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Index
David Bindman (Editor), Henry Louis Gates Jr. (Editor)
Description: The Image of the Black in Western Art, Volume II: From the Early Christian Era to...
The Image of the Black in Western Art, Volume II: From the Early Christian Era to the “Age of Discovery”, Part 1: From the Demonic Threat to the Incarnation of Sainthood
Index
Author
David Bindman (Editor), Henry Louis Gates Jr. (Editor)
PublisherHarvard University Press
Copyright© 1979 by Menil Foundation, Inc.
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00139.013
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-17125
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Index
Abba Moses narrative, 54–55, 102–3, 105, 106
Abbey of Agaunum, 139–43, 155, 166
Adoration of the Magi narrative. See Magi/Kings narrative
Aethiopes, 46, 48, 52–53, 66
Africa/Africans: black Christians and, 31–37
blue color and, 7, 60–61, 121
evangelization and, 32, 41, 51
geography of, 37, 40–41, 40–43, 49, 51
imagery of Christian, 32–37, 41
Jerome on, 51–53
Jews and, 51
New Testament and, xv
Nubian Christians and, 32, 33, 35–37, 40–41
Old Testament and, xv, 51–53
Sicily, and contact with, 98
Southern Italy, and contact with, 98
use of term, xvii. See also Egypt/Egyptians; Ethiopia/Ethiopians
Agaunum, Abbey of, 139–43, 155, 166
Albert of Brandenburg, 15, 150, 166–67, 173, 175, 177–78, 186, 191, 192
Alfonso X “the Wise” of Castile, 78, 81–83, 86–89
ampulla, 33, 34, 34–35
Antichrist, 24, 51–52, 118–19
Apocalypse theme, 49–50, 56–57
Arabs, xvi–xvii, 26, 32, 51
Aragon, Spain, 74, 83, 86–87
archetypical man, and black color, 48, 50–51, 201–2
aristocratic theme, and Maurice (saint), 141, 148, 169–70, 170–71, 178, 180–81, 182, (183), 185, 189
art, use of term, xiii
astrology, 80, 86–87, 87, 200
Augustine, 48, 50–53, 200–202, 207–8, 211, 213
bandeau iconography, 78, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 166–67, 168–69, 191
banners of Maurice (saint), 144, 146, 147, 150, 155, 156, 161, 165, 166, 168–69, 169, 170, 173, 175, 177–79, 178, 180–81, 186, 189, 190–91, 191–92, 192–93
baptism: of Maurice (saint), 169, 170–71
New Testament and, 52–53, 88–89, 89, 113, 202–4, 207–12, 214
Spain (Christian) and, 74, 83, 87. See also evangelization; salvation; universalism
Bartholomew (saint), 112–14
Bavaria, and Maurice (saint), 142, 150, 156
Bible. See New Testament; Old Testament
black color, 48, 50–51, 118–19, 190, 199, 201–2
black images in Western art, scholarship and use of terms for, xiii–xv, 1–3. See also blacks; Christian West
blacks: damnation for, 50, 52, 77, 93, 201–2
definition of, xiv–xv
free, xviii
Hohenstaufen dynasty, and contact with, 12–18, 145
as real people in Mediterranean world, 77, 133–34, 136–37, 137
sainthood for, 40, 64
use of term, xiii–xiv
whites, and fraternal relations with, viii, xv–xvi. See also realistic features in black images
blue color, and black images, 7, 58–59, 60–61, 61, 121
Bohemian artworks, 19–20, 24
bracteates/coins, minted, 146–47, 165, 178
Brandenburg, and Maurice (saint), 156, 160, 165, 169, 178, 186
Byzantium/Byzantine Empire: Africa geography and, 37, 40, 51
Arabs and, 51
damnation for blacks and, 93
Devil/the demonic, black images and, 5–9, 8–9, 10, 60, 61–62, 93, 97, 99
executioner/torturer as black and, 88–89, 89
influences of, 60, 61–62, 73, 94, 97
