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Description: America's Rome: Volume II—Catholic and Contemporary Rome
Index
PublisherYale University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00014.011
View chapters with similar subject tags
Index
Figures in bold indicate this volume. Figures without links indicate Volume I.
Abbott, Jacob, Rollo in Rome, 172
About, Edmond, 146–47, 176
Abstract Expressionism, 183, 375, 431, 432, 434
Adam, Robert, 15
Adams, Henry, 2
on Washington, 20
on Roman and American history, 35, 54–55, 64, 407
Education of Henry Adams, 35, 100, 197
on the World’s Columbian Exposition, 52
on Americans in Rome, 54–55, 57, 65
on Michelangelo, 65
on Catholic Rome, 8
on the Risorgimento, 193, 194, 197
Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres, 94, 100
Adams, Marian Hooper, 254, 256
Adams, John, 2, 40
influence of Roman politics, 10, 13–15, 54
interpretation of Roman history, 12–14, 40
on Roman virtue, 26
Romanized portraits of, 54, 188
Addison, Joseph, Cato, 17, 18
Adonis, 214, 215–17, 216, 217. See also Venus
Ager, J. C, 127
Agrippina the elder, 15–16, 16, 245, 249
Agrippina the younger, 38, 245
“Aguecheek.” See Fairbanks, Charles Bullard
Aitken, Robert Ingersoll, 272–73, 376
Akers, Paul, 188, 231, 306
Dead Pearl Diver, 313, 318, 319–20
Diana, 258
Endymion, 313
Alcott, Bronson, 168, 169, 287, 350
Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 10, 39–40
Alexander VI, Pope, 22
Alexander, General Harold, 381
Allan, David, 56
Allston, Washington, 204, 226, 321, 332, 333, 344, 371, 375, 281
romantic theory of art, 105–07, 110–11
compared to Hawthorne, 113–14, 115, 120, 123
“et in Arcadia ego” theme, 149–50
on the Apollo Belvedere, 291–92
—works: Angel Releasing Saint Peter from Prison, 291
Diana Bathing, 262
Diana and Her Nymphs in the Chase, 84, 258
Italian Landscape (1805), 100, 106–07, 108–09
Italian Landscape (1814), 110, 111, 149
Italian Landscape (1828–30), 110
Italian Shepherd Boy, 107, 112, 112–13, 149–50
Landscape, Evening, 112
Lectures on Art, 105, 110–11, 183, 291–92
Monaldi, 59
Morning in Italy, 111–12
Romantic Landscape, 106–08, 107
Altare della Patria, 282–83, 292–93, 294, 295, 303, 308, 309, 315, 316, 327, 337, 383
Amat, Thaddeus, 38
Ambasciatori Hotel, 361
American Academy, Rome, 372–74, 375, 376, 380, 390, 256, 267–68, 272–76, 302, 307, 405, 421–22, 426, 431–32
American Church in Rome (St. Paul’s-within-the-Walls), 267–72, 278, 283, 351, 418
American Indians. See Native Americans
American Red Cross, 296, 298, 302
American School of Classical Studies, 272
Amor (Cupid, Eros): place in pantheon, 170, 172–73, 177
in poetry, 179–80
and Venus, 214–18, 220, 243, 245, 283
in art, 216, 218–20, 227, 231–32, 241, 243–45, 282–83, 285
and Psyche, 218, 227, 282. See also Sexuality; Venus
Ampère, Jean Jacques, 36
Andersen, Hans Christian, Improvisatore, 172
Anderson, Lenmart, View from the Window of the American Academy, Rome, 424
Angers, David d’, Jefferson, 344
Antinous (Belvedere), 193, 288, 293, 301, 328, 330
Antinous (Capitoline), 182, 184, 204, 366, 368
Antonelli, Cardinal, 34, 36, 40, 43, 110–11, 140, 141, 176, 196, 203, 204, 221–22, 246–47, 248, 269, 280
Anzio, 364, 372–73, 374
Apollini, 302–03, 305, 309, 311
Apollo, 94, 150, 260
American representations of, 273–74, 344–45, 358, 360–61, 362
twentieth-century treatment, 376, 377, 380, 384, 389, 438
Apollo Belvedere, 286
status, 182, 186, 199, 200, 203, 205, 227, 258, 268, 287, 288, 289–99, 280, 338, 415
copies, 203–04, 288
proportions, 203, 301–02, 338–39, 349
use in American art, 291, 294, 303, 305, 328, 344–45, 348, 360
Aqueduct. See Claudian aqueduct
Ara Coeli. See Santa Maria d’Ara Coeli
Ara Pads Augustae, 15
Arcadia: the Campagna as, 71, 81, 83, 87–89, 105, 118, 124, 135, 144–45, 148, 152–53
contrast to wasteland, 81, 93, 118, 124
in Poussin and Claude, 83–85, 90, 97, 98–99, 108, 146, 148, 149–50
and the reality of the Campagna, 86–89, 105
America as, 88, 89–90, 94, 101–05
in American art, 90–113, 148–50
and empire, 93–94
sexuality in, 97, 100, 101, 118, 120, 122–23
in American fiction, 118–23
death in, 121, 123, 146–51. See also Campagna
Arch of Constantine, 66, 412
Arch of Titus, xxviii, 3, 57–58, 58, 66, 438
Archaeology, 5, 7, 8, 10, 41–42, 47, 79, 81, 139, 100, 118, 245, 264–65, 282, 337–39
Architecture, 174, 374
Roman influence on American, 63, 65, 180
baroque, 157, 77–83, 88–93 (see also Saint Peter’s)
Ariadne, 223, 253, 288
Aristocrats: natural, see Virtue
in fiction, 23, 177–78, 229–61, 391, 419
American acquaintance with, 109, 177, 178–80, 185–87, 188–89, 193, 216–18, 225–27, 271, 277–78
character of, 118, 158, 177, 178–79, 218, 223–24, 231–32, 278, 299–300, 354–55, 361
in travel writing, 181–87, 191, 230–31
and royalty, 261–62 (see also individual members of the House of Savoy). See also Class differences; Equality
Aristophanes, 299, 301
Armstrong, David Maitland, 78, 81, 86, 126–27, 36–37, 207–08, 209, 270, 271
Arnold, Howard Payson, 162, 168, 204–05, 207
Art, religion of. See Beauty
Art and Archaeology, 373
Artists’ models, 150, 169
Assembly of Deputies, 336
Astor, Waldorf William, 271
Athlete of the Vatican, 196
Augusteo, 302, 417
Augustus Caesar, 186, 187
Aurelian Wall, 106, 210
Austin, Darrel, Europa and the Bull, 388–89, 389
Austria, and Roman politics, 112, 118, 124, 301
Bacchus (Dionysus), 94, 155, 172–73, 224, 329, 332, 333
Badoglio, Pietro, 364, 367, 368, 373
Bagg, Robert, “Rome 1980,” 427–28
Ball, Thomas: Endymion, 313, 317
Eve, 238
Bancroft, George, 32
Banks, Oliver, The Caravaggio Obsession, 416
Bannister, Nathaniel H., 17
Bar Gianicolo, 406
Barberini, Don Filippo, 189
Barbizon school, 126
Barlow, Joel, Columbiad, 335
Baroque: architecture, 157, 77–81, 88–93, 265
and Catholicism, 82, 93–96
sculpture, 83, 85, 88
twentieth-century attitudes, 83, 101–02, 415–16, 429–30. See also Bernini; Saint Peter’s; and other artists and sites
Bartholomew, Edward Sheffield, 18, 320, 326, 370
Bartlett, Truman H., 339, 341
Bartolini, Lorenzo, 319
Baths of Caracalla, 61, 282, 411
Baths of Diocletian, 220, 162, 410
Baur, John I. H., 389
Beach, Joseph Warren, 319–21
Beard, William H., 218
Beauty, religion of: and the Campagna, 105–06, 109, 110–11, 113
and the Pantheon, 173, 180–81
statements of dogma, 182–84, 193–99, 204–05, 256–57, 298–302, 363–65, 369–72
idols and worship of, 199, 289–97, 345, 366–69
American contributions, 275, 277–83, 285, 302, 306–07, 310–11, 324, 338, 344, 345, 352, 360–63. See also Civilization; Idealism; Sculpture, classical
Beecher, Lyman, 26
Beggars, 109, 119, 160–61, 165–76, 214, 280, 320, 342, 398, 419, 428
Belgioioso, Christina Trivulzio, 185, 188, 214
Bellini, Vincenzo, 121
Bellori, Giovanni Pietro, 263
Bellotto, Bernardo, 45
Belvedere Torso, 288, 301, 335, 337, 341
Bencivenga, Roberto, 385
Benedict XV, Pope, 49–50, 65, 68, 293
Benedict, Clara Woolson, 211
Benson, Eugene, 81–83, 87
Benton, Dwight, 281
Benton, Thomas Hart, 384
Beppo, “King of the Beggars,” 170, 171, 172
Berenson, Bernard, 183
Berkeley, Bishop George, 214
Bernini, Gian Lorenzo: reputation of, 164, 184, 194, 348, 78, 81, 83, 95, 101, 415–16
rivalry with Borromini, 90
—works: additions to the Pantheon, 164
Aeneas, 85
Apollo Pursuing Daphne, 83, 84, 85
baldacchino in Saint Peter’s, 99
David, 85
Fontana del Tritone, 415
Fountain of the Rivers, 90, 91–92, 91, 260, 415
Piazza San Pietro, 81, 97, 100
Palazzo Odescalchi, 216
Rape of Proserpine, 8586
Sant’ Andrea al Quirinale, 92–93, 93, 415, 416
St. Theresa in Ecstasy, 85, 87, 88, 429
Bierstadt, Albert, 5
The Arch of Octavia (Roman Fish-Market), 145, 153–55, 154, 156
Bingham, George Caleb, 143
Bird, Robert Montgomery, The Gladiator, 18, 33, 49
Bitter, Karl: Diana, 268
Huntington mansion frieze, 280
Black Americans, in art, 251–52, 335, 338
Blake, William, 196
Blanshard, Paul, 60–63
Blashfield, Edwin Howland, 51
career, 49, 50
The Emperor Commodus, Dressed as Hercules, 49–50, 50, 439
Huntington mansion murals, 279–80
Roman Ladies, 49
Bloom, Harold, 424
Blume, Peter: The Eternal City, 340–42, 341
From the Metamorphoses, 390, 391
Blunt, Anthony, 215
Bocea della Verità, 416
Bombing of Rome, 364, 369, 371–72, 373, 378, 382
Bond, Harold L., 379–80, 383–84, 386
Boni, Giacomo, 2, 264
Book of American Figure Painters, 369
Booth, Clare. See Luce
Borghese, Don Giovanni, 225
Borglum, Gutzon, 355, 375
Borromeo, Cardinal, 4
Borromini, Francesco: reputation, 78, 79, 81, 415–16
Capella di Sant’ Ivo alla Sapienza, 80, 81, 415
College of the Propaganda, 48
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, 7980, 415
Sant’ Agnese in Agone, 9091, 92, 266
Boston Athenaeum, 187, 204, 231, 338, 345, 347, 350
Boston Museum of Fine Arts, rotunda decorations, 182, 358, 360–63
Boston Public Library, 65, 279, 281, 360, 263
Botticelli, Sandro, Birth of Venus, 225, 228
Boucher, François, Diane Sourtant du Bain, 262
Bourdelle, Emile Antoine, 378
Bowdoin College murals, 279, 281–82, 282
Bradford, William, 166
Breck, George, 271–72, 273
Brodkey, Harold, “The Abundant Dreamer,” 412
Brook Farm, 175, 30, 34, 123, 229
Brooks, Van Wyck, The Dream of Arcadia, 281
Brosses, President de, 299
Brown, David Paul, 17
Brown, George Loring, 69
conversion of, 35
Ancient Tomb at the Entrance of Albano, 76
Pompey’s Tomb, 77, 78
Brown, Mrs. George Loring, 181
Brown, Henry Kirke: on Indians and the Greek ideal, 303, 305–07
Adonis, 307
Chi Vinci Mangia, 174
Indian and Panther, 304, 305, 307, 319
George Washington, 305, 307
Brown, Robert McAfee, 56, 59
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 59, 227, 235, 140, 214, 220, 221
Browning, Robert, 173, 227, 229, 254, 353, 126, 190, 197, 319
Brownson, Orestes, 34
Bruno, Giordano, 42–43, 44, 286, 291
Brush, George de Forest, 273
Orpheus, 353, 354
Bryant, William Cullen, 68, 81, 210, 161–62, 200, 210
Buchanan, James, 196, 199
Buffalo Bill (William F. Cody), 303
Bulfinch, Thomas, 167, 168, 317, 325, 329
Burne-Jones, Edward, 270, 271
Burnett, Frances Hodgson: “Eight Little Princes,” 262
“A Pretty Roman Beggar,” 174–75
Burns, Robert, 143
Burr, Aaron, 3, 27
Burroughs, Bryson: career, 382
Mars and Venus, 382, 383
Young Orpheus, 353
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 324
Byron, George Gordon, 4, 7, 51
on the Colosseum, 53, 59–60, 61, 62
on George Washington, 59–60
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, 132, 289, 290–91
on Cecilia Metella, 75, 148
and the religion of Beauty, 183, 184, 145
on the Apollo Belvedere, 289, 290–91, 295, 297
Cadmus, Paul: Bar Italia, 413–14, 414
Venus and Adonis, 384, 385
Caetani, Cora, 355
Caffè Greco, 272, 273, 402–03
Callery, Mary: Orpheus, 352
Young Diana, 271, 272
Callisto, 261, 387–88, 388
Campagna: American preference for, 4, 82
