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Walker, Peter; Simo, Melanie Louise

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Index

Peter Walker, Melanie Louise Simo

Invisible Gardens: The Search for Modernism in the American Landscape

Index

Author

Peter Walker, Melanie Louise Simo

PublisherMIT Press

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00070.019

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-16635

Index

Aalto, Alvar, 94, 110, 114, 135

Ackerman, Frederick L., 38, 40

Ain, Gregory, 131

Alexander, Christopher, 288

American Institute of Architects (AIA), 38, 40–42, 54, 92, 144, 292–293

American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA), 28, 167, 207, 284, 287, 292

establishment of, 28, 181

meetings of, 58

Amisano, Joseph, 293

Anshen and Allen (firm), 244

Appleyard, Donald, 218

Arbegast, Mai, 231

Architects Collaborative, The (TAC; firm), 227, 229

Architectural Associates (of) Colorado (firm), 254–255

Arizona State University, 252

Aronovici, Carol, 48

Arp, Hans (Jean), 58, 94, 110, 135, 141

Art

architecture viewed as, 71–72

cities as works of, 37, 145

gardens as works of, 56–91, 92, 150

landscape architecture viewed as, 12–13, 143

planning and building environments as, 36, 38

and science, 130, 140, 209, 258–259, 281–283, 310

Artists, roles of, in society, 19–25, 29, 71–73, 79, 82–83, 139–141, 156

Arts and Architecture, 132, 139

Ascher, Charles, 43

Bac, Ferdinand, 69–70

Backen, Arrigoni & Ross (firm), 288

Bacon, Edmund N., 218, 287

Bakanowsky, Louis J., 218

Barnes, Edward L., 150, 175

Barragán, Luis, 5, 30, 56–58, 67–78, 91

Camino Real hotels, 78

childhood and education of, 69

and Ciudad Satellite, 78

and El Pedregal, 70, 73–75

and Las Arboledas, 76–77, Plate 4

residence of, 68–69, 78

and San Cristobal, 76

Bartholomew, Harland, 207, 210, 215

Baskin, Leonard, 161

Bassett, Edward C., 242, 244, 247–249

Bauer, Catherine, 38, 48, 55, 144, 150

as housing activist, 53–54, 325n44

Bauhaus, 102, 124, 137, 281, 285

ideal of collaboration of, 140, 168, 183, 229

Baum, Paul, 154

Bay Area style. See Bay Region style

Baylis, Douglas, 93

Bay Region style, 102, 113, 133

Beaux arts. See Ecole des Beaux-Arts

Beck, Eldon, 121

Belknap, Raymond, 263, 265, 300

Belluschi, Pietro, 175, 252, 254–255, 297

Bemis, Walter, 302

Benjamin Thompson & Associates (firm), 164

Berg, Shary Page, 182

Berkeley (California)

built landscape of, 101, 259

campus of (see California, University of, at Berkeley)

Bierstadt, Albert, 19, 21

Bing, Alexander M., 38, 42, 43, 55

Blum, Sigmund F., 293

Borglum, Gutzon, 80

Boston

Back Bay Fens, 15

Franklin Park, 20

Brancusi, Constantin, 82

Braque, Georges, 123

Brazil, the modern movement in, 71–72

Breuer, Marcel, 92, 150, 168

Bridgers, S. William, 121

Bufano, Beniamino, 127–128

Bunshaft, Gordon, 85–89

Burle Marx, Roberto, 5, 30, 56–67, 91, 114, 174, 219, 259

artistic concerns of, 58–65, 66

and Brazil Reinsurance Institute, 59, 62

childhood and education of, 59

as environmental activist, 63, 65–66

garden, Sao Paulo, 61

and Le Nôtre, 66, 326n10

and Monteiro garden, 60–61, 70, Plate 3

and native plants, 56, 58–63, 66

residence of, 64–65

Burnham, Daniel Hudson, 24, 281

Burns, Richard, 300

Cage, John, 154

Cairns, Burton, 125–126

California, University of at Berkeley, 94, 98–99, 116, 120–123, 127–128, 133, 153–154, 182–183, 210, 231, 266, 290, 297, 305

