first Century Research Society, city design by, 161
Types of spatial structure, 95–96, 191–192. See also specific types
Uda Mikumari Shrine, 123, 126, 127, 128, 129
Uehara, Keiji, 3
Unebi mountain, 106, 147–148, 149, 174
Universal spatial archetypes, 192–193
Urban beauty, hills contribution to, 173–174
Urban Design Institute, Tokyo University, digital terrain model by, 8
Urban provinciality, and feeling for mountains, 22
Urban redevelopment, and elements of structure, 185
Urban spaces, distance-studies for, 9, 11
Utilization. See Land utilization
Valleys. See also Secluded valley type of landscape structure
and Mikumari Shrine type, 135
and sense of depth, 65, 80, 81
Venice, and narrow Japanese valleys, 192
Versailles, park at, 80
Views. See spatial structure; Visual structure
Visibility frequency, in Shiga Heights planning, 87
Visibility of landscape structure. See also Depth of invisibility
aerial-photography study of, 6–8
in application of indexes, 86, 87, 88
digital terrain model for, 8–9
study of, 6
Vision, human, and angle of depression, 38, 40, 200 n.l. See also Optics, physiological
Visual obstacles. See also Invisibility, landscape section
in flatlands, 66
and sense of depth, 80
Visual perception of space, Gibson’s theory on, 62-63, 65. See also Depth; Visual structure
Visual sphere of influence
of sacred mountain type, 171
in Shiga Heights planning, 90, 91
Visual structure. See also Landscapes
common distinctions on, 3
Higuchi’s indexes of, 4, 86–87, 88, 191 (see also specific indexes)
and landscape design, 184–185, 191
Litton’s factors in, 3
Märtens’s analysis of, 3
problems for examination in, 90
Uehara’s elements of, 3
Wada, Yōhei, 60
Wakigami Palace, 100, 101
Water-distributing god, and Mikumari-shrine type, 122–123, 126
Weather. See Atmospheric conditions
Yamashiro Provincial Temple, 107, 109
Yamato, mountains of, 106, 147–148, 149, 174
“Yamato,” origin of, 19, 98–99
Yamato Plain
and Akizushima-Yamato type, 101, 102, 106
and Hatsuse, 136, 138
and Mount Miwa, 165, 168
and zōfū-tokusui type, 148
Yanagita, Kunio, 4, 122–123, 191
Yokohama harbor, view of, 41, 42
Yoshida, Togo, 26
Yoshino, Mount
charm of, 28, 80, 143, 201 n.9
perception of planes of, 28–30
sense of depth at, 78, 79, 80
Yoshinobu, Ashihara, 72, 73
Zen Buddhism, Kamakura establishments of, 159
Zōfū-tokusui type of landscape structure, 95–96, 146–162
and Chinese geomancy, 95, 146–147, 148
examples of, 95–96, 106, 147–162
psychological meaning of, 192
structure of, 146–147, 162