in painting, 68–70, 69, 73, 73–14, 76–77, 77–81, 79–80, 82–83, 83–87, 85, 87, 90–101, 91–93, 95, 98, 103, 105–13, 109–112, 126–35, 128–31, 133–34, 148, 152, 267, 268, 435
compared to American landscape, 70, 72, 85, 86, 88–90, 101–05, 82, 204–05
in fiction, 70, 74, 113, 118–19, 124, 136–37
in travel writing, 71–79, 81–83, 86–90, 126–27, 137–45, 150–53, 267, 277, 279, 280
as Arcadia, 71, 81, 83, 87–89, 105, 118, 124, 135, 144–45, 148, 152–53
as wasteland, 81, 93, 118, 124, 204–05, 425
modern, 152–53
in poetry, 425. See also Arcadia
Campidoglio, 4, 4, 7, 77, 82, 286, 308, 385, 406. See also Capitoline hill
Campo de’ Fiori, 42, 286, 302, 420
Canova, Antonio, 203
in Hawthorne, 192
contemporary opinion of, 218, 99
and nude sculpture, 214, 305, 344, 347
—works: Endymion, 317, 319
Orfeo, 348
Perseus, 295
The Three Graces, 215
Venus, 250, 83, 85
George Washington, 19, 20
Capitol building, Washington, 63, 189, 335, 343, 352, 377, 82, 97
Capitoline hill: view from, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 30, 382, 406
in travel writing, 10. See also Campidoglio
Capitoline sculpture gallery, 184–88, 199, 363, 366–69. See also individual statues
Caporetto, 298, 313
Caravaggio, Michelangelo, 415, 416
Carlyle, Thomas, 321
Carnival, Roman, 124–25, 155, 114, 134, 196–97, 279
Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste, Neapolitan Fisherboy, 324
Carretta, Donato, 394–95
Caruso, Pietro, 382, 392–95
Cass, Lewis, Jr., 106, 108, 140, 268
Cassatt, Mary, 266
Cassino, 371, 378, 380
Castel Gandolfo, 46–47, 372
Castel Sant’ Angelo, 105, 119, 162, 222, 282, 371, 384, 423
Castelli Romani, 378
Castor and Pollux, 325
Castro Pretorio, 381
Catacombs, Christian, 73–75, 76. See also Tombs
Cather, Willa, 261
Catholic Youth Movement, 323
Catholicism, Roman: and art, 194, 195–97, 82, 93–96, 235
viewed by Protestant Americans, 3, 6–7, 8–12, 14–18, 26–28, 41, 60–63, 93–96, 114–15, 121, 130, 136–37, 138, 165–66
viewed by Catholic Americans, 4–6, 18, 27–28, 42–44, 60, 62, 63–65, 95, 411
relics and idolatry, 4, 6–11, 12, 17, 31, 42, 131
American converts to, 5–6, 185, 215, 221
clergy, 8, 10, 130, 160–61, 162–66, 191, 406–07
and ecumenism, 33, 56–57, 58–59, 60
and Fascism, 50, 335–37, 348, 356, 360 (see also Lateran Treaty)
and poverty, 164–67. See also Jesuits; Papacy; Vatican Councils
Cato the Younger, 2
Cavour, Camillo Benso di, 190, 196, 286, 301, 312
Cecere, Gaetano, 373, 376
Cecilia Metella, tomb of, 75–76, 77–78, 148
Censorship, 118, 121, 127, 191, 192, 195, 263, 329–30, 333, 344–45, 348, 349–50, 357. See also Journalists; Political repression
Centennial Exposition (Philadelphia, 1876), 258–59, 332, 369, 157
Ceracchi, Giuseppe, 18
Minerva as the Patroness of American Liberty, 214–15
Chamber of Deputies, 235, 347
Chamberlain, Neville, 347
Chanler, Margaret Terry, 211, 215, 217, 225–26, 227, 265, 270–71, 285
Channing, William Ellery, the Younger, 15, 20, 89, 169–71, 180
Channing, William Henry, 178, 106–07
Chapman, John Gadsby, 167
and the picturesque, 143–45, 157
Beppo, King of the Beggars, 170, 171
Harvesters on the Roman Campagna, 86–87, 87, 89
Pifferari Playing before a Shrine of the Virgin, 148, 149
Pines of the Villa Barberini, 130
Chapman, John Linton, The Appian Way, Rome, 73, 148
Character, the Italian: and the Risorgimento, 114–23, 133–38, 140–41, 158, 159–60, 166, 198–99, 201–02, 204–06, 218, 224, 312
women, 388, 389, 391, 396–97, 119, 121, 122, 151, 152, 156, 178, 214, 300
and the picturesque, 139–41, 145–53, 156–60
aristocracy, 118, 158, 177, 178–79, 218, 223–24, 231–32, 278, 299–300, 354–55, 361
in romance, 231–53
sexuality, 257–58, 300, 303–04, 311, 318, 354, 388, 408–09, 412–15, 421
and World War I, 297–98, 300–01, 303, 305, 307, 312–13
and Fascism, 308–11, 313–15, 319–20, 323–28, 340, 342, 345, 346–49, 352, 358–61, 363, 387, 393–94
after Allied Liberation, 386–88, 390–97, 399–402
post-War, 406–07, 412, 416–17, 420, 426. See also Catholicism
Charities, 119, 166, 184–85, 227. See also Beggars
Charles Albert, King of Sardinia-Piedmont, 110
Chastity: in classical nudes, 207, 212
and Amor, 231–32, 243, 245
expressed in statuary, 232–33, 235, 236, 243, 245
male, 287. See also Sexuality
Cheever, John, 398
“The Bella Lingua,” 417
“Boy in Rome,” 417–18
“Clementina,” 418
“The Duchess,” 418–19
The Wapshot Scandal, 419
Chicago. See World’s Columbian Exposition
Child, Lydia Maria, 23, 247, 312
Child, Richard Washburn, 315, 322–23, 325–29, 331
Choate, Nathaniel, 355
Church, Frederic, 58
Churchill, Winston, 357, 373
Cianfarra, Camille, 330, 331
Ciano, Edda, 355
Ciano, Galeazzo, 322, 343, 350, 351, 352–53, 355–56, 357, 359, 362, 372
Ciardi, John, “Rome, 1951,” 427–28
Cicero, 2, 9, 17, 22, 26, 33, 41
Capitoline bust, 188
Ciceronacchio (Angelo Brunetti), 133, 137
Cincinnatus, 2, 13, 18
Civic Guard, Roman, 21, 106, 107, 121, 161, 221
Civil War, American, 1, 162, 189–90, 193–94, 196, 199, 202, 204. See also Slavery
Civilization, Rome and, 182–83, 193–94, 200–01, 203–05, 289, 372–73, 212, 214–15, 274, 276, 284, 293, 296–99, 309–12, 314, 365–66, 384, 386, 399–403, 429. See also Beauty, Religion of
Clark, Eleanor, 8, 11, 16–18, 53, 398, 404, 405–07, 413, 415
Clark, Kenneth, 211, 235, 262, 263
Clark, General Mark, 52–53, 364, 379, 385–86
Clarke, John Clem, Judgment of Paris, 386–87, 388
Class differences, in Rome, 109, 137, 150–51, 180–81, 194–95, 217, 218, 223, 226–27, 232, 245–46, 299–300. See also Aristocrats; Character, Italian; Equality; Picturesque realism
Claude Lorrain, 4, 5, 45, 69, 78, 83, 90, 94, 95, 107–08, 132, 138, 144, 148
Landscape with Dancing Figures (Il Mulino), 5, 84–85, 85
Claudian Aqueduct, 69, 70, 71, 78, 81, 82, 83, 143
Clay, Henry, 34
Clemens, Samuel. See Twain
Clergy, Roman Catholic, 8, 10, 130, 160–61, 162–66, 191, 406–07. See also Jesuits; Nuns; Papacy
Clevenger, Shobal, Indian Chief, 303, 304
Clough, A. H., 96
Cole, Thomas, 132, 332, 267, 432
on the Colosseum, 45–46
“Essay on American Scenery,” 70
and pastoral idyl, 90–91, 94, 97, 101
“et in Arcadia ego” theme, 148, 149, 151
on the Apollo Belvedere, 292, 294
—works: The Coliseum, Rome, 46, 432
The Course of Empire: The Arcadian or Pastoral State, 90, 92, 93, 94
The Course of Empire: The Consummation, 51, 51–52, 93, 94
The Course of Empire: Desolation, 93–94, 341
The Dream of Arcadia, 90–91, 96–103, 98, 109, 113, 149
The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden, 95
Il Penseroso, 94, 95–96, 100
L’Allegro, 90, 94–96
Landscape Composition, Italian Scenery, 90, 91, 91–93, 95, 96, 107
River in the Catskills, 104, 105
Roman Campagna, 68, 69, 70, 103, 105, 267
Schroon Mountain, Adirondacks, 101–03, 104
Torre di Schiavi, 78, 79, 80
Coleman, C. C., 157, 270
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 106
College of the Propaganda, 48
Collinge, Patricia, 18, 57
Collins, Joseph, 296, 298–303
Collyer, Robert, 316
Colonna family, 3, 22, 238
Colosseum, 3, 162
in fiction, 43–45, 59–62, 65–67, 318, 410, 412
in painting, 45–46, 46, 48–52, 49–51 55–59, 56–58, 431–32
descriptions of, 45–47, 52–54, 64
archaeology of, 47
martyrs in, 48, 52–53, 98
compared to Pantheon, 180
under Fascism, 316, 336, 338, 345, 373, 383
Commodus, 49–50, 439
Communism, 167, 308, 309, 324, 331, 344, 360, 366, 369, 375, 387, 398. See also Socialism
Comparetti, Domenico, 286
Congdon, William, 431
Connelly, Pierce Francis, Diana Transforming Actaeon, 259
Coolidge, Calvin, 327
Cooper, Clayton Sedgwick, 322–25
Cooper, James Fenimore, 27, 52, 73, 76, 77, 95, 231, 163, 276
on the Campagna, 139
on the Pantheon, 164–65, 180
on classical sculpture, 184, 204, 288–89
on popular sculpture, 232, 338
on American Indians, 305
on the pope, 19, 26, 30
on Catholic Rome, 95–96, 115, 117, 121, 311
on Saint Peter’s, 96–97
on the aristocracy, 178–79
Copley, John Singleton: and the Revolution, 17
portrait of John Adams, 54
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Izard, 55–57
Cornelia, 22, 23
Corot, Jean-Baptiste Camille, 5, 45
Diana and Actaeon, 262
Correggio, 222, 223
Corso. See Via del Corso
Corso d’Italia, 371
Cortesi, Arnaldo, 328, 347
Cortesi, Salvatore, 328, 330
Cortissoz, Royal, 183, 268, 274
Couture, Thomas: Les Romains de la décadence, 50, 51, 57
Cowles, Virginia, 357
Cox, Kenyon, 183
Tradition, 373, 374
Cranch, Christopher Pearse, 123, 126, 160, 172, 188, 189, 196–97
Crane, Stephen, 242
Crassus, 31, 33
Craven, Wayne, 243
Crawford, Francis Marion, 39, 41, 211, 227, 262, 271
career, 35, 228
on the pope, 41, 42–44, 48
on the baroque, 81, 88, 95, 100
attitudes, 215, 218
romances, 228–54, 419
on the Roman people, 231–32, 236–37, 238
on Old and New Rome, 241–42, 247–51, 265
—works: Ave Roma Immortalis, 35–37, 48, 41, 42–44, 100
Casa Braccio, 239–40, 243
Cecilia: A Story of Modern Rome, 238, 243, 244–45, 252
Don Orsino, 237, 242, 245, 247–51
The Heart of Rome, 252–54
A Lady of Rome, 239, 240–41, 243, 251–52
Marzio’s Crucifix, 234–37, 239
Pietro Ghisleri, 237–38, 239, 241
A Roman Singer, 232–33, 243–44
Saracinesca trilogy, 232, 233–34, 237, 241–43, 245–51
Saracinesca, 242, 243, 245–47
The White Sister, 239, 240
Whosoever Shall Offend, 238–39, 244
With the Immortals, 229
Crawford, Mary. See Fraser, Mary Crawford
Crawford, Thomas, 35, 188, 375, 377, 212, 219
planned works, 345, 347
on American art, 369–70
lost Dianas, 258
and Roman politics, 107
—works: America, 352
Armed Liberty, 189
Bacchante, 320
The Dying Indian Chief Contemplating the Progress of Civilization, 335, 337, 352
Flora, 347
Hebe and Ganymede, 306, 320, 323, 324–26, 347
Hercules, 332
Louisa Crawford, 189
Orpheus, 320, 345, 346, 347–52, 355, 356
Venus as Shepherdess, 224–25, 225, 347
Washington, 352
Crayon, 205, 210, 229, 299, 305–07, 309, 319, 325, 329, 371, 202
Creeley, Robert, “The Death of Venus,” 387
Crime and violence in Rome, 117, 119, 120, 135, 203–04, 426–28
Crispi, Francesco, 202, 284
Cropsey, Jasper F., xx, 5, 69, 70, 78, 85
Crowninshield, Frederic, 273, 274–75
Rome—The Garden Wall, Villa Mirafiori, 274, 275
Cupid. See Amor
Cupid and Psyche, 199
Curtis, George William, 30, 123
Curtius, 66
Cushman, Charlotte, 7, 189, 192, 204
Dallin, Cyrus, Massasoit, 345
Dana, Richard Henry, Jr., 211
Dancing Faun, 121
D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 296, 312
Dante, 54, 176, 241
Darley, Felix Octavius Carr: Beppo, 170–71
Puritans Barricading Their Houses against Indians, 157
A Street Scene in Rome, 155, 157
David, Jacques Louis, 16, 17, 49
Davidson, Jo: Gertrude Stein, 257
Mussolini, 334–35
Davies, Arthur B.: use of myths, 381
Evening among the Ruins, 152
De Angelis, Cardinal, 38
De Santo, Vincenzo, 329–30
DeKay, Charles, 356–57
DeMille, Cecil B., 255–56
Democracy, 108, 112, 114, 134–35, 201, 322, 332–34, 344. See also Liberty; Risorgimento; Roman Republic