at Los Angeles, 210

at Santa Cruz, 111–113

California, University of Southern (USC), 119–121, 258

California Polytechnic State University, 219

Campbell, Gerald, 300

Campbell, John Carden, 138–139

Campus planning, 92, 111–113, 233, 252–256, 305, 308

Carson, Rachel, 262

Carter, Donald, 121, 154, 164

Casillas, Andrés, 76

Caudill, William, 292

Cautley, Marjorie Sewell, 33, 43, 44, 49–52, 55, 323–324n24

Chambers, Walter, 182

Chermayeff, Serge, 148–149, 288

Chicago, World’s Columbian Exposition in, 21–24, 281

Church, Frederick Edwin, 19, 21

Church, Thomas D., 5, 92–115, 131, 133, 135–138, 174, 310

childhood and education of, 98–100

and Donnell garden, 63, 108–111, 129, 151, 157, Plate 6

and Eckbo, 93, 116, 122, 124–126

and Gardens Are for People, 111

and Halprin, 93, 104–6, 109–111, 116, 150–153, 169

influence of, 92–93, 114, 212

and Keator garden, 94

and Kirkham garden, 104–105

and Martin garden, 111–113

and Meyer and Kuhn garden, 98

and Royston, 93, 116–117, 127–129

and Sullivan garden, 103, 106

Churchill, Henry, 48–49

Ciampi, Mario, 139

City Beautiful, 24, 28, 281

Clarke, Gilmore, 30, 52

Clarke, Lewis, 231, 258

Clay, Grady, 228

Cleveland, H. W. S., 5

Collins, Simonds and Simonds (firm), 285

Colorado, University of, 252–256

Columbia University School of Architecture, 40, 49, 324n24

Conant, James B., 261

Conklin, William, 269–270

Connecticut General (CIGNA) headquarters, 85–89

Connoly, George, 234

Constructivism, 57, 58, 94, 114

and Eckbo, Royston, and Williams, 126, 129, 133, 140–141

and Halprin, 151

Cornell University, 93, 148, 183, 205, 290

Cornwall, Robert, 121

Costa, Lucio, 59, 72

Crane, Jacob L., 205

Cubism, 57, 92, 114, 123

and Barragán, 67

and Burle Marx, 59, 65

Culver, James, 302

Dailey, Gardner, 102, 108

Dalí, Salvador, 65, 167

Danadjieva, Angela, 154, 158–160

Dawson, Stuart O., 175, 209, 219, 232, 252, 336n12

as designer, 234–239, 241

Day and Klauder (firm), 252, 255

Dean, Francis, 121, 258

De Chirico, Giorgio, 70–71, 84

de Forest, Lockwood, 30

De Mars, Vernon, 125–126, 131

De Mars and Reay (firm), 244

De May, Kenneth, 218, 228, 252, 254–255

Depression, Great, 45, 48, 116

and Church, 100, 104

and Eckbo, 116, 122, 125–127

Diman, Joanna, 85–86

Dober, Richard, 232, 252

Downing, Andrew Jackson, 11, 16, 19

Du Bose, Charles, 239

Durand, Asher B., 20

Eakins, Thomas, 21

Eames, Charles, 132

Eckbo, Dean, Austin & Williams (firm), 119, 141, 285, 305

Eckbo, Garrett, 116–127, 129–139, 150, 201, 219, 258, 287, 296

and Alcoa garden, 135–137

childhood and education of, 121–126

and Church, 93, 122, 124–126

and community planning, 119–120, 125–127, 130–131, 141

as educator, 119–121, 141–143, 258

and Farm Security Administration, 125–127

and Kiley, 123–124, 174, 182–185

and Landscape for Living, 120, 129–131

and Porterfield, 305–308

as theorist, 6–7, 10, 118, 123–124, 129–131, 143

Eckbo, Royston, and Williams (firm), 116–143, 258, 310

and Ladera, 117, 131

and Mitchell Park, 140–143

and Muller garden, 134–135

and Naify garden, 135

and Standard Oil Rod and Gun Club, 141

Ecole des Beaux-Arts, design tradition of, 29, 40, 99, 122, 211, 225, 281

Ecology, and landscape architecture, 161–163, 204, 209, 261–265, 305–306

EDAW, Inc. (firm), 119, 285, 296

and Minnesota Power Plant study, 286–287 (see also Eckbo, Dean, Austin and Williams)

