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Description: The Image of the Black in Western Art, Volume III: From the “Age of...
Index
Author
PublisherHarvard University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00141.021
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Index
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. Page numbers in parentheses indicate image details.
Abyssinia/Abyssinians. See Ethiopia/Ethiopians
Adoration of the Magi narrative. See Magus narrative, and black image
aesthetic beauty, and black image, xxiii, 371, 373, 397
Afonso I (king of Kongo), 95, 371, 373, 373
Africa/Africans: artworks by Africans with white image and, 3, 26
costumes and customs and, 4, 9, 97
description of, 80–81, 80–82
diaspora and, xxii, 5, 301, 306
east Africa/Africans and, 20–21, 21–22, 58
Europeans’ knowledge about, xxiv, 395
facial features and, 73, 7677
geography of, 80–81, 80–82
geopolitical divisions and, 64, 66, 67, 72, 82–83, 99–100
in interior of continent and, 61, 64, 66, (72–73)
lips/lip plates and, 73, 76–77
misconceptions about, 23, 25
missionary iconography and, 316–17, 317–18, 324–26, 325–26
naked/nude black image and, 14, 14–15, 15, 22–23, 23
personification of continents and, xi–xii, 77, 78–79, 134–35, 134–35, 310–11, 311–13, 316–17, 316–17, 330–31, 330–31, 346, 34849, 349–50
Pygmy iconography and, 388, 390, 390
skin color as black and, xi–xii, xxii, 3, 13–14, 14–15, 17–18
stereotypical features of black image and, xxii, 3–4, 64, 99–100, 99–100
travel accounts and, 4, 9, 88, 97, 99–100, 99–100
white image and, 3, 64, 67, (72–73). See also African conversion narrative; African exoticism/opulence iconography; cartography/cartography iconography, and Africa; central Africa/Africans; Dutch Brazil/African Brazilians, and black image; luxury objects, and black image; North Africa/Africans; portraits/lives of Europeans in Africa; portraits of African rulers/ambassadors, and black image; south Africa/Africans; west Africa/Africans; specific African groups; specific countries/peoples
African Brazilians, and Portugal/Portuguese, 172, 172–73. See also Dutch Brazil/African Brazilians, and black image
African conversion narrative: overview, xxiii
baptism of African rulers by missionaries and, 316–17, 317–18, 324–25, 325
baptism of the eunuch narrative and, 284–85, 286–87, 291–92, 292
blackness/darkness iconography and, 299, 300–301
climate theory of complexion and, 299
Ethiopia/Ethiopians and, 282, 282–83, 284
Last Judgment narrative and, xxiii, 294, 296, 296–99
Magus narrative with black image and, 278, 278–79, 282, 282–83, 284, 287, 288–89
paganism/idolatry and, 299, 300–301
symbols/symbolism of, xviii, xxiii–xxiv, 90, 217, 313–15, 31415
Virgin of Mercy narrative and, 294, 296. See also missionary iconography; papacy in Rome; salvation/Christianization
African exoticism/opulence iconography: overview, xxiv
African Brazilians and, 364–65, 365
animal iconography and, 333, 334–35, 339, 341, 342, 344, 345, 346, 348–49, 349–50, 357, 359–60, 360–61, (361), 366–67, 368–69
battle scenes and, 334–35, 336
costumes and customs and, 334–35, 336–37, 357, 359–60, 360–61, (361), 366–67, 368–69
culture/nature conflict and, 348–49, 349–50
Dutch trade and, 357, 359–60, 359, 360–61, (361)
ears and, 366–67, 368–69
Egyptians with black image and, 344, 345, 346, 346–47, 348
Ethiopians with black image and, 344, 345, 346, 346–47, 348, 352–53, 354
European dress and, 366–67, 368–69
gods/goddesses/nymphs and, 344, 345, 346
hair and, 334–35, 336, 366–67, 368–69
horsemen with black image and, 341, 342–43
Hottentots and, 366–68, 368–69, 369
hunters/weapons iconography with black image and, 339, 341, 342–43
lips and, 366–67, 368–69
naked/nude image and, 357, 359–60, 360–61, (361)
North Africa/Africans and, 348–49, 349–50
paganism/idolatry and, 348–49, 349–50
personification of African continent and, 348–49, 349–50
precious objects and, 348–49, 349–50, 364, 365
tobacco/tobacco smoking iconography with black image and, 348–49, 349–50, 352–53, 354
trade forts/towns and, 348–49, 349–50
violent action with black image and, 339, 341, 342–43. See also Africa/Africans; exotic dress, and black image; exoticism/opulence iconography; South American exoticism/opulence iconography, and black image; specific artists; specific cultures; specific peoples
albinos, and African Brazilians, 164, 165, 167
Alchitrof (ruler of Ethiopia), 125, 128, 128–29
Alexander IV (pope), 197
Altdorfer, Albrecht, 55, 56–57, 57, (57)
Álvaro I (king of Kongo), 88, 164
Álvaro II (king of Kongo), 90, 313
Americas/Americans: climate theory of complexion and, 398
costumes and customs of blacks and, 335, 336–37, 338
exoticism/opulence allegorical iconography and, 350, 350–51
North America/American Indians and, 50–51, 50–51, 65, 353
personification of continents and, 316–17, 316–17, 330–31, 330–31
tobacco/tobacco smoking iconography and, 348–49, 349–50, 352–53, 354
travel accounts and, 5, 9, 88, 97, 151, 152–53, 158
West Indies and, 353, 354–55, 355. See also Dutch Brazil/African Brazilians; South America
Amman, Jost (attrib.), Moor from Arabia, 34, 34–35
Andrade, Lazaro de (after style of), 125, 126
Andromeda (princess of Ethiopia), xvi
animal iconography: African exoticism/opulence iconography and, 333, 334–35, 339, 341, 342, 344, 345, 346, 348–49, 349–50, 357, 359–60, 360–61, (361), 366–67, 368–69
cartography/cartography iconography and, 60–61, 60–61, (62), 63, 64, 72–73
Egypt/Egyptians and, 60–61, 60–61, (62), 63
exoticism/opulence iconography and, 333, 334–35, 334–35, 336, 339, 346, 346–47, 348
Indian Ocean and, 60–61, (62)
luxury objects with black image and, xxiv, 10, 384, 384–89, 388, 390, 390, 391, 392
west Africa/Africans and, 72–73
Anonymous, Portrait of Malik Ambar, xv, xvi
Anonymous, Portrait of Mulay Ahmed, 132, 132–33
Anonymous, Portrait of Mulay Hassan, 132, 132
Anonymous, Vision of Saint John of Matha, 191, 192–93
anticlassical aesthetic, and black image, 373, 375
António de Holanda, 60–61, 60–61, (62), 63, 267–68, 269
Antonio Manuel, Marquis of Ne Vunda (ambassador from Kongo), xviii, xxiii–xxiv, 90, 217, 313–15, 314–15
Arabs: overview, xvi–xvii, xxii
black eunuch guards for harem and, xxii, 22–23
skin color as black and, xxii, 3, 13–14, 14–15, 17–18, 22–23
artworks, and black image, ix, xi, xiii, xxi–xxii, 3, 42
Asia/Asians: costumes and customs and, 4, 9, 20–21, 21–22, 88, 97, 158
exoticism/opulence iconography and, 344, 345, 346, 366, 377
misconceptions of, 25
personification of continents and, 77, 78–79, 134, 134–35, 310–11, 311–13, 316–17, 316–17, 346
Portuguese trade/trade routes and, 3, 26
travel accounts and, 4, 9, 88, 97, 158
turbaned iconography and, 134
Asselijn, Jan, Southern Harbor, 203, 204–5
Atlas Miller maps, 60–61, 60–61, (62–63)
attendant/servant, and black image. See servant/attendant, and black image
baptism: overview, ix, 292
of African rulers, 316–17, 317–18, 324–25, 325
faith before, 292, 292–93. See also baptism as whitening the soul; baptism of the eunuch narrative
baptism as whitening the soul: Ethiopia/Ethiopians and, xxiii, 2
Europe/Europeans and, 238–39, 238–39
Germany/Germans and, 236
missionary iconography and, 318, 319, 319, 321
Sweden and, 238–39, 238–39. See also baptism; baptism of the eunuch narrative
baptism of the eunuch narrative: overview, 284, 291
African conversion narrative and, 284–85, 286–87, 291–92, 292
baptism as whitening the soul and, xxiii, 292–94
black-white contrast and, 287, 290–91, 291
eunuch of Ottoman court and, 294, 294–95
exotic dress of eunuch and, 292, 292–93, 294, 294–95
exotic dress of pages/attendants with black image and, 292, 292–93
faith before baptism and, 292, 29293
Gentiles’ salvation and, 294, 294–95
horsemen with black image and, 287, 290
Netherlands and, 284–85, 286–88, 287, 290, 291–92, 292, 294
pages/attendants with black image and, 284–85, 286–87, 287, 290–91, 291, 292, 292–93
soldiers/weapons iconography and, 287, 290
turbaned iconography and, 287, 290. See also baptism; baptism as whitening the soul; salvation/Christianization
Barbary Moors: costumes and customs of rulers and, 3, 37, 38–39, 53, 333
