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Description: Vistas de España: American Views of Art and Life in Spain, 1860–1914
Index
PublisherYale University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00172.016
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Index
Note: Illustrations are indicated by boldface.
Adams-Onís Treaty, 6
Aesop (Velázquez), 149
Africa. See North Africa
After the Bullfight (Cassatt), 103, 104
Agrasot Juan, Joaquín, 79
Alameda del Darro, Granada, The (Colman), 33
A la pintura (Alberti), 207, 209
Albéniz, Isaac, 185
Alberti, Rafael, 207, 209
Alcázar: of Seville, 77
of Toledo, 163, 165
Aldine magazine, 86
Alfonso XII, King, 71, 208
Alfonso XIII, King, 139, 208
Alguacil, Casiano, 161, 162, 170
Alhambra, 10, 11, 77, 79, 185, 206
Alcazaba, 28, 33
in Colman’s art, 31, 32, 33
courtyards of, 119
as last holdout of Moorish Spain, 28, 30
Patio de los Leones, 81, 119
visitor registers at, 220–21, 245n15. See also Granada
Alhambra, The (Irving), 8–9, 13, 28, 159, 228n29
Darley’s illustrations in, 13, 14, 30
fables on Christian and Moor, 31
on Gypsy dancers, 120
“Legend of the Rose of the Alhambra,” 46
on population of Granada, 27
Spanish peasantry depicted in, 45–46
women on balconies in, 96
Alhambra Palace (Underwood and Underwood), 11
Allison, Robert, 81, 84
Almeh, The: A Dream of the Alhambra (Moore), 62, 84, 86–87, 145
Almohads, 22
Alte Pinakothek (Munich), 148
Álvarez Algeciras, Germán, 109, 238n75
Álvarez Lopera, José, 176
American Watercolor Society, 130
Andalusia, 1, 4, 28, 61, 204
ancient monuments of, 81
Cassatt in, 89, 94
climate, 27
Colman in, 14
Moorish culture/influence in, 153
ritual of travel to, 90
Roma (Gypsies) of, 122
Sargent in, 119–20
señoritas of, 46, 47
southern region, 10
Spanish artists in, 194–95
Anderson, Abraham Archibald, 109
Anderson, Benedict, 1
Andrés Peral (Goya), 136
Anita, A Little Spanish Peasant Girl (Hall), 48
Annals of the Artists of Spain (Stirling-Maxwell), 40–41, 55, 101
Antiquary Shop, The (Chase), 153
Appleton’s Journal, 108
Après la messe (Dannat), 133
Arab Fantasia (Fortuny), 64, 64
Arab Guard, An (Fortuny), 82
Aragón, 133, 134
Archbishop William Henry Elder (Eakins), 67
architecture: Moorish, 23, 28, 94, 94, 115, 118
Renaissance, 22, 30
aristocrats, 110, 126
Armstrong, Carol, 100
Arredondo, Ricardo, 163, 165, 168, 172, 248n72
Patio toledano, 168, 168
San Juan de la Penitencia, 164
Art Amateur (journal), 133
Arthur, Daniel, 39
Art Interchange, 138, 160
artists, American, 10, 181
ambivalent attitudes toward Spain, 1
American Civil War and, 61–62
chronological list of visitors in Spain, 211–13
cult of celebrity and, 202
diversity of Spain and, 206
Generation of ’98 and, 175–76
German-educated, 148, 150
Gibraltar pictured by, 19–20, 20
Orientalism and, 77, 78
romantic subject matter and, 172
social characteristics of, 2–3
Spanish-American tensions and, 7
stereotypes of Spanish popular customs and, 59, 76
women, 89, 91
in World War I period, 207
artists, British, 25, 30, 39, 54–55
artists, French, 62, 79
bullfight pictures, 106, 108
Orientalist, 81, 83
in Rome, 91
women, 103
artists, Spanish, 25–27, 63–64, 154, 165, 185–86, 194–95
Baroque painters, 63, 148
España negra and, 179
in North Africa, 79
romantic subject matter and, 172
Spanish Civil War and, 207
Art Journal, 25, 48, 125, 127
Art Students League, 148, 192
Asiego, Félix, 200
Asturias, 4
At the Water Trough (Weir), 75
Azana, Manuel, 208
Bach, Armand-Eugène, 117
Balcon, Le (Manet), 99, 99–100, 101
Balcony in Toledo (Vinton), 167
Baltasar Carlos (Velázquez), 192
Barbary States, 81
Barcelona, 175, 179, 192, 197
Barrera, Manuel, 94
Barrios, Ángel, 185
Barrios, Antonio, 185
Barrón Carrillo, Manuel, 26
Basque regions, 4, 177
Battle of Tetuán (Fortuny), 194
Baudelaire, Charles, 96
Beach Scene at Valencia (Mora), 195, 196, 197
Beauchy, Emilio, 129
Beckwith, James Carroll, 117–18, 125, 130, 140, 150
Bécquer, Gustavo Adolfo, 42, 58
Bécquer, Joaquín Domínguez, 22, 42, 52
Bécquer, Valeriano, 42, 58
beggars, 11, 37, 44, 58
in costumbrista painting, 52, 52, 170
España negra and, 202
in Goya’s art, 126
in Mora’s paintings, 192, 193
Bellay, Charles, 91
Benson, Frank, 192
Berenguer, Francisco Lameyer, 79
Bernard, Émile, 179
Berruguete, Alonso, 118
Beruete, Aureliano, 185, 186, 250n28
Bible in Spain, The (Borrow), 7
Bierstadt, Albert, 16, 34, 56–57
Bilbao Martínez, Gonzalo, 194
Bit of Old Spain, A (Anderson), 109, 110
Bizet, Georges, 126, 127, 130
Blasco Ibáñez, Vicente, 180
Blind Guitar Singer (Henri), 204, 205, 206
Blind Musicians (Sargent), 182, 184
Blum, Robert Frederick, 2, 133, 147, 150, 158–60
Arredondo and, 165, 172
on bullfights, 151
Dry Reality, 170, 172
My Water-carrier, 160, 160
Romance, 170, 172
Sewing, 169
Spanish Courtyard, 165, 166, 168, 169, 172, 247n62, 248n74
Street Scene: La Puerta del Convento de las Comendadoras, 164
Toledo Water-Carrier, 160, 161, 172, 247n62, 248n74
Bomba, La (Phillip), 108, 108
Bonaparte, Joseph, 14, 39, 40, 227n8
Bonjean, Louise Catherine, 133
Bonnat, Léon, 63, 68, 69, 73, 78, 150
Boott, Elizabeth, 106
Borbón, Francisco de, 99
Borrow, George, 7
Bosc, Pablo, 194
Boston Athenaeum, 41
Bourbon dynasty, 5, 6, 39, 99
post-Franco transition to democracy and, 209
Revolution (1868) and, 69, 71
southern Democrats in United States compared to, 72
Box at the Théâtre de Italiens, A (Gonzalès), 103
Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies, A (Las Casas), 5
Britain, 5, 6, 7
alliance with Spain against Napoleon, 40
Gibraltar controlled by, 13, 15, 18, 59
Murillo’s reputation in, 39
reaction to Catholicism in, 55
Brooke, Xanthe, 54–55
Brooklyn Art Association, 42, 48
Brown, Marilyn, 124
Brownell, William, 87
Bryant, William Cullen, 3, 46, 48
buena ventura, La (Mora), 193–94
bullfighting/bullfighters, 10, 42, 151, 206, 238n68
American descriptions of, 103, 106
American journalistic description of, 89
in Cassatt’s paintings, 103, 103–5, 106–8, 113
class differences and, 110