Edward McCleod & Associates (firm), 159

Eero Saarinen and Associates (firm), 236–237, Plate 10

Einstein, Albert, 198

Eiseley, Loren, 270

Eliot, Charles, 30, 261

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 37, 177, 181

Employee Stock Ownership Program, 301

Enerson, Jon, 121

England, landscape gardens and parks of, 14–16, 63, 235, 243, 276

Entenza, John, 132, 139

Environment, total, and architectural design, 291–293

Environmentalism, and art, 66

Environmental Planning & Design (firm), 285

Environmental Simulation Laboratory, 121

Ernest J. Kump and Associates (firm), 240–242, Plate 11

Esherick, Joseph, 102, 163

Estern, Neil, 161

Evans, John, 280

Exhibitions

Armory Show, 29

International Style, 29

in San Francisco, 138–139

Exposition

Centennial, in Philadelphia, 25

Louisiana, in St Louis, 38

Panama California International, in San Diego, 40, 41

Panama-Pacific, in San Francisco, 138

World’s Columbian, in Chicago, 21–24, 180, 281

Expressionism, 57, 157

Farmer, as landscape designer, 185

Farm Security Administration (FSA), 125–127

Farrand, Beatrix, 30

Fein, Albert, 287–291

Fisher and Davis (firm), 252, 255

Fisher-Friedman Associates (firm), 304–306

Fitch, James Marston, 184, 287

Fleming, Bryant, 207

France, gardens of, 122, 175, 186, 188, 191, 243

Frank O. Gehry Associates (firm), 307

Freeman, Allen, 164

French, Daniel Chester, 22

Friedberg, M. Paul, 140, 165, 331–332n23

Fuller, R. Buckminster, 80

Funk, John, 131

Furtado, John, 263, 265

Gabo, Naum, 135

Gallagher, Percival, 207

Garden city

definition of, 45

and evolutionary change, 36

landscape in, 33, 49–52

as objet dart, 53

as organism, 35

and revolutionary ideals, 32, 35–36

Garden city movement, 30–33, 35–36, 49

Geddes, Patrick, 35, 42

Geddes, Robert L., 269–270

Geering, Robert, 304–306

Gehry, Frank O., 121, 307

Geometrism, 59

Gerow, Floyd, 104

Gerrard, Terry, 121

Giedion, Siegfried, 53, 120, 208

Gilbert, Michael, 300

Gillette, Charles, 181

Goeritz, Mathias, 78

Goldfinger, Erno, 120

Goodhue, Bertram Grosvenor, 40, 41

Gorky, Arshile, 79

Graham, Bruce, 243, 247

Graham, Martha, 81, 84

Graham, Robert, 161

Great Depression. See Depression

Greendale (Wisconsin), 206

Gregory, Frederick, 63

Gropius, Walter, xiv, 65–66, 149, 228–229, 271

as educator at Harvard, 124, 150, 168, 183, 215, 269, 271

and ideal of teamwork, 229

Guevrekian, Gabriel, 184

Gutheim, Frederick, 196

Haag, Richard, 132, 209, 219–223, 335n29

and Bloedel Reserve, 220, 222–223, Plate 9

and Gas Plant Park, 220–221

Hackett, Brian, 231, 261, 264

Haffner, Jean-Jacques, 183

Halprin, Anna (Schuman), 149, 150–151, 153, 154, 156

Halprin, Lawrence, 81, 139, 144–169, 174, 207, 258, 267, 280, 296

and Caygill garden, 152–153

childhood and education of, 148–150

and Church, 93, 104–106, 109–111, 116, 150–153, 169

and ecological processes, 161–163

gardens of, as stage settings, 151–153, 157–158

and Haas garden, 152–153

and Haas Promenade, 154–155

and McHarg, 267, 280

and New York, New York, 146–147

and RSVP Cycles, 156

as theorist, 9–10, 155–157, 167–169 (see also Lawrence Halprin & Associates)

Hanamoto, Asa, 121

Hancock, Macklin L., 218, 229, 335–336n5

Harris, Charles W., 220, 231, 287

as educator, 209, 216–217, 263, 267, 290

Harvard University Graduate School of Design, 174, 224, 261, 288–290

Charles Eliot Traveling Fellowship of, 181, 264, 332n25, 336n8

Department of Landscape Architecture, 93, 94, 99, 122–124, 126–127, 133, 182–185, 198–201, 205, 211–221, 232, 263–271

Gropius’s teaching at, 124, 150, 168, 183, 215, 269, 271

Jacob Weidenmann Prize of, 336n12

Sasaki’s teaching at, 198–203, 213–221, 262–263

Sheldon Traveling Fellowship of, 100

Hastings, Robert F., 292

Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum (HOK; firm), 228, 285, 295, 305

Henderson, Joseph L., 154

Hills, G. Angus, 261, 263–264

Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, 4

Hobart D. Wagener & Associates (firm), 252, 255

HOK. See Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum

Holford, Sir William, 269

Hollister, S. C., 292

Homer, Winslow, 21

House Beautiful, 92, 94–95, 116

Housing, 40–42, 46–47

in England, 35, 41, 53, 54

in the United States, 31–55, 92, 125–128, 131, 186, 230–231, 279, 288–289, 301–306