facial features of prisoners/slaves and, 184–85, 184–85
Mediterranean area and, 183
portraits of rulers and 137–38, 138, 139
prisoners/slaves and, 184–85, 184–85
skin color of rulers and, 3, 37, 38–39, 53, 333
slave collars on prisoners/slaves and, 185, 185. See also North Africa/Africans; Ottoman Turks
Barthel, Melchior, 210, 210
battle scenes, and African exoticism/opulence iconography, 334–35, 336
Belgium, 1, 205. See also specific artists; specific artworks
Benedict the Moor (saint), 303, 305, 306
Berchem, Nicholaes, 206, 208–9, 209–10
Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, Fountain of the Four Rivers, 31011, 311–13, 346
biological theories, 396–97
Biscaino, Bartolomeo, 278, 278–79
black color. See blackness/darkness iconography
black image in Western art, ix, xi, xiii–xv
blackness/darkness iconography: artistic devices for and, 23, 34, 34, 41–42, 43
Maurice (saint) and, xv
missionary iconography and, 316–17, 316–18, 324, 324–25, 328
Noah’s sons (Ham’s curse) narrative and, 396, 397
Sheba (queen) and, xv–xvi
tobacco/tobacco smoking iconography and, 353, 355, 356–57, 357. See also baptism as whitening the soul; missionary iconography
blacks: overview, xvii–xix
use of term, xiii–xiv
artistic production, and effects on, vii–x
definition of, xiv–xv
freed, viii, xviii, 235–36
freedom and, viii, xviii, 235–36
morenos, 45, 47, 119, 120, 120–21
Moriscos, 45, 52–53, 52–53
Muslims/Islam and, xvii
Old Testament and, xv–xvi. See also blackness/darkness iconography; blacks; facial features, and black image; free blacks; mixed-race types; Moors; stereotypical characteristics, and black image; stereotypical features, and black image; specific continents/peoples; specific cultures/peoples
black-white contrast: overview, xiv–xv
baptism of the eunuch narrative and, 287, 290–91, 291
exoticism/opulence iconography and, 341, 344, 344–45
horsemen with black image and, 44, 44
Magus narrative with black image and, 267–68, 269, 272, 273–74, 274–75, 276, 279, 280–81, 281–82
missionary iconography and, 319, 319, 321
black-white relations, viii, xv–xvi, 119, 120, 120–21
Blaeu, Willem Janszoon, 4, 83, 84–86, 86, 170
Blaeu firm, 4, 82, 83, 170
Bloemaert, Abraham, 287, 290
Boeckhorst, Jan, 265–66, 266–67
Bol, Ferdinand, 228, 228–29
Bonifacio, Natale, 89, 90–91, 91–92
Bosch, Hieronymus, Garden of Earthly Delights, 261–64, 262–63
Brueghel the Elder, Pieter, 274, 274–75, 276
Burch, Hendrik van der, 236, 236–37
Burgkmair, Hans, xxii, 3, 13–14, 14–15, 16, 17–18
Buti, Ludovico, 335, 336
Callot, Jacques: Admiral Inghirami presenting Barbary Prisoners …, 184–85, 184–85
The Slave Market (drawing), 186–87, 187–88
The Slave Market (etching), 188, 188–89
Two Kneeling Slaves Facing Right, 185, 185
Candace (queen), narrative of eunuch of. See baptism of the eunuch narrative
Caneiro, Giovanni Antonio, 4, 111–12, 112–13, 323, 324, 324–25
Capuchin order, 9, 308–9, 309–10, 322–23, 323
Carpaccio, Vittore, 29, (30–31)
cartography/cartography iconography: overview, 3, 4, 58–59, 80
animal iconography and, 60–61, 60–61, (62), 63, 64
climate theory of complexion and, 65
cosmology and, 56–57, (57), 57–58
Dutch Brazil/African Brazilians with black image and, 60, 60–61, 64
Egypt/Egyptians and, 60–61, 60–61, (62), 63
Ethiopia/Ethiopians and, 66, 72, (72–73), 83
European curiosity and, xxii
geography of historical subjects and, 55, 56–57, (57), 57–58
Indian Ocean and, 60–61, (62)
North America/American Indians and, 65
personification of continents and, 9, 77, 78–79, 79
planisphere cartography and, 58–59, 59–60
trade/trade routes and, 58, 60, 79, 86
world atlases and, 77, 78–79
world maps and, 65, 73, 73–75, 77, 88, 330–31, 330–33
worldview/place in world and, 3, 331–32. See also cartography/cartography iconography, and Africa
cartography/cartography iconography, and Africa: Africa/Africans described, 80–81, 80–82
Africans with black image and, 60–61, 60–61, (62), 63, 64–71
animal iconography and, 60–61, 60–61, (62), 63, 72–73
coastline renderings and, 3, 13
costumes and customs and, 64–65, 66, 67–71, 72, (72–73), 73, 76–77, 83, 84–86, 86, 88
Egypt/Egyptians and, 60–61, 60–61, (62), 63
Ethiopia/Ethiopians and, 66, 72, (72–73), 83
ethnographic descriptions and, 65–66
facial features and, 72, (72–73), 73, 76–77
geography and, 66, 72–73, (72–73), 80–81, 80–82, 83
geopolitical divisions and, 64, 66, 67, 72, 82–83
gray-skinned iconography and, 66, 67–71
hair and, 66, 67–71
Hottentots and, 66, 67–71
house construction and, 65–66
interior of continent and, 61, 64, 66, (72–73)
lips/lip plates and, 72, (72–73)
misconceptions and, 25
naked/nude black image and, 66, 67–71
North Africa/Africans and, 60, 64–65, 66
planisphere cartography and, 58–59, 59–60
Portugal/Portuguese and, 3, 13, 58–59, 59–60
south Africa/Africans and, 66, 67–71
stereotypical features of black image and, xxii, 3–4, 64
trade forts/towns and, 60, 65, 80–81, 80–82
west Africa/Africans and, xv, 60, 64, 65–66, 72–73
white image of Africans and, 3, 64, 67, (72–73)
Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto, 254–55, 255, 316, 316–17
Cavrioli, Francesco, 210, 210
central Africa/Africans: costumes and customs and, 4, 9, 111–15, 112–13, 322–23, 323, 325, 328
costumes and customs of rulers and, 139–40, 140
geography of, 121, 123
musical instrument iconography and, 112–13, 112–13
portraits of interpreters/ambassadors and, 139–40, 140
Portuguese travel accounts and, 113–15
slaves/slave trade and, xii
stereotypical characteristics of blacks and, 9, 111–12, 112
trade forts/towns and, 114–15, 114–15
travel accounts and, 4, 9, 111–15, 112–15, 322–23, 323, 325, 328. See also specific cultures; specific peoples
characteristics, and black image. See stereotypical characteristics, and black image
Charles I (king of England), 259, 275
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), 17, 45, 130, 131, 132, 134, 134–35, 146, 215, 217, 222, 388
children, xviii, xxiii. See also grooms, and black image; pages/attendants, and black image; portraits/lives of Europeans in Africa; portraits of European aristocrats/rulers
Christian I (king of Denmark), 379
Christian IV (king of Denmark), 379, 381
Christianization. See salvation/Christianization
Christina (queen of Sweden), 346
classical effects, and black image, xvi, xvii
Clement VII (pope), 125, 221
Clement VIII (pope), 313
climate theory of complexion: African conversion narrative and, 299
automatons and clocks with black image and, 390, (391), 391–93, 392, 394
cartography iconography and, 65
costume books and, 5052, 50–52
ethnographic descriptions and, 396–97
exoticism/opulence iconography and, 344, 345, 346
racial theories and, 398
collections/collectors of luxury objects, and black image. See luxury objects, and black image
commessi jewelry, 375–76, 376. See also luxury objects, and black image
conversion narrative. See African conversion narrative; baptism; baptism of the eunuch narrative; papacy in Rome
converts/conversos, 45, 47
Cosimo I de’ Medici (duke of Tuscany), 183, 184–85, 186, 187, 332–33, 341
cosmology, and cartography/cartography iconography, 56–57, (57), 57–58
costume books: overview, 3, 53–54
climate theory of complexion and, 50–52, 50–52
Egypt/Egyptians and, 3
Germany/Germans and, 49
India/Indians and, 49
Moors and, 49–50, 50
Moriscos and, 45, 52–53, 52–53
musicians on horseback with black image and, 47, 48–49
North African costumes and customs and, 52–53, 52–54
Ottoman Turks and, 3
shackles iconography for black slaves and, 46–47, 47, 54
slaves with black image and, 46–47, 47
South American Indians and, 45
Spain/Spanish and, 46–49, 47, 54
stereotypical features for blacks and, 50–52, 50–54. See also costumes and customs
costumes and customs, and Asia/Asians, 4, 9, 20–21, 21–22, 88, 97, 158
costumes and customs, and black image: overview, xxii, 3
Africa/Africans and, 4, 9, 73, 76–77, 83, 84–86, 86, 88, 97, 158
African ambassadors and, 164–65, 168–69, 170, 217, 218–19
African Brazilians and, 17, 60, 60–61, 159, 160–61, 161, 164
African exoticism/opulence iconography and, 334–35, 336–37, 357, 359–60, 360–61, (361), 366–67, 368–69
Barbary Moor rulers and, 3, 37, 38–39, 53, 333