Democratic realism, 142–43, 145. See also Picturesque realism
Demosthenes (Vatican), 186, 187, 187, 188, 190, 298
Derujinsky, Gleb W., 268–69
Dewey, Orville, 233, 235, 89, 114–15, 117
Diana: as ideal woman, 210, 345
in nineteenth-century sculpture, 257–66, 272–74, 332
American popularity, 258–63, 266, 309, 352
nudity of, 257–58, 262–63, 265–66, 268–70
twentieth-century treatment, 268–72, 377, 382, 387
childish, 271–74
and Native Americans, 303, 309–11, 329
Diana of Anet, 262
Diane Chasseresse, 258, 259
Dickens, Charles, 52
Diggins, John P., 317
Dillenberger, Jane, 279
Dio Cassius, 50
Dionysus, Parthenon sculpture, 227
Dirtiness of Rome, 88, 114, 139, 145, 148–49, 156, 279, 289, 299, 321, 339. See also Rome, general appearance of
Doherty, Martin W., 47–48
Domenec, Michael, 38
Don Pirlone, Il, 126–27, 191
Donoghue, John Talbott: career, 356–57
The Young Sophocles, 356–57
Doolittle, Hilda (H.D.), 168
Dos Passos, John, 1919, 296, 298, 303–04, 390, 412
Douglas, Lloyd C., The Robe, 26, 160
Drama, American, 17–18, 382
Drapery, 250, 252, 277–78
Dreiser, Theodore, 45–46, 247
Drunken Woman, 196, 176
Dumini, Amerigo, 330
Dunlap, William, 183, 203, 204, 217–18, 257–58
Durand, Asher B., 101–02, 224
Durand, John, 299, 305–06, 88
Duse, Eleonora, 217
Dwight, Theodore: on the Forum, 6, 7
on the Colosseum, 54
on the Campagna, 73
on paganism, 165
on classical sculpture, 184–85
on the pope, 25–26
on the baroque, 82, 83, 89
on the Risorgimento, 135–38, 139
on the clergy, 164
on the aristocracy, 185
Dwight, Timothy, 25
Greenfield Hill, 63
Dying Gladiator, 190, 197, 204, 300, 335, 336, 366, 367
Eakins, Thomas: Arcadia, 326
Salutat!, 326, 327
The Swimming Hole, 327
William Rush and His Model, 274, 275
Eberle, Mary Abastenia St. Leger, White Captive, 243
Ecumenism, 33, 56–57, 58–59, 60
Eddy, Mary Baker, 194
Eden, Anthony, 356
Education in Rome, 118, 166, 183, 195, 207, 264, 300, 314, 337
Edwards, Charles L., 210, 288, 289
Egeria and her Grove, 131–35, 260, 291, 216, 225
Eisenhower, General Dwight D., 367
Elena, Queen, 277, 297
Elgin Marbles, 297
Eliot, Samuel, The Liberty of Rome, 3, 11–12, 22, 27, 29, 30, 41
Eliot, T. S., 382, 387
Elliott, John, 263
Elliott, Maud Howe. See Howe
Elssler, Fanny, 226, 227
Elwell, Frank Edwin, Diana, 263, 265–66
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 166, 232, 303, 105, 107, 123
on Roman virtue, 20
example of Roman virtue, 34
and paganism, 168, 169, 170, 175, 178
on classical sculpture, 183, 204, 288
on the pope, 24, 29–30, 33, 112
on Catholic Rome, 95
on Saint Peter’s, 98
England, John, 27–29, 30
English: as tourists in Rome, 28, 95, 110, 192
and Catholicism, 43, 268
on the Italian character, 115, 117–18, 134, 136, 147, 152–53, 178
and the Risorgimento, 138
aristocrats, 177, 187, 271
Epstein, Daniel Mark, “Ode to Virgil,” 426–27
Equality, American ideal of, 13–14, 109, 179–81, 194. See also Aristocracy; Class distinctions
Eros. See Amor
Ethiopia, Italian conquest of, 322, 337, 340, 344, 347, 348, 358
Etruscan civilization, 70–71
Europa, 377–78, 381, 388–89
Everett, Edward, 14–15
Ezekiel, Moses Jacob, 220, 238, 298, 281, 305
Fairbanks, Charles Bullard (“Aguecheek”), 157, 168
Falguière, Jean Alexandre Joseph, 263, 356
Fascism and Fascists: and Catholicism, 50, 335–37, 348, 356, 360 (see also Lateran Treaty)
and the aristocracy, 261
and civilization, 296, 309–10, 324, 338, 346
and the Italian character, 308–11, 313–15, 319–20, 323–28, 340, 342, 345, 346–49, 352, 358–61, 363, 387, 393–94
parades and spectacles, 308–10, 314–15, 316, 317–18, 324, 326–27, 336, 342, 345, 347–48, 357, 362 (see also Mussolini, speeches)
violence, 313, 322, 324, 325, 327, 329, 330–32, 333
general character of Rome under, 317, 319–20, 321, 322, 334, 337–40, 341–42
and ancient Roman Empire, 323, 337–39
during the German occupation, 369, 372, 377, 378
after the Allied occupation, 385, 392–95, 398. See also Mussolini; World War II
Fascist Republican Party, 375
Fast, Howard, Spartacus, 33, 39
Fate-Beni Fratelli Hospital, 106
Faulkner, Barry, 272–73
Faulkner, William, 146, 407
Faun in Repose, 116, 117, 285, 288, 300, 313, 316–17
Fauns, in art, 312–13, 316–17. See also Hawthorne, The Marble Faun
Fay, Theodore S., Norman Leslie, 59
Federalist Papers, The, 17
Felix I, Pope, 21–22
Felton, Cornelius C., 165–66, 168, 225–26
Fénelon, François, 4
Ferrari, Ettore, 286
Ficino, Marsilio, 215
Fiedler, Leslie, 407–08
Fighting Gladiator, 288
Filene, E. A., 334
Fini, Leonor, 401–02, 403
Fitzgerald, Edward, 279
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 382, 232
Flaubert, Gustave, 299
Fletcher, Henry P., 330, 334
Flexner, James Thomas, 58–59
Fontana Paola, 302
Foreign Press Association, 349–50, 361
Forsyth, Joseph, 163–64
Forum: in painting, xxviii, 3–5, 293, 294, 341–42, 438
descriptions of, 1, 2, 4, 5–9, 10–11, 14, 30–31, 41–42, 279
in fiction, 4, 8–9, 36–37, 38, 41, 66, 244–45, 318, 409–10
excavation of, 5, 10, 41–42, 245, 264
the “Cattle Pasture,” 5, 41
after World War II, 398–99, 424–25. See also Roman Empire, ancient; Roman Republic
Francis, Robert, 421–22, 430
Franciscans, 164–65
Franck, Frederick, 57, 58
Franco, Francisco, 345, 348
Franklin, Benjamin, 11
Fraser, Mary Crawford, 185, 211, 215–17, 220–24, 225, 226, 254, 284, 293
Frazer, James, 132–33, 168
Freedom. See Democracy; Liberty; Risorgimento
Freedom of the press. See Censorship; Political repression
Freeman, James E., 86, 36, 117, 157, 219
on the pope, 34, 39
on the Risorgimento, 106, 174
on the aristocracy, 186
on the Italian conquest, 209, 210
and the New Rome, 212–13, 223
The Savoyard Boy in London, 173, 173–74
Young Italy, 174
French, Daniel Chester: Andromeda, 242, 243
The Awakening of Endymion, 313, 317, 318, 319
Bacchante, 281
Diana, 263
Minute Man, 345
French Academy of Rome, 347, 272. See also Villa Medici
French army in Rome (1849–70), 106, 139, 160–62, 206–09, 221, 222
Freneau, Phillip, 20, 43, 65
Friedlaender, Walter, 150
Friedlander, Leo, 374
Frost, William Edward, Diana and Her Nymphs Surprised by Actaeon, 262
Fuller, Henry Blake: The Chevalier of Pensieri-Vani, 255–56
The Cliff-Dwellers, 247–48
Gardens of This World, 101–02
“What Youth Can Do,” 254
Fuller, Margaret, 8, 37, 169, 325, 40, 123, 277, 297, 400
on Roman virtue, 20–22, 23, 26–27
and Roman republicanism, 21, 106–08, 109, 123, 126, 130, 194, 198, 201, 291, 317
on Mazzini, 21–22, 137, 188, 312
on the Colosseum, 52, 54
on the Pantheon, 155
on classical mythology, 174–78, 232, 243, 258, 329
career, 174–75
on women and pagan goddesses, 176–78, 257, 266, 271, 287
on equality of the sexes, 176–78, 351
on nude sculpture, 239, 258, 293
on chastity, 287
on pagan and Christian art, 296–97
on Orpheus, 345, 350–51
on Saint Peter’s, 98–99
and the Siege of Rome, 105–06, 214
on the pope, 123, 124, 130–33
on the Roman people, 133–35, 140
on soldiers in Rome, 161
and the aristocracy, 179
on convents, 182–83
and Story, 187–88
others’ perceptions of, 218
Woman in the Nineteenth Century, 175, 176–78
Fuseli, Henry, 224
Futurists, 312
Gardner, Isabella Stewart, 377, 244
Garibaldi, Giuseppe: during the Siege of Rome, 106, 138, 276
American views of, 137–38, 197, 200, 222, 305, 312
campaigns, 197, 203, 206
statue of, 285–86, 306, 405, 417
and Mussolini, 324
Garrett, George: “Rome,” 422
“A Wreath for Garibaldi,” 416–17
Garrison, William Lloyd, 199
Gaskell, Meta, 288
Gell, William, 77
Gender distinctions: in virtue, 22–23, 25–26
in sexual relations, 176–78, 287
in the significance of nudity, 199, 206, 227, 287–89
in attitudes toward nudity, 295–96
in travel writing, 276–77, 283. See also Men; Women
Genre painting. See Picturesque realism
Gerdts, William, 266, 319, 384
Germanicus, 15–16
Germans, in Fascist Italy: feelings of Italians toward, 346, 351, 352, 356, 358, 359, 360–61 (see also Partisans)
behavior, 345, 357, 359–61, 366, 367–74, 376–79
leave Rome, 378–81. See also Hitler; World War II
Gérôme, Jean-Leon, 46, 51
critical reception, 48
Ave Caesar, Morituri te Salutant, 48, 49
influence, 49, 326, 339, 353
Gestapo, 360, 371
Gesù, Il, 95, 291
Ghetto of Rome, 42, 153–56, 265, 287, 289, 291, 407, 421
Giambologna, Mercury, 269–70
Gibbon, Edward, 11, 35, 54–55, 8, 100
Gibbons, Cardinal, 41
Gibson, John, 191, 207, 313
Gifford, Sanford Robinson, 69, 70, 78, 82–83
Tivoli, 78, 79
Giglio, Maurizio, 374, 376
Gillespie, Gregory: residence in Rome, 433, 434–35
Exterior Wall with Landscape, 436, 437
Roman Interior (Still Life), 435
Roman Landscape (Periphery), 436
Roman Landscape (Picnic), 435
Self-Portrait (Foro Romano), 436, 438
A Street in Rome, 435
Three People in a Courtyard, 435
Trattoria, 435–36
Gillespie, William M., 8, 64, 303, 8, 9, 10, 11–12, 30, 96, 117–19, 121, 160, 164, 179
Gilmor, Robert, 225
Ginsberg, Allen, 421
Gioberti, Vincenzo, 124, 125, 130
Gioia, Dana, “The Garden in the Campagna,” 425
Girodet de Roucy Trioson, Anne-Louis, 319
Gladiators, 48–50, 64
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 4, 6–7, 36, 146, 203
Goldsmith, Oliver, History of Rome, 1, 6
Gothic, 78, 81–83, 100–01
Gracchi, 22, 23, 27
Graces, the Three, 206, 215, 277, 279, 386
Graham, Jorie, “Scirocco,” 430–31
Grand Hotel, 279–80, 306, 309
Grandi, Dino, 330
Grant, John, 237–38
Graves, Michael, 415
Gray, Henry Peters: career, 218
The Judgment of Paris, 218, 219
Greek: literature, 165–66, 299
art, 189, 190, 375 (see also Sculpture, classical)
Greeley, Andrew, 63–65, 69
Greeley, Horace, 106, 139–40, 141, 162
Greene, George Washington, 8, 332, 345, 348–49, 350, 352, 117, 129–30, 161, 186
Greene, Stephen, 432–33
Greenough, Horatio, 18, 189, 320, 344, 371
on classical sculpture, 204, 294
treatment of nudity, 225–27, 231–32, 243, 303, 338, 349
on poverty, 167
—works: Abdiel, 294
Bacchus, 329
Chanting Cherubs, 232, 328, 349
John Adams, 188
Love Captive, 232, 233
Medora, 225–26, 232
The Rescue Group, 335, 336
Venus Victrix, 226, 228
Venus Vincitura, 227
George Washington, 332, 342, 343, 344
Young Augustus, 188
Greenough, Richard: Boy with Eagle, 326
Psyche, 365
Greenough, Sarah Loring: “Domitia,” 160
Lilian, 365–66, 98
Greenwood, Grace, 95, 189, 277
on the Forum, 7
on the Colosseum, 52–53, 54
on the Pantheon, 157
on statues of Venus, 213
on the Apollo Belvedere, 296
on the baroque, 99
on the Roman people, 140–41
on soldiers, 161
on the clergy, 162–63
on poverty, 168–69, 172, 174, 175, 398
on the aristocracy, 184–85, 187
Gregory XVI, Pope, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32–33, 41–42, 112–14, 117, 120, 124, 128, 268
Gregory, John: Orpheus, 353, 354, 355
Pursuit of Wisdom, 376
Toy Venus, 273
Guercino, Et in Arcadia Ego, 146, 147, 148–50
Aurora, 272
Gugler, Eric, 273
Guiccioli, Countess, 186
Guidebooks, 5, 47, 52. See also Hillard; Murray’s
Guido Reni. See Reni
Haight, Elizabeth Hazelton, 296, 306–10