Eakins and, 76
French artists’ depictions of, 62
Henri and, 198, 199–200, 202, 204
photographs of, 74
sexuality and, 238–39n78
torero photographs, 106, 107
Bullfight in Spain (Dehodencq), 106
Burke, Father Tom, 57
Burns, Sarah, 202
Bustamente, Maria, 199, 251n57
Buttersworth, James E., 19, 20
Byron, Lord, 7
Byzantine art, 188
Cabral Bejarano, Antonio, 42
Cádiz, 20, 40, 115
Calabazas (Velázquez), 153
California, 6, 16, 35, 209, 252n5
Calle de Toledo, Una (Alguacil photograph), 170
Calvo Serraller, Francisco, 7
Camino de Santiago, 90
Cano, Alonso, 118
capitalism, 48, 139
Caprichos (Goya), 98–99, 125, 125, 126
Captive (Moore), 84
Caravaggio, 48
Cardsharps, The (Caravaggio), 48
caridad, La (Roldán), 52, 52
Carlists, 71, 90, 236
Carlist War, first, 6, 40
Carlos, Don (Carlos V), 6, 30
Carmelita Requeña (Eakins), 68, 68, 69
Carmen (Bizet opera), 126–28, 130, 132, 140
Carmen arrêtée à la fabrique de tabac à Seville (Curtis), 130, 132
Carmencita (Chase), 144
Carmencita, La (Sargent), 141, 142, 202
Carolus-Duran (Charles Durand), 58, 117, 126, 130
Carter, Susan, 147, 169, 170
Cassatt, Mary, 2, 148, 206
After the Bullfight, 103, 104
art education of, 89, 91–92
friendship with Emily Sartain, 92
Goya as influence on, 98–100
In the Loge, 103, 104
Mandolin Player, 91
Manet and, 101
Miss Mary Ellison, 111, 112
Offering the Panal to the Toreador, 88, 105
On the Balcony, 94, 95, 96, 99
Peasant Woman Peeling an Orange, 110, 111
on Spanish-American War, 7
Spanish Dancer Wearing a Lace Mantilla, 110–11, 112, 113
travels in Spain, 93–94
Two Women Throwing Plowers During Carnival, 92
Castelar, Emilio, 71, 90
Castile, 1, 178, 204
Castilian Days (Hay), 71–72
Castillo, Ben, 120
castizo (purity of bloodline), 176, 179, 204
Catalan language, 192, 197
Catalonia, 63, 177, 192
Cathedral of Seville (Eakins), 73, 73
Cathedral, Torre del Oro, and Guadalquivir River, Seville (Clifford), 23, 23
Catholicism, 5, 7, 8, 20, 206
American experience of, 55–57
Castilian castizo and, 204
Eakins portraits of American Catholic clergymen, 67
El Greco and, 177–78
in Hall’s Sevillian paintings, 52
Islam and, 77–78
Murillo and, 39
in negative contrast to Anglo-American Protestantism, 65–66, 134
Sargent’s Boston Public Library mural and, 186, 190–91
Spanish politics and, 71–72
celestina, La (Picasso), 178, 179, 206
Cervantes, Miguel de, 5, 120, 122
Champney, Elizabeth W., 97, 236n34
Champney, James Wells, 96–97
Chaplin, Charles, 91
Charnon-Deutsch, Lou, 120
Chase, William Merritt, 2, 142, 185–86, 192, 194, 206
Antiquary Shop, 153
art education of, 148
Carmencita, 144
Hall at Shinnecock, 149
Hide and Seek, 149
New York School of Art and, 199
Outskirts of Madrid, 154, 156, 172
Smoker, 150
Spanish-American War and, 7
Spanish Bric-a-Brac Shop, 150, 151, 153, 245n26
Spanish Monk, 149
Spanish Peasant, 149, 149
Spanish Village, 153, 154, 246n40
Sunny Spain, 146, 154, 157, 158, 168, 172
travels in Spain, 147, 148–51
Chase, after Velazquez, A (“Emm”), 149
Chess Players, The (A Scene in Cairo) (Gérôme), 74
chiaroscuro, 69, 149
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (Byron), 7
Children Playing Dice (Murillo), 48
chivalry, 8, 9
Christ Child as the Good Shepherd, The (Gainsborough), 39
Christ on the Cross (Velázquez), 67
Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada, A (Irving), 8, 28, 31
Church, Frederic, 15–16, 34
Cigarette Girls, Seville (Gay), 130, 131
cigarreras (cigarette girls), 132, 134, 241nn55–56
in Doré’s illustration, 128, 129
in Gay’s painting, 130, 131
Mérimée’s and Bizet’s Carmen, 126
cigarreras, Las (Gay), 130
Cigarreras at Work in the Fábrica de Tabacos of Seville (Doré), 128, 129
Cistue, Isabel de, 79
ciudad desde el sur, La (Barrón Carrillo), 26
Civil War, American, 1, 10, 33, 71, 89
Eakins’s avoidance of, 61–62
New York Draft Riots (1863), 57
Spain’s expulsion of Moors and, 31
Clairin, Georges, 79
Clarke, T. J., 110
Clarke, Thomas B., 160
classicism, 58
Claus, Fanny, 101
Clifford, Charles, 23, 225n36
Coale, Samuel A., Jr., 31
Cock Fight, The (Gérôme), 74
collectors, 39, 84, 127, 160, 194
Colman, Samuel, 2, 35, 37, 41, 58, 74, 206
academic tradition and, 61
Alameda del Darro, Granada, 33
artistic education and affinities, 15–16, 224n8
critics and, 19, 31, 33, 34, 39
focus on Spain’s past, 59
Gibraltar (oil painting), 16, 17, 18–19
Gibraltar (pencil drawing), 16, 16
Giralda, 22
Granada, 27, 28
Harbor of Seville (oil painting), 12, 20, 21, 22–23
Harbor of Seville (watercolor), 23
Harbor Scene (Seville), 23, 24
Hill of the Alhambra, 31, 32, 33, 35
Irving’s literature on Spain and, 13, 28, 30–31
On the River Xenil, 27–28
Spanish Peaks, Southern California, 35
Storm King on the Hudson, 19, 19, 35
studio in New York, 153
Torres Bermejas, 30, 30
travels through Spain, 13–15, 27, 225n36
View of Seville, 23, 25
Washing Day, 28, 29
Columbus, Christopher, 4, 10, 22
Conde de Miranda, El (Goya), 136
conquistadors, 5
Constant, Benjamin, 79
Contrebandier aragonais (Dannat), 134, 135, 136
Cook, Clarence, 33, 136–37, 229n45
Coolidge, Thomas Jefferson, 127, 142
Copley, John Singleton, 15
Copyists in the Main Gallery of the Prado, Showing Murillo’s “Immaculate Conception” (Underwood and Underwood), 5
Cordilleras, 4
Cordillo, Celemente, 200, 249n14
Córdoba, 14, 27, 199
Correggio, 92
Cortés, Joaquín María, 42
Cortez, Hernán, 22
costumbrismo (genre painting), 37, 42, 64, 165
bullfight imagery in, 108–9, 109
Cassatt and, 108
characteristic types of, 115
Chase and, 154
dancers, 126
Doré and, 75, 76
Gypsies as subject of, 44, 170, 182
Moore and, 80
nationalism and, 58
Roman Catholicism and, 52
romanticism of, 45
water carrier in, 161, 163
Court in the Alhambra in the Time of the Moors, A (Weeks), 81
Couture, Thomas, 91, 100
Crayon (art journal), 34, 44, 65, 66
Crayon Miscellany, The (Irving), 8
Cristo de la Sangre, El (Zuloaga), 188, 190
critics: on Cassatt, 109
on Chase, 158
on Colman, 19, 31, 33, 34, 39
on Dannat, 137–38
on Eakins, 87
on Hall, 39, 44, 45, 50, 228n30, 229n45