central Africa/Africans and, 4, 9, 111–15, 112–13, 322–23, 323, 325, 328
central African rulers and, 139–40, 140
Dutch Brazil/African Brazilians and, 159, 160–61, 161, 164
east Africa/Africans and, 20–21, 21–22
Ethiopia/Ethiopians and, 72, (72–73)
Ethiopian rulers and, 219–20, 220
eunuchs of Ottoman court and, 37, 40, 40–41
exoticism/opulence iconography and, 238–39, 240–41
gardens/gardeners iconography and, 244–45, 245
Kongo/Kongolese and, 20–21, 21–22, 88–89, 90–96, 93–95
Mediterranean area slaves and, 200–201, 210, 210
missionary iconography and, 325–26, 326
North Africa/Africans and, 64–65, 128, 130–31
North African rulers and, 130, 131–33, 132, 135, 136–38, 137–38, 281–82, 341
North African soldiers/weapons iconography and, 139, 139
servants/attendants and, xviii
soldiers/weapons iconography and, 139, 139, 217, 217–18
south Africa/Africans and, 66, 67–71, 325–26, 326
Spain/Spanish and, 46–47, 47, 48–49, 54
Venice/Venetians and, 3, 29–30, (30–31)
west Africa/Africans and, 20–21, 21–22, 24–26, 25–26, 101–4, 102–5, 108, 108–9. See also costume books; costumes and customs of black rulers; European dress; exotic dress, and black image
costumes and customs of black rulers: Ethiopia/Ethiopians and, 124, 124–25, 128, 128–29
Kongo/Kongolese and, 140–41, 141
South America and, 128, 153, 155, 156. See also costumes and customs, and black image
court musicians, and black image: free blacks and, xxii
Germany/Germans and, 238. See also musicians, and black image
Cristofano dell’Altissimo, 125, 126–31, 128, 332–33
Cuadra, Pedro de la, 189, 190–91, 191
cultural determinism, 398
cultural relativism, 395–96, 396
culture/nature conflict, 348–49, 349–50
Cuyp, Aelbert, 258, (258–59), 260, 292, 292–93
Dapper, Olfert, xxii, 4, 101, 104, 107–9, 109, 121, 123, 123
darkness/dark skin color. See blackness/darkness iconography; skin color, as black
Dauphin, Charles-Claude (attrib.), 255, 256–57, 256–57
Davent, Lyon, 22–23, 23, 31, 32–33
Dawit II/Lebna Dengel (king of Ethiopia), 25, 124, 124–25, 126–27, 158, 332–33
De Bray, Jan, 201, 203, 203–4
de Bry brothers: Grand Voyages, 5, 9, 88, 97, 151, 152–53, 158
Petits Voyages, 4, 9, 88, 97, 158
Spanish South American black slaves/slavery, 151, 152–53, 153–54
de Caverio, Nicolaus, 58–59, 59–60
de Crayer, Gaspar, 319, 319, 321
de Houtman, Cornelis, 4, 99, 100
della Bella, Stefano, 43–44, 44, 82–83, 197, 198–99, 199, 200–201
Denmark/Danish, 182, 379, 379, 381
Desceliers, Pierre, 3–4, 66–67, 72–73, (72–73)
Deserpz, François, 49–50, 50
de’ Vecchi, Giovanni, 330–31, 330–31
diaspora, and Africans, xxii, 5, 301, 306
domestic iconography, and black image: overview, xxii
exotic dress of servants and, 239, 240–41, 241, 247, 248, 249, 250
exoticism/opulence iconography and, 238–39, 239–41, 241
floral iconography and, 245, 246–50, 247, 249
Germany/Germans and, 236, 238
Netherlands and, 234, 234–37, 236, 239, 240–41, 241
prodigal son iconography and, 236, 236–37
slave collar iconography and, 247, 248, 249, 250
Spain/Spanish and, 232–34
turbaned iconography for servant and, 239, 240–41, 241
Dominican order, 9, 301, 324–25, 325
Don Lorenzo de’ Medici (Tuscany), 197
Dürer, Albrecht: Katharina, allt 20 jar (Katharina, 20 years old), xv, 233
Three Turkish merchants, 28–29, 29
Dutch Brazil/African Brazilians, and black image: overview of, 17, 170
African exoticism/opulence iconography and, 364, 365
agriculture and slaves and, 176, 176–78, 179
albinos and, 164, 165, 167
brands/branding slaves and, 163–64
cartography/cartography iconography and, 60, 60–61, 64
celebrations on Sabbath day by slaves and, 172
costumes and customs and, 17, 60, 60–61, 158–59, 160–61, 161, 162–63, 163, 164, 170–71, 170–73
environment/landscape and, 159, 160–63, 161, 163, 164, 170, 173, 174–75, 176
eyes and, 164, 165, 167
grooms with black image and, 173, 174–75
hair and, 17, 164, 165, 167
Kongolese ambassadors and, 146, 164–65, 165, 168–69, 170
mistreatment of slaves and, 170–71, 170–73
mixed-race ethnographic descriptions and, 172–73
naked/nude image and, 159, 160–61, 161, 164, 170–71, 170–73
pages/attendants with black image in portraits of Europeans and, 179, 179–80, 182, 182
punishments for slaves and, 170–71, 170–73
skin color iconography and, 60, 60–61, 164, 165, 167
slave market and, 170–71, 170–73
slaves/slavery and, 163–64, 170–71, 170–73, 176, 176–78, 179
slave trade and, 5, 163, 170–71, 170–73
social status/hierarchy and, 173, 177, 362, 362–63, 363
stereotypical characteristics of blacks and, 170–71, 170–73
trade forts/towns and, 156, 158, 173, 174–75, 176
trade/trade routes and, xxii, 179, 182, 182
travel accounts and, 156, 158
weapons iconography and, 159, 160–61, 161, 164
ears, and black image, 41–42, 43, 366–67, 368–69. See also facial features, and black image
East, the, 29, 37, 333, 334–35, 334–35, 336. See also
Oriental dress; Orient/Orientals; specific countries/peoples
east Africa/Africans: costumes and customs of blacks and, 20–21, 21–22, 58
Madagascar travel accounts and, 100–101, 100–101, 107
Mozambique/Kaffirs travel accounts and, 98–99, 98–99
Portugal/Portuguese and, 20–21, 21–22, 58
Eckhout, Albert: African Brazilians and, 159, 160–63, 161, 163–64, 165–67
artworks and, 362–63, 364–65
Kongolese ambassadors and, 164–65, 165, 168–69, 170
portrait of Dom Garcia II (king of Kongo), 140–41, 141
Egypt/Egyptians: African exoticism/opulence iconography and, 344, 345, 346, 346–47, 348
ancient peoples and, xv, xvi
animal iconography and, 60–61, 60–61, (62), 63
cartography/cartography iconography and, 60–61, 60–61, (62), 63
Christian black communities and, xvii
climate theory of complexion and, 398
costume books and, 3
exoticism/opulence iconography and, 344, 345, 346
geography of historical subjects and, 55, 56–57, (57), 57–58
hunters/weapons iconography with exotic black image and, 339, 341, 342
skin color as black and, xv, 3, 60–61, 60–61, (62), 63. See also Ethiopia/Ethiopians; Nubia/Nubians
Ehrenstrahl, David Klöcker, 238, 238–39
Eissler, Johann, 387, 388
Elizabeth I (queen of England), 376
England/English, xiii, xix, 353, 354–55, 355. See also specific rulers
engravings, and black image, xxi–xxii. See also specific artists; specific artworks
environment/landscape: Dutch Brazil and, 159, 160–63, 161, 163, 164, 170, 173, 174–75, 176
Magus narrative with black image and, 287, 288–89
Mediterranean harbor scenes and, 203–4, 204–5
Ethiopia/Ethiopians: African conversion narrative and, 282, 282–83, 284
African exoticism/opulence iconography and, 344, 345, 346, 346–47, 348, 352–53, 354
ancient rulers and, xvi
baptism as whitening the soul and, xxiii, 2
cartography/cartography iconography and, 66, 72, (72–73), 83
costumes and customs and, 72, (72–73)
Ethiopian church and, xxiii, 214–15, 215, 219–20, 220, 326–28, 327
ethnographic descriptions and, 25, 124, 124, 158
exoticism/opulence iconography and, 344, 345, 346
facial features and, 72, (72–73), 126–27, 158
geography of, 66, (72–73), 83
lips/lip plates and, 72, (72–73)
missionary iconography and, 326–28, 327
Moses and his Ethiopian wife narrative and, xvii, 263, 264
Old Testament and, xvi, xvii
realistic features in black image and, xv, xvi
rulers with black image and, xv, xvi
social status/hierarchy and, xv, xvi
texts and, xvi
turbaned iconography and, 124, 124, 128, 220. See also baptism of the eunuch narrative; specific Ethiopians
ethnographic descriptions: Ethiopia/Ethiopians and, 25, 124, 124, 158
India/Indians and, 31
mixed-race types in Dutch Brazil and, 172–73
North Africa/Africans and, xxii, 31, 66
Portugal/Portuguese and, 14–15, 23, 25
travel accounts and, 3, 4
west Africa/Africans and, 65–66
eunuch guards for harems, and black image, xxii, 22, 22–23. See also eunuch guards for Ottoman court harem, and black image
eunuch guards for Ottoman court harem, and black image: overview, xxii
baptism of the eunuch narrative and, 294, 294–95
costumes and customs in Venice and, 37, 40, 40–41
Europe/Europeans and, 41–42, 43
facial features and, 41–42, 43
slaves/slavery and, 41
social status and, 41
stereotypical features and, 41–42, 43
European dress: African exoticism/opulence iconography and, 366–67, 368–69