Halifax, Lord, 347
Hamilton, Alexander, 17, 40
Hanson, Howard, 273
Harding, Warren, 315, 322
Hare, Augustus, 85, 88, 217
Harrison, Walter K., 273
Hart, Joel, Woman Triumphant, 243, 244, 245
Haseltine, William Stanley, 211, 226, 270
Hassam, Childe, Piazza di Spagna, Rome, 265–66,
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 276, 397
on the Forum, 6, 31
on the Colosseum, 60–61, 66–67
on the Campagna, 86, 105, 124
on Zucchi, 97
compared to Allston, 113–14, 115, 120, 123
and pagan gods, 115–16, 118, 120–23, 155–56, 160, 243, 287
sexuality in, 116, 118, 120, 122–23, 168, 303, 412
and “et in Arcadia ego” theme, 121, 123, 149, 150–51
compared to James, 138, 141, 158, 160, 190, 191, 192, 366–67
on the Pantheon, 157–58, 302–03
and Tran-scendentalist movement, 175
on Fuller, 178–79
on classical sculpture, 183–84, 185, 186, 191, 193, 195, 198, 206–09, 212, 229, 243, 295, 296
and the religion of Beauty, 183–84, 206
on nude sculpture, 191–92, 206–09, 212, 229, 342
on the Venus de’ Medici, 206–09
on Crawford, 350
on American art, 371–72
on Catholic Rome, 9
on the Virgin Mary, 12, 14, 15, 17
on the pope, 18, 34, 36, 45
on Saint Peter’s, 77, 98, 99, 100
on the baroque, 77–78, 85, 90–93
on the clergy, 165
on poverty, 167, 172
on the aristocracy, 178
use of Roman setting, 229
and later visitors to Rome, 403, 407, 411, 423–24
—works: The Marble Faun, 6, 31, 60–61, 66–67, 74, 113–25, 150, 151, 155–56, 157, 183, 190, 191–92, 212, 300, 313, 319, 366–67, 9, 14, 77, 78, 98, 139, 164, 165, 172, 178, 197, 255, 305, 399, 403, 407, 408, 411, 423–24
“The Maypole of Merrymount,” 166–67
The Scarlet Letter, 116, 122–23, 206
Tanglewood Tales, 167, 85
The Wonder Book, 116, 118, 167–68
Hawthorne, Sophia, 175, 85, 93, 161
Notes in England and Italy, 31, 41, 150, 185, 186
Hayes, Alfred: All Thy Conquests, 389, 390–95
The Girl on the Via Flaminia, 389, 390, 391, 395–97
Heade, Martin Johnson, Roman Newsboys, 126, 127
Headley, Joel T., 212, 237, 303, 119–20
Healy, George: career, 57
Arch of Titus, 57–58, 438
Pope Pius IX, 20, 36
Hearley, John, 335–36, 340
Hecht, Anthony, “A Roman Holiday,” 428
Hecker, Isaac, 34–36, 38–39, 41, 51
Heemskerck, Maerten van, Portrait of the Painter, with the Colosseum Behind, 55, 56
Hegel, G. W. F., 290
Heliker, John, 432
Heller, Joseph, Catch-22, 389–90, 400, 416
Hemingway, Ernest: A Farewell to Arms, 298, 313
The Sun Also Rises, 392
Hennessey, James, 38
Hercules, 329, 332–33, 335, 338, 339, 375–76
Farnese Hercules, 203, 288, 291, 292, 293, 332, 333
Hering, Henry, Diana Running, 268
Herriman, William H., 271, 272
Hersey, John: The Conspiracy, 2, 38–40
career, 38–39
Hesselius, Gustavius, 193
Heyland, Clara Jessup, 275
Hicks, Thomas, 349
Italia, 126
Hillard, George Stillman, 71, 150, 172, 187, 276, 281
on the Forum, 5, 8, 9, 11
on the Colosseum, 47, 52
on the Campagna, 70–71, 76–77, 86, 87–89
on the Torre de’ Schiavi, 78–79
on Egeria, 132
on the Pantheon, 163–64
on classical sculpture, 184, 197, 239, 297–98, 299, 301, 302
on the baroque, 78–79, 83, 85, 88–89, 91–92
on Saint Peter’s, 98, 99
and the Risorgimento, 134
on the aristocracy, 179, 185, 186, 230–31
History: American awareness of, 2, 3, 5–6, 11, 13, 30–31, 35, 40–42, 62–67, 169–70, 322, 405, 409–10, 422
American treatments of Roman, 35–41, 51–52, 247–57
and art, 185–89, 247–57. See also Civilization; Mutability
Hitler, Adolf, 322, 332, 337, 342, 344–45, 346–47, 351, 352, 353, 357, 358, 362. See also Germans
Hochhuth, Rolf, The Deputy, 70
Hollander, John, “The Muse in the Monkey Tower,” 423–24
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 78
Homer, 299
Homer, Winslow, 65, 142
Homosexuality: in ancient Rome, 33
and classical sculpture, 301
and male nudes, 324–25
in modern Rome, 300, 391, 412–14
Hone, Philip, 342
Honour, Hugh, 290
Hooker, James Clinton, 211, 278
Horace, 8, 71, 210, 257, 306
Horton, Douglas, 56, 59, 60
Hosmer, Harriet, 7, 191, 227, 229, 335, 353, 358, 92, 189
on the Farnese Hercules, 332
on the battle for Rome, 208–09
—works: Daphne, 260
Medusa, 260
Oenone, 263
Puck, 271, 313
The Sleeping Faun, 312–13, 315, 316, 317
Thomas Hart Benton, 18, 19
The Waking Faun, 312–13, 315, 316–17
Zenobia in Chains, 23, 24, 241, 243, 247, 248
Hotchkiss, Thomas H., 78, 276
Torre di Schiavi, 79, 80, 81
Hotel Excelsior, 369, 370, 388
Hotel de Russie, 360, 367
Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 18
Diana, 257, 259, 262, 263, 268, 271271
House of Deputies, 308
Howe, Julia Ward, 41–42, 75, 96, 129, 161, 186, 210, 215, 218–20, 225, 226, 227, 232, 277, 291
Howe, Maude (Mrs. John Elliott), 11, 41, 42, 43, 98, 211, 223, 248, 262–65, 271, 276, 277, 283
Howe, Samuel Gridley, 186, 218–19
Howells, William Dean, xx, 139, 299, 202, 211, 213, 232, 254, 292, 397
on the Forum, 1–2, 3, 5–6, 9, 11, 30, 41–42, 398
on slavery, 32–33
on the Campagna, 72, 74, 145–46, 82
on the Pantheon, 173–74
on classical sculpture, 183, 185, 186, 187, 190, 194, 199
on nudity, 213
and sexuality, 288
on the pope, 34
on Saint Peter’s, 77, 99, 100
on the baroque, 82, 83, 95
and the picturesque, 146, 147
on Old and New Rome, 283, 288–92, 296, 309
Hughes, John, 129
Hugo, Richard: “Castel Sant’ Angelo,” 423
“At Keats’ Stone,” 430
“Kennedy Ucciso,” 426
“Letter to Ammons from Maratea,” 421
Humbert, king of Italy. See Umberto
Humphreys, David, 63
Hunter, Sam, 386
Huntington, Anna Hyatt, Young Diana, 270, 271–72, 309
Huntington, Collis P., 279–80
Idealism versus Realism: classical and neoclassical art, 184, 185–92, 205, 230, 247–48, 250–57, 274, 275, 277–79, 298–300, 305, 306–07, 326, 344
in images of Rome, 143, 77–78, 99–102, 215. See also Beauty, religion of; Sculpture, classical
Idolatry, Catholic, 4, 6–11, 12, 17, 31, 42, 131
Imperialism, American, compared to Roman. See Roman Empire
Impressionism,, 128, 205, 265
Ingersoll, Robert, 163
Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique, 229
Joseph Antoine Moltedo, 55
Inman, John O’B., 157
Inness, George, 69, 73, 105, 270, 436
philosophy, 125, 127–28, 131, 135
career, 125–26, 146
—works: Barberini Villa, Italy, 119
A Bit of the Roman Aqueduct, 81, 83
In the Roman Campagna, 134
Italian Landscape, 128–29
Lake Nemi, 133
Lackawanna Valley, 125–26
The Olives, 128
Peace and Plenty, 126
Pine Grove, Barberini Villa, Albano, Italy, 129–30
The Pines and the Olives (The Monk), 130–31
Roman Campagna, 81, 82
Souvenir of Italy, 74, 126
View of Rome from Tivoli, 125
Inquisition, 52, 53, 25, 42, 98, 114, 118, 119, 137
Irving, Washington, 113
Italy, Kingdom of, described, 199–200, 202, 204–06. See also Risorgimento; Rome, “Old” and “New”; individual rulers of the House of Savoy
Ives, Chauncey Bradley, 320, 332
Egeria, 260–61
Izard, Ralph, 56, 57
Jackson, Andrew, 2, 19, 27
James, Henry, xx, 2, 6, 27, 254, 255, 274, 276, 281, 292, 403
on the Forum, 10, 44
on Story, 37, 248, 250, 254–55, 320–21, 191–92, 212, 213–15, 258
on the Colosseum, 46–47, 55, 61–62
on Gérôme, 48
on American artists in Rome, 57
on the Campagna, 70, 105, 136–45
on Hawthorne, 115–16
compared to Hawthorne, 138, 141, 158, 160, 190, 191, 192, 366–67
on the Pantheon, 157, 159
on classical sculpture, 183, 184, 187–88, 189, 193, 298–99, 302, 366, 367
and sexuality, 288, 303, 412
on the pope, 37
on Saint Peter’s, 77, 96, 98, 99, 100
on the baroque, 77–78, 95
on Catholicism, 94, 95
on the aristocracy, 176–78, 180, 189
on the Risorgimento, 190, 206, 214
on the Protestant cemetery, 210, 211
on the Old and New Romes, 212, 213–15, 288–89, 319
on active women, 214
critical fate, 228
and later visitors to Rome, 411
—works: “Adina,” 136–37
The Ambassadors, 160, 167, 213
The Bostonians, 62
Daisy Miller, 62, 77, 98, 213, 265, 318, 408, 411
The Golden Bowl, 177–78, 213
Italian Hours, 99, 288, 292
“The Last of the Valerii,” 158–60
The Portrait of a Lady, 43–45, 55, 61–62, 65, 136, 366–69, 77, 96, 178, 213, 408
The Princess Casamassima, 50–51, 177, 235–36
Roderick Hudson, 41, 50, 61, 183, 189–91, 392, 37, 77, 98, 177, 213, 410
“Roman Neighborhoods,” 142, 151–53
“Roman Rides,” 137–45
The Wings of the Dove, 213
James, William, 139, 285–86, 288
Jameson, Anna, 23, 210, 85, 88
Janiculum, 106, 139, 273, 274, 285, 302, 384
views from, 275–76, 386, 404–05, 406, 425
Jarves, James Jackson, 132, 75, 277
on the Colosseum, 64
and the religion of Beauty, 183, 194–99, 214, 229–31, 240, 335, 344, 369, 370–71, 372
on nudity, 198–99, 214, 229–30, 239–41, 258, 349
and Italian “primitives,” 275–76
and American museums, 369, 370
on Catholic Rome, 3, 8–10, 96
on the Virgin Mary, 14–15, 18
on the pope, 30–31, 33–34, 61
on the clergy, 166
on the aristocracy, 177
on the Risorgimento, 201–02
burial, 211
and Italian sexuality, 303
Jefferson, Thomas, 2
influence of Roman architecture, 10, 180
and Roman virtue, 17
on representations of Washington, 18, 20
on slavery, 33
influence of Roman politics, 40
and artistic nudity, 193, 211
sculpture gallery, 203
representations of, 344
contrast to Rome, 3, 5, 63
Jenkins, F. Lynn, Diana, 268, 271
Jennewein, C. Paul: Hercules Taming the Numean Bull, 375–76
pediment of Philadelphia Museum of Art, 376–77
Jesuits, 4, 5, 15, 25, 38, 113, 114, 121, 123, 124, 125, 137, 141
Jews: of Rome, 42, 153–56, 205–06, 265, 287, 289, 291, 345, 346, 347, 369, 370, 407, 421
Catholicism and, 70–71
John XXIII, Pope, 19, 44, 54–58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 69, 71
John Paul I, Pope, 64–65, 73
John Paul II, Pope, 19, 65, 71
Johnson, Robert Underwood, 296, 304–10
Journalists, in Fascist Rome, 322, 329–31, 340, 349–50. See also Censorship; individual reporters
Julian the Apostate, 161–63
Julius Caesar, 36, 40, 187
Capitoline sculpture, 185, 186
Juno, 158, 159
Villa Ludovisi sculpture, 189
Jupiter, 324, 329, 342, 344, 361, 377–78
Kaiser, Robert Blair, 55–56, 57, 59
Kazin, Alfred, 405, 407, 432
Keats, John, 142, 317, 319, 210–11, 256, 260, 280, 305, 428, 430–31
Keck, Charles, 328
Keeley, Edmund, The Imposter, 412
Kemble, Fanny, 37, 217
Kenrick, Richard, 39
Kesselring, Albert, 369, 379, 382
King, Charles, 277
King, Rufus, 277
Kip, William Ingraham, 31–33, 54, 119, 167, 179
Kirkland, Caroline, 89, 122–23, 124–26, 164, 187
Kiselewski, Joseph, 373–74
Koch, Kenneth, “Taking a Walk with You,” 422–23
Konti, Isidore, 376
La dolce vita, 2, 304, 405
La Fontaine, Jean de, 72
Labor strikes, 283, 291–92, 308, 309, 325
Lachaise, Gaston, 270–71, 378
LaFarge, Christopher Grant, 274, 275–76, 302
LaFarge, John, Anadyomene, 266
Lafayette, Marquis de, 14
Lambruschini, Cardinal, 113–14, 141
Lanciani, Rodolfo, 220, 265, 277, 282, 326
Langdon, William Chauncy, 269, 270
Laocoon, 182, 184, 196–97, 204, 295, 298, 302, 333, 334, 335
Lateran Gate, 106
Lateran Treaty, 19, 47, 226, 335–37
Lathrop, Francis, 280
Latin literature, 5, 6, 7, 9, 15, 17, 165–66. See also individual Latin authors