on Moore, 80, 86
on Sargent, 125, 127–28, 136–37
Crucifixion (Eakins), 67
Cuba, 2, 6, 72, 90, 176, 235n3
Curran, Charles Courtney, 185
Curran, Grace Wickham, 185
Curtis, Charles Boyd, 57–58
Curtis, Ralph, 130, 132–33, 140, 242n59
Cushing, Caleb, 90, 235n3
Cushing, Caroline Elizabeth Wilde, 89–90
Dance of the Almeh, The (Gérôme), 74, 84, 85, 126, 145
dancing/dancers, 11, 126, 202, 204, 234n87
Carmencita, 139–40, 142–43
flamenco, 120, 122–23, 130, 139
Dancing the Jaleo in the Casa de Pilatos, Seville (Madrazo), 126
Dannat, William Turner: Après la messe, 133
Aragonese subjects, 133–34, 134–35, 136
Contrebandier aragonais, 134, 135, 136
Quartette (Dannat), 136–37, 137
Sacristy in Aragon, 134, 134
Spanish Women, 137–38, 138
Darley, Felix Octavius Carr, 13, 14, 30
Dausset, Carmen (Carmencita), 139–40, 141, 142–43, 145, 202
Dausset, Emanuel, 139
Daux, Charles-Edmond, 117
Davillier, Baron Charles, 74, 76, 115, 120, 123, 128–29
Davis, John, 77
Dead Toreador, The (Manet), 106
decadence, 8, 10, 176–77, 186
Degas, Edgar, 126, 179
Dehodencq, Alfred, 106
democracy, 57, 65, 87, 209
Denon, Vivant, 39
Desastres de la guerra (Goya), 99, 126
Dethomas, Maxime, 179
Diez, Wilhelm von, 148
disease, infectious, 3
Disparates (Goya), 99
Disraeli, Benjamin, 58
Dix, Charles Temple, 19–20
Dixwell, Anna, 103, 106
Dogma of the Redemption (Sargent), 186, 188, 189, 190
Domenece, Bishop Michael, 92
Don Antonio el inglés (Velázquez), 117
Don Baltasar Carlos (Velázquez), 93
Don Celemente Alveriz de Sotomayor (Henri), 200
Don Juan (Byron), 7
donkeys, 159–60, 160
Don Pedro, Duque de Osuna (Goya), 136
Don Quixote (Cervantes), 5
Doré, Gustave, 74, 75, 76, 120
Cigarreras at Work in the Fábrica de Tabacos of Seville, 128, 129, 130
Gipsy Dancing the Vito Sevillano, 122
Musiciens ambulants, 75, 76
Smugglers of the Serrania de Ronda, 134, 135
Downes, William Howe, 137–38
Draft Riots (New York, 1863), 57
Dry Reality, The (Blum), 170, 172
Dumas, Alexandre (pére), 123–24
Durand, Asher B., 15
Duret, Théodore, 100–101
Düsseldorf School, 41, 52
Duveneck, Frank, 106
Eakins, Thomas, 2, 84, 206, 230n11
Archbishop William Henry Elder, 67
art education, 61–63
Carmelita Requeña, 68, 68, 69
Cathedral of Seville, 73, 73
on Couture, 91
Crucifixion, 67
foreign language proficiency of, 63, 230n6
Gross Clinic, 62, 66, 84, 87
on Islam, 77, 78
Negro Boy Dancing, 73, 74
photography and, 74
realism of, 86, 87
Spanish Revolution (1868) and, 69, 71–73
Spanish Sketchbook, 69
stereotypes of Spain and, 76
Street Scene in Seville, 60, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73
studies in Paris, 62–63, 232n40
travels in Spain, 64–68, 92. See also Street Scene in Seville, A (Eakins)
Early Career of Murillo, The (Phillip), 54–55, 55
École des Beaux-Arts (Paris), 62, 91
Egyptian Peasant Woman and Her Child, An (Bonnat), 63
Elegies to the Spanish Republic (Motherwell), 207, 208–9
Eliot, George, 122
Elliott, Lottie, 139
“Emm, William,” 149
England. See Britain
Enlightenment, 7
Entierro del Conde Orgaz (El Greco), 118
En torno al casticismo [On the essence of Spanish character] (Unamuno), 176
Episode from a Bullfight (Manet), 106
Escacena, José María, 42
Escorial, El, 118, 125
España negra (“Black Spain”), 2, 181, 186, 191, 197, 202
España negra (Verhaeren and Regoyos), 167, 175, 191, 206
Étoile, L’ (Degas), 126
Eulalia, Infanta, 139
Everett, Alexander, 9
Execution of Maximilian, The (Manet), 101
Execution sans jugement sous les rois maures de Grenade (Regnault), 81, 83
Fairbrother, Trevor, 124
Falla, Manuel de, 185
Family of Carlos IV (Goya), 65
fandango dance, 11
Felipe IV (Velázquez), 148
Ferdinand II, King, 4, 30, 31, 56
Ferdinand (Fernando) VII, King, 5, 6, 56
feria, La (Rodríguez Guzmán), 54
Feria de Jueves, La (Hall), 52, 53, 54, 229n45
Ferrándiz Badenes, Bernardo, 79
Ferreria y Moyers, María Emilia, 208
Field, Kate, 90
Figuerola, Laureano, 71
flamenco music/dance, 120, 122–23, 127, 130
Fleurs du mal, Les (Baudelaire), 96
Flirtation, The: A Balcony in Seville. See On the Balcony (Cassatt)
Florida, 6
Flower Girl, The (Murillo), 46, 47
Flower Seller, The (Hall), 46, 47, 51
Ford, Richard, 14, 40, 120
on beggars in Spain, 37
on flea markets of the Rastro, 151–52
on Murillo, 37, 38
on role of donkeys in Spanish life, 159
Sevillian artists and, 42
on spring fair of Seville, 52
Forge of Vulcan, The (Velázquez), 117
Fortuny, Mariano, 80, 81, 87, 161, 165
at Academy of Fine Arts (Barcelona), 191–92
Arab Guard, 82
Battle of Tetuán, 194
Cassatt and, 108, 109
connoisseurship and, 153
Eakins’s admiration for, 63–64, 230n11
Moore’s Almeh and, 84
popularity with American artists, 151
reputation of, 79
Sorolla and, 181
Vendedor de tapices, 152, 152
Fountain in a Courtyard (Mora), 196
France, 4, 7, 8, 14
anticlericalism in, 242n72
border crossings into Spain from, 13, 90, 134, 182
class fluidity and modern art in, 110
as destination for American art students, 62, 89, 148
invasions and interventions in Spain, 5–6
Louisiana sold to United States, 6
Murillo’s reputation in, 39–40
Napoleonic invasion of Spain, 100
romantic views of Spain in, 96
Spanish Civil War and, 207
Franco, Francisco, 207, 208, 209, 224n6
Franco-Prussian War, 79, 91, 92
friars, mendicant, 54, 55, 58
Fried, Michael, 66
Frieze of the Prophets (Sargent), 182
frutero de Sevilla, El (Hall), 48
Fumée d’ambre gris (Sargent), 120, 121, 128
Gainsborough, Thomas, 39
Galicia, 182
Gambling for the Buck (Stanley), 48, 50
gambling scenes, 48, 49, 50, 56, 57
García, María de los Santos, 58
García Alba, Santiago, 209
García Lorca, Federico, 207, 208
Garden at Granada (Sargent), 187
Gardner, Isabella Stewart, 127, 132
Carmencita and, 142, 143, 144
Sargent’s El jaleo and, 145, 186, 188
Garzón, Rafael, 94
Gauguin, Paul, 179
Gautier, Théophile, 7, 74, 76, 103, 124
Gay, Walter, 130
Geibel, Emanuel von, 92
gender, 2, 3, 103
Generation of ’98, 176–79, 186, 202, 203–4
Germany, 5, 56, 148
Gérôme, Jean-Léon, 62, 63, 68, 73–74, 79
Cassatt and, 91
The Chess Players (A Scene in Cairo), 74