African rulers/ambassadors’ portraits with black image and, 165, 165, 168, 217, 218–19, 219, 314–15
costumes and customs of blacks and, 139–40, 140
Europeans in Mediterranean area and, 186–89, 187–88
exoticism of servant/attendant with black image and, 366, 377
grooms with black image and, 143, 144, 255, 255
Mediterranean area and, 186–89, 187–88
musicians with black image and, 242, (242)
pages/attendants with black image and, 217, 219, 219, 225–26, 226, 230, 230–31
portraits of European aristocrats/rulers and, 224–25, 225. See also costumes and customs, and black image
Europe/Europeans: overview, 3, 42, 213–14, 260
artistic production and, 3, 42
baptism as whitening the soul and, 238–39, 238–39
biological theories and, 391, 396
Christianization and freedom for slaves and, 235–36
costumes and customs in Mediterranean and, 186–89, 187–88
courtiers with black image and, 217, 217–18
cultural relativism and, 395–96
curiosity about non-Western cultures and, xxii, 388
Ethiopian Christians with black image and, xxiii, 214–15, 215, 217
Ethiopian rulers with black image and, 219–20, 220
ethnocentrism and, 395
eunuch guards for Ottoman court harem with black image and, 41–42, 43
explorations and, 315–16
floral iconography with black image and, 228, 228–29
gardens/gardeners iconography with black image and, 244–45, 245
grooms with black image and, 252–59, 252–60
knowledge about Africa/Africans and, xxiv, 395
missionary iconography and, 315–16
mixed-race aristocrats and, 220–21, 221–22
musicians with black image and, 242, (242), 251–52;
Muslims/Islam contact with, xvii
pages/attendants with black image and, 217, 219, 219, 222–23, 224–31, 225–30, 242, 242–45, 244
personification of continents and, 77, 78–79, 134, 134–35, 310–11, 311–13, 316–17, 316–17, 346
slave trade and, xxii
social status versus skin color and, 2, 220, 221
soldiers/weapons iconography with black image and, 250–51, 250–51
stereotypical features for blacks and, 41–42, 43, 50–51, 50–51
tobacco/tobacco smoking iconography and, 357, 358
value judgments and, 87
west African ambassadors with black image and, 217, 218–19, 219
women of harem with white image and, 41
worldview/place in world and, 3, 331–32. See also climate theory of complexion; domestic iconography, and black image; luxury objects, and black image; portraits/lives of Europeans in Africa; portraits of European aristocrats/rulers; racial prejudice; specific countries/peoples
evangelization. See salvation/Christianization
exotic dress, and black image: of African rulers at baptisms, 324–25, 325
of king in black Magus narrative, xxi, 267, 268–69, (270), 270–71, 271, 274, 274–75, 276
of pages/attendants, 224–25, 225, 228, 228–29, 292, 292–93
of servants in domestic iconography, 239, 240–41, 241, 247, 248, 249, 250. See also
exoticism/opulence iconography exoticism/opulence iconography: overview, xxiv, 9–10, 370
America’s allegorical iconography and, 350, 350–51
animal iconography and, 333, 334–35, 334–35, 336, 339, 346, 346–47, 348
Asia/Asians and, 344, 345, 346, 366, 377
black-white contrast and, 341, 344, 344–45
climate theory of complexion and, 344, 345, 346
costumes and customs of blacks and, 335, 336–37, 338
costumes and customs with black image and, 238–39, 240–41, 241
culture/nature conflict and, 362, 362–63, 363
domestic iconography with black image and, 238–39, 239–41, 241
Euphrates river region and, 346, 346–47, 348
European dress of servant/attendant with black image and, 366, 377
Ganges River region and, 346, 346–47, 348
generic geographic iconography and, 335, 336–37, 344, 345, 346
gods/goddesses/nymphs and, 335, 336–37, 346, 346–47, 348
Greenland/Greenlanders and, 368, 369, 369
hunters/weapons iconography with black image and, 335, 336–37, 338, 339, 340–41, 341, 344, 344–45
nature/art studies and, 234, 335
Orientals with black image and, 333, 334–35
personification of continents and, 330–31, 330–31
precious objects and, 335, 336–37, 338
skin color as dark and, 366, 377
Tigris river region and, 346, 346–47, 348
turbaned iconography with black image and, xviii, 335, 366, 377
unicorn iconography and, 339, 340–41
Venice and, 29–30, (30–31);
world maps and, 329–31, 330–31. See also African exoticism/opulence iconography; exotic dress, and black image; South American exoticism/opulence iconography, and black image; tobacco/tobacco smoking iconography, and black image; specific artists
eyes, and black image, 41–42, 43, 132, 132–33, 164, 165, 167
Fabris, Michele, 210, 210
facial features, and black image: overview, xiv–xv, 398
Africa/Africans and, 73, 76–77
cultural relativism and, 395–96, 396
ears, 41–42, 43, 366–67, 368–69
Ethiopia/Ethiopians and, 72, (72–73)
eyes, 41–42, 43, 132, 132–33, 164, 165, 167
Kongo/Kongolese and, 88–89
Mediterranean slaves and, 184–85, 184–85, 199, 200–201
Mozambique/Kaffirs and, 98–99
North Africa/Africans and, 132, 132–33, 135, 136–37, 282
nose, xiv–xv, 41–42, 43, 149
west Africans and, 104, 105. See also skin color, as black; stereotypical features, and black image; specific facial features
Ferdinand I (king of Spain), 134, 134–35
Ferdinand I de’ Medici (duke of Tuscany), 183–85, 184–86, 187, 191, 193, 196–99, 199
floral iconography, and black image, 228, 228–29, 245, 246–50, 247, 249
France/French: Ethiopian rulers with black image and, 219–20, 220
Moors’ costumes and customs and, 49–50, 50
musicians with black image and, 242, (242)
salvation/Christianization as guarantee for freedom for slaves and, 236
slaves/slavery and, 236
wall sconce with black image and, 381, 383
West Indies settlements and, 353, 354–55, 355. See also specific rulers
Franceschini, Baldassare, 196, 197
Frances II (king of France), 376–77
Francken, Frans, II, 134–35, 134–35
François I (king of France), 244
Francqueville, Pierre de, 194–95, 195
Frederick II (king of Denmark), 379
Frederick III (king of Denmark), 182
free blacks: court musicians and, xxii
Dutch relations in west Africa with, 119, 120, 120–21
Ethiopian; Christians and, xxiii
Maroons and, 153, 155, 156
in portraits/lives of Europeans living in Africa and, 119, 120, 120–21
shipbuilders as, 3, 27
South America and, 153, 155, 156
trades/occupations and, xxii
Venice/Venetians and, xxii, 3, 27, 29. See also blacks
freed blacks, viii, xviii, 235–36. See also blacks
Friedrich Wilhelm the Great (king of Prussia), 114, 115
Galque, Adrian Sanchez, 153, 155, 156
gardens/gardeners iconography, and black image, 244–45, 245
Gentiles, and salvation/Christianization, xxi, 264–70, 265–67, 270–72. See also specific Gentiles
geography: of central Africa, 121, 123
of Ethiopia, 66, (72–73), 83
geographical determinism and, 3, 54
of historical subjects, 55, 56–57, (57), 57–58
of India, xvii
of North Africa, 132, 132–33, 135, 136–37, 137
travel accounts and, 101–4, 102–5
of west Africa, 72–73, 101–4, 102–5
geopolitical divisions, and Africa/Africans, 64, 66, 67, 72, 82–83
Germany/Germans: baptism as whitening the soul and, 236
costume books and, 49
slaves with black image and, 236, 238
travel accounts of central African trade forts/towns and, 114–15, 114–15. See also specific artists
gods/goddesses/nymphs: cameos and, 373, 374–75
skin color as black and, 344, 345, 346, 373, 374–75
skin color as white and, 344, 345, 346
gondoliers, and black image, xxii, 3, 27, 29, 197, 198–99, 199
Greco-Roman antiquity, xiv–xv
Greenland/Greenlanders, 368, 369, 369
Gregory, Abba, 214–15, 215, 217
Gregory the Moor (saint), and black image, 303, 304–5
Gregory V (pope), 215, 304
Gresley Jewel cameo, 376, 376
grooms, and black image: overview, xxiii, 257
African Brazilians and, 173, 174–75
costumes and customs of Ottoman Turks and, 3, 35, 36–37, 37, 38
European dress and, 143, 144, 255, 255
Europe/Europeans and, 252–59, 252–60
exoticism/opulence iconography and, 258, (258–59), 259–60
Spanish South America and, 143, 144
turbaned iconography and, (258–59), 260
hair, and black image: overview, xiv–xv
African exoticism/opulence iconography and, 334–35, 336, 366 67, 368–69
albinos and, 164, 165, 167
eunuchs of Ottoman court and, 41–42, 43
Greco-Roman black image and, xiv–xv
North Africa/Africans and, 66