Latrobe, Benjamin, 193
Layard, Henry, 191
League of Nations, 50
Leda and the Swan, 199
Lee, Robert E., Jr., 298
Leighton, Frederick: Greek Girls Picking up Pebbles by the Sea, 277
The Triumph of Music, 353
Leland, Charles Godfrey, 168–69, 37, 164, 186–87, 286
Leland, Henry P., Americans in Rome, 30, 86, 211, 298, 89–90, 145, 146–47, 149–53
Lenin, V. I., 332
Leo X, Pope, 33
Leo XIII, Pope, 40–41, 42–44, 66, 224, 245, 288
Lepri, Marchese, 401, 402
Lerner, Abram, 434
Lester, Charles Edwards, 370, 110–14
Levin, Harry, 97
Levine, Jack: use of myth, 384, 386, 390, 392
The Three Graces, 384, 385, 386
Lewis, Edmonia, 241
Lewis, Matthew Gregory, The Monk, 14
Lewis, Sinclair, 311, 407
Dodsworth, 340
Liberty: ideal of, 11–15, 32–33, 111, 159–60, 287, 311–12, 314, 315
religious, 4, 24–27, 42, 51, 60–63, 66
denial of, in Papal Rome, 112, 119, 122, 146. See also Censorship; Equality; Political repression; Risorgimento; Slavery
Library of Congress, 279, 280–81
Lima, Sigrid de, Praise a Fine Day, 409
Lincoln Center, 378, 380
Lipchitz, Jacques: The Joy of Orpheus, 355
Rape of Europa, 378
Lippincott, S. J. See Greenwood, Grace
Lippold, Richard, 352
Orpheus and Apollo, 380
Livingston, Robert R., 203
Local color movement, 142–43. See also Picturesque realism
Lodge, George Henry, 324
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 176, 405
poses in Rome, 55, 57–58
“Drinking Song,” 329
“Enceladus,” 200
Hiawatha, 312
Michel Angelo: A Fragment, 65–66
Longfellow, Samuel, 307
Lorrain, Claude. See Claude
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis (1904), 376
Louvre, 97, 193, 194, 258
Lowell, James Russell, 15, 78, 81, 94, 169, 170, 187, 188, 193, 200, 336, 398
Lowell, John, 226
Lowell, Robert, 2
Lucan, 39–40
Luce, Clare Booth, 51–52, 343, 354–56, 363
Lynch, Teddy, 351
McCartan, Edward: Diana, 268, 269, 271
Dionysus, 332, 333
McCarthy, Mary, Birds of America, 411, 415
McClure, S. S., 328
McCormick, Anne O’Hare, 48–53, 322–23, 336–37, 338–40, 363
McEntee, Jervis, 58
Mclnerny, Ralph, Romanesque, 416
McKim, Charles Folien, 265, 372, 272, 274, 276
MacMonnies, Frederick, 271
Bacchante with Infant Faun, 265
Diana, 263, 265
Venus and Adonis, 265
MacNeil, Hermon Atkins, The Sun Vow, 308, 309
McQuaid, Bernard, 38
Maderno, Carlo, 100
Maelzer, General, 370, 381
Maillol, Aristide, 378
Malamud, Bernard, Pictures of Fidelman, 398, 410–11, 416
Malaria, 119, 120
Malraux, André, 401
Manet, Edouard, Olympia, 229
Mann, Mrs. Horace, 175
Mann, Thomas, Death in Venice, 408
Manning, Cardinal Henry, 16
Manship, Paul, 320, 353, 375, 273
artistic goals, 309–11
on the importance of Rome, 373
—works: Actaeon, 270, 308, 310–11
Atalanta, 269
Briseis, 269
Centaur and Dryad, 310–11, 377
Diana, 269–70, 269, 310–11
Europa and the Bull, 377–78, 379
Eurydice, 355
Flight of Europa, 377
Hercules Upholding the World, 376
Infant Hercules, 332
Indian Hunter, 311, 312
Indian Hunter with Dog, 311, 314
Orpheus, 355
Pronghorn Antelope, 311, 313
Satyr and Sleeping Nymph, 377
Marcus Aurelius, 171–73
Capitoline statue, 305, 7, 37
Marcus Junius Brutus, Capitoline sculpture, 188
Margherita, Queen, 223, 224, 262–63, 265, 277, 282, 290, 297
Marius, 2, 27, 28, 29, 40
Marlowe, Christopher, 328, 372
Mars, 214, 329
Marsh, George Perkins, 15, 211
Marsyas, 150, 353, 354
Martiny, Philip, Apollo and the Muses, 376
Martyrs, Christian, 26, 48, 52–53, 197, 98
Mary, Virgin: and pagan goddesses, 179, 15
American reactions to Mariolatry, 6, 12, 14–18
Immaculate Conception of, 15, 17, 18, 34
Assumption of, 17, 18
Massimo family, 216, 220
Massock, Richard G., 315, 343, 345, 346–47, 349, 350, 356, 357, 358, 359–63
Mather, Cotton, 332, 5
Matteotti, Giacomo, 329, 330, 331, 387
Matthews, Herbert L., 342–43, 347, 348–49, 351, 352, 358–59, 363, 364, 371–72, 386–87, 394, 395
Mauldin, Bill, 388
Mazzini, Giuseppe: and Roman virtue, 21, 22
and American Catholics, 40
during the Siege of Rome, 106, 128, 132–33, 188
and Fuller, 21–22, 137, 188, 312
ideals, 195, 301, 312
Meleager (Vatican), 301, 328, 332
Melville, Herman, 46, 103, 151, 184, 252
“After the Pleasure Party,” 179–80, 232, 285, 294
Moby-Dick, 71
“Statues in Rome,” 185, 186–87, 197, 293–95, 363–65
Memento mori, 72–73, 146–51. See also Arcadia, death in; History; Mutability; Ruins
Men: chastity in, 287
significance of nudity, 287–88, 295–96, 305
physical types, 288, 289, 292, 300, 302–03, 311–12, 316, 328, 335, 338–39, 349, 355
and the Ideal, 289–97, 351. See also Apollo Belvedere; Character, Italian; Sexuality; Women
Mengs, Anton Raphael, 324
Apollo and the Muses, 182
Mencken, H. L., 44, 45
Meo, Salvatore, 433
Mercury, 329
Mercury (Belvedere). See Antinous (Belvedere)
Merode, Cardinal, 196
Merrill, James, “Italian Lesson,” 422
Mexican War, 64, 107
Mezzofanti, Cardinal, 121
Michelangelo: Capitoline architecture, 4, 7, 77, 82
in Longfellow’s drama, 65–66
Story on, 180–81, 255
reputation of, 180, 255, 352, 83, 305
and baroque architecture, 77
Bacchus, 329
Last Judgment, 22
Moses, 255
Saint Peter’s dome, 99, 100
Militarism, Italian, 214, 251–52, 287, 312–13, 336, 344, 348. See also Fascism; Soldiers; World War I
Miller, Joseph Maxwell, 355
Milles, Carl, 378
Millet, Jean-François, 143
Milnes, Monckton, 217
Milton, John, 95, 96, 294
Minerva: as ideal woman, 177–79, 210, 214
Minerva Medica, 183–84, 243, 245, 246
use in American art, 232, 265–66, 281, 361
Ministry of Popular Culture, 349, 350
Mitchell, S. Weir, 89
Monks. See Beggars; Clergy
Monte Mario, 339
Monte Testaccio, 152
Moravia, Alberto, 401
Morgan, J. P., 277, 268, 271, 272, 275
Morgan, J. P., Jr., 326
Moroni, Gaetano, 113
Morris, William, 270
Morse, Samuel F. B., 258, 95–96, 276
on the pope, 26, 114
Dying Hercules, 332–33, 334, 335
Judgment of Jupiter, 344
Morton, Thomas, 166
Moss, Howard, “Rome: The Night Before,” 425, 426
Motley, John Lathrop, 289, 197
Mount, William Sydney, The Painter’s Triumph, 345
Mowrer, Edgar Ansel, 296, 304, 310–15, 323, 326, 331
Mozier, Joseph, 247, 256, 322, 211, 269
Mumford, Lewis, 48, 157
Munthe, Axel, 225
Murphy, Walter F., The Vicar of Christ, 65, 69–76
The Roman Enigma, 70–71
Murray’s Handbook for Travelers, 30, 150, 164, 173, 200, 81, 82, 92, 145, 153, 154, 155
Murray, John Courtney, 62
Murray, William, 420–21
Murtha, Edwin, 377–78
Museums, founding of American, 310, 363–64, 369–72, 376–77
Music in Rome, 147–50, 159, 243–44
Mussolini, Benito: and Lateran Treaty, 19, 47, 335–37
March on Rome, 49, 108, 293, 314–15, 326–27
organization of Fascists, 309
assumption of power, 310, 311, 315, 326–27, 331–32
philosophy, 312
personal cult, 315
speeches, 315–16, 320–21, 345–46, 349, 357–58, 362–63
American admirers, 315–17, 320–29, 331–37, 338–40, 343–45
and imperial Rome, 317, 323, 353
as an actor, 317, 329, 335, 342, 344, 347–48, 358, 362–63
American detractors, 329–31, 335–37, 340–47
“autobiography,” 328
and Hitler, 337, 344, 345, 346–47, 351, 352, 353, 357, 358, 362
re-design of Rome, 337–40
during World War II, 352, 353, 357–58, 361, 362–63
health, 349, 350
Roman attitudes toward, 361
deposed, 364, 367
and Republic of Salo, 369, 370, 372. See also Fascists
Mussolini, Bruno, 359
Mussolini Forum for Physical Culture, 374, 338, 343–44, 388
Mutability, 65–67, 70–71, 75–78, 81, 93, 123–24, 424–26. See also History; Ruins
Myron, Discobolus, 306
Mythology, pagan: in Arcadia, 97, 98–100
in fiction, 115–16, 118, 120–23
bowdlerizations, 118, 167–68
in American art generally, 152, 273, 345, 347, 355, 362–63, 375–78, 380–82
sexuality in, 165, 166, 168, 176, 179–80, 347, 377, 380
apologies for, 165–68, 174, 175–76
in poetry, 382. See also Paganism; Sculpture, classical; individual deities
Nakian, Reuben, 381, 382
career, 378, 380
Mars and Venus, 380, 383
Voyage to Crete, 378, 379
Naples, 373, 388
Nast, Thomas, 48
National Academy of Design, 210
Native Americans: and classical sculpture, 182, 302, 303, 305–07, 309, 311–12, 335, 345
treatment of, 117
Nemi, Lake, 81–82, 133
Neoclassicism: American, 182, 189–93, 203, 215, 248, 299, 348–49, 81, 82, 281
French, 220, 223, 257–58, 262–63, 265–66, 355, 274. See also Sculpture, classical; and Canova; Thorwaldsen
Nero, 2, 37–39
portrait sculpture, 186
Neville, Robert, 70
Nevin, Robert Jenkins, 271, 278
New York City, compared with Rome, 115, 117, 261, 289–90, 338, 409, 410
New York World’s Fair (1939), 369, 373, 352
Nibby, Antonio, 6, 77
Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, 76
Niehaus, Charles Henry: Driller, 358
Orpheus, 357, 358, 359
Pan, 358
The Scraper, 357, 358
Niobe, 288
Noble, Louis Legrand, 51, 90, 96, 97–101, 102, 109
Norris, Frank, 242
North American College, 222, 405
Norton, Charles Eliot, xvii, 37, 192, 206, 277, 292
on the American and Roman republics, 34–35, 52
and nude statuary, 231, 265
on the baroque, 78, 81, 94
on Catholicism, 15–16, 17, 18, 39, 61, 96
on Saint Peter’s, 100
on convents, 182, 183–84
on the Risorgimento, 127, 193–95, 196, 200, 207
and the Protestant Cemetery, 211
on Old and New Rome, 288–89
Nostalgia, 78, 211–12. See also Rome, “Old” and “New”
Novak, Michael, 55, 57, 59
The Tiber Was Silver, 411
Nudity in art: propriety of any, 191–92, 193, 198–99, 205–06, 247, 342, 344
popularity, 193, 211, 217–18, 222–23, 225–26, 237, 239–40, 260, 321
female, 206–20, 222–33, 235, 237–41, 243, 257–63, 265–66, 268–71, 277–81, 294, 378, 380, 381, 384, 387
infantilism and, 271–73, 274, 309, 316–17, 329, 332, 338
male, 287–89, 294–96, 300–03, 305–06, 311–13, 316–17, 319–22, 324, 326, 328, 329, 332–33, 335, 338–39, 341–42, 344, 348–49, 352–53, 355–58, 360, 380, 384, 85, 338
couples, 324–26, 355
limitations, 245, 247, 250, 280–81, 389–90, 392. See also Apollo Belvedere; Men; Sculpture, classical; Venus; Women
Nuns and convents, 23, 164, 181–84, 239–40
Nymph with a Shell (Vénus à la coquille), 263, 264
O’Hara, Frank, 378, 380
O’Neill, Eugene, 382
Old Hag, 196
Oratory, 10, 14, 17
Orpheus, 287, 345, 346, 347–58, 354, 359, 377, 380, 438
Orsini family, 3
Orti Farnesiani, 4
Osgood, Samuel, 352
Osservatore Romano, 356, 375–76
Ossoli, Giovanni, 21
Ovid, 116, 118, 216, 317, 324, 335, 389–90, 427, 438–39
bowdlerizations of, 167–68
Packard, Reynolds and Eleanor, 343, 347, 349–50, 351, 357–58, 359–62, 363
Paganism: and nature, 132–35
compared to Christianity, 156–63, 165, 170–73, 179, 180, 193–98, 296–97, 15
structure of pantheon, 162, 164–65, 170, 171–73, 175–76, 180
modern, 168–70, 175–76, 199, 218, 375, 381, 260, 438–39. See also Beauty, religion of; Mythology; Sculpture, classical; Venus; and other individual deities
Page, Giorgio Nelson, 350
Page, Thomas Nelson, 296–98, 301, 305, 307, 335, 350
Page, William, 281
treatment of nudity, 225, 227–29
Cupid and Psyche, 227
Mrs. William Page, 58–59, 227
Venus Guiding Aeneas and the Trojans to the Latin Shore, 228, 228–29, 231