Cock Fight, 74
Dance of the Almeh, 74, 84, 85, 126, 145
Interior of a Mosque, 76
Moore influenced by, 84
photography used by, 74
Pifferari, 73
Prayer in the Desert, 74, 77
Prayer on the Rooftops, 74
Prisoner, 74
Gibraltar, 22, 115, 199, 224n6
British rule of, 59
Colman’s paintings/drawings of, 13, 15, 16, 16, 17, 18–19, 20, 35, 224nn12–13
Muslim conquest of Spain and, 15
population of, 18
as port for travelers into Spain, 13–14
Gibraltar (Colman, oil painting), 16, 17, 18–19
Gibraltar (Colman, pencil drawing), 16
Gibraltar (Dix), 19–20, 20
Gipsy Dancing the Vito Sevillano (Doré), 122
Giralda, The (Colman), 22, 22
Giraudon, Auguste, 118
gitana, La (Hall), 48
“gitanilla, La” (Cervantes), 120, 122
gloria, La: A Spanish Wake (Phillip), 54
Golden Age, of Spain, 5, 8, 11
Gonzalès, Eva, 103
Goupil, Adolphe, 63, 161
Goya, Francisco, 1, 136, 170, 204, 209
Andrés Peral, 136
“Black Paintings,” 125, 179
Cassatt and, 110
El Conde de Miranda, 136
Don Pedro, Duque de Osuna, 136
Family of Carlos IV, 65
landscape painting and, 203
Majas on the Balcony, 98, 98–100, 236n41
Sargent influenced by, 125–26
Third of May, 1808, 101, 125, 136
Zuloaga and, 181
Granada, 2, 35, 79
Alhambra, 13
architecture of, 27–28, 28
climate, 27
Henri in, 199
Sargent in, 115, 119–20, 182
as setting for Irving’s Alhambra, 8–9. See also Alhambra
Granada (Colman), 27, 28
grand tour, 2
Grant, Ulysses S., 72
Great Siege, of Gibraltar (1779–82), 15
Greco, El, 175, 176–79, 182, 188, 192, 208–9
Bosc’s collection of, 194
Entierro del Conde Orgaz, 118
Holy Trinity, 119
Opening of the Fifth Seal (The Vision of Saint John) (El Greco), 179, 249n7
Saint Martin and the Beggar, 119, 177, 182
Gregorio in Sepúlveda (Zuloaga), 179, 180, 206
Gregory IX, Pope, 56
Gross, Samuel, 66, 84
Gross Clinic, The (Eakins), 62, 66, 84, 87
Guadalquivir River, 20, 23, 23, 25, 124
Guernica (Picasso), 209
Guillemet, Antoine, 101
Guitar Player of Granada (Moore), 80
Gypsies, 27, 68, 69, 152, 192, 206
avant-garde artists’ identification with, 124
Carmen in Bizet’s opera, 126–28, 130, 132
Castilian castizo against, 204
class and racial origins of, 128
in costumbrista painting, 44, 170, 182
Henri’s paintings of, 200, 202, 204, 252n71
Orientalism and, 120
photographs of, 74
Romantic myth of, 122–23, 123–24
stereotyping of, 120, 124
Gypsy Encampment (Sargent), 182, 184
Haldeman, Eliza, 91
Hall, George Henry, 2, 74, 108, 206
academic tradition and, 61
Anita, A Little Spanish Peasant Girl, 48
art education, 41
critics and, 44, 45, 50, 228n30, 229n45
Düsseldorf School and, 41, 52
Eakins compared to, 76
Feria de Jueves, 52, 53, 54, 229n45
Flower Seller, 46, 47, 51
focus on Spain’s past, 59
El frutero de Sevilla, 48
genre paintings, 48, 50
Gitana, 48
Moore compared to, 80
Muchachos de Seville, 44
Murillo’s influence on, 37, 38–39
Return of the Spanish Laborers from the Field, 45, 45
Rosalva—A Spanish Flower Girl, 48
Sevillana, 48
Sevillian Water Seller, 48
Spanish Girl, 42
trips to Spain, 37, 46
Trying His Luck: A Group of Spanish Children, 36, 48, 49
Young Lady of Seville and Her Dueña at Church, 51, 51–52, 102
Hall at Shinnecock (Chase), 149
Hallowell, Sara, 170
Hand-Book for Travellers in Spain (Ford), 10, 14, 37, 40, 159
Hapsburg dynasty, 5, 20
Harbor of Seville (Colman oil painting), 12, 20, 21, 22–23
Harbor of Seville, The (Colman watercolor), 23
Harbor Scene (Seville) (Colman), 23, 24
harems, 86, 123
Hassam, Frederick Childe, 106, 153–54
Hauk, Minnie, 127
Havemeyer, Louisine and Harry, 99
Hay, John, 71, 72, 232n40
Heart of the Andes (Church), 34
Heller, Nancy, 123
Hemingway, Ernest, 208
Henri, Linda, 197, 198
Henri, Robert, 2, 175, 181, 206
art education of, 197–98
Blind Guitar Singer, 204, 205, 206
Don Celemente Alveriz de Sotomayor, 200
María y Consuelo, 202, 203
El matador, 200
Orientalism and, 199
Procession in Spain, 203, 204
La reina mora: Milagros Moreno, 174, 200, 201, 202
on Spanish-American War, 7
Spanish Dancing Girl, 198, 199
Spanish Girl of Segovia, 204, 205, 206
travels in Spain, 197–99, 203
Hide and Seek (Chase), 149
High-Jack-Game (Le Clear), 48
hilanderas, Las (Velázquez), 5, 66, 67, 117, 149, 152
Hill of the Alhambra, The (Colman), 31, 32, 33, 35
Hispanic Society of America, 181, 194
Hispanism, literary, 7, 8
Historical and True Account of the Cruel Massacre and Slaughter of 20,000,000 People in the West Indies by the Spaniards, 5
History of New York, from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (Irving), 8
History of Spanish Literature, A (Ticknor), 8
History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, The (Irving), 8
Hoey, John, 84
Hogarth, William, 39
Holland, 5
Holy Land, 77, 94
Holy Trinity (El Greco), 119
Home of “Solitude,” The (Reinhart), 167
Hospital at Granada (Sargent), 182, 183
Hudson River School, 15
Hugo, Victor, 122
Hunt, William Morris, 103
Huntington, Archer B., 181, 194
Huysmans, Joris-Karl, 125
identity, national: American, 1, 10, 34, 90, 175–76
Spanish, 1, 58–59, 120, 176, 178, 204
Impressionism, 153, 158
In Algiers (Sartain), 78
industrialization, 11, 130, 176
Innocent X (Velázquez), 67
inns, roadside, 3
Inquisition, 56
Institución de Libre Enseñanza, 178
intellectuals, Spanish, 176, 178, 207
Interior of a Mosque (Gérôme), 76
Interior of Santa María la Blanca, The (Sargent), 118, 119
In the Loge (Cassatt), 103, 104
In the Mirador (Reinhart), 97
Irving, Washington, 37, 79, 208
Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada, 8, 28, 31
Legends of the Conquest of Spain, 8, 15
literary romanticism of, 2, 10, 25, 175, 199
on Spanish peasantry, 45–46
on Spanish women and window balconies, 96
on topography of Spain, 3–4
on water carriers, 159
writings on Spanish history, 8–9. See also Alhambra, The (Irving)
Isabella I, Queen, 4, 30, 31, 56
Isabella II, Queen, 6, 61, 71, 139, 236n41
Islam, 77–78
Israelites Oppressed (Sargent), 182
Italy, 56–57, 92, 113, 153, 188
jaleo, El: Danse des gitanes (Sargent), 114, 116, 132, 175
Bizet’s Carmen and, 126–28, 130, 132, 140