international policies and, 32, 37, 44–45, 51, 67, 93–94
Jews as rivals against, 51
manuscripts with black imagery and, 89, 90–91
Noah’s sons, narrative imagery and, 89, 92–93, 93
Pentecost narrative and, 9, 10–11, 12, 51, 93, 94, 94–95, 96, 97, 97, 99
realistic features in black images and, 89, 90–91, 93, 94, 94–95, 97, 99
salvation and, 51, 88–89, 89, 92–93, 93, 94, 94–95, 96, 97
sin as black and, 93
slaves/slavery and, 50
Tower of Babel narrative and, 89, 92–93, 93
universalism and, 9–12, 10–11
Candace (Nubian queen), narrative of eunuch of, 88–89
Carolingian period: Africa geography and, 49
Devil/the demonic during, 56, 59–60
executioner/torturer as black and, 64
Maurice and, 141–42
roots of racial prejudice and, 45, 48, 94, 108, 114
sin as black and, 53
Castile, Spain, 74, 78, 79, 80, 81–83, 83–84, 85, 86–89, 87
Cathedral of St. Maurice and St. Catherine, Magdeburg. See Magdeburg, Cathedral of St. Maurice and St. Catherine
Charles IV (Holy Roman Emperor), 17–20, 150, 155–56, 160, 169
Christian East: Apocalypse theme and, 49–50
Christian West, and influences from, 37, 114, 119–20
Edessa and, 74–75, 110, 112–14
Jews and, 114
Maurice with black image and, 149
paradise theme and, 49–50
sin as black and, 54–55. See also specific countries
Christian West: Apocalypse theme and, 49–50
Byzantium influences and, 60, 61–62, 73, 94, 97
Christian black communities outside, xvii, 31–33, 35–37, 40–41, 52–53, 206
Christian East, and influences in, 37, 114, 119–20
contradictions and convergences in black images and, 73, 110
Crusades and, 74, 77, 81, 105, 108, 110, 111, 112
damnation for blacks and, 77
death as black and, 51, 53
executioner/torturer as black and, 62–63, 64, 65–72, 66
free blacks and, xviii; international policies and, 73, 101, 114
Muslims/Islam contact with, xvii, 53, 73, 78, 78–79, 110, 129
the “Other”/“others” and, xi, xix, 20, 45, 72, 105, 129–30, 130–31, 213
paradise theme and, 49–50
pilgrimages and, 32, 33
positive black images and, vii, 50, 64
racial prejudices and, xvii–xix, 37, 41, 43–55, (54–55), 72–73, 110, 129, 199, 214
realistic features in black images and, 104–5, 175
sainthood for blacks in, 40, 64
scholarship on black images and, viii–xi
sin as black and, 5, 8, 31, 50–55, 54–55, (57), 106, 209, 211
slaves/slavery and, 25–28, 28–29, (29), 30, 43–44
Western, use of term, xii–xiii. See also Carolingian period; Germanic empire; Mediterranean world; New Testament; Old Testament; specific countries
Chus (grandson of Noah), 47–48, 52, 131, 200, 205, 207–9
Cluniacs, 73, 74, 78, 108, 129
coins/bracteates, minted, 146–47, 165, 167, 178
Collegiate Church of St. Maurice and St. Mary Magdalene, Halle. See Halle, Collegiate Church of St. Maurice and St. Mary Magdalene
Cologne: Gregory the Moor in iconography of, 22, 150, 166–67
Magi/Kings cult and, 17, 22, 122, 124–27
Maurice and, 119, 142, 166–67
Coptic Church, 32–33, 40
Crusades/feudal lords, 74, 77, 81, 105, 108, 110, 111, 112
damnation for blacks, 50, 52, 77, 93, 201–2
death as black, 51, 53
Devil/demonic, the: as black force of evil, 31, 55–57, 56–57, 58, 60
as black human shape, 61–62, 62–63
as blue in iconography of decorated initials, 58–59, 60–61, 61
Byzantium black images and, 5–9, 8–9, 10, 60, 61–62, 93, 97, 99
Carolingian period and, 56, 59–60
Ethiopia/Ethiopians and, 199–207
France/French and, 77
hair feature as radiating and, 57, 60, 60–61