Palatine hill, 4, 41, 318, 377, 382, 399, 433–34
Palazzo Albano, 188
Palazzo Altieri, 226, 403
Palazzo Antici Mattei, 367
Palazzo Barberini, 37, 171, 173, 81, 165, 188, 189–93, 214, 258, 303, 375
Palazzo Bernini, 269
Palazzo Bonaparte, 278
Palazzo Borghese, 174
Palazzo Braschi, 187, 375
Palazzo Chigi, 335, 343
Palazzo del Drago, 282
Palazzo Doria, 374
Palazzo Farnese, 224, 277, 302
Palazzo di Giustizia, 282, 303
Palazzo Lozzano, 269
Palazzo Ludovisi, 263
Palazzo Massimo, 180, 302
Palazzo Odescalchi, 215, 216–18, 220, 224
Palazzo Orsini, 225, 325
Palazzo Pitti (Florence), 220
Palazzo del Quirinale, 224, 271, 351–52
Palazzo Rospigliosi, 271
Palazzo Rusticucci, 264
Palazzo del Senatore, 4
Palazzo Simonetti, 269
Palazzo Spada, 302
Palazzo Torlonia, 185–86, 272
Palazzo Venezia, 108, 291, 315–16, 344, 384
Palgrave, Francis, 82
Palmer, Erastus Dow: Infant Ceres, 272
Infant Flora, 272; White Captive, 241, 242, 258
Pan, 97, 168, 180, 251
Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo (1901), 376
Panama-Pacific Exposition, San Francisco (1915), 376
Panini, Giovanni Paolo, 4, 45
Interior of the Pantheon, 154
Interior of Saint Peter’s, Rome, 77, 79
Panofsky, Erwin, 146, 148, 150
Pantheon: and the Torre de’ Schiavi, 78
in painting, 154
in travel writing, 157, 163–65, 173–74, 180
compared to Colosseum, 180
in fiction, 157–59, 169–70, 244, 302–03
in poetry, 225, 423
Papacy: viewed by Protestant Americans, 18–19, 21–34, 37, 40–41, 44–46, 76
viewed by Catholic Americans, 18–19, 28–29, 38–39, 46–49, 65–76
diplomatic relations with America, 52–63, 208, 269, 277. See also Catholicism; Vatican Councils; individual popes
Papal infallibility, 4, 6, 34, 37–39, 43, 44, 62, 207
Papal processions and ceremonies, 24, 29–32, 55–56, 58, 67
Papal States. See Lateran Treaty; Pius IX and other popes; Risorgimento; Rome, “Old” and “New”
Parker, Theodore, 160, 164, 198–99, 202
Parkman, Francis, 10, 82, 163
Parliament, Italian, 223, 284–85, 332
Parsons, T. W., 261, 329, 351, 262
Partisans, in World War II Rome, 366, 373–76, 381–83, 385, 388
Pascal, Blaise, 4
Pasquinades, 126–27, 191, 192, 361. See also Censorship
Passeggiata Margherita (Gianicolo), 285, 405, 417
Patigan, Haig, 268
Patriotism, Roman, 17–18, 22, 29, 32, 35
Paul VI, Pope, 18, 54–55, 57–60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 69, 71, 73, 74
Paul, Jeremiah, 217
Payne, Elizabeth Rogers, 176
Payne, John Howard, 17, 18
Peabody, Elizabeth, 175, 293
Peale, Charles Willson, 18, 193, 203
Peale, Raphaelle, Venus Rising from the Sea: A Deception, 220, 221, 222, 235, 278
Peale, Rembrandt: on the Forum, 4
The Roman Daughter, 23, 24
on Mengs, 182
on classical sculpture, 183, 370
on American art, 344
on the pope, 26–27, 30
on Bernini, 81, 99
on the Piazza del Popolo, 89
Pearlstein, Philip: residence in Rome, 433
Palatine, 433–34
Peasants: in the Campagna, 85–88, 143–44
and Roman class-distinctions, 227, 238, 300. See also Character, Italian
Pellico, Silvio, 193
Pennell, Joseph, 292–93
Building the Victor Emmanuel Monument, 293, 295
Old and New Rome, Victor Emmanuel Monument, 293, 294
Pennsylvania Academy, 193, 204
Perkins, Robert, 298, 302
Perlin, Bernard, Colosseum, 432
Petrarch, 231, 232, 287, 176
Phelps, William Lyon, 319, 321
Phidias, 251, 297, 349, 350
Philadelphia Museum of Art, 376–77
Phillips, Jonas B., 17
Phillips, Mary E., 248, 251, 252, 253
Phillips, William, 343–45, 351–52, 356, 357, 358, 359, 362
Piazza Barberini, 106, 280
Piazza del Campidoglio, 77
Piazza Colonna, 303
Piazza d’Esedra, 270
Piazza dell’ Esquilino, 306
Piazza della Minerva, 174
Piazza Navona, 90–92, 116, 150, 265–66, 375
Piazza del Popolo, 89–90, 90, 139, 140, 159, 309–10, 367
Piazza San Pietro, 81, 97, 386
Piazza di Santa Maria in Trastevere, 420
Piazza di Spagna, 17, 78, 88–89, 89, 188, 265–66, 280, 302, 305
Piazza Venezia, 308, 309, 326, 327, 337, 345, 347, 352, 357, 363, 368, 374, 382–84
Picasso, Pablo, 381, 390
Picturesque realism, 287, 289
in travel writing, 139, 140–41, 145–52, 161, 169–70, 321
in fiction, 139
in painting, 143–45, 148–49, 153–57, 265, 431, 435
popularity of, 143–45, 156–57
Pincian Hill, 265, 267, 279
Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, 4, 45, 46
Pius VII, Pope, 19, 24, 25–26
Pius VIII, Pope, 19, 26, 114
Pius IX, Pope: flees Roman Republic, 10, 125–26, 128–29, 131–32, 139
Mariolatry, 15–16, 18
described by Protestant Americans, 30, 33–34, 36, 39–40, 42, 57, 58, 110–12, 124–25, 128–31, 140, 188, 198–99, 203
and Catholic Americans, 34–36, 39, 40, 43, 48, 129–30, 221
diplomatic relations with America, 36, 203, 204
and First Vatican Council, 37–39
retreat to the Vatican after 1870, 39, 209–10, 222, 223, 224
death, 41, 224, 248
liberalism, 110–12, 120–25, 130–31, 153, 204, 206
restoration, 139, 140, 196, 198–99, 200, 221
and beggars, 166
and the aristocracy, 288
Pius X, Pope, 41, 44, 45, 46, 69, 281, 288, 293
Pius XI, Pope, 19, 46–48, 50, 66, 67, 68, 323, 332, 335, 337, 342, 343
Pius XII, Pope, 58, 64, 65
Mariolatry, 18
described by Americans, 50–53, 55, 57, 67, 68–71, 366
and Fascism, 348, 351–52
during World War II, 70–71, 356, 370, 371, 372, 382
Plato, 300
Plowden, Helen Haseltine, 226–27, 269–70
Plumptre, E. H., 356
Plutarch, 12
Poe, Edgar Allan, 59, 61, 168, 232
“The Coliseum,” 60
Political repression, 113–14, 118, 135, 137, 141, 191–92, 194, 195, 315, 349, 369–71, 374–76. See also Censorship; Prisons
Polk, Antoinette, 221
Pollock, John, 384
Pompey, tomb of, 77
Ponte Molle, 138
Ponte St. Angelo, 116
Ponte Sisto, 302
Porta Maggiore, 381, 383
Porta Pia, 208, 209, 383
Porta Pinciana, 209, 370
Porta del Popolo, 32
Porta San Giovanni, 383
Porta San Pancrazio, 105, 106, 302
Porta San Paolo, 368, 383
Porta San Sebastiano, 73, 383
Portico of Octavia, 154–55
Positano, 433, 434
Pound, Ezra, 2, 311, 316–17, 340, 364–65
Poussin, Nicolas, 17, 85, 90, 97, 132, 439
—works: Bacchanal before a Herm, 97, 99
Et in Arcadia Ego (1630), 146, 147, 150
Et in Arcadia Ego (1650), 146, 148–49
Kingdom of Flora, 97, 98
Landscape with a Man Washing His Feet at a Fountain, 108
Landscape with Orpheus and Eurydice, 108, 110
Venus and Adonis, 215, 216, 217
Powers, Hiram, 211, 227, 342
in Rome, 18, 189
on John Gibson, 191
on classical sculpture, 198, 298, 392
and female nudes, 207, 208–09, 233, 235, 237–39, 241, 389
and the Venus de’ Medici, 207, 208–09, 243
Swedenborgianism, 238
practicality, 321, 324
and male nudes, 328
social attitudes, 109
—works: America, 239, 258
California, 239
Diana, 258, 259
Eve Disconsolate, 238
Eve Tempted, 235, 236, 237, 238, 320
Fisher Boy, 320, 321–22, 322, 324, 384
General Andrew Jackson, 18, 19, 188, 190
Greek Slave, 233, 234, 235, 237–41, 243, 258, 321, 322
Proserpine, 209, 259–60, 260, 321
Pratt, Bela, 355
Praxiteles, 251
Faun in Repose, 116, 117, 285, 288, 300, 313, 316–17
Knidian Venus, 200, 202, 233, 235, 251, 282
Praz, Mario, 367
Pre-Raphaelites, 73, 256
Prendergast, Maurice B.: Pincian Hill, Afternoon, 265, 267
The Roman Campagna, 267, 268
Priests. See Clergy; Jesuits
Prisons, 166–67. See also Castel Sant’ Angelo; Crime; Regina Coeli
Prohibition, 334
Prostitution, 151, 152, 203, 223, 360, 388, 389, 396, 400. See also Sexuality
Protestant Cemetery, 210–11, 275, 277, 280, 281, 305
Protestant Church. See American Church in Rome
Protestantism, and art, 195–96, 197
Pudicitia (Livia), 245, 246
Pyramid of Caius Cestius, 210, 430
Quennell, Peter, 176
Racism, and the classical ideal, 335, 338–39. See also Character, Italian; Slavery
Radcliffe, Anne, 106, 244
Railroads, 205, 207, 220, 279
Raphael, 180, 198, 280, 439
Parnassus, 182
Vatican Stanze, 273
Rationing, during World War II, 351, 359–60, 368–69
Read, Thomas Buchanan, 89–90, 126, 132, 169, 172
Realism: and idealism, 105, 184, 189–92, 205, 230, 247–48, 250–57, 274, 275, 277–79, 298–300, 305, 306–07, 326, 344
and the picturesque, 139–70
and romance, 228–29
Regina Coeli jail, 363, 382, 394
Relics, Catholic, 4, 6–11, 12, 17, 31, 42, 131
Religious freedom: American value, 4, 25, 26, 27, 63
Catholic suppression of, 4, 24–25, 42
Catholic assertions of, 51, 60–62, 66. See also Separation of Church and State
Renaissance, Italian: influence of, 84, 106, 282, 372, 272, 274, 276
and classical mythology, 180, 198, 380
idealism, 205
nudes, 227, 230 (see also Titian)
and cultural change, 81
Reni, Guido, 150, 214, 88, 100, 189, 303, 415
Rensselaer, Mariana van, 369
Revolution, American, 16–18
Reynolds, Donald Martin, 237
Reynolds, Joshua, 198
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 353, 356
Richards, I. A., 288
Richardson, E. P., 113
Richardson, Robert D., 171
Richter, Jean Paul, 217
Riencourt, Amaury de, 40–41
Rienzi, Cola di, 156
Rimmer, William: theories, 338–39, 341, 355
male nudes, 339, 341–42
Despair, 339
Dying Centaur, 340, 341
Emperor, Warrior, and Poet, or Roman History, 339
Evening: The Fall of Day, 341–42
Falling Gladiator, 339, 340, 341, 355
Lion in the Arena, 339
Rinehart, William Henry, 247, 316, 375
and the New Rome, 223
Clytie, 260, 261
Endymion, 313, 317, 318, 319
Hero, 218, 263, 264, 328
Latona and Her Children, Apollo and Diana, 273–74
Leander, 218, 328, 329, 331
Penserosa, 211
Young Augustus, 188
Ripley, George, 175
Risorgimento: American supporters of, 106–09, 120, 122–30, 132–33, 134, 135–36, 173–74, 176, 187–88, 189–90, 196, 200, 210, 214, 218–19, 221, 224, 275, 335 (see also Fuller)
and the Italian character, 114–23, 133–38, 140–41, 158, 159–60, 166, 198–99, 201–02, 204–06, 218, 224, 312
and the papacy, see Pius IX
goals, 124, 125, 200–01
American opponents of, 129, 209–10, 215, 219, 220–23. See also Cavour; Garibaldi; Mazzini; Roman Republic of 1849; Rome, “Old” and “New”; Siege of Rome
Ristori, Adelaide, 255
Roberts, Kenneth, 328
Robinson, Henry Morton, The Cardinal, 65–69, 72
Rodin, Auguste, 355
Rogers, John, 240, 204
Rogers, Randolph, 211, 298
The Last Arrow, 335
Rogers, Samuel, 210
Roman Empire: and American imperialism, 1, 2, 21, 32, 34, 35, 40–41, 51–52, 54, 63–64, 148, 374–75, 304, 411, 426–27
decadence of, 48–51, 64
fall of, 11, 32, 64
and fascism, 323, 337–39
Roman Republic, ancient: and American Republic, 9, 10–15, 32–33, 40–41, 43, 62–63
and Roman empire, 32, 34
Roman Republic of 1849, 106, 108, 131–38, 187–88, 214. See also Risorgimento; Siege of Rome
Rome: general significance, to Americans, xviii–xix, xxii, 1–2, 9–10, 55, 82, 212, 214–15, 272, 274, 276–77, 290, 321, 402–03, 405–08, 429–30, 433 (see also Civilization)
“Old” and “New,” 140, 146, 148, 174, 176, 210–26, 241–42, 247–51, 264–65, 267, 270, 274–92, 304–05, 306
general appearance of the city, 77–78, 88–93, 264–65, 267, 282–83, 289–90, 302–03, 306, 317, 389–90, 397–99, 419–24, 427–28, 436, 438 (see also Dirtiness)