saints and, 303, 305, 306
south Africa/Africans and, 66, 67–71
South American slaves and, 143–44, 144–45, 146, 149, 151, 152–53
stereotypical features and, xiv–xv
wall sconce and, 381, 383
west Africans and, 104, 105
Ham’s curse/Noah’s sons narrative, 396, 397
Hanneman, Adriaen, 225, 226, 245, 246, 247
Hellenistic period, xv, xvi, xvii
Henri II (king of France), 66
Henri IV (king of France), 381, 383
Henry IV (king of England), 195
Henry VIII (king of England), 65
Holbein, Hans, II, 73, 73–75, 77, 88
Holland. See Netherlands/Dutch (Holland)
Hondius, Jodocus, 4, 80–81, 80–82, 350
horsemen, and black image: African exoticism/opulence iconography and, 341, 342–43
baptism of the eunuch narrative and, 287, 290
black-white contrast and, 44, 44
costume books and, 47, 48–49
Egypt/Egyptians and, 3, 43–44, 44
musicians and, 47, 4849
Ottoman Turks and, 37, 38
Portugal/Portuguese and, 230–32, 231
Spain/Spanish and, 47, 4849
stereotypical features and, 44, 44
Hottentots: African exoticism/opulence iconography and, 366–68, 368–69, 369
automatons and clocks with black image and, 390, (391)
cartography/cartography iconography and, 66, 67–71
Portuguese explorations and, 14–15, 14–15, 17
stereotypical characteristics of blacks and, 99, 99–100
travel accounts of, 109, 109–11, 111. See also South Africa/Africans
hunters/weapons iconography, and black image: African exoticism/opulence iconography and, 339, 341, 342–43
exoticism/opulence iconography and, 335, 336–37, 338, 339, 340–41, 341, 344, 344–45. See also weapons, and black image
India/Indians: black communities and, xvi–xvii
climate theory of complexion and, 398
costume books and, 49
costumes and customs and, 4, 9, 88, 97, 158
Danish trade/trade forts/towns and, 379, 379
Ethiopian ruler in and, xv, xvi
ethnographic descriptions and, 31
exoticism/opulence iconography and, 344, 345, 346
geography of and, xvii
missionary iconography baptizing Indians with black image and, 319, 319, 321
Portuguese explorations and, 3, 13–14, 14–15, 16, 17–18, 18, (18–19), 21
realistic features with black image and, xv, xvi
slave trade and, xvi–xvii
tapestries and, 3, 18, 18, (18–19), 21
travel accounts and, 4, 9, 88, 97, 158
woodcuts with black image of, xxii, 3, 13–14, 14–15, 17
Indian Ocean, 60–61, (62)
Innocent VIII (pope), 311
Innocent X (pope), 311
Isabella d’Este, 80
Isabella I (queen of Castile), 45
Italianate harbor scenes. See Mediterranean harbor scenes
Italy/Italians: baptism of the eunuch narrative and, 294, 294–95
central Africa/Africans travel accounts and, 111–13, 112–13
explorations and, 3
pages/attendants with black image and, 222–23, 224–25, 225, 242, 242–45, 244
Tuscany/Tuscan maritime power and, 183–85, 191, 193, 193, 195, 196, 197. See also Mediterranean area; Mediterranean harbor scenes; Venice/Venetians
Jacob de Gheyn II, 273, 274
Jesuit order: overview, 310–11
baptism as whitening the soul and, 318
Francis Xavier (saint) and, 9, 265, 31617, 317–19, 319–21
Ignatius of Loyola (saint) and, 9, 215, 265, 316–17, 317–18, 319
light/blackness/darkness iconography and, 316–17, 316–17, 317–18
martyrs/martyrdom and, 325–26, 326
personification of continents and, 316–17, 316–17. See also missionary iconography
Jews, xvii, 45, 47, 172, 236, 300–301, 300–301
João I (king of Kongo), 307–8
John II of Burgundy, 271
Jordaens, Jacob: Adoration of the Magi, 282, 282–83, 284
“The eye of the Master feeds the horses,” 252–55, 253–54
kitchen scene, 238–39, 240–41
The Last Judgment, 296, 298–99, 299
Moses and His Ethiopian Wife, 263, 264
Kongo/Kongolese, 307–8
ambassadors and, xviii, xxiii–xxiv, 90, 146, 164–65, 165, 168–69, 170, 217, 313–15, 314–15
costumes and customs and, 20–21, 21–22, 88–89, 90–96, 93–95
costumes and customs of black rulers and, 140–41, 141
European dress of ambassadors and, 165, 165, 168, 314–15
facial features and, 88–89
Kongolese dress of ambassadors and, 164–65, 168–69, 170, 314, 314–15
missionary iconography and, 307–8
paganism/idolatry and, 95, 96, 308–9
pages/attendants with black image and, 140–41, 141
papal authority and, 88–89
Portuguese explorations and, 20–21, 21–22, 88–89, 90–96, 95
trade forts/towns and, 93–94, 94–95, 121, 123, 123–24
transportation using hammocks and, 4, 92, 92–93
travel accounts and, 4, 88–89, 90–96, 92–95
weapons carried by ambassadors and, 165, 165, 169
west African dress of ambassadors and, 164–65, 168–69, 170. See also central Africa/Africans; west Africa/Africans; specific rulers
Larmessin, Nicolas I de, 139–40, 140
Last Judgment narrative, xxiii, 261–64, 262–63, 294, 296, 296–99. See also salvation/Christianization
Lastman, Pieter, 287, 290–91, 291
Le Clerc, Sébastien, 353, 354–55, 355
Le Court, Giusto, 210, 210
Le Nain, Louis (?), 357, 358
Leo X (pope), 60, 384
Leopold de’ Medici (cardinal), 197
light iconography, 316–17, 316–18, 324, 324–25, 328. See also missionary iconography
Ligozzi, Jacopo, 3, 37, 38–39, 53, 333
Lingelbach, Johannes, 204, 206–7
lips, and black image: overview, xiv–xv
African exoticism/opulence iconography and, 366–67, 368–69
eunuchs of Ottoman court and, 41–42, 43
lip plates and, 72, (72–73), 73, 76–77
luxury objects and, 381, 383
mixed-race types and, 220–21, 221–22
South American slaves and, 149
wall sconce and, 381, 383
literature, and black image, xvi, 272. See also New Testament; Old Testament
Locke, Alain LeRoy, viii–ix
Lodewijcksz, Willem, 99, 100
Lommelin, Adriaen, 2–3, 137–38, 138
Longhena, Baldassare, 210, 210
Lorck/Lorichs, Melchior, 3, 24–26, 25–26, 33, 33–34
Louis XIII (king of France), 259
Louis XIV (king of France), 82–83, 138, 219
luxury objects, and black image: overview, xxiv, 10
aesthetic beauty of black image and, 371, 373
animal iconography and, xxiv, 10, 384, 386–89, 388, 390, 390, 391, 392
anticlassical aesthetic with black image and, 373, 375
automatons and clocks with black image and, xxiv, 10, 390, (391), 391–93, 392, 394
black-white contrast and, 376–77, 381, 383, 392–93, 394
bowls with black image and, 381, 382–83
cameos and, xxiv, 10, 371, 373, 373–76, 375–79, 378–79, 381, 382–83, 384
classical-looking dress of black image and, 388, 390, 390, 391, 392, 392
climate theory of complexion and, 392, 394
coconut receptacles with black image and, 384, 386–87
commessi jewelry and, 375–76, 376
costumes and customs of blacks and, 384, 386–87, 388, 388–89
costumes and customs with black image and, 392–93, 394
cups with black image and, 384, 386–87
Denmark/Danish and, 379, 379
display jewels with black image and, 377, 378–79, 379
double head iconography and, 376, 381, 382–83
European curiosity and, 388
eyes and, 392–93, 394
goblets with black image and, 380–81, 381
gods/goddesses/nymphs with black image and, 373, 374–75
hair with black image and, 381, 383
lips with black image and, 381, 383
Magus narrative with black image and, 371, 373, 373
Moor iconography and, xxiv, 10, 371, 372–73, 392–93, 394
mounted coconut and, xxiv, 10
musicians with black image and, 384, 386–87
nautilus with black image and, xxiv, 10, 384, 387–89, 388
Oriental dress and, 392
ostrich eggshell goblets with black image and, xxiv, 10, 388, 390, 390
Pygmy iconography and, 388, 390, 390
religious iconography and, 377
rings and, xxiv, 10, 371, 372–73
royal iconography with black image and, 377, 378–79, 379
shell cameo with black image and, 381, 382–83
soldiers/weapons iconography and, 392–93, 394
stereotypical features with black image and, 381, 383, 384, 392–93, 394
triple head iconography in shell cameos and, 381, 383, 384
turbaned iconography and, 392
wall sconce with black image and, 381, 383
worldly iconography and, 377
Luyken, Jan, 189, 189
Madagascar, 100–101, 100–101, 107
Madonna, and black image, 300–301, 300–303, 306. See also salvation/Christianization
Magus narrative, and black image: overview, ix, xvii, xxi, 2, 266–67, 268, 270, 271–74, 276–77
African conversion narrative and, 278, 278–79, 282, 282–83, 284, 287, 288–89
black-white contrast and, 267–68, 269, 272, 273–74, 274–75, 276, 279, 280, 280–81, 281–82
cameos and, 371, 373, 373
environment/landscape and, 287, 288–89
exotic dress of king and, xxi, 267, 268–69, 270–71, 271, 274, 274–75, 276