New Testament and, 205
Old Testament and, 203–5
Egypt/Egyptians: ampulla and, 33, 34, 34–35
black images of, 32–37, 34–35
Christian black community and, 31, 37, 38, 39
Coptic Church and, 32–33, 40
international policies and, 32
Mark themes and, 7, 8–9, 35, 37, 98
Maurice as Theban theme and, 15, 119, 141–42, 149, 166
Muslims/Islam period and, 32, 36
Noah’s sons narrative and, 130–33, 132–33
Old Testament and, 52, 130–33, 132–33
pilgrimages in Christian West and, 32, 33
sainthood for blacks in, 40
social hierarchy and, 73–74
Erasmus (saint), 177–78, 182
Ernest of Saxony, 170–75
Ethiopia/Ethiopians: Abba Moses as convert and, 54–55, 102–3, 105, 106
Augustine on, 50–51, 200, 207, 211
Christian black community and, xvii, 37, 40, 52–53, 206
damnation for blacks and, 201–2
Devil/the demonic and, 199–207
Ethiopian eunuch narrative and, 88–89, 89, 113, 202, 203, 207–12, 214
manuscripts and, xvi, 200–202, 205–7
Moses’s wife narrative and, xvii, 50–51, 200, 211, 213–14
New Testament and, 205, 207, 210, 211
Noah’s sons narrative and, 54, 55, 130–33, 132–33, 209
Old Testament and, 54, 55, 59, 130–33, 132–33, 199–200, 202–5, 208–11
the “Other”/“others” and, 213
Prester John imagery and, xv, 19, 20, 119–20, 128, 207
sainthood for blacks in, 40
salvation and, 211–14
sexuality and, 207–8
sin as black and, 209, 211
symbolism of, 199–200, 203–5, 207, 209–12
universalism and, 214
white color, and transformation of, 201–2, 204–6, 211–14
Ethiopian eunuch narrative, 52–53, 88–89, 89, 113, 202, 203, 207–12, 214
ethnocentrism, 45, 73
Europe. See Carolingian period; Christian West; Germanic empire; Mediterranean world; specific countries
evangelization: Africa/Africans and, 32, 41, 51
Germanic empire and, 119–21, 125, 128, 132
India/Indians and, 53, 112–13, 112–15
Jews and, 20, 51, 205
Mediterranean world and, 129, 130–31
New Testament and, 94. See also baptism; salvation; universalism
executioner/torturer as black, 62–63, 64, 65–72, 66, 88–89, 89
exoticism, and Maurice (saint), 165, 166–67, 175, 184–85, 186–87, 187, 194
facial features, and images of Maurice (saint), 155, 169, 170, 175, 177–79, 178, 182, (183), 190–91, 191–92, 192–93
feudal lords/Crusades, 74, 77, 81, 105, 108, 110, 111, 112
Fidis, as imaginary sister of Maurice (saint), 192, 192–93
France/French: Maurice and, 140–42, 149, 150, 155, 167
racial prejudice and, 74, 77, 105, 108, 120–21
realistic features in black images and, 105, 108, 110, 134–35, (135), 137, (137). See also Christian West
Frederick II (Holy Roman Emperor), 6–7, 12, 13, 15–16, 17
Gentiles: Ethiopia/Ethiopians as, 203, 205, 207, 209, 210, 212
Magi/Kings as symbols of, 127–28
Sheba as symbol of, 53, 120–21, 120–21, 122–23, 126–27, 194, 203, 209, 214
George (saint), 33, 36–37, 145, 175, 178–79
Germanic empire: black color and, 77, 118–19, 190
evangelization and, 119–21, 125, 128, 132
international policies and, 73, 118, 125, 145, 147–49
Magi/Kings narrative and, 21–24, 120–22, 124–29, 194
Pentecost narrative, and influences in, 94
Reinald of Dassel and, 17, 115–16, 122–26, 145
Sheba images and, 121, 122, 126–27, 194
universalism and, 119, 121, 125, 128, 132. See also Christian West; Magdeburg archdiocese; Maurice (saint), black images of; Maurice (saint), white images of; specific cities; specific regions
Ghirlandaio, Davide (attrib.), Coronation of the Virgin, 27–28, (29)