Carmencita’s dancing and, 139, 140, 142
exhibited at Paris Salon (1882), 120, 133, 147, 151
flamenco and, 123
preliminary sketches for, 115
romanticism of, 182
sources for, 124–26
in Spanish Cloister, Fenway Court, 145, 145, 186, 188
James, Henry, 128
Jardín de Aranjuez (Rusiñol), 188
Jardines de Carlos V. Alcázar de Sevilla (Sorolla), 187
Jardines de España exhibition (Paris), 186
Jews, 56, 118, 204
Jiménez Aranda, Luis, 194
Johns, Elizabeth, 66
Johnson, Andrew, 72
Joyful Mysteries of the Rosary (Sargent), 190
Juan Carlos, King, 209
Juan Martínez Montañés (Velázquez), 66
Kiralfly, Bolossy, 139
Know-Nothings, 57
Kuehne, Max, 207
landscape painting, 2, 25, 26, 42
Orientalism and, 77
Spanish tradition of, 203
transformation of Iberian Peninsula and, 147–48
Largo Caballero, Francisco, 208
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 5
Lathrop, George Parsons, 96, 149, 165
on Madrid’s urbanization, 154
on Toledo, 147, 159, 173
Laurent, Jean, 107, 240n19
Madrid: Vista general de la Puerta del Sol, 4
Pobres a la puerta de un convento en Toledo, 170, 171
Toledo: Entrada de Toledo por el puente de Alcántra, 11
lavanderas (washerwomen), 10, 28, 29, 155, 246n39
Lawson, Ernest, 207–8
Lears, T. J. Jackson, 48
Le Clear, Thomas, 48
Lee, Vernon, 118, 124, 125, 182, 190
Legends of the Conquest of Spain (Irving), 8, 15
Leibl, Wilhelm, 148
Letter Writer of Seville, The (Phillip), 54
Leutze, Emanuel, 10, 34
Lewis, John Frederick, 22, 30, 39
leyenda negra (black legend), 5, 176
liberals, Spanish, 6, 72
Lincoln, Abraham, 71, 73, 74
Lipton, Eunice, 110
literature/literary history, Spanish, 58, 122, 179
costumbrismo and, 44
Ticknor and, 7–8, 181
Little Spanish Prison, The (Motherwell), 208
llumanera de Nova York, La (Catalan newspaper), 80
Lorrain, Claude, 22
Louisiana, 6
Louis-Philippe (king of France), 40, 236n41
MacCannell, Dean, 90
MacKenzie, Alexander Slidell, 2, 9–10, 10, 208
in Gibraltar, 18
on Murillo, 37–38
on Seville, 22
Year in Spain, by a Young American, 9, 13, 40
MacKenzie, John, 77
Madonna of Sorrows (Sargent), 186, 189, 190
Madrazo, Raimundo, 79, 108, 109, 126
Madrazo, Ricardo, 63, 79
Madrid, 9, 40, 61, 206
Academia de San Fernando, 165
Cassatt in, 93
centralized power of, 176
costumbrismo in, 44
Eakins in, 64–66
Henri in, 198, 199, 204
hotels in, 3
modernization of, 154
Mora in, 192
as new city, 147, 170
Rastro flea market, 151–52, 194
Sargent in, 115, 118
Spanish masters of, 1, 37
Velázquez associated with, 58. See also Prado, Museo del
Madrid: Vista general de la Puerta del Sol (Laurent), 4
Magellan, Ferdinand, 22
Maine, USS, 7
maja, La (Bécquer), 52
Majas on a Balcony (Goya), 98, 98–100, 101, 102, 236n41
Mañana de Viernes Santo en Orduña (Regoyos), 190–91, 191
manchegas dance, 11
Manchester Art Treasures exhibition (1857), 39
Mandolin Player, A (Cassatt), 91
Manet, Édouard, 62, 91, 100–101, 103
Le Balcon, 99, 99–100, 101
Ballet Espagnole, 126, 127
Execution of Maximilian, 101
Matador, 106, 107
The Tragic Actor; Philibert Rouvière as Hamlet, 101
Manoguerra, Paul, 57
María y Consuelo (Henri), 202, 203
Mariscal, George, 8
Martí, José, 6
Martínez Ruíz (Azorín), José, 176
Master Wynn as St. John the Baptist (Reynolds), 39
Matador, A (Manet), 106, 107
matador, El (Henri), 200
Matta Echaurren, Roberto, 208
McBride, Henry, 207
McKinley, William, 7
Meade, Richard Worsam, 40
Medinaceli family, 94
Meléndez, Luis, 65
Mena, Juan de, 48
meninas, Las (Velázquez), 5, 65, 66, 117, 194
Chase and, 149
light and dark in, 120
Menippus (Velázquez), 149, 158
Mérimée, Prosper, 126, 130
Méthode et entretiens d’atelier (Couture), 91
Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), 136
Mexican-American War, 6
Mexico, 6, 207, 208
middle classes: American, 2, 10, 46, 62, 91, 102, 115
Spanish, 25, 44, 152
Miller, Sebastian, 139
Minchin, Hamilton, 117
miscegenation, fear of, 86
Miss Mary Ellison (Cassatt), 111, 112
Mitchell, Timothy, 110
Mlle V . . . in the Costume of an Espada (Manet), 106
modernism, 113, 126, 176, 178
modernity, 108
modernization, 10, 25, 27, 154
monks, 54
Montero Ríos, Eugenio, 71
Montijo, Eugenia de, 62
Moore, Harry Humphrey, 2, 61, 62, 68, 78
The Almeh: A Dream of the Alhambra, 62, 84, 86–87, 145
Captive, 84
Guitar Player of Granada, 80
life in Granada, 79
Moorish Bazaar, 81
Moorish Merchant, 81
Old Moor Sharpening His Sword, 81, 82
Orientalist genre and, 77, 79–81, 82
Spanish Gypsies of Granada, 80, 80
studio of, 84, 85, 153, 234n87
Moorish Bazaar (Moore), 81
Moorish culture/influence, 1, 7, 115
in Andalusia, 153
Castilian castizo against, 204
in Granada, 10, 28
in Seville, 10, 22, 23
Moorish Merchant (Moore), 81
Moors, 4, 23
Alcázar of Seville and, 77
American views of, 86–87
Christian reconquest and, 27
conquest of Spain in 711, 15
Gypsy myth and, 122
Inquisition and, 56
Mora, Domingo, 191–92
Mora, F. Luis, 2, 175, 181, 191–95, 197, 206
Beach Scene at Valencia, 195, 196, 197
La buena ventura, 193–94
Fountain in a Courtyard, 196
Orientalism and, 199
Spanish Mendicants, 192, 193, 194
Street in Ronda, 194, 195
Moragas Torras, Tomás, 79
Moran, Edward, 86
Moreno, Matías, 161, 165
Moreno, Milagros, 200, 201, 202
Moreno, Vicente, 139
Morisot, Berthe, 101, 102, 103
Morocco, 4, 120
Mosque at Cordova (Weeks), 81, 83
Motherwell, Robert, 207, 208–9, 252n5
Mowbray, H. Siddons, 192
Muchachos de Seville (Hall), 44
Munich, 148, 150, 154, 161
Muñoz Herrera, José Pedro, 154, 246nn40, 44
Murillo, Bartolomé, 1, 2, 65, 170
Catholic associations of, 38–39, 57–58, 92, 231n19
Children Playing Dice, 38, 48
comparison with Velázquez, 57–58, 59, 93
Feria de Jueves and, 55
Flower Girl, 46, 47
Golden Age and, 5
paintings in Museo de Bellas Artes, 67
realism of, 41
reputation in England and France, 39–40
reputation in United States, 57–58, 65
Roman Charity (Caritas Romana), 40
Self-Portrait, 39
Seville and, 20, 37
Two Women at a Window, 100, 101
works in Prado, 42
Murillo and the Spanish School of Painting (Scott), 41
Musée Espagnole (Louvre, Paris), 40