Howard, Ebenezer, 35, 41, 42, 45

Howard, John Galen, and family, 107

Howland, Joseph, 95

Hubbard, Henry Vincent, 29, 123, 129, 182, 216

Hudson River school, 19–20

Hunt, Richard Morris, 21, 22

Ikeda, Sue Yung Li, 154

Illinois, University of, 210–211, 290

White’s teaching at, 198–204, 206–209, 211–213, 215, 225

Ingham and Boyd (firm), 50–51

International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA), 167

International style, 29, 102, 149

Isaacs, Reginald, 215, 226–227

Italy, gardens of, 24, 80, 100

Jackson, John Brinckerhoff, 287

James A. Roberts and Associates (firm), 301

Japan, gardens of, 80, 99, 202, 243, 276

Jensen, Jens, 30, 49, 210, 261

Johnson & Day (firm), 131

Johnson, Johnson and Roy (JJR; firm), 224, 285

and University of Michigan, 233

Johnson, Jory, 238

Johnson, Philip, 4, 150, 273

Johnson, Reginald D., 51

Johnson, William J., 219, 231–232, 234, 287, 296, 336n8

Jones, A. Quincy, 131

Jones, Grant, 263

Jongejan, Dirk, 121

Juneja, Narendra, 283, 339n39

Jung, Carl, 154

Kagi, Edmond, 299

Kahn, Louis, 175, 186, 292, 297

and Barragán, 78

and McHarg, 271–273, 274

Kalfus, Melvin, 13

Kandinsky, Wassily, 59, 126, 135

Kansas City (Missouri), Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, 170–174, 189

Karner, Gary, 219, 299

Kawamoto, Casey, 93

Keeler, Charles, 101, 138

Kent, Adaline, 107, 109–111

Kent, T. J., 131

Kepes, Gyorgy, 120

Kessler, George E., 38

Kevin Roche & John Dinkeloo Associates (firm), 187–188

Kiler, E. L., 133

Kiley, Daniel Urban, 10, 150, 170–197, 201, 219, 224

apprenticeship to Manning, 180–181

childhood and education of, 177–180, 182–186

and Eckbo, 123–124, 174, 182–185

and French design tradition, 175, 177, 186–188, 191

and Hamilton-Cosco Company, 177

and Hamilton garden, 195

and Henry Moore Sculpture Garden, 170–174, 189

and Miller garden, 176, 189–191, Plate 1

and North Carolina National Bank Plaza, 192–194

and Oakland Museum, 187–188

philosophy of design of, 175, 176–177, 179, 194–196

Killingsworth, Brady & Associates (firm), 307

Kimball, Theodora, 123, 129

Kinoshita, Masao, 234–235, 238–239, 241, 242, 336–337n8

Klee, Paul, 59

Knorr, Don, 132

Kobayashi, Harold, 121

Kohn, Robert D., 38, 40, 49

La Farge, John, 21

Landor, Walter, 131

Landscape architects, demographic profile of, 290

Landscape architectural firms, corporate and multi-disciplinary, 224–257, 284–310

Landscape architectural profession, 3–13, 19, 27–31, 57, 114, 168, 211–213, 312–318

expansion of scope of, 212, 277–281, 284–288, 290–296

Fein’s study of, 287–291

Landscape Architecture, 124, 211, 228, 284, 287, 305, 317

Landscape architecture

and art, 5, 10, 24, 56–92, 110, 114, 143, 149–150, 173–174, 250

as collaborative activity, 2, 24, 127, 157–164, 226, 256–257, 305

and economics, 273–274, 277–279, 294–303, 308–310, 317–318

education in, 28–29, 98–100, 122–124, 182–185, 198–222, 224–225, 258–259

and natural sciences, 161–163, 200, 204, 208–209, 212, 258, 261–267, 274–283

and technology, 28, 130, 262, 265–269, 309–310

viewed as art, 12–13, 24–27, 143, 258–259, 318

Landscape design

formal vs. informal qualities in, 28–29, 114, 123

history of, 99, 122–123, 149–150, 182, 186, 215, 317

split between, and fine art, 27–29, 139–140, 281

and vernacular, or anonymous, landscapes, 8, 27, 56, 124, 308

viewed as architecture, 173

Landscape designers, and artists, 19–25, 56–59, 63–65, 107–108, 138–140, 154–156, 168, 171, 242, 244–245

Landscape Exchange Problems, 207

Latin America, artistic and cultural milieux in, 70–73

Laurie, Michael, 297

Law, Richard, 289, 299

Lawrence Halprin & Associates and Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, 160–161

and Freeway Park, 158–160

and Ghirardelli Square, 153, 154, 164–165

and Lovejoy Plaza, 157–158, 160, Plate 7

and Sea Ranch, 161–164, 267

Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret), xiv, 66, 120, 129, 149, 184, 271