Ghirlandaio, Domenico, Resurrection of the Boy, 27
goblets, and images of Maurice (saint), 192, 192–93
gonfalon of Maurice (saint). See banners of Maurice (saint)
Gozzoli, Benozzo, Journey of the Magi, 27
Gregory the Moor, 22, 150, 166–67
hair features: of Devil/the demonic, 57, 60, 60–61
in images of Maurice (saint), 155, 164–65, 165, 169, 170, 178, 185, 186, (188), 188–89, 189, 192, 192–93
Halle, Collegiate Church of St. Maurice and St. Mary Magdalene: black images of Maurice and, 144, 145, 148, 150, 160–61, 161, 162, 166, 173, 175, 176–79, 178, 180
pilgrimages to, 143, 173, 175, 177, 187, 189–91
realistic features in black images of Maurice and, 178, 182, (183)
halo, and images of Maurice (saint), 146, 163, 165, 169–70, 172–73, 173
headdresses, and images of Maurice (saint), 156, 156, 165, 166–67, 186–87, 187, 189, 192, 192–93
Heiltumsbuch manuscript catalogue, 178, 180–81, 190–91
Hohenstaufen dynasty: black positive images, and contact during, 12–18, 145
Frederick II, 6–7, 12, 13, 15–16, 17
Magdeburg archdiocese and, 15, 145
manuscripts with black imagery during, 13–14, 15–16, 16–17
Maurice with black image and, 15, 145, 194
Muslims/Islam and, 12–14, 16
Pentecost narrative and, 16–17
San Zeno tower fresco and, 5, 6–7, 12–18
sculptures with black imagery during, 14, 14–15
Holy Lance, 142–43, 155
India/Indians, xv, xvi, xvi–xvii, 32, 42, 52–53, 55, 112–15, 114–15, 116–17
Italy/Italians: Abba Moses as converted Ethiopian and, 102–3, 105, 106
damnation for blacks and, 77
international policies and, 73
Magi/Kings narrative and, 21
Maurice and, 141, 143, 150, 167
racial prejudice and, 9, 77
San Zeno tower fresco and, 5, 6–7, 12–18. See also Hohenstaufen dynasty; Mediterranean world; Southern Italy
Jerome (saint), 27, 51–53, 113–14, 204, 208–9, 211, 213
Jesus Christ, 20, 25, 51, 97, 124, 142–43, 204, 214
Jews: Africa and, 51
black images and, 9, 19, 68–69, 72, 94, 94–95, 97
Byzantium as rivals against, 51
as Chosen People, 51
Christian East and, 114
Diaspora of, 9, 52
in Jerusalem, 9, 207, 210
Jesus Christ and, 51, 124, 204
manuscripts and, 131, 132
as outcasts, xvii, 7, 51, 53, 125, 126
salvation for, 20, 51, 205
Spain (Christian) and, 83, 87
synagogue symbolism and, 124, 203–4, 209, 211, 212. See also Gentiles
Judaism. See Jews
judgment of Solomon (king), 66, 66, 68
Locke, Alain LeRoy, viii–ix
Luxembourg imagery, 17–21, 24
Madonna. See Mary (mother of Jesus)
Magdeburg, Cathedral of St. Maurice and St. Catherine: bandeau in images of Maurice and, 163, 165
black images of Maurice and, xv, 15, 19, 150, 150–53, (152–53), 155, 160–61, 160–61, 162, 172–73, 173, 194
realistic features in black images of Maurice and, xv, 150, 150–53, (152–53), 155, 194
white images of Maurice and, 148
Magdeburg archdiocese: Albert of Brandenburg and, 15, 150, 166–67, 173, 175, 177–78, 186, 191, 192
coins/bracteates minted by, 146–47, 165, 178
cult of Maurice and, 165–67, 170–75, 189–90, 192–94
Ernest of Saxony and, 170–75
goblets with images of Maurice and, 192, 192–93
history of, 143–48
Hohenstaufen dynasty and, 15, 145. See also Halle, Collegiate Church of St. Maurice and St. Mary Magdalene; Magdeburg, Cathedral of St. Maurice and St. Catherine
Magi/Kings narrative: black images and, 18, 20–23, 23–25, 125–27, 128–29, 129, 194
cults and, 17, 22, 121–22, 124–29
Gentile symbolism and, 127–28
Germanic empire and, 21–24, 120–22, 124–29, 128–29, 194