Museo de Bellas Artes (Seville), 67
museo universal, El (periodical), 58
Musiciens ambulants (Doré), 75, 76
mysticism, 175, 176, 179, 191
My Uncle and My Cousins (Zuloaga), 179
My Watercarrier (Blum), 160, 160
Napoléon I, 6, 39, 40, 227n8
Napoléon III, 62, 69
National Academy of Design: Blum and, 160, 248n74
Cassatt and, 101, 108
Colman and, 16, 31, 35
Hall and, 41, 44, 48
Mora and, 192, 194
nationalism, 42, 58–59, 172, 173, 176, 202
nativists, 57
Near Antequera, Spain (Coale), 31
Negro Boy Dancing (Eakins), 73, 74
New York, city of: Carmencita in, 139–40
Chase in, 148, 153
collectors in, 84
Colman in, 13, 15, 16, 31, 35, 153
Draft Riots (1863), 57
Hall in, 42, 46, 48
Metropolitan Sanitary Fair (1864), 34
Somerville Art Gallery, 46, 59
New York School of Art, 199
New York Times, 33, 59, 127, 139, 143
Niagara Falls (Church), 34
Nieto, José, 66
North Africa, 2, 3, 4, 6, 64, 153
Barbary States, 81
Sargent in, 120
Spanish Orientalism and, 79, 208
United States and, 81, 84
Notre Dame de Paris (Hugo), 122
Offering the Panal to the Toreador (Cassatt), 88, 103, 105, 108–9
Ojeda, Alonso de, 22
Old Buildings on the Darro, Granada (Roberts), 28, 29
Old Masters, 2, 39, 66, 87, 117, 170
in Alte Pinakothek (Munich), 148
Carolus-Duran and, 117
Cassatt and, 89, 110
Sargent and, 119
Old Moor Sharpening His Sword (Moore), 81, 82
On the Balcony (Cassatt), 94, 95, 96, 99, 101–3
On the Balcony (Morisot), 103, 104
On the River Xenil (Colman), 27–28
Opening of the Fifth Seal, The (The Vision of Saint John) (El Greco), 179, 249n7
Opp, Julia, 138
Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, 57
Orientalism, 10, 35, 133, 199
ancient monuments of Andalusia and, 81
Bonnat and, 63, 63
distance between audience and performance, 145
Said on, 77
Sargent and, 120
Spain’s North African wars and, 208
Spain’s relationship with, 120
Spanish artists and, 64, 64, 79
violence in, 81, 83
Otherness, 44, 91
Outskirts of Madrid (Scene Near Madrid) (Chase), 154, 156, 172
Pablo de Valladolid (Velázquez), 101, 149
Pacheco, Francisco, 65
Pagan Gods (Sargent), 182
Pancho Villa, Dead and Alive (Motherwell), 208
Patio de los Arrayanes (Sargent), 120, 121
Patio toledano (Arredondo), 168, 168
Pearce, Charles Sprague, 78, 133, 136
peasants, 56, 58, 133, 179
in costumbrista painting, 182
photographs of, 74
religion and, 204
Peasant Woman Peeling an Orange (Cassatt), 110, 111
Pelando la pava (Álvarez Algeciras), 109, 109
Peninsular War, 5, 39
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, 40, 41, 62, 109
Blum at, 150
Cassatt at, 89, 93
Eakins at, 61
Henri at, 197
Persico, Luigi, 10
Philadelphia Centennial Exposition (1876), 62, 84, 86
Philip IV, King, 65
Philippines, 7
Phillip, John, 39, 54, 55, 108, 229n49
photography, 74, 87, 161, 162
Picasso, Pablo, 179, 206, 209
Pifferari, The (Gérôme), 73
Piloty, Karl von, 148
Pius IX, Pope, 57
Plaza and Street, Toledo (Rico), 161, 163, 163
Pobres a la puerta de un convento en Toledo (Laurent), 170, 171
poets, 48, 96, 208, 209
Pollock, Griselda, 103
Porter, Dennis, 90–91
Portico of the Palace of Octavia (Weir), 57
Powell, William Henry, 10
Pradilla, Francisco, 194
Prado, Museo del, 14, 42, 63, 89, 101, 118
artistic pilgrimage to, 90
Cassatt at, 93
Chase and friends at, 147, 148
Eakins at, 65
Mora at, 192
Sargent at, 117
visitor and copyist registers at, 214–19, 244n8
Pratt, Mary Louise, 173, 235n9
Prayer in the Desert (Gérôme), 74, 77
Prayer on the Rooftops (Gérôme), 74
Prelude! (Pearce), 132, 133
priests, 11, 44, 56, 126, 134, 134
Prim, Marshal Juan, 61, 71
Primo de Rivera, Gen. Miguel, 208
Prisoner, The (Gérôme), 74
Procession in Spain (Henri), 203, 204
Promey, Sally, 186
prostitution, 101–2
Protestantism, 8, 55, 124
American national identity and, 56–57
Anglo-American traditions, 65–66
attitudes toward Islam, 77–78
proverbios, Los (Goya), 126
Puerto Rico, 6, 7
Putnam, Jack, 18
Pyrenees mountains, 4, 90, 134
Quartette, The (Dannat), 136–37, 137
race, 27, 31, 84, 86, 122, 202
realism, painterly, 58, 108, 163
Cassatt and, 110
Couture and, 91
of Eakins and Moore, 86, 87
Henri and, 202
Impressionism and, 158
romanticism and, 179
in Sargent, 123
Reconstruction, post–Civil War, 2, 72, 87, 90
Reformation, 5, 57, 77–78
Regnault, Henri, 81, 126
Regoyos, Darío de, 175, 176, 185, 190–91, 206
reina mora: Milagros Moreno, La (Henri), 174, 200, 201, 202
Reinhart, Charles Stanley, 96, 149, 161, 165, 167
religion, 2, 9–10, 48, 77–78, 182
sexuality and, 52
Spanish masters and, 57, 65–66, 231n28
Rembrandt van Rijn, 66
Renaissance, 5, 22, 178, 179
Requeña family, 68, 69
Return of the Spanish Laborers from the Field (Hall), 45, 45
reyes católicos (Catholic monarchs), 10, 27, 31, 33, 122
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 39
Ribera, Jusepe, 40, 41, 65, 66, 158
Rico, Martín, 79, 109, 161, 163, 172, 233n73
Rivero, Nicolás-María, 71
Roberts, David, 25, 28, 30
Robinson, F. Torrey, 137–38
Rocky Mountains, Lander’s Peak (Bierstadt), 34, 34
Rodríguez Guzmán, Manuel, 54
Rogers, Randolph, 10
Rojas, Fernando de, 179
Roldán, José, 42, 43, 52
Romance, The (Blum), 170, 172
Roman Charity [Caritas Romana] (Murillo), 40
Roman Fish Market, The Arch of Octavius (Bierstadt), 56, 56–57
Romanticism, 7, 98, 123, 126, 208
Rosalva—A Spanish Flower Girl (Hall), 48
Rosenberg, Charles, 102
Rothermel, Peter, 10
Royal Academy (London), 54, 185
Royal Academy (Munich), 148, 150
Rusiñol, Santiago, 177, 178, 179, 185, 186
Jardín de Aranjuez, 188
Mora and, 194–95
Sacristy in Aragon, A (Dannat), 134, 134
Sagasta, Práxedes Mateo, 71
Said, Edward, 77
Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 188, 240n16
Saint Martin and the Beggar (El Greco), 119, 177, 182
Salome (Regnault), 126
Salon, Paris, 63, 84, 91, 92, 130
Cassatt and, 99–100, 108
Gypsy images in, 126
Sargent and, 117, 120, 124, 147
Sánchez Blanco, Pedro, 79
Sánchez Cotán, Juan, 40
Sánchez Mejías, Ignacio, 207, 208
San Juan de la Penitencia (Arredondo), 164
Santiago de Compostela, shrine of, 90, 182