and Barragán, 67, 69

modernism and classicism of, 175

and “objects in space,” 84, 102, 315–316

residential designs of, 124

and Vers une architecture, 130

Legorreta, Ricardo, 78

Le Grain, Pierre, 184

Le Nôtre, Andre, 66, 177, 186, 189, 196, 326n10

as gardener to Louis XIV, 122

Leopold, Aldo, 262, 302

Letchworth (England), 41

Levi, Rino, 61

Lewis, Philip, 209, 218, 261, 264–265, 287, 290

Lin, Maya, 89

Linn, Karl, 305

Lipschitz, Jacques, 191

Loble, Schlossman and Bennett (firm), 153

Lohmann, Karl B., 207, 210

Los Angeles, 131, 297–298

Alcoa garden, 136–137

artistic and cultural milieux in, 132

Baldwin Hills, 49, 51

Loudon, John Claudius, 11

Lowthorpe School, 205

Lynch, Kevin, 218, 266

Lyndon, Donlyn, 164

MacErlane, Roger, 288

MacKaye, Benton, 38, 48, 55

Magritte, Rene, 70

Malraux, Andre, 146

Manning, Warren, 30, 99, 180–182, 186, 261

Marini, Marino, 244

Marx, Leo, 169

Massachusetts, University of, 219, 266

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 218, 266

Masten and Hurd (firm), 240–242, Plate 11

Maybeck, Bernard, 101–102, 138

Mayer, Albert, 48–49

Mayes, David, 121

McCarthy, Francis, 131

McCoy, Esther, 132

McGrath, Raymond, 149

McHarg, Ian, 10, 259–261, 263–264, 267, 269–283, 287, 296–298, 318

childhood and education of, 269–271

and Design with Nature, 276, 296–297

as educator, 270, 278, 280, 290, 305

and Halprin, 267, 280

and Kahn, 271–273, 274

and Mumford, 260, 271

and Olmsted, 280–281

and urban and regional planning, 260, 269–274, 277–279, 282–283, 297 (see also Wallace-McHarg Associates; Wallace, McHarg, Roberts and Todd)

McKim, Charles, F., 21

McKim, Mead and White (firm), 165

McLaughlin, Charles, 12

McMahon, Aline, 43, 83, 326n26

Mead, Margaret, 275

Melville, Herman, 19, 37

Metropolis, decentralization of, 35, 37–38, 54

Mexico, vernacular landscape in, 56, 67, 69

modern architecture in, 67–68, 70–78

Michigan, University of, 219, 231–233, 258, 290

Mick, Floyd, 100

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, xiv, 126–127, 183, 273

Miller, J. Irwin, 191

Miró, Joan, 58, 70, 94, 95, 110, 135, 141

Mocine, Corwin, 131

Modernism, 48, 292–293, 320–321n10, 324n33

definitions of, xii–xiv, 4–11

in Europe, 29, 46–47

and postmodernism, 238

Modernity, 29

Modernization, global forces of, 57, 63–65

Modern movement, 2–3, 6–7, 29

in architecture, 29, 102, 149

in landscape architecture, 3–11

Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo, 120, 123, 135, 137, 150, 168

Mondrian, Piet, 135, 141

Moore, Charles, 154, 157–158, 164

Moore, Henry, 170–174, 189, 191, 235–236, 244, Plates 1, 10

Moore/Lyndon/Turnbull/Whitaker (firm), 157–158, 162–164

Morgan, Julia, 101

Morley, Grace McCann, 138

Morris, William, 27

Morse, John W., 293

M. Paul Friedberg & Associates (firm), 164–165

Muchow, William C., 253, 255

Muhlenberg, Richard, 274

Mumford, Lewis, 36–39, 42–45, 48–55, 83, 129, 166, 184, 208

and the Bay Region style, 102

and The City in History, 144–146

and The Culture of Cities, 37–38, 42, 144

and the garden city movement, 28, 32, 36–38, 52–55

and Halprin, 144–146, 169

and modern technology, 37–38, 52–53, 271

and objets d’art, 53, 196

as social critic, 28

and Sunnyside Gardens, 43–45

theories of urbanism of, 37–38, 144–146

Nagel, Chester, 226–227

National Conference of Instructors in Landscape Architecture (NCILA), 261

National Conference on Instruction in Landscape Architecture (also known as NCILA), 206, 259