Italy/Italians and, 21
Luxembourg imagery and, 17–18, 19
relics of, 122, 124–27
scholarship on, ix, 2, 4, 12
white images and, 24–25, 120, 124, 129
Malaquais, Jean, ix–x
manuscripts, ancient: Byzantium and, 89, 90–91
Ethiopian, xvi, 200–202, 205–7
Heiltumsbuch, 178, 180–81, 190–91
Hohenstaufen dynasty, 13–14, 15–16, 16–17
Jews and, 131, 132
Mark (saint), 7, 8–9, 35, 37, 98, 99
martyrdom: of Abba Moses, 54
ampulla and, 33
executioner/torturer as black and, 7, 8–9, 66, 88–89, 89, 112–13, 113
of Maurice, 15, 119, 139–41, 143, 147, 148, 155–56, 166–67, 178
Mary (mother of Jesus), 25, 78, 112, 190, 207
Mary Magdalene, 178, 191
Maurice (saint), black images of: Abbey of Agaunum and, 139–43, 155, 166
aristocratic theme and, 141, 148, 169–70, 170–71, 178, 180–81, 182, (183), 185, 189
in Baltic area, 146, 147, 156, 164–65, 165–66, 166–67
bandeau worn by, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 166–67, 168–69, 191
banners of, 144, 146, 147, 150, 155, 156, 161, 165, 166, 168–69, 169, 170, 173, 175, 177–79, 178, 180–81, 186, 189, 190–91, 191–92, 192–93
baptism of, 169, 170–71
Bavaria and, 142, 150, 156
Brandenburg and, 156, 160, 165, 169, 178, 186
Carolingian period and, 141–42
Christian East and, 149
in Church of St. Maurice at Halberstadt, 144, 150, 160–61, 161, 162
coins/bracteates with images of, 146–47, 165, 167
Cologne and, 119, 142, 166–67
cult and diffusion of images of, 139–43, 147–48, 155, 165–67, 170–75, 186–87, 189–90, 192–94, 298–99
in Delitzsch church, 161, 164, 165
Erasmus and, 177–78, 182
exoticism and, 165, 166–67, 175, 184–85, 186–87, 187, 194
facial features in images of, 155, 169, 170, 175, 177–79, 178, 182, (183), 190–91, 191–92, 192–93
Fidis as imaginary sister of, 192, 192–93
France and, 140–42, 149, 150, 155, 167
in Frankenhain church, 163, 165
goblets with, 192, 192–93
hair features in images of, 155, 164–65, 165, 169, 170, 178, 185, 186, (188), 188–89, 189, 192, 192–93
in Halle church, 144, 145, 148, 150, 160–61, 161, 162, 166, 173, 175, 176–79, 178, 180
halo in images of, 146, 163, 165, 169–70, 172–73, 173
headdresses in images of, 156, 156, 165, 166–67, 186–87, 187, 189, 192, 192–93
Heiltumsbuch manuscript catalogue and, 178, 180–81, 190–91
history of, 15, 119, 139–40, 147–48, 150, 194
during Hohenstaufen dynasty, 15, 145, 194
Holy Lance and, 142–43, 155
Italy and, 141, 143, 150, 167
in Jüterbog Church of St. Nicholas, 161, 169, 170
Luxembourg imagery and, 19
in Magdeburg Cathedral, xv, 15, 19, 150, 150–53, (152–53), 155, 160–61, 160–61, 162, 172–73, 173, 194
martyrdom and, 15, 119, 139–41, 143, 147, 148, 155–56, 166–67, 178
in Medingen abbey, 161, 162
military theme and, 142–44, 146, 160–61, 161, 162, 164, 178, 180–81, 185, 186, 189, 192
modesty and, 156, 156–57, 158–59
monumental character of images of, 186, 186–87
paganism and, 143–44, 146, 147, 149, 169, 194
painted panels with, 154–55, 155
papacy in Rome’s attitude toward, 139–40, 143, 145, 147–49, 155, 167, 169, 177, 194
popular protector theme and, 144, 146, 148
realistic features and, xv, 150, 178
relics of, 15, 142, 143, 148, 155, 190
resistance to, 166–67
royalty theme and, 142, 144–45, 149–50, 155–56, 156, 159, 165
Saxony and, 15, 142, 144, 147, 161, 165–66, 187
scholarship on, 4
sculptures with, 150, 150–53, (153, 154), 155
shields of, 146, 155–56, 160–61, 161, 162, 165–67, 166–67, 168–69, 169–70, 172, 175, 176–77, 186–87, 187, 189, 190–93, 191–92