Sargent, John Singer, 2, 58, 150, 206
art education, 117
Blind Musicians, 182, 184
Carmencita, 141, 142, 202
Carmencita and, 139–40, 143–44
Dogma of the Redemption, 186, 188, 189, 190
Frieze of the Prophets, 182
Fumée d’ambre gris, 120, 121, 128
Garden at Granada, 187
Gypsy Encampment, 182, 184
Hospital at Granada, 182, 183
Interior of Santa María la Blanca, 118, 119
Israelites Oppressed, 182
Joyful Mysteries of the Rosary, 190
Madonna of Sorrows, 186, 189, 190
Pagan Gods, 182
Patio de los Arrayanes, 120, 121
Sorrowful Mysteries of the Rosary, 190
on Spanish-American War, 7
Spanish artists and, 185
Spanish Dance, 124
Spanish Dancer, 124
Spanish Soldiers, 182, 183
travels in Spain, 115, 117–20, 175, 181–82, 185
Triumph of Religion, 186
on Zuloaga, 179. See also jaleo, El: Danse des gitanes (Sargent)
Sargent in His Studio at 41 Boulevard Berthier, Paris (Giraudon), 118
Sartain, Emily, 7, 92, 96, 113, 238n74
Sartain, John, 62, 84
Sartain, William, 61, 62–63, 78–79
In Algiers, 78
Orientalist genre and, 77
Spanish Head, 68, 68–69
travels in Spain with Eakins, 92
Schaus, William, 136
Schriber, Mary Suzanne, 90
Schussele, Christian, 61, 93
Scott, William Bell, 41
Segovia, 203, 207–8
Self-Portrait (Murillo), 39
Self-Portrait with his Dog Trump (Hogarth), 39
Sevilla: General View of the Patio of the Casa de Pilatos (Garzón), 94
Sevilla en tiempos de los árabes (Villaamil), 25, 26
Sevilla (n. 193), fá[bri]ca de tabacos (photograph), 129
Sevillana, La (Hall), 48
Seville, 22, 194, 199
annual spring fair, 52, 53, 54, 54
Casa de Pilatos, 94, 94
Cassatt in, 89, 93–94, 108, 113
Colman in, 13, 25, 41
Colman’s paintings of, 12, 20, 21, 22–23, 24, 25
costumbrismo in, 44, 228n41
Eakins in, 67–69, 71, 78
flamenco dance in, 123
as frequent destination of American visitors, 10
Hall’s paintings of, 37, 41
history of, 20
Murillo and, 42, 58
Sargent in, 115, 119, 124
tobacco factory of La Triana, 124, 128, 130, 131, 241n55
Sevillian Water Seller (Hall), 48
Sevillian Youths Reading the Poter for a Bullfight (Roldán), 42, 43
Sewing (Blum), 169
sexuality, 52, 86, 143
in Bizet’s Carmen, 126
death paired with, 125
Gypsy dance and, 123–24, 132–33
projected upon working classes, 102, 109, 109–10
Sha’ban, Fuad, 77
Sickles, Gen. Daniel E., 71, 72
Sierra Nevada Mountains (Spain), 27, 28
Sierra Payba, José, 75
Simonetti, Attilio, 79
Simons, Theodor, 161
Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., The (Irving), 8
slavery, 6, 57, 72, 81
Sloan, John, 199
Smith, F. Hopkinson, 165
Smith, Joseph Lindon, 143
Smoker, The (Chase), 150
Smugglers of the Serrania de Ronda (Doré), 134, 135
Society of American Artists, 151, 197
Sorolla, Joaquín, 175, 179–81, 195, 207, 250n28
friendships with American artists, 185–86
Jardines de Carlos V, Alcázar de Sevilla, 187
Sorrowful Mysteries of the Rosary (Sargent), 190
Sortie Made by the Garrison of Gibraltar (Trumbull), 15
Soto, Hernando de, 10
Soto Gervilla, María, 209
Soult, Marshal Nicolas Jean, 39
South America, 15
Soyer, Paul Constant, 91
Spain: Catholicism in, 56
cities of, 11
climate, 4, 7, 27
colonial empire, 1, 4, 6, 20, 59
customs different from American life, 50
difference from rest of Europe, 7, 9, 11, 122, 130
dual relationship with Orientalism, 120
as exotic, oriental, and Other, 7, 27
faded glory of, 25
Franco dictatorship, 207
Gibraltar lost to, 15
“grand tour” through, 2
history, 4–7
industrialization in, 154, 172
Italy compared with, 113
Jews expelled (1492), 118
middle class of, 25
as model and foil for U.S. empire, 8, 11
Muslim rule in, 15, 81, 86
Napoleonic invasion of, 5, 39, 56, 225n36
political upheaval in, 87
post-Franco democracy, 209
as preindustrial country, 130, 147, 170
railway system, 3, 4
regional diversity of, 175, 176, 206
royal family, 139
seen as country in decline, 8–10, 106, 113
tensions with United States, 6–7
topography of, 3–4, 7. See also specific cities and regions
Spain (Davillier), 115, 122
Spain Revisited (MacKenzie), 9
Spanish & Italian Folk-songs (musical compilation), 124
Spanish-American War, 1, 2, 71, 181, 197–98
“black legend” as propaganda in, 5
Cuban war of independence and, 6–7
destruction of Spain’s military in, 182
Generation of ’98 and, 175
Spanish Bric-a-Brac Shop, A (Chase), 150, 151, 153, 245n26
Spanish (Castilian) language, 165, 168, 192, 197, 199, 209, 251n64
Spanish Civil War, 207, 208
Spanish Courtyard (Blum), 165, 166, 168, 169, 172, 247n62, 248n74
Spanish Dance, The (Sargent), 124
Spanish Dancer (Sargent), 124
Spanish Dancer Wearing a Lace Mantilla (Cassatt), 110–11, 112, 113
Spanish Dancing Girl (Henri), 198, 199
Spanish Girl (Hall), 42
Spanish Girl of Segovia (Henri), 204, 205, 206
Spanish Gypsies of Granada (Moore), 80, 80
Spanish Gypsy, The (Eliot), 122
Spanish Head (Sartain), 68, 68–69
Spanish Mendicants (Mora), 192, 193, 194
Spanish Monk, A (Chase), 149
Spanish-Moroccan War, 71, 79
Spanish Peaks, Southern California (Colman), 35
Spanish Peasant (Chase), 149, 149
Spanish people, American images of, 130, 134, 135, 172, 209
gambling scenes and, 48
romanticized view of peasantry, 45–46
Spanish Republic, First, 6, 71, 90
Spanish Republic, Second, 208, 209
Spanish Revolution (1868), 1, 61, 69, 71–73
Spanish School, 14, 40, 41
Spanish Sketchbook (Eakins), 69
Spanish Soldiers (Sargent), 182, 183
Spanish Street (Hassam), 155
Spanish Village (Chase), 153, 154, 246n40
“Spanish Vistas” (Lathrop), 147m, 149, 158, 161
Spanish Women (Dannat), 137–38, 138
Stanley, John Mix, 48, 50
stereotypes, 59, 76, 87, 172, 197, 233n56
Generation of ’98 and, 176
Henri and, 202
of Spanish Gypsies, 120, 124
Stevens, Alfred, 150
Stevenson, Mary, 91
Stewart, William Hood, 64, 108, 161
still life, 37, 40
Stirling-Maxwell, William, 40–41, 55, 65–66, 101
Storm King on the Hudson (Colman), 19, 19, 35
Stowe, William, 90
Stravinsky, Igor, 185
Street Incident, A (Chase), 170, 171
Street in Ronda (Mora), 194, 195
Street in Toledo, A (Champney), 97
“Street Life in Madrid” (Carter), 169–70, 170, 171