Netsch, Walter A., 293

Neutra, Richard, 132

Newton, Norman T., 184, 201, 216–217

New York (city), 30, 45, 52, 54, 272–273

Central Park, 16–19, 33, 281

Halprin’s studies for, 146–148

Jacob Riis Plaza, 164–165

metropolitan and regional development of, 37–38

Mumford’s recollections of, 54

Museum of Modern Art, 29

Paley Park, 165–166, Plate 8

Prospect Park, Brooklyn, 26–27

Sunnyside Gardens, 33, 43–45, 49

New Yorker, 36, 206

Niederman, Duane, 230

Niemeyer, Oscar, 72

Nishita, Satoru, 121, 154, 157

Noguchi, Isamu, 5, 31, 56–58, 79–91

and Beinecke Rare Book Library, 88–89

and California Scenario, 89–91, Plate 5

childhood and education of, 80–82

and CIGNA headquarters, 85–89, 247

and Contoured Playground, 81

and Errand into the Maze, 81

and Japanese gardens, 56, 84

and objets d’art, 83, 196

training and apprenticeships of, 57–58, 80–82

Nolen, John, 180

North Carolina State University, 231

Novak, Paul, 226–227

O’Donnell, Robert, 209

Ohio State University, 100, 122, 262

Oles, Steve, 234

Olgyay, Victor, 218

Olmsted, Frederick Law, 11–31, 33, 37, 52, 170, 171, 209, 248, 280, 310

as artist and designer, xiii, 5, 13, 16–28, 281, 339n45

and Back Bay Fens, 15

childhood and education of, 14

exhibition of work of, 212

as founder of landscape architectural profession, 4–5, 19, 168, 293

and Franklin Park, 20

legacy of, for designers, 177, 182, 281, 285

and Manning, 180–181

pastoral landscapes of, 124, 238

social purposes of, 5, 27–28, 182, 203

and World’s Columbian Exposition, 21–24, 281

Olmsted, Frederick Law (son), 28, 30, 182

Olmsted, Frederick Law, and Calvert Vaux, and Central Park, 16–19, 33, 281

Olmsted, John C., 30

Olmsted, Olmsted and Eliot (firm), 310

Olmsted, Vaux and Company

and Prospect Park, 25–27

and Riverside, 6, 33

Olmsted Brothers (firm), 28–29, 180, 205, 209, 210

Olson, Don, 218, 231

Omi, George, 299

Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 140

Osmundson, Theodore, 93, 207, 287

Osmundson and Staley (firm), 141

Page, Russell, ii, 85

Parker, Barry, 41, 42

Parks, public, 14–20, 24–27, 33, 127, 158

parkways, 30, 52

and works of art, 160–161, 170–173, 244–245

Paxton, Sir Joseph, 14

Peets, Elbert, 124, 182

Pei, I. M., 150, 175, 297

Pennsylvania, University of, 38, 274, 290

McHarg’s teaching at, 270, 278, 280, 305

Pennsylvania State University, 305

Pepsico headquarters, ii, 85

Perkins, G. Holmes, 215, 263, 269, 292

Perkins and Will (firm), 225–226, 228

Perry, Charles, 244

Peterson, Irving L., 207, 210

Peter Walker William Johnson and Partners (firm), 219

Pevsner, Nikolaus, 4

Philadelphia, 25, 53, 267

Picasso, Pablo, 59

Pittsburgh, 49–51, 133, 285

Platt, Charles, 21, 24

Platt, Kalvin, 299–300, 303, 307

Platt, William, 24

POD (firm), and California Housing, 288

Pond, Bremer, 183, 216

Porter, Harry, 219

Porterfield, Neil, 305–308

Portland (Oregon), 157–160

Progressive Architecture, 292, 297–298

Providence (Rhode Island), 269–270

Radburn (New Jersey), 32–35, 39, 43, 45–49, 52–54, 230

Rain forests, devastation of, in Brazil, 63, 65–66

Rand, George, 147

Rapson, Ralph, 132, 292

Reich, Robert, 121

Regional planning, artistic and cultural aspects of, 36–38

Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA), 38, 48, 54, 144

Renoir, Pierre-Auguste, 50, 51

Richard Haag Associates (firm), 219, 221–223

Richardson, Henry Hobson, 21, 37

Rio de Janeiro, 59–65, 72, 73

Riverside (Illinois), 6, 7, 33

Roberts, James A., 301

Roberts, William H., 278, 298

Robertson, Jacquelin, 170–173

Robinson, Charles Mulford, 206–207

Robinson, Florence Bell, 210

Robinson, Jack, 252

Roche, Kevin, 175, 187–191, Plate 1

Rockrise, George, 93, 109–110, 151

Romanticism, 19, 21

Roosevelt, Franklin D., administration of, 32, 48–49, 54–55, 125–127

Root and Siemens (firm), 38

Roper, Laura Wood, 13

Rose, James, 93–94, 123–124, 183–185, 201

Rosenberg, Gene, 299

Ross, John, 280

Rouse, James, 32, 278

Royston, Robert, 116–121, 127–129, 133–143, 258

childhood and education of, 128, 141

and Church, 93

as educator, 120–121, 141–143 (see also Eckbo, Royston, and Williams)