idealization of, 77–79, 99–102, 215, 319. See also individual streets, piazzas, churches, villas, landmarks, personalities, and topics
Romulus, tomb of, 2
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 51, 68, 343, 344, 352, 358, 359, 362 374
Roosevelt, Theodore, 327, 329
Rorem, Ned, 413
Rosa, Salvator, 106, 108, 244
Rosenblum, Robert, 224
Rossellini, Roberto, Città Aperta, 401
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 209
Rossi, Count, 128, 131, 141
Rossini, Gioacchino, 121
Rossini, Luigi, 3
Rôthlisberger, Marcel, 94
Rubens, Peter Paul, 216
Rude, François, Neapolitan Fisherboy with Tortoise, 321, 322
Ruins, romantic ideal of, 1–2, 45–47, 70, 77–79, 81, 96, 140–41, 142, 148–49. See also Colosseum; Forum; Mutability
Rush, William, 274
Ruskin, John, xvii, 206, 16, 81, 100, 202, 207
Russell, Alfred, Diana and Callisto, 387–88
Ryder, Albert Pinkham, Diana, 266
Rynne, Xavier, 55, 58–59
Saint John Lateran. See San Giovanni in Laterano
St. Paul’s-within-the-Walls. See American Church in Rome
Saint Peter’s Basilica, 55, 79, 97, 292
compared to Pantheon, 157, 159, 173, 96
and Vatican gallery, 193–94
and American architecture, 352
American opinions of, 45, 46, 77, 78, 95, 96–100
spectacles in, 12, 19, 29, 31, 42, 48, 54–55, 56, 57, 95–96, 119, 140, 180, 271
in fiction, 96, 98, 240, 245
during World War II, 368, 384
Saint-Gaudens, Augustus: on the importance of Italy, 372
Demosthenes, 187, 188
Diana, 263, 266, 267, 269, 271
Hiawatha, 312, 314
Marcus Junius Brutus, 188
Young Augustus, 188
Sala del Mappamondo, 316, 353
Salerno, 364
Salvemini, Gaetano, 335
San Callisto, catacombs of, 74
San Carlo al Corso, 27, 130
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, 79, 80, 81, 415
San Clemente, 290
San Francisco’s Palace of Fine Arts, 65
San Giovanni in Laterano, 134–35, 8–9, 106, 308, 368
San Giuseppe, 181–82
San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, 372
San Nicola in Carcere, 23
San Paolo fuori le Mura, 95, 120
San Pietro. See Saint Peter’s Basilica
San Sebastiano, catacombs of, 75
Sand, George, 178
Sansovino, Jacopo, Madonna del Parto, 13, 16, 94, 117, 281
Sant’ Agnese in Agone, 90, 91, 92, 207, 266
Sant’ Andrea al Quirinale, 92–93, 93, 415
Sant’ Andrea della Valle, 302
Sant’ Angelo in Pescharia, 156
Sant’ Ignazio, 92
Sant’ Ivo alla Sapienza, 80, 81, 415
Santa Cecilia, 182, 183
Santa Maria d’Ara Coeli, 54, 7–11
Santa Maria Maggiore, 12, 31, 42, 272, 306, 308, 383
Santa Maria sopra Minerva, 303
Santa Maria della Pace, 302
Santa Sabina, 368
Santayana, George, 364–66, 403, 429
Santissimo Bambino, Il, 7, 8–11, 131, 411
Sarfatti, Margharita, 328
Sargent, John Singer, 182
Museum of Fine Arts (Boston) rotunda decorations, 358, 360–63
Apollo and the Muses, 182, 183, 358, 360, 360–61
Classic and Romantic Art, 361
Piazza Navona, Rome, 265, 266
Satire, 32–35, 53, 114, 381–87. See also Twain, Mark
Savage, Eugene, 183, 373
Savoy, House of. See individual members
Schidone, Bartolommeo, 150
Schorer, Mark, “The Lamp,” 416
Schuyler, Eugene, 278
Schwab, Charles M., 307
Schwartz, Lynne Sharon, Rough Strife, 414–15
Scipios, tomb of, 75
Scott, Walter, 230
Scrivener, Jane, 364, 366–73, 374–79, 380–84
Scudder, Janet, Diane Enfant, 270, 271
Sculpture, portrait, 18–20, 185–90
Sculpture, classical: and civilization, 182–83, 193–94, 200–01, 203–05, 289, 372–73
and the religion of beauty, 182–84, 193–99, 204–05, 363–68
and American Neoclassicism, 182, 189–93, 203, 215, 299, 348–49
in fiction, 183, 189–92
portrait, 185–89
copies of, 188, 203–04, 220, 288
compared with Christian art, 190–92, 193–98
nudity of, 193, 198–200, 289. See also Apollo Belvedere; Venus de’ Medici; other individual statues; Baroque, sculpture
Seated Agrippina, 245, 247, 249, 257
Sedgwick, Catherine Maria, 88, 347, 348, 116–17, 119, 120, 161, 169–70, 182–83, 268, 277
Segato, Girolamo, 121
Seldes, George, 329–31, 340
Seneca, 38, 187
Senate, Roman, 12, 13–14
Separation of Church and State, 41, 60, 63. See also Papacy; Religious liberty
Sevareid, Eric, 52, 379–80, 384–85, 387–88, 395
Sexuality and sensuality: in Arcadia, 97, 100, 101, 118, 120, 122–23
in Hawthorne, 116, 118, 120, 122–23, 168, 303, 412
and pagan mythology, 165, 166, 168, 176, 179–80, 347, 377, 380
and equality, 176–78
male, 178, 206, 287
and nudity, 205–06, 207, 211, 226, 232–33, 235, 237–39, 241, 243, 245, 259–60, 262, 287–89, 316–17, 319, 324–26, 328, 389
and the ideal, 294–95
in Catholicism, 12, 17, 66–67, 71, 164, 406
in the baroque, 85, 88
stereotypical Italian, 257–58, 300, 303–04, 311, 318, 354, 388, 408–09, 412–15, 421
in wartime, 303, 387, 388, 389, 396–97. See also Amor; Chastity; Homosexuality; Nudity; Venus
Seznec, Jean, 386
Shaw, Howard, The Crime of Giovanni Venturi, 416
Shea, John Gilmary, 40
Sheean, Vincent, 329, 363–64
Rage of the Soul, 411
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 142, 305
Sherman, Grant, 373
Siege of Rome, American descriptions of, 105–06, 135, 137–38. See also Roman Republic of 1848–49
Silenus, 329
Silliman, Benjamin, 139, 141, 164, 268–69
Silone, Ignazio, 401
Simmons, Franklin, 247, 281
Angel of the Resurrection, 344–45, 281
Hercules and Alcestis, 375
Jochabed, the Mother of Moses, 256
Simpson, Louis, 421, 422
Slavery in America, 32–33, 34, 241, 251–52, 107, 117, 193–94, 199. See also Civil War; Liberty
Sleeping Faun, 313, 315, 316
Sloan, James, 10–11, 193–94, 199, 77, 82, 83
Smibert, John, 17, 203, 214
Smillie, James, 68
Smith, Alfred E., 18, 46–47
Smith, Richard Penn, 27
Socialism, 234–36, 288, 308, 310, 324, 331. See also Communism
Society of Jesus. See Jesuits
Socrates, 186–87
Soderini, Eduardo, 42
Soldiers, Italian, 161, 162, 290. See also Civic Guard; French army; Militarism; Zouaves
Soracte, 78, 144
Spanish-American War, 1, 34
Spanish Civil War, 322, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348
Spanish Steps, 77, 88, 169, 273, 305, 370, 402
Spartacus, 18, 33
Spellman, Cardinal Francis, 62
Spencer, Elizabeth
Knights and Dragons, 408, 412
“White Azalea,” 420
Spenser, Edmund, 114
Spies. See Political repression
Staël, Madame de, Corinne, 70, 72, 299, 96, 99, 187
Staffage, 84–85, 144
Starbuck, George, “Rome, 1965,” 427
Starke, Mariana, 150
Steffens, Lincoln, 322, 331–33, 334–35
Steinbeck, John, The Grapes of Wrath, 23
Stendhal, 4, 6–7, 36, 72, 163, 173, 299, 11, 88, 99
Stephen, Leslie, 35
Stephenson, Peter, Wounded Indian, 335
Stevens, Wallace: Harmonium, 382
“To an Old Philosopher in Rome,” 429
Stewart, Albert T., Orpheus and Tiger, 353, 355
Stillman, William James, 205, 305, 112, 124, 143, 202–04, 211, 269, 283–85, 287
Stockton, John P., 269
Story, William Wetmore, 212, 326, 348, 375, 123, 198, 204, 281
James on, 37, 248, 250, 254–55, 320–21, 191–92, 212, 213–15, 258
on the Colosseum, 52
on the Campagna, 88
and Transcendentalists, 175
on Michelangelo, 180–81
on ancient sculpture, 186
on Agrippina, 245, 247
reputation, 248
drapery and nudity, 250–52
career, 320, 187, 190
on the rape of Europa, 377
on Catholic Rome, 8, 9
on the Virgin Mary, 12, 14, 17
on the pope, 36, 191
on the Risorgimento, 123, 134, 188, 190, 206, 214, 223
on picturesque Rome, 139, 143, 145–51, 158–60, 321
on the Ghetto, 155–56
on the clergy, 164–65, 191
on poverty, 166–67, 168, 169, 170, 172
and the aristocracy, 187–93
burial, 211
—works: Angel of Grief, 211, 281
Arcadian Shepherd Boy, 320–21, 322
Bacchus, 251, 329
Bacchus and Venus, 218
Canidia, 253, 279
Cleopatra, 248, 249, 250, 251, 253
“A Conversation with Marcus Aurelius,” 171–73, 176, 180, 296
Delilah, 254, Infant Bacchus on a Panther, 332
Judith, 254
“Lecture on Art,” 256
Libyan Sibyl, 248, 249, 250, 251–52
Medea, 254, 255
Nero, 37–38, 39, 245, 255
Orpheus, 355
Phryne, 251
“A Primitive Christian in Rome,” 329
Proportions of the Human Figure, 251
Roba di Roma, 47, 48, 186, 8, 9, 123, 139, 145–51, 155–56, 164–65, 166–67, 190–91, 192
Sappho, 252–53
Saul, 255
Stephania, 255
Venus Anadyomene, 251
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 75
on Story, 251
in Rome, 193–94, 200
Agnes of Sorrento, 22–24
Strikes. See Labor
Styron, William, Set This House on Fire, 408, 420
Sulla, 2
Sulzberger, Cyrus, 367
Sumner, Charles, 248, 342, 345, 347, 349, 350, 356, 369–70, 186, 187, 189–90, 194, 199
Surrealism, 401
Swedenborg, Emanuel, and Sweden-borgianism, 125, 126, 127, 128, 131, 133, 135, 227, 238
Swenson, May, “Pantheon,” 423
Swift, Jonathan, 13
Swinburne, Algernon Charles, 163, 171
Tabularium, 4, 293
Tacitus, 15, 16
Taft, Lorado, 243, 263, 317, 349
Taine, Hippolyte, 289, 299–302, 306, 324, 85, 88, 89, 157–58
Tarbell, Ida Minerva, 322, 331, 333–34
Tarkington, Booth, 44
Tarpeian Rock, 67, 172
Taylor, Bayard, 85, 306
career, 7
on the Forum, 7, 8
on the Colosseum, 47
on the Campagna, 71, 86, 132
on the Pantheon, 163
on classical sculpture, 188–89, 193, 296, 364, 392
on Saint Peter’s, 98, 100
on the New Rome, 225
Taylor, Myron, 52
Temple of Juno, 156
Temple of Vesta, 245
Terrorism, 426–28
Terry, Luther, 157, 211, 212, 216
Terry, Louisa Ward Crawford, 42, 211, 215, 216, 219, 223, 271
Terry, Margaret. See Chanler, Margaret Terry
Thackeray, William Makepeace, Vanity Fair, 185–86
Thayer, Abbott, 273
Thayer, John, 5–6, 37–38
Thayer, William Roscoe, 112, 165–66, 283, 285–88, 289, 312
Thompson, Cephas G., 157
Thompson, Randall, 273
Thon, William, 431–32
Thoreau, Henry David, 165, 168, 169, 170, 178, 287, 422
Thorwaldsen, Bertel, 218, 224–25
reputation, 349, 99
sexual imagery, 347
Amor Triumphant, 231
Cupid and Psyche, 325
Diana, 262
Ganymede, 325, 326
Hebe, 325, 326
The Triumph of Alexander, 347
Tiber embankment, 265, 289
Tiberius, 187
Ticknor, George, 6, 7, 71–72, 150–51, 25, 30, 179, 180–81, 182, 195–96
Tilton, John Rollin, 69, 192
Titian, 227
nudity in, 198, 212–13, 223, 230
—works: Danae, 222
Diana and Actaeon, 262
The Rape of Europa, 377
Sacred and Profane Love, 174, 175
Venus of Urbino, 207, 208, 212–14, 317
Tivoli, 78–79, 79, 145–46, 257, 336
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 63
Tombs, pagan, 74–78, 148, 185. See also Catacombs
Tompkins, Peter, 366–67, 373–77, 379, 381–83
Tor de’ Specchi, 182
Torlonia family, 185–87
Torlonia, Elsie Moore, 361
Torre delle Milizie, 293
Torre de’ Schiavi, 78–81, 80
Townsend, Robert, 237
Tracy, Robert E., 56, 59–60
Transcendentalism, 163, 168–69, 171, 173, 175, 178, 227, 296, 345, 350–51, 353, 34, 123, 271
Trastevere, 114, 123, 158, 368, 405
Trevelyan, G. M., 284
Trevi Fountain, 77
Trinità dei Pellegrini Hospital, 184
Trollope, Frances, 110
Trumbull, John, 17
Tuckerman, Henry T., 320, 326, 126, 400
on the Forum, 9, 29
and the Campagna, 68, 75–76
on American artists, 87, 96, 193, 218, 231, 240–41, 335, 338
on the Pantheon, 163
and the religion of Beauty, 183, 214, 218, 240–41, 292–93, 296, 344
on the Apollo Belvedere, 292–93, 296
on Saint Peter’s, 77, 98