exoticism iconography and, 273, 280–81, 281–82
Gentiles’ salvation and, xxi, 267, 268–69, (270), 270–71, 272
geographic diversity of lands and, xxi, 267, 268–69
hair of king and, 272, 273
Netherlands and, 2, (270), 270–72, 270–74, 274–75, 276, 311
pages/attendants and, xxiii, (270), 270–71, 278–79, 280, 282, 282–83, 284
positive image of blacks and, xxiii, 300
realistic features of king and, 274, 274–75, 276
Reformation/Counter-Reformation and, 277, 284, 284–85
stereotypical features and, 272, 273, 274
texts and, 272
trade/trade routes and, (270), 270–71
triple head iconography in shell cameos and, 381, 383, 384
turbaned iconography and, 267–68, 269, 277, 279, 280, 281–82, 282–83, 284
universalism and, xxi. See also salvation/Christianization
Malaquais, Jean, ix–x
Mamluks, and black image, 29–31, (30–31), 333
Mansa Musa (king of Mali), xv, 3, 40–41, 60
Manuel I (king of Portugal), 3, 18, 21, 178, 268
manuscripts, and black image, xvi, 272. See also New Testament; Old Testament
Marees, Pieter de, 4, 101–4, 102–5
Marie de’ Medici, 381, 383
Maroons, 153, 155, 156
martyrs/martyrdom, 325–26, 326. See also missionary iconography
Master I E G, 387, 388
Master of the St. Bartholomew Altarpiece, xxi, 267, 268–69
Master P I of Landshut, 384, 386–87
Maton, Bartholomeus, 250–51, 250–51
Maurice (saint), and black image, xv, 302–3, 303
Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, Johan, 158, 179, 179–80, 182, 370
Mazzoni, Giulio (il Piacentino), 214–15, 214–15
Mediterranean area: overview, 5–6, 183
Barbary Moors as prisoners/slaves and, 184–85, 184–85
black slave images and, 189, 189, 190–91, 191, 192–93, 204, 206–7, 210, 210
costumes and customs of slaves and, 200–201, 210, 210
European dress and, 186–89, 187–88
facial features of black slaves and, 184–85, 184–85, 199, 200–201
liberation of white Christian prisoners/slaves from North Africa and, 18693, 187–89, 191
Oriental dress and, 186–89, 187–88, 201, 202–3
Ottoman Turk prisoners and, 187, 191, 193, 193, 195
Ottoman Turks’ battles/defeats and, 184–85, 186, 187
pages/attendants with black image and, 204, 206–7
parasol imagery associated with white skin color of Europeans and, 204, 206, 206–7
prodigal son iconography and, 208–9, 209
shackles iconography and, 186–89, 187–88, 200–201, 202–3, 204, 206–7
skin color as black and, 201, 203, 203–4
slave collar iconography and, 185, 185, 186–89, 187–88
slave market(s) for liberation of white Christians from North Africa and, 186–89, 187–88
submission expression of black slaves and, 186–87, 187–88
suffering characteristics of black slave images and, 191, 193, 195–96, 196, 197, 199
symbols/symbolism of black slave images and, 194–95, 195
tobacco/tobacco smoking iconography of black slaves and, 201, 202–3
Tuscany/Tuscan maritime power and, 183–85, 191, 193, 193, 195, 196, 197. See also Ottoman Turks; Venice/Venetians
Mediterranean harbor scenes: overview, xxiii
costumes and customs of slaves and, 203, 204–5
Dutch artists’ Mediterranean harbor scenes and, 203–4, 204–5
environment and, 203–4, 204–5
exoticism/opulence iconography of the Orient/East and, 20–89, 209
gondoliers with black image and, 197, 198–99, 199
hair features of black slaves and, 203, 204–5
horsemen with black image and, 43–44, 44
Northern European artists and, 203–4, 206, 206–9, 209
Oriental dress and, 197, 198–99, 199, 204, 206–7, 208–9, 209
parasol imagery associated with prostitution and, 204, 206, 206–9, 209
prostitution imagery and, 204, 206, 206–9, 209
shackles iconography for black slaves and, 203, 204–5
shipbuilders with black image and, 198–99, 199
turbaned iconography with black image and, 203, 204–5, 208–9, 209
Mehmet II (ruler of Ottoman Turks), 392
Meiseroni workshop, 373, 374–75, 375
Memnon (legendary ruler of Ethiopia), xv
Menil Collection, vii–x, 1
Mijtens, Jan, 226, 226–27, 257, 259
mine work, and slaves/slavery, 143, 144, 144–45, 151, 152–53, 154
missionary iconography: overview, 9, 307, 309, 311–13, 323, 328
Africa/Africans and, 316–17, 317–18, 324–26, 325–26
baptism as whitening the soul and, 318, 319, 319, 321
baptism of African rulers and, 316–17, 317–18, 324–25, 325
blackness/darkness iconography and, 316–17, 316–18, 324, 324–25, 328
black-white contrast and, 319, 319, 321
Capuchin order and, 9, 308–9, 309–10, 322–23, 323
costumes and customs of Africans and, 325–26, 326
Dominican order and, 9, 301, 324–25, 325
Ethiopia/Ethiopians and, 326–28, 327
European explorations and, 315–16
exotic dress of African rulers at baptisms and, 324–25, 325
hegemony and, 310–11, 311–13, 346
Kongo/Kongolese and, 307–8
light iconography and, 316–17, 316–18, 324, 324–25, 328
martyrs/martyrdom and, 325–26, 326
Old Testament and, 309, 322–23, 323
personification of continents and, 308–9, 309–10, 310–11, 311–13, 346
Portugal/Portuguese and, 315–16
skin color iconography and, 324, 324–25
stereotypical characteristics and, 323–24
west Africa/Africans and, xviii, xxiii–xxiv, 90, 217, 313–15, 314–15, 323–24, 324–25. See also African conversion narrative; Jesuit order; papacy in Rome; salvation/Christianization
mixed-race types: overview, xviii
brown skin and, 220–21, 221–22
Dutch Brazil and, 172–73
Dutch colonists in west Africa, and relations with, 119, 120, 120–21
ethnographic descriptions and, 172–73
European aristocrats and, 220–21, 221–22
hair and, 220–21, 221–22
lips and, 220–21, 221–22
Maroons and, 153
nose and, 220–21, 221–22
portraits/lives of Europeans in Africa and, 119, 120, 120–21
Portugal/Portuguese and, 233–34
realistic features and, 220–21, 221–22
monogenesis, xviii–xix, 397
Monomotapa ruler, 316–17, 317–18, 324–25, 325, 373
Moors: costume books and, 49–50, 50
luxury objects iconography and, xxiv, 10, 371, 372–73, 392–93, 394
Moriscos and, 45, 52–53, 52–53
slaves with white image and, 22–23, 23
use of term, xiv
Virgin of Mercy narrative with black image and, 294, 296. See also Africa/Africans; blackness/darkness iconography; blacks
morenos/blacks, 45, 47, 119, 120, 120–21
Moriscos, 45, 52–53, 52–53
Moses and his Ethiopian wife narrative, xvii, 263, 264
Mozambique/Kaffirs: costumes and customs and, 98–99, 98–99
facial features and, 98–99
musical instruments and, 98, 98–99
naked/nude black image and, 98, 98–99
Mulay Ahmed (prince of North Africa), xxii, 132, 135, 136–37, 137, 281–82, 285, 287, 341
Mulay Hassan (bey of Tunis), xxii, 128, 130–32, 132, 134, 134–35, 135, 282
musicians, and black image: overview, 251–52
costume books and, 47, 48–49
European dress and, 242, (242)
Europe/Europeans and, 242, (242), 251–52
France/French and, 242, (242)
horsemen and, 47, 48–49
musical instrument iconography and, 112–13, 112–13
Spain/Spanish and, 47, 48–49. See also court musicians, and black image
Muslims/Islam, 3
blackness/darkness iconography and, 40–41
blacks compared with, xvii
blacks’ link with, xvii
converts/conversos and, 45, 47
Egypt/Egyptians with black image and, 43–44, 44
European contact with, xvii
North Africa and, xiv
racial prejudice against blacks and, 40
slaves/slavery and, xvii
stereotypical features in black image and, 41
use of terms, xiv
naked/nude black image: African exoticism/opulence iconography and, 357, 359–60, 360–61, (361)
Dutch Brazil/African Brazilians and, 159, 160–61, 161, 164
Mozambique/Kaffirs and, 98, 98–99
Portuguese description of African and, 14, 14–15, 15, 22–23, 23
slaves and, 143–44, 144–45, 146, 151, 152–53
south Africa/Africans and, 66, 67–71
South America and, 143–44, 144–45, 146, 151, 152–53
South American slaves and, 151, 152–53
Nason, Pieter, 179, 179–80, 182
negative characteristics, and black image. See stereotypical characteristics, and black image; stereotypical features, and black image
Netherlands/Dutch (Holland): African exoticism/opulence iconography and, 357, 359–60, 359–61, (361)
African explorations travel accounts and, 97–98, 108–9, 108–11, 111, 120, 120–21, 156, 158
baptism of the eunuch narrative and, 284–85, 286–88, 287, 290, 291–92, 292, 294
costumes and customs of west Africans and, 101–4, 102–5
domestic iconography with black image and, 234, 234–35, 239, 240–41, 241
exotic hunters/weapons iconography with black image and, 339, 341, 342
free blacks and, 235