Royston, Hanamoto, Alley and Abey (firm), 119

Royston, Hanamoto, Mayes and Beck (firm), 285

RTKL (firm), 228

Rudolph, Paul, 150

Ruskin, John, 27, 208

Saarinen, Eero, 113, 132, 291–292, Plate 10

and Kiley, 174–175, 186–191, 224, Plate 1

office of, as model of organization, 230

and Sasaki, Walker and Associates, 235–238, Plate 10

Saarinen, Eliel, 225

Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 21

San Diego, Panama California International Exposition, 40, 41

San Francisco

amenities of, 259–260

beauty of, 148

Crocker Plaza, 251

Ghirardelli Square, 153, 154, 164–165

Golden Gateway Center, 242, 244–245

Museum of (Modern) Art, 110, 124, 131, 138–139

Valencia Gardens, 127–128

San Francisco Bay Area

artistic and cultural milieux of, 107–108, 138–141

gardens by Church in, 94, 98, 102–106, 108–115

gardens by Eckbo, Royston, and Williams in, 133–135, 141–143

gardens by Halprin in, 151, 153 (see also Bay Region style)

Saō Paulo, 59, 61, 72

Sargent, Charles Sprague, 25, 27

Sargent, John Singer, 21

Sasaki, Hideo, 209–216, 296, 301, 308

as designer and critic, 225, 234–239, 250, 253–256

as educator, 8, 198–204, 207, 211–216, 218–222, 224, 261, 262–263, 290

and Japanese architecture and gardens, 202–203

and professional practice, 212, 224–257

and urban renewal, 226–227

Sasaki Associates (firm), 219, 300–301

and Greenacre Park, 242

and Place Bonaventure, 242

Sasaki, Strong & Associates (firm), 227

Sasaki, Walker and Associates (firm), 224, 227–257, 285, 298–301, 308

and Alcoa Plaza, 244

and Constitution Plaza, 239, 241

and Crocker Plaza, 251

and Deere and Company Headquarters, 235–238, 243, Plate 10

and Foothill College, 240–242, 298, Plate 11

and Golden Gateway Center, 242, 244–245

and Sea Pines Plantation, 230–231

and Sidney Walton Square, 244–245

and University of Colorado, 252–256

and Upjohn Company Headquarters, 85, 243, 246–248, 250

and Weyerhaeuser World Headquarters, 247–250, Plate 2

Sasaki, Walker, Roberts (SWR; firm), 301–302

Schaffer, Otto G., 210

Schnier, Jacques, 107

Scott, Geraldine Knight, 188

Seattle, 158–160

Segal, George, 161

Selye, Hans, 276

Sert, Jose Luis, 292

Sevely, Marvin, 269–270

Shillaber, Caroline, 288

Shurcliff, Arthur, 30, 180

Shurcliff, Sidney, 207

Simon, Robert E., 32

Simonds, J. O., 207

Simonds, O. C., 207

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM; firm), 175, 211, 224–225, 228–230, 242–249, 296

and Beinecke Rare Book Library, 88–89

and CIGNA headquarters, 85–89, 247

and Golden Gateway Center, 242, 244–245

and Upjohn Company Headquarters, 243, 246–248

and Weyerhaeuser World Headquarters, 247–250, Plate 2

Smith, Frederick E., 287

Smith, Whitney, 131

Spain, gardens of, 69, 100

Spengler, Oswald, 203–204

Spirn, Anne Whiston, 274

Stafford, Jack, 93

Stahly, François, 242, 244–245

Stanford University, 120, 122

Steele, Fletcher, 30, 99, 184, 205

Stein, Clarence S., 5, 28, 31–55, 63, 83–84

childhood and education of, 40

and modern technology, 46, 324n33

and Toward New Towns for America, 144

as visionary, 42, 54

Stein, Clarence S., and Henry Wright and Baldwin Hills, 49, 51

and Chatham Village, 32, 49–51

and Sunnyside Gardens, 33, 43–45, 49, (see also Rad burn)