in Stendal church, 146, 160–61, 161
swords of, 146, 150, 155, 162, 165–66, 166–67, 168–69, 169–70, 172, 175, 176–77, 178, 180–81, (188), 188–89, 189, 190–91, 191–92
in Teterow church, 164, 165
Theban Egyptian theme and, 15, 119, 141–42, 149, 166
on tomb of archbishop, 172–75, 173, (174–75)
in Wienhausen abbey, 161, 164
Maurice (saint), white images of, 141–42, 147, 148, 150, 166–67, 186–87, 187. See also Maurice (saint), black images of
medieval period, and black images, 1–5
Mediterranean world: Africa geography and, 42
Arabs and, 26
blacks as real people and, 77, 133–34, 136–37, 137
evangelization and, 129, 130–31
Magi/Kings narrative and, 128–29, 129
the “Other”/“others” and, 105, 129–30, 130–31
positive black images and, 127
racial prejudice and, 44–45, 50
realistic features in black images and, 77, 98, 100, 105, 106, (106–7), 108. See also Christian West; specific countries
Menas (saint), 32–37, 34–35
Menil Collection of photographs, vii–x, 3
Middle Ages, and black images, 1–5
Middle East. See Christian East
military theme, and Maurice (saint), 142–44, 146, 160–61, 161, 162, 164, 178, 180–81, 185,186, 189, 192
Moors, 73–74, 77–78, 78–80, 81, 82–83, 83, 85–87
Moses’ Ethiopian wife narrative, xvii, 50–51, 200, 211, 213–14
Multscher, Hans, and workshop, Adoration of the Magi, 22–23, 23
Muslims/Islam: Africa geography and, 40–42
Apocalypse theme and, 49
black images and, xvii, 74–75, 77, 77–78
Cluniacs, and attitudes toward, 73, 74, 78, 108, 129
Egypt/Egyptians, and rule by, 32, 36
Hohenstaufen dynasty and, 12–14, 16
Noah’s sons narrative and, 48–49
the “Other”/“others” and, 45
paradise theme and, 49
racial prejudice and, 43–45, 48–49, 77–78
Sicily and, 13, 73, 98, 104
slavery and, xvii, 43–44
social hierarchy and, 50, 73–74, 77–78, 78–79, 80, 81
Southern Italy and, 77
Spain and, 73–74, 77–78, 78–79, 80, 81, 89
symbolic role of blacks, and negative association with, 4–5, 7–9, 8–9, 10, 77–78
Near East. See Christian East
New Testament: Africa/Africans and, xv; blacks and, xv; Devil/the demonic and, 205
Ethiopia/Ethiopians and, 205, 207, 210, 211
evangelization and, 92–93, 94, 96
Pentecost narrative and, 9, 10–11, 12, 16–17, 89, 94, 97, 210
positive black images and, 57, 58
salvation and, 92–93, 93, 94, 94–95, 96, 97
sin as black and, 211. See also specific characters and narratives; specific saints
Noah’s sons narrative: Byzantium images and, 89, 92–93, 93
Chus as grandson of Noah and, 47–48, 52, 131, 200, 205, 207–9
Egypt/Egyptians and, 130–33, 132–33
Ethiopia/Ethiopians and, 54, 55, 130–33, 132–33, 209
Luxembourg imagery and, 20–21
Muslims/Islam and, 48–49
racial prejudice and, 48, 101, 132
whites and, 52, 55
Nubian Christians, 32, 33, 35–37, 40–41
Old Testament: Africa/Africans and, xv, 51–53
Apocalypse theme and, 56–57, 56–57
blacks and, xv, 20
damnation for blacks and, 50, 52
Devil/the demonic and, 203–5
Egypt/Egyptians and, 52, 130–33, 132–33
Ethiopia/Ethiopians and, xvii, 50–51, 59, 199–200, 202–5, 208–11, 213–14
India/Indians and, 52
positive black images and, 47
sin as black and, 50–55, 106, 211. See also specific characters and narratives
Origen, 51, 120, 200–204, 207–8, 212–13
the “Other”/“others,” xi, xix, 20, 45, 72, 105, 129–30, 130–31, 213
Otto of Freising: biographical information about, 110, 115, 118, 122
on Maurice, 145, 148