Street Scene: La Puerta del Convento de las Comendadoras o El Convento de Santa Fe (Blum), 164
Street Scene in Seville, A (Eakins), 60, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73
costumbrismo and, 80
Doré’s influence in, 76
political context of, 87
Strettel, Alma, 124
Suárez González, Adolfo, 209
Sunny Spain, 2, 181, 186, 191, 197
Sunny Spain (Chase), 146, 154, 157, 158, 168, 172
surrealism, 208
Surrender of Breda, The (Velázquez), 117
Syllabus of Errors (papal encyclical), 57
Symbolism, 186, 208
Taking the Veil (Weir), 56–57
Tapiró Barró, José, 79
Tarbell, Edmund, 192
Taric ben Zeyad, 15
Tauromaquía (Goya), 99, 106, 126
Taylor, Baron Isidore, 40
Ten Days in Spain (Field), 90
Ten Years’ War, 6, 7
theater, nineteenth-century, 139
Third of May, 1808, The (Goya), 101, 125, 136
Three Vassar Girls Abroad (Champney), 96–97, 236n34
Ticknor, George, 7–8, 181
Tile Club, 148
Tintoretto, 41, 182
Tipos toledanos: El azacán (Alguacil), 162
Titian, 65, 93, 182
Toledo, 9, 101, 147, 190, 206
Blum in, 158–59, 165
Chase in, 154
El Greco in, 176
Instituto de Toledo, 163
Sargent in, 118
Toledo: Entrada de Toledo por el puente de Alcántra (Laurent), 11
Toledo Water-Carrier (Blum), 160, 161, 172, 247n62, 248n74
Topete, Juan Batista, 71
Torre del Oro, 22, 23
Torre del Oro, The (Roberts), 25, 26
Torres Bermejas (Colman), 30, 30
Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri, 179
Tour du monde, Le (periodical), 74
tourism, 90, 124, 126, 173, 182, 197
Town Topics (gossip tabloid), 143–44
Tragic Actor, The; Philibert Rouvière as Hamlet (Manet), 101
travel, ritual of, 90–91, 139
Trinity (Ribera), 158
Triste herencia (Sorolla), 180, 185, 186
Triumph of Religion (Sargent), 186, 189
Troyon, Carol, 34
Trumbull, John, 15
Trying His Luck: A Group of Spanish Children (Hall), 36, 48, 49
Tucker, Norman, 8
Tuckerman, Henry, 19
Turner, James M. W., 22
Two Women at a Window (Murillo), 100, 101
Two Women Throwing Flowers During Carnival (Cassatt), 92
Ulrich, Charles Frederic, 154
Unamuno, Miguel de, 176, 185, 202
United States: “black legend” of Spain and, 5
Catholic immigration into, 56–57
church-state relation in, 2
defined in contrast with Spain, 2, 175–76
as emerging world power, 1, 11, 84, 188
freed blacks in, 72–73, 74, 81, 86
genre painting in, 42, 44
Hudson River School artists, 15–16
imperial identity construction, 8
independence from England, 6
Islam in relation to, 77–78
middle-class society, 91, 115
Murillo’s reputation in, 40–41, 57–58, 65
national identity, 1, 10, 34, 90, 175–76
nativism in, 57
parallel and contrast in relationship with Spain, 8, 9, 35
Protestant identity and, 39
Reconstruction period, 2, 72, 87
slavery in, 31, 57, 84
Southwest region, 3, 6, 252n73
Spain as decadent Other, 8, 9, 10, 106, 130
Velázquez’s reputation in, 2, 57–58, 65
Universal Expositions (Paris), 34, 62, 125, 139, 185
Valencia, 14, 180, 195
Vanderbilt, George, 125
Van Dyck, Anthony, 65, 93
Vanerdlyn, John, 10
Velázquez, Diego, 1, 7, 40, 106, 185, 209
Aesop, 149
Baltasar Carlos, 192
Calabazas, 153
Cassatt and, 110
Chase and, 148–49, 150, 192
Christ on the Cross, 67
comparison with Murillo, 57–58, 59, 93
cult of, 170
Don Antonio el inglés, 117
Don Baltasar Carlos, 93
Eakins inspired by, 66–67, 76, 87
Felipe IV, 148
Forge of Vulcan, 117
Fortuny compared to, 79
Golden Age of Hapsburgs and, 5, 204
Las hilanderas, 5, 66, 67, 117, 149, 152
Innocent X, 67
Juan Martínez Montañés, 66
landscape painting and, 203
Manet’s homage to, 101
Menippus, 149, 158
as model for art students, 117
Pablo de Valladolid, 101, 149
as portraitist, 41, 147
realism of, 119, 158, 175
reputation in United States, 2, 57–58, 65
Sargent influenced by, 124–25, 133
Seville and, 20, 37
Surrender of Breda, 117
works in Prado, 42. See also meninas, Las (Velázquez)
Velázquez and His Works (Stirling-Maxwell), 65
Vendedor (Sierra Payba), 75
Vendedor de tapices (Fortuny), 152, 152
vendors, street, 56, 74, 170
Venetian Lacemakers (Blum), 169, 169
Venice, 150, 153, 161, 163
Verhaeren, Émile, 175, 176, 191, 206
Verlaine, Paul, 96
Veronese, 65
Vibert, Jehan-Georges, 108
Victorian society, 2
View of Seville (Colman), 23, 25
Villaamil, Jenaro Pérez, 25
Vinton, Frederick Porter, 147, 150, 158–59
Arredondo and, 165
Balcony in Toledo, 167
in Munich, 161
Virginius affair, 6
“Virgin of the Seven Daggers, The” (Lee), 190
Vista de Sevilla (Barrón Carrillo), 26, 27
Volk, Mary Crawford, 124
Voyage en Espagne (Gautier), 7, 76, 103
vuelta de pesca, La (Sorolla), 180
Wagner, Alexander, 148, 160–61
Walpole, Sir Robert, 39
Ward, John Quincy Adams, 33
Warner, Charles Dudley, 106
War of Independence, Spanish, 5
War of the Spanish Succession, 15
Washerwomen, Seville (Ulrich), 155
Washing Day (Colman), 28, 29
Washington Crossing the Delaware (Leutze), 34
Water-Carrier, A (Reinhart), 162
water carriers (aguadores), 160–61, 160–63
Webster, Susan, 191
Weeks, Edwin Lord, 81, 234n80
Weir, Julian Alden, 73–74, 75, 115
Weir, Robert, 56–57
Wheeler, Dora, 140, 148, 151
White, Dr. and Mrs. William, 182
Wilkie, David, 30, 39
women, American, 2, 97, 102, 103, 106
women, Spanish: Cassatt’s portraits of, 110–11, 111–12, 113
Catholic ritual and, 51, 51–52, 52, 113
window balconies and, 96, 97, 98, 98–103, 100
working classes, 102, 109–10, 154, 231n19
cigarreras (cigarette girls), 128, 129, 130, 131, 132
strikes in Barcelona, 197
theater audiences, 139
World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893), 137, 138–39
World War I, 10, 202, 207, 208
Worms, Jules, 79, 108
Year in Spain, by a Young American, A (MacKenzie), 9, 13, 40
Young Amphibians, The (Sorolla), 180, 181
Young Lady of Seville and Her Dueña at Church (Hall), 51, 51–52, 102
Zamacois, Eduardo, 109, 244n3
Zuloaga, Ignacio, 175, 177, 178, 180, 185
El Cristo de la Sangre, 188, 190
España negra and, 181
Gregorio in Sepúlveda, 179, 180, 206
Henri and, 198, 203
Mora and, 194, 195
My Uncle and My Cousins, 179
in Paris, 179
Segovia and, 207–8
Zurbarán, Francisco de, 41