on the Siege of Rome, 105, 106
on the Roman people, 120–22
on the pope, 124, 128, 200
on the picturesque, 144–45
on poverty, 173, 174
on Catholic ritual, 182
on the Risorgimento, 200–01
Tunisia, 347
Turnbull, Robert, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 18, 31, 54, 61, 94, 127–28, 201
Turner, Joseph, 5, 45
Twain, Mark, 11, 65, 146, 147, 150, 213, 276, 304–05, 403, 409
on the Colosseum, 52, 53–54, 60
on classical sculpture, 183, 213, 364
on nudity, 212–13
and sexuality, 288
on Catholic Rome, 3, 8, 9, 205–06
on Saint Peter’s, 97–98, 100
on the clergy, 165
on the Kingdom of Italy, 205, 207
—works: The Gilded Age, 247
Innocents Abroad, 53, 3, 165, 205–06, 418
A Tramp Abroad, 212–13
Two Sicilies, Kingdom of, 110
Twombly, Cy: residence in Rome, 433, 438
Birth of Venus, 438
Formian Dreams and Actuality, 439
The Italians, 439
Roman Note, 439–40
Uberti, Fazio degli, 176
Umberto I, king of Italy: burial in Pantheon, 173, 174, 264
and Roman politics, 224–25
assassination, 263–64
American opinions of, 284, 304
Umberto, Prince, 387
Unitarianism, 23, 296, 21, 22, 163, 219, 271
Unity, Italian, 200–01, 290
University of Virginia, architecture of, 180
Val, Merry del, Cardinal, 281–82
Vanderlyn, John: Ariadne Asleep on the Island of Naxos, 29, 222, 222–24, 253
The Death of Jane McCrea, 335
Marius amid the Ruins of Carthage, 27, 28, 29–30
Panorama of Versailles, 223
View in Rome, xxviii, 3–4
Vasi, Mariano, 139
Vatican. See Papacy; Saint Peter’s
Vatican Council, First, 34, 38–39, 207, 213
Vatican Council, Second, 3, 18, 28, 54–63, 69, 70, 71
Vatican sculpture gallery, 183–84, 187–90, 193, 199, 292–93. See also Sculpture, classical; individual statues
Vedder, Elihu, 78, 375, 264
career, 275–76
social life and visitors in Rome, 192–93, 270, 273, 281, 305
during the Italian occupation, 207
—works: The Boy, 328
The Cup of Death, 283
The Cup of Love, 283
The Cumaean Sibyl, 252
Huntington mansion murals, 279–80
In the Beginning, 279, 280, 282
Library of Congress murals, 279, 280–81
The Little Venetian Model, 276, 277
Love Ever Present, or Superest Invictus Amor, or Amor Omnia Vincit, 283, 284, 285
Nude Girl Standing on a Pedestal, 278–79
Phorcydes, 279
The Pleiades, 277–78
Roman Girls on the Seashore, 277
Roman Model Posing, 277
Rome, or The Art Idea, 281–82
Rubaiyat illustrations, 279, 280, 282
Young Marsyas Charming the Hares, 353, 354
Venice, 1, 110, 146, 292
Venus: place in pantheon, 156, 170, 173
in fiction, 160–61, 212
and Ideal Woman, 176–77, 203–07, 209–12, 215, 232, 237–40, 247, 270
reactions to classical versions, 206–15, 240
nineteenth-century sculpture, 211, 224–27, 223, 228, 231–45, 234, 236, 242, 244, 265
and Adonis, 214, 215–18
and Amor, 214–18, 220, 243, 245, 283
nineteenth-century paintings, 215–20, 216–17, 219, 220, 221–22, 222–24, 227–31, 228, 230, 274, 275, 280, 281–83
twentieth-century treatment, 243, 271, 381–82, 384, 386–87, 389
Capitoline Venus, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 211–12, 213, 296, 338, 415
Venus de’ Medici, 199–200, 201, 203–04, 206–15, 226, 233, 240, 243, 292, 294, 295
Knidian Venus, 200, 202, 233, 235, 251, 282
Venus de Milo, 200, 210, 240
Venus of Urbino (Titian), 207, 208, 212–14, 317
Esquiline Venus, 241
Venus Felix, Vatican, 243, 244, 245
Venus nel bagno, Vatican, 258
Vénus à la coquille (Nymph with a Shell), 263, 264
Venus de’ Medici, 201
display, 199–200
status, 200, 203, 209–12, 213–14, 215, 226, 240, 292, 294, 295
copies, 203–04, 208, 233, 243
Hawthorne and, 206–09
proportions, 208–11, 226
Verdi, Giuseppe, 255, 194
Vergil, 71, 88, 90, 231, 347, 256, 260–61, 310, 427, 428
Versailles Peace Conference, 303, 304, 305, 313
Vespasian, 187
Vesuvius, 46, 55, 56
Via Appia (Antica), 73, 73, 76, 77, 185, 277, 379
Via Ardeatina, 375, 395
Via Aurelia, 384
Via Capo le Case, 219
Via Casilina, 379
Via Condotti, 374
Via del Corso, 88, 123, 229, 308
Via Garibaldi, 302
Via del Impero (dei Fori Imperiali), 316, 368, 382, 383
Via del Mare, 382
Via Margutta, 273, 360
Via Nazionale, 224, 282
Via Nomentana, 326
Via Pia, 208
Via Praenestina, 78
Via Rasella, 375–76, 395
Via Romagna, 381
Via Sant’ Isidoro, 189
Via Sacra, 3, 8, 66, 67
Via Sistina, 370
Via Tasso, 370–71, 375, 376, 381
Via Trionfi, 368
Via del Tritone, 280, 303
Via Veneto, 2, 265, 289, 302, 303, 326, 339, 370, 384, 388, 400, 405, 409
Via della Vite, 347
Victor Emmanuel. See Vittorio Emmanuele
Vidal, Gore, 34, 398
The Judgment of Paris, 261, 408, 409–10, 412, 413
Julian, 161–63
Vien, Joseph-Marie, 224
Villa Albani, 179, 182
Villa Aurelia, 373, 273, 275–76, 302
Villa Aurora, 272
Villa Barberini (Albano), 119, 129, 130, 47
Villa Borghese, 106, 118, 136, 137, 150, 151, 83, 139, 216, 278, 377, 399, 402
Villa Celimontana, 227
Villa Corsini, 227
Villa Doria-Pamphili, 140, 105, 282
Villa d’Este (Tivoli), 336
Villa Ludovisi, 189, 251, 265, 284, 289, 303
Villa Madama, 243
Villa Medici, 208, 272, 277
Villa Mirafiori, 273, 274, 275–76
Villa Negroni, 215, 216, 219, 220, 224
Villa Sciarra, 405, 421–22, 429
Villa Taverna, 351
Virtue, Roman, 9
and American politics, 15–22, 27, 29–30, 33
and Christian virtue, 22–23, 25–27, 31
womanly, 22–23, 25–26
Visconti, Costanza Arconati, 107
Visconti, Ennio Quirino, 258
Vittorio Emmanuele II, King: burial in Pantheon, 173, 174
entry into Rome, 209, 220, 223
death, 224, 248, 264
monument to, see Altare della Patria
American views of, 312
Vittorio Emmanuele III, King: accession, 264
American views of, 286–87, 290–91, 296, 297, 309–10, 325, 343
and World War I, 297
and Fascism, 313–15, 324, 326, 327
during World War II, 351–52, 358, 364, 368, 373, 374
abdication, 387
Vittorio Veneto, 308, 309–10, 313
Waddington, Mary King, 277–80, 283
Waddington, William, 277
Walker, Henry Oliver, Eros et Musa, 219, 220
Wallace, Lew, Ben-Hur, 26, 49, 90, 160
Walls of Rome, 139, 108–09, 369–70, 377–78. See also Ghetto; individual city gates
Ward, John Quincy Adams: Emancipated Slave (Freedman), 335, 338, 340
Indian Hunter, 307, 308, 309, 311, 355
Simon Kenton, 345
Ward, Louisa. See Terry, Louisa Ward Crawford
Ware, Henry, 29
Ware, William: on the Forum, 9, 34
on slavery, 32
on the Pantheon, 180
on nude statuary, 233, 245, 296
on American art, 371
on the Virgin Mary, 14, 15, 18
on the pope, 30
on the Risorgimento, 201
—works: Probus, 23, 26, 32, 34, 21–22, 75
Zenobia, 8–9, 23, 25–26, 27, 32, 247
Warner, Charles Dudley, 82
Warner, Olin Levi, Diana, 263, 264, 265
Warren, Robert Penn, All the King’s Men, 341
Washington, George: Romanized depictions of, 18, 19, 20, 305, 307
Byron’s opinion of, 59–60
as Jupiter, 342, 343
and Roman republicanism, 140–41
Waugh, Evelyn, 146
Waugh, Sidney, Europa and the Bull, 378, 379
Weed, Thurlow, 162
Weir, Robert W., 132
The Embarkation of the Pilgrims, 5
Portico of the Palace of Octavia, 156–57
The Taking of the Veil, 181–82
View of the Old Forum through the Arch of Titus, 4
Welles, Sumner, 343, 352–54
Wertmüller, Adolf, Danae, 193, 217, 222
West, Benjamin, 49, 333, 344
experience of Rome, 15, 392
and politics, 16–17
and classical sculpture, 182–83, 201, 203, 205, 215, 289, 303
—works: Agrippina Landing at Brundisium with the Ashes of Germanicus, 15–16
Apollo and Hyacinthus, 324
The Choice of Hercules, 332
Cupid and Psyche, 217
Omnia Vincit Amor, 217, 230, 231, 283
Venus Lamenting the Death of Adonis, 215–17, 220
Westmacott, Richard, Achilles, 338
Wharton, Edith, 288, 321
Italian Backgrounds, 101, 102
“Roman Fever,” 318–19, 340, 412
Whistler, James McNeill, 266, 265
Whitaker, John T., 343, 345–46, 357, 358
White, Edmund, Nocturnes for the King of Naples, 416, 419
White, Henry, 282
Whiting, Lilian, 281–83, 292, 305
Whitman, Walt, 276, 344, 375, 302
and antihistoricism, 65
and paganism, 169, 206, 287, 329
on sensuality and sexuality, 176, 178, 199, 205–06, 241, 285, 289, 326, 338, 353
contemporary opinions of, 306–07, 309
and picturesque realism, 142, 143
and the ideal Rome, 311, 312
Whitney, Anne, Roma, 175–76
Whittier, John Greenleaf, 167, 247, 129, 143, 145, 200, 206
Wilbur, Richard: “A Baroque Wall-Fountain in the Villa Sciara,” 428–30
“For the New Railway Station in Rome,” 425–26
Wild, Hamilton, 192–93, 197
Wilde, Oscar, 356
Wilder, Thornton, The Cabala, 255, 256–61, 409, 410, 412
Williams, Miller, “Aesthetic Distance,” 426
Williams, Tennessee: on homosexuality in Rome, 413
The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone, 408–09, 412, 413, 414, 419
Williams, Wheeler, 376
Williams, William Carlos, A Voyage to Pagany, 160–61, 412
Willis, N. P.: on the Campagna, 68, 75, 90, 144
on Claude, 84
on Guercino, 150
on the Pantheon, 164
on classical sculpture, 187, 295–96
on the pope, 27–29, 32, 33, 45, 61
on Catholic Rome, 27–29, 96
on Saint Peter’s, 98
on the aristocracy, 179
Violanta Cesarini, 229–30
Wilson, Edmund, 397–403
Wilson, Richard, 69, 148
Wilson, Woodrow, 301, 303, 304, 305, 313, 333
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 56, 182, 203, 307, 325, 338
and the religion of beauty, 183–84, 192, 253, 254, 256, 262–63, 299, 309
on classical nudity, 209, 258, 300, 302–03, 320, 356
on the Apollo Belvedere, 289–91, 295, 297, 301–02
on the Sleeping Faun, 313, 316
on ideal male beauty, 309, 322, 324, 329, 332, 349
Windham, Donald, 413
Wister, Sarah Butler, 137, 213
Wölfflin, Heinrich, 90
Women: in ancient Rome, 176–77
ideal, Venus as, 176–77, 203–07, 209–12, 215, 232, 237–40, 247
other ideal types, 177–79, 210, 214, 247, 251–54, 257, 345
physical types, 241, 263, 266, 268, 274
characterizations of Roman, 388, 389, 391, 396–97, 119, 121, 122, 151, 152, 156, 178, 214, 300
rights of, in Italy, 220, 282, 307, 335. See also Gender distinctions; Men
Woolf, Hiram Gruber, 351
Woolson, Constance Fenimore, 210–11
“Street of the Hyacinth,” 254–55
World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago (1893), 34, 52, 265, 279, 356, 358, 372, 176, 247, 272, 274
World War I, 273, 274, 293
Italy and America in, 296–99, 305–06
consequences, 301, 303–06, 308, 310, 312–14
World War II: Italian attitude toward, 346–51, 353–61, 363
Italian-American relations, 352, 358, 361–63, 367–68, 371, 383–86, 388, 391, 396–97 (see also F. D. Roosevelt; Welles)
German occupation of Rome, 366–79
liberation of Rome, 379–86. See also Fascism; Mussolini
Wright, Chauncey, 34, 207
Wright, James: “A Lament for the Shadows in the Ditches,” 424
“Reading a 1979 Inscription on Belli’s Monument,” 427
“Reflections,” 424
“The Vestal in the Forum,” 424–25
“In View of the Protestant Cemetery in Rome,” 430
Wright, Wilbur, 303
Yewell, George H., 157
Young Augustus, 187, 188
Yourcenar, Marguerite, 322
Zenobia
in literature, 9, 23, 25–26
in sculpture, 23, 24, 241, 243, 247, 248
Zola, Emile, 289
Zouaves (papal troops), 206, 208–09, 222, 223
Zucchi, Jacopo, 97, 416