on universalism, 119, 121, 125, 128, 132
paganism, 143–44, 146, 147, 149, 169, 194
papacy in Rome: international policies and, 73, 93–94, 118, 125, 145, 147–49
Maurice, and attitude of, 139–40, 143, 145, 147–49, 155, 167, 169, 177, 194
paradise theme, 49–50
Pentecost narrative, 9, 10–11, 12, 16–17, 89, 94, 97, 210
pilgrimages, 32, 33
popular protector theme, and Maurice (saint), 144, 146, 148
positive images of blacks, vii, 12–18, 47, 50, 57, 58, 64, 145
Prester John, xv, 19, 20, 119–20, 128, 207
racial prejudice: art’s effects on social change and, vii–x
Carolingian period, and roots of, 45, 48, 94, 108, 114
Christian West and, xvii–xix, 37, 41, 43–55, (54–55), 72–74, 77, 105, 110, 120–21, 129, 199, 214
Mediterranean world and, 44–45, 50
mixed-race children and, xviii, 26
Muslims/Islam and, 43–45, 48–49, 77–78
Noah’s sons narrative and, 48, 101, 132
realistic features in black images: about, xv, xvi
Byzantium and, 89, 90–91, 93, 94, 94–95, 97, 99
Christian West and, 104–5, 175
France and, 105, 108, 110, 134–35, (135), 137, (137)
of Maurice, xv, 150, 178
Mediterranean world and, 77, 98, 100, 105, 106, (106–7), 108
Reinald of Dassel, 17, 115–16, 122–26, 145
Roman Empire, 2, 4–5, 12, 17, 94, 112, 118, 210
royalty theme, and Maurice (saint), 142, 144–45, 149–50, 155–56, 156, 159, 165
sainthood for blacks, 32–37, 34–35, 40, 64. See also specific saints
salvation: blacks and, 52, 53, 194, 211–14
Byzantium and, 51, 89, 92–93, 93, 94, 94–95, 96, 97
Jews and, 20, 51, 205
New Testament and, 92–93, 93, 94, 94–95, 96, 97. See also baptism; evangelization; universalism
San Zeno tower fresco, 5, 6–7, 12–18
Saracens, 81, 108, 110, 111, 112
Saxony, 15, 142, 144, 147, 161, 165–66, 170–75, 187. See also Halle, Collegiate Church of St. Maurice and St. Mary Magdalene; Magdeburg archdiocese
sculptures, and black images, 14, 14–15, 104, 104–5, 150, 150–53, (153, 154), 155
Sebastian (saint), 27, 145, 163, 169, 175
sexuality, and black images, 207–8
Sheba (queen): black images of, 13, 17, 24, 121, 122, 126–27, 194, 202–3
San Zeno tower fresco and, 13, 17
as symbol of Gentiles, 53, 120–21, 120–21, 122–23, 126–27, 194, 203, 209, 214
white images of, 24, 100, 102, 120, 121, 122, 194, 205
as white transformed to black image, 24, 121, 122, 194
shields of Maurice (saint), 160–61, 161, 162, 165–67, 166–67, 168–69, 169–70, 172, 175, 176–77, 186–87, 187, 189, 190–93, 191–92
Sicily: Africa/Africans, and contact with, 98
astrology and, 87
black Muslims/Islam and, 13, 73, 98, 104
Byzantium influences and, 73
Christian West and, 73, 101, 114
Roman Empire and, 12, 17
slaves/slavery and, 26, 104
sin as black: Byzantium and, 93
Christian East and, 54–55
Christian West and, 5, 8, 31, 50–55, 54–55, (57), 106, 209, 211
Ethiopia/Ethiopians and, 209, 211
slaves/slavery: abolitionism and, xix; Arabs and, xvi–xvii
Byzantium and, 50
Christian West and, 25–28, 28–29, (29), 30, 43–44
master/slave relationships and, ix, xviii
Muslims/Islam and, 43–44
Sicily and, 26, 104
slave trade and, xvi–xviii, 26
Spain (Christian) and, 81–82, 83–84
whites and, 26, 43–44, 81, 133–34, 136–37, 137
social hierarchy: during Crusades, 81, 108, 110, 111, 112
Egypt/Egyptians and, 73–74
Muslims/Islam and, 50, 73–74, 77–78, 78–79, 80, 81
Southern Italy and, 77, 98
Spain (Christian) and, 74, 81–82, 83–84
Solomon (king): black imagery of lover/bride of, xv–xvi, 25, 202–3, 214