Magus narrative with black image and, 2, (270), 270–72, 270–74, 274–75, 276, 311
missionary iconography and, 315–16
pages/attendants with black image and, 225–30, 226–30
portraits/lives in North Africa and, 121, 122–23, 234
salvation/Christianization as guarantee for freedom for slaves and, 235–36
slaves/slavery and, 235–36
slave trade and, 235–36, 357, 359–60, 360–61, (361)
tobacco/tobacco smoking iconography and, 355, 356–57, 357
trade/trade routes and, xxii, 4, 5, 105, 156–57, 156–58, (270), 270–71, 357, 359–60, 360–61, (361)
west African expeditions and, 101–4
west African trade forts/towns and, 4–5, 117, 118, 118–19, 119, 120, 120–21, 156, 158
white free laborers in South America and, 156–57, 156–58. See also Dutch Brazil/African Brazilians, and black image
New Testament, ix, xv, xvii, 309, 384, 386–87. See also specific narratives
Nicolay, Nicolas de, 3, 17, 22–23, 30–31, 32–33, 50
Noah’s sons/Ham’s curse narrative, 396, 397
North Africa/Africans: overview, xiv, xv
African exoticism/opulence iconography and, 348–49, 349–50
cartography/cartography iconography and, 60, 64–65, 66
Christian prisoners/slaves in North Africa with white image and, 186–93, 187–89, 191
costume books and, 52–53, 52–54
costumes and customs and, 52–53, 52–54, 64–65, 128, 130–31, 341
costumes and customs of rulers and, 130, 131–33, 132, 135, 136–38, 137–38, 281–82, 341
costumes and customs of soldiers and, 139, 139
Dutch portraits/lives in and, 121, 122–23, 234
ethnographic descriptions and, xxii, 31, 66
eunuch black guards for harem and, xxii, 22, 22–23
eyes and, 132, 132–33
facial features and, 132, 132–33, 135, 136–37, 282
geography of, 132, 132–33, 135, 136–37, 137
hair and, 66
liberation of white Christian prisoners/slaves from, 186–89, 187–89, 190–91, 191, 192–93
Muslims/Islam and, xiv
portraits of rulers and, xxii, 128, 130–35, 130–38, 137–39, 282
Portuguese trade forts/towns and, 60
saint iconography and, 303, 305, 306
shackled white Christian prisoners/slaves from, 189, 190–91, 191
skin color as black and, 64–65, 132, 132–33, 135, 136–37, 137, 281–82, 285
skin color as brown and, 66
slave market for white Christian prisoners/slaves and, 189, 189
slaves with black image and, xvii, 31
slaves with white image and, 22–23, 23, 186–93, 187–89, 189, 191
soldiers/weapons iconography and, 139, 139
stereotypical features and, 50–51, 50–52, 52
symbols/symbolism and, 130, 131
turbaned iconography and, 60, 130–35, 132, 287. See also Barbary Moors; specific African groups; specific rulers/aristocrats
North America/American Indians, 50–51, 50–51, 65, 353
nose, and black image, xiv–xv, 41–42, 43, 149
Nubia/Nubians, xvi
Nzinga Mbandi Ngola (Dona Ana de Sousa) (queen of Ngola), 323–24, 324–25
Old Testament, xv–xvi, xvii, xxiii, 309, 322–23, 323, 397. See also specific narratives
Oriental dress: Barbary prisoners with black image and, 186, 187
battle scenes iconography with black image and, 334–35, 336
luxury objects with black image and, 392
Mediterranean area and, 186–89, 187–88, 201, 202–3
Mediterranean harbor scenes and, 197, 198–99, 199, 204, 206–7, 208–9, 209
portraits of European aristocrats/rulers and, 225–26, 227
tobacco/tobacco smoking iconography of black slaves and, 201, 202–3. See also Orient/Orientals
Orient/Orientals, 29, 37, 58, 333, 334–35, 334–35, 336. See also Oriental dress; specific countries/peoples
Ortelius, Abraham, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 4, 77, 78–79, 79
Other/Others/otherness, xi, xiv–xv, xix
Ottoman Turks: automatons and clocks with black image and, 390, 391
black eunuch guard for harem and, xxii
with black image and, 191, 193, 193, 195
black image in scenes with, 3, 29–31, (30–31)
costume books and, 3, 34–35, 35, 53
costumes and customs of blacks in Venice and, 28–29, 29, 37, 40, 40–41
costumes and customs of grooms and, 3, 35, 36–37, 37, 38
costumes and customs stereotypes and, 3, 30–33, 32–33
eunuchs with black image and, 37
European curiosity about non-Western cultures and, xxii
exoticism/opulence and, xxii
grooms with black image and, 3, 35, 36–37, 37, 38
horsemen with black image and, 37, 38
Mediterranean area battles/defeats and, 184–85, 186, 187
Oriental dress of prisoners and, 186, 187
pages/attendants with black image and, 3, 35, 36–37, 37
prisoners in Mediterranean area and, 186, 187, 191, 193, 193, 195
slaves with black image and, 37
stereotypical features of black image and, 50–52, 50–52
symbols/symbolism and, 132, 132–33
trade/trade routes and, 3
wrestlers with black image and, 37. See also Barbary Moors; Mediterranean area; Venice/Venetians
paganism/idolatry: African conversion narrative and, 299, 300–301
African exoticism/opulence iconography and, 348–49, 349–50
Kongo/Kongolese and, 95, 96, 308–9
west Africa/Africans and, 102–4, 104–5, 323–24
pages/attendants, and black image: overview, ix, xi–xii
costumes and customs and, xviii
European dress and, 217, 219, 219, 225–26, 226, 230, 230–31
Europe/Europeans and, 222–23, 224–31, 225–30, 242, 242–45, 244
exotic dress of pages/attendants and, 228, 228–29
facial features and, 230, 230–31
floral iconography and, 228, 228–29
Italy/Italians and, 242, 242–45, 244
Kongolese ruler portraits and, 140–41, 141
Mediterranean area and, 204, 206–7
portraits of European aristocrats/rulers and, 223, 224–31, 225–30
portraits of Europeans in Africa and, 117, 118, 118–19
portraits of Europeans in Brazil and, 179, 179–80, 182, 182
slaves/slavery and, xxiii
Spain/Spanish and, 54
turbaned iconography and, 182, 260
west African ambassadors and, 217, 219, 219
west African ambassadors to Europe and, 217, 219, 219. See also servant/attendant, and black image
papacy in Rome: overview, xv
Ethiopian Christians’ pilgrimages to Rome and, xxiii, 214–15, 215, 217
hegemony and, 4, 151, 310–11, 311–13, 346
Magus narrative with black image and, 277, 284, 284–85, 311
symbols/symbolism of conversion narrative and, xviii, xxiii–xxiv, 90, 217, 313–15, 314–15. See also African conversion narrative; missionary iconography; salvation/Christianization; specific popes
papal hegemony, 310–11, 311–13, 346
Paul IV (pope), 215
Paul V (pope), 314
Persia/Persians: costumes and customs and, 55, 56–57, (57), 57–58
geography of historical subjects and, 55, 56–57, (57), 57–58
hunters/weapons iconography with black image and, 339, 341, 342
skin color as black and, 55, 56–57, (57), 57–58
turbaned iconography and, 58
personification of continents: Africa and, xi–xii, 77, 78–79, 134–35, 134–35, 310–11, 311–13, 316–17, 316–17, 330–31, 330–31, 346, 348–49, 349–50
African exoticism/opulence iconography and, 348–49, 349–50
Asia and, 77, 78–79, 134, 134–35, 310–11, 311–13, 316–17, 316–17, 346
blackness/darkness iconography and, 316–17, 316–17
cartography/cartography iconography and, 9, 77, 78–79, 79, 336
Europe/Europeans and, 77, 78–79, 134, 134–35, 310–11, 311–13, 316–17, 316–17, 346
light iconography and, 316–17, 316–17
missionary iconography and, 308–9, 309–10, 310–11, 311–13, 346
papal hegemony and, 310–11, 311–13, 346
portrait of Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) and, 134–35, 134–35
South America and, 77, 78–79, 79, 134, 134–35, 310–11, 311–13, 346
world maps and, 330–31, 330–31
Peter Nolasco (saint), 189, 190–91, 191
Philip (saint). See baptism of the eunuch narrative
Philip I (king of Castile), 217
Philip II (king of Spain), 65, 134, 134–35, 222
Pidou de Saint Olon, François, 139, 139
pilgrimages: Antonio Manuel, Marquis of Ne Vunda (ambassador from Kongo) and, xviii, xxiii–xxiv, 90, 217, 313–15, 314–15
Ethiopian Christian travels to Rome and, xxiii, 214–15, 215, 217
Mansa Musa (king of Mali) and, xv, 3, 40–41, 60
Pius IV de’ Medici (pope), 214–15, 215, 303–4
Pius VII (pope), 306
planisphere cartography, 58–59, 59–60. See also cartography/cartography iconography
Pontius, Paulus, 130, 131
portraits/lives of Europeans in Africa: overview, xxiii, 4–5, 117
blacks/morenos and, 119, 120, 120–21
Dutch in North Africa and, 121, 122–23, 234
Dutch in west African trade forts/towns and, 4–5, 117, 118, 118–19, 119, 120, 120–21
free blacks and, 119, 120, 120–21
mixed-race types and, 119, 120, 120–21