Stein, Joseph Allen, 131

Steinitz, Carl, 261, 265, 266–269, 290

St. Louis (Missouri), 38–41, 188

Stern, J. R., 244

Stone, Edward Durrell, 297

Stone, Edward Durrell (son), ii, 85, 287

Stourhead, 15

Strong, Richard, 227

Sturtevant, Butler, 133

Sullivan, Louis H., 21–24, 37

Sunset, 94–95, 116

Surrealism, 79

and Barragán’s work, 70–71, 73–78

and Burle Marx’s work, 59–66

characteristics of, 57

and Church’s work, 92, 96, 114

and Halprin’s work, 151

and Noguchi’s work, 83–85, 87–91

SWA. See Sasaki, Walker and Associates; SWA Group, The

SWA Group, The (firm), 219, 296

and Concord Pavilion, 307

and Elkhorn Resort, 307

and Ethan’s Glen, 304–305

and Golden Gate National Recreation Area, 303

and Promontory Point, 302–303, 306–307

and Tanner Fountain, Plate 12

and Woodbridge, 289

Sweetzer, Arthur, 240–242

Sylvester, Arthur, 181, 186

Tange, Kenzo, 83, 84–85, 297

Tanguy, Yves, 70

Taniguchi, Yoshi, 84–85

Task, 150

Taylor, A. D., 181, 205, 207

Technology, expression of, in landscape architecture, 83–84, 89–91

Telesis, 131, 150

Texas, Agricultural and Mechanical College of, 262

Thoreau, Henry David, 19, 37, 177, 178–180, 183, 208

Tillich, Paul, 275

Todd, Thomas A., 298

Trailer, Howard, 121

Tunnard, Christopher, 114, 124, 150, 184

and Chermayeff garden, 148–149

and Gardens in the Modern Landscape, 148–150

Turnbull, William, 154

Twiss, Robert H., 266

Tyndall, Ian, 175

Unwin, Sir Raymond, 41, 42

Urban, Max O., 293

Urban and regional planning, 35–38, 54, 141–143, 144–147, 226–227, 263–267

McHarg’s work in, 260, 269–274, 277–279, 282–283, 297

work of second-wave corporate firms in, 286–287, 289, 296–298, 301–303

Van Gogh, Vincent, 58, 59

Van Rensselaer, Mariana Griswold, 16

Vaughan, Henry Leland, 122

Vaux, Calvert, 16–17, 19, 33, 281 (see also Olmsted, Frederick Law, and Calvert Vaux, and Central Park; Olmsted, Vaux and Company)

Vignolo, Richard, 121, 153, 154

Villagrán García, José, 72–73

Violich, Francis, 131

Virginia, University of, 170, 219

Vitale, Ferruccio, 207

Volpe, Joseph, 219

Voorhees, Alan M., 297

Walker, Peter, xv, 209, 227, 296, 298–299, 318, 336n8

as designer, 234, 241–249, 251, 304–307, Plates 2, 11, 12

Walker, Peter Kerr, 175

Walker, Rodney, 132

Wallace, David A., 277–278

Wallace-McHarg Associates (firm), 224, 277–278, 285

and Plan for the Valleys, 277–278, 297

Wallace, McHarg, Roberts and Todd (WMRT; firm), 277–279, 296–298, 303

and Metropolitan Open Space from Natural Process Study, 278

and Probability Growth Model, 297

and Richmond Parkway Study, 279, 282–283

and The Woodlands, 279

Walquist, Lawrence, 209

Walton, Jean, 121, 151, 154

Warnecke, John Carl, 113

Washington, D.C., 160–161, 167

Washington, University of, 219–220, 248

Watts, Alan, 276

Waugh, Frank, 261

Weese, Harry, 175, 177, 252

Welch, Lyndon, 292

Welwyn (England), 41, 53

Whistler, James McNeill, 21

White, Elwyn Brooks, 204–206

White, Robert F., 262

White, Stanley, 198–213

childhood and education of, 204–205, 206

as educator, 198–204, 205–209, 210–213, 215, 218–222, 261

Whitney, Elizabeth Baldwin, 12–13

Whittemore, Harlow, 258

Whittlesey, Conklin & Rossant (firm), 297

Wilkinson, Dennis, 280

Will, Philip, 226

William C. Muchow Associates (firm), 252, 255

Williams, Edward A., 116–119, 122, 129, 131–139

childhood and education of, 133

as planner, 118, 133, 141–143 (see also Eckbo, Dean, Austin & Williams; EDAW, Inc.; Eckbo, Royston, and Williams

Wilson, Merrill and Alexander (firm), 51

Winslow, Carleton Monroe, 41

Wisconsin, University of, 149, 305

Wolf, Harry, 192–194

Wolff, Jean, 106

Wong, Worley K., 138–139

Wood, Edith Elmer, 38

Woodard, John, 242, 244

Wright, Frank Lloyd, xiv, 37, 102, 120, 149

Wright, Henry, 5, 28, 31–53, 55, 83–84, 144

childhood and education of, 38

and modern European housing, 46 (see also Stein, Clarence S., and Henry Wright)

WRT (firm), 297

Wurster, William W., 114, 131, 144, 150

and Church, 101–102, 107, 110–111, 127–128

Wurster and Bernardi (firm), 132

Wurster, Bernardi, and Emmons (firm), 164, 244–245

Zion, Robert, 165–166, 219, 332n25

Zion & Breene (firm), 165–166, Plate 8

Zube, Ervin, 266

Zuelke, Lawrence, 209

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