images of, 100, 102, 120, 120–21, 122–23
judgment of, 66, 66, 68
Song of Songs, xv–xvi, 202–5, 208–11
universalism, and wisdom of, 13, 17, 203, 208, 209, 212, 214. See also Sheba (queen)
Song of Songs (Song of Solomon), xv–xvi, 202–5, 208–11. See also Sheba (queen); Solomon (king)
Southern Italy: Africa/Africans, and contact with, 98
Mark relics and, 98, 100–101, 102, 104
Muslims/Islam and, 77
realistic features in black images and, 77, 98, 100, 105, 106, (106–7), 108
social hierarchy and, 77, 98
throne supported by blacks sculpture and, 104, 104–5
Spain (Christian): Alfonso X “the Wise” of Castile, 78, 81–83, 86–89
Aragon, 83, 86–87
astrology and, 80, 86–87, 87
baptism/salvation and, 82–83, 83, 85, 86–87
Castile, 74, 78, 79, 80, 81–83, 83–84, 85, 86–89, 87
Jews and, 83, 87
Moors and, 78, 79, 80, 82–83, 83, 85, 86–87
Muslims/Islam, and negative associations in, 78
slaves/slavery and, 81–82, 83–84
social hierarchy and, 74, 81–82, 83–84. See also Mediterranean world
Spain (Muslims/Islam), 73–74, 77–78, 78–79, 80, 81, 89. See also Mediterranean world; Spain (Christian)
standard of Maurice (saint). See banners of Maurice (saint)
stereotypes, and unrealistic features in black images, ix, xi–xiii, xv, xix, 126–27
swords of Maurice (saint), 146, 150, 155, 162, 165–66, 166–67, 168–69, 169–70, 172, 175, 176–77, 178, 180–81, (188), 188–89, 189, 190–91, 191–92
symbolic role of blacks: death as black and, 51, 53
executioner/torturer as black and, 62–63, 64, 65–72, 66, 88–89, 89
Muslims/Islam, and negative, 4–5, 7–9, 8–9, 10, 77–78. See also Devil/demonic, the; Gentiles; sin as black
synagogue symbolism, 124, 203–4, 209, 211, 212
Syria, 47, 108, 112–13, 119, 145
Theban Egyptian theme, and Maurice (saint), 15, 119, 141–42, 149, 166
Theodoric, St. Maurice painted panel, 154–55, 155
Thomas (saint), 53, 94, 112–13, 112–15, 120, 128, 129, 130–31, 141
throne sculpture, and black images, 104, 104–5
torturer/executioner as black, 62–63, 64, 65–72, 66, 88–89, 89
Tower of Babel narrative, 48, 89, 92–93, 93, 101, 131–32
Trinitarians, 133–34, 137
universalism: Byzantium and, 9–12, 10–11
Ethiopia/Ethiopians and, 214
Germanic empire and, 119, 121, 125, 128, 132
Solomon’s wisdom and, 13, 17, 203, 208, 209, 212, 214. See also baptism; evangelization; salvation
W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research, vii, x, xxi
western Europe. See Carolingian period; Christian West; Germanic empire; Mediterranean world; specific countries
white images: Africans and, 46
black images transformed from, 24–25, 72, 73, 121, 122, 194
Egypt/Egyptians and, 8, 93
Magi/Kings narrative and, 24–25, 120, 124
of Maurice (saint), 141–42, 147, 148, 150, 166–67, 186–87, 187
Menas and, 34, 36–37
Moors and, 47
Pentecost narrative and, 9, 94
of Sheba (queen), 24, 100, 102, 120, 121, 122, 194, 205
whites: blacks, and fraternal relations with, viii, xv–xvi
Crusades, and battles between blacks and, 108, 110, 111
Ethiopians’ transformation of color and, 201–2, 204–6, 211–14
ethnocentrism and, 45, 73
as menace from the north, 144
mixed-race children and, xviii, 26
monogenesis and, xviii–xix
Noah’s sons narrative and, 52, 55
slaves/slavery and, 26, 43–44, 81, 133–34, 136–37, 137
as superior, 31, 45, 49–50, 52, 53, 55, 61, 72
use of term, xiv
Zeno (saint), 18. See also San Zeno tower fresco
From the Demonic Threat to the Incarnation of Sainthood