pages/attendants with black image and, 117, 118, 118–19
Portuguese in Kongo and, 121, 123, 123–24. See also portraits of African rulers/ambassadors, and black image; portraits of European aristocrats/rulers
portraits of African rulers/ambassadors, and black image: overview, xxiii, 5, 124, 140, 141
baptism of African rulers and, 316–17, 317–18, 324–25, 325
Barbary rulers and, 137–38, 138, 139
central African interpreters/ambassadors and, 139–40, 140
Ethiopian rulers and, 25, 124, 124–25, 126–27, 128, 128–29
European dress of ambassadors and, 165, 165, 168, 217, 218–19, 219
Europe/Europeans and, 217, 218–19, 219
geography of central Africa and, 121, 123
geography of North Africa and, 132, 132–33, 135, 136–37, 137
hair features of ambassadors and, 314
Kongolese ambassadors and, 146, 164–65, 165, 168–69, 170, 313–15, 314–15
Kongolese rulers and, 140–41, 141
North African rulers and, xxii, 128, 130–35, 130–38, 137–39, 282
pages/attendants to Kongolese ruler and, 140–41, 141
skin color of rulers and, 124, 124–25, 126–27
soldiers as attendants of North African rulers and, 139, 139
weapons carried by ambassadors and, 165, 165, 169, 217, 218–19, 219, 314
west African ambassadors and, 217, 218–19, 219
west African dress of ambassadors and, 164–65, 168–69, 170. See also portraits/lives of Europeans in Africa; portraits of European aristocrats/rulers
portraits of European aristocrats/rulers: Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) and, 134–35, 134–35
European dress of Europeans and, 224–25, 225
European dress of pages/attendants with black image and, 225–26, 226, 230, 230–31
exotic dress of pages/attendants with black image and, 224–25, 225, 228, 228–29
facial features of pages/attendants with black image and, 230, 230–31
floral iconography and, 228, 228–29
grooms with black image and, 257, 257, 258, (258–59), 259–60
Oriental dress of Europeans and, 225–26, 227
pages/attendants with black image and, 223, 224–31, 225–30, 242, 242–45, 244
parasol imagery association with white skin color of Europeans and, 224–25, 125. See also portraits/lives of Europeans in Africa; portraits of African rulers/ambassadors, and black image
Portugal/Portuguese: Africa cartography/geography and, 3, 13, 58–59, 59–60
African Brazilian slaves and, 172, 172–73
African explorations and, 3, 4, 13–14, 14–15, 88–89
Africans’ lives in trade forts and, 121, 123, 123–24
Asia/Asians and, 3, 20–21, 21–22, 26
blacks/morenos and, 120, 120–21
brands/branding of slaves and, 163, 235
central Africa/Africans and, 113–15
costumes and customs of Africans and, 14–15, 14–15, 17–18, 22–23, 23
east Africa/Africans and, 20–21, 21–22, 58
ethnographic descriptions and, 14–15, 23, 25
horsemen with black image and, 230–32, 231
Hottentots and, 14–15, 14–15, 17
India/Indians explorations and, 3, 13–14, 14–15, 16, 17, 18, 18, (18–19), 21
Kongo explorations and, 20–21, 21–22, 88–89, 90–96, 95
Kongo trade forts/towns and, 121, 123, 123–24
misconceptions of Africa/Africans and, 23, 25
missionary iconography and, 315–16
mixed-race types and, 233–34
naked/nude black image of Africans and, 14, 14–15, 15, 22–23, 23
North African trade forts/towns and, 60
portraits/lives in Kongo of, 121, 123, 123–24
salvation/Christianization and, 315
skin color as black for Africans and, 13–14, 14–15
slaves with black image and, 22–23, 23, 79, 230–32, 231, 330
slaves with white image and, 22–23, 23
slave trade and, xxii, 143–44, 172, 172–73
South America/American slave trade/settlements and, 143–44, 172, 172–73
stereotypical characteristics of blacks and, 230–32, 231
stereotypical features of black image and, 14
trade/trade routes and, 3, 4, 26, 105
travel accounts and, 88–89, 90–96, 93–95, 113–15, 114–15
weapons of Africans and, 14
west African explorations and, 20–21, 21–22, 24–26, 15–16, 58
west African trade forts/towns and, 60, 93–94, 94–95, 114–15, 114–15, 117, 118
positive image of blacks: overview, vii
Song of Songs (The Song of Solomon) and, xv–xvi, 264, 301–3
Virgin Mary with black image and, 300–301, 300–303
Post, Frans: Brazil/African Brazilians and, 173, 174–78, 176, 179, 362, 362–63
View of Itamarcá, 173, 174–75
Poussin, Nicolas, 284, 284–85
precious objects, and African exoticism/opulence iconography, 348–49, 349–50, 364, 365
Prester John (legendary ruler of Ethiopia), xv, 66, 67–68, (72–73), 128
prisoners, and black image: Barbary Moors and, 184–85, 184–85
Ottoman Turks and, 184–85, 184–85, 186, 187
slave collar iconography and, xii, xviii, 185
turbaned iconography and, 186, 187
prisoners, and white image: Christians in North Africa and, 186–93, 187–89, 191
shackles iconography and, 189, 190–91, 191
prodigal son iconography, 208–9, 209, 236, 236–37
professions, in image-making, xxii–xxiii. See also specific artists; specific artworks
Protestantism, 4, 151, 277, 284, 284–85, 316
faith before baptism and, 292, 292–93
Pygmy iconography, 388, 390, 390
Quellinus I, Artus, 357, 359–60, 360–61, (361)
Quellinus II, Erasmus: Africa (The Pagan Temple), 348–49, 349–50
America, 350, 350–51
racial prejudice: overview, xvii–xix, 395
artistic production, and effects on, vii–x, 1
scientific racism and, xii, xix, 399
racial theories, xii, xviii–xix, 2, 368, 397–99
realistic features: Ethiopia/Ethiopians and, xv, xvi
Indian artworks and, xv, xvi
Magus narrative with black image and, 274, 274–75, 276
Maurice (saint) with black image and, xv
mixed-race European aristocrats and, 220–21, 221–22
Reformation/Counter-Reformation, 277, 284, 284–85
religious iconography, xxiii, 377. See also missionary iconography; salvation/Christianization; specific religions; specific religious iconography
Rembrandt (after style of), 291–92, 292
Roman period, xiv–xv, xvi, xvii, 388, 390, 390, 392, 392
Rosa, Salvator, 294, 294–95
Rosselli, Mateo, 186, 187
Rotz, Jean, 66, 67–71
Rubens, Peter Paul: Adoration of the Magi (1609), xxiii, 278–79, 280
Adoration of the Magi (1618–1619), 281, 282
Adoration of the Magi (1633), 280–81, 281–82
Book of Costumes, 3, 34–35, 35, 53
The Four Rivers, 346, 346–47, 348
Four Studies of a Black Man, xxiii, 1, 2, 281
Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt, 344, 344–45
Last Judgment, 294, 296, 296–97
The Miracles of Francis Xavier, 318–19, 319–20
Neptune and Amphitrite, 344, 345, 346
Portrait of Mulay Ahmed, xxii, 135, 136–37, 137, 280–82, 281–82, 287, 341
Solomon receiving the Queen of Sheba, 264–65, 265
study of a black model, 279, 280, 281
Tiger, Lion, and Leopard Hunt, 339, 341, 342
The Triumph of the Catholic Faith, 299, 300–301
Rudolf II (Holy Roman Emperor), 373, 375
saints, and black image, xv, 302–3, 303–5, 306. See also salvation/Christianization
salvation/Christianization: overview, ix, 8–9, 265, 315
baptism and, ix, 292
converts/conversos and, 45, 47
Ethiopia/Ethiopians and, xvii, 263, 264
freed black slaves and, 235–36
Gentiles and, xxi, 264–70, 265–67, 270–72
Last Judgment narrative and, xxiii, 261–64, 262–63, 294, 296, 296–99
Moses and his Ethiopian wife narrative and, xvii, 263, 264
Netherlands and, 235–36
saints with black image and, xv, 302–3, 303–5, 306
sin and, 261–64, 262–63
slaves with black image and, 146, 146–47, 235–36
travel accounts and, 95, 96–97, 97
universalism and, ix, xxi
Virgin Mary with black image and, 300–301, 300–303
Virgin of Mercy narrative and, 294, 296. See also African conversion narrative; baptism as whitening the soul; baptism of the eunuch narrative; Magus narrative, and black image; missionary iconography; papacy in Rome; universalism
scientific racism, xii, xix, 399
servant/attendant, and black image: turbaned iconography and, xviii
Venice and, 28–29, 29. See also pages/attendants, and black image
shackles iconography: costume books with black image and, 46–47, 47, 54
slaves with black image in Mediterranean area and, 186–89, 187–88, 200–201, 2023, 204, 206–7
Spanish black slaves and, 46–47, 47, 54
tobacco/tobacco smoking iconography of blacks and, 201, 202–3
travel accounts and, 200–201
white Christian prisoners/slaves from North Africa and, 189, 190–91, 191
Shakespeare, William, xiv, 390
Sheba (queen): overview, xv–xvi
servants/attendants with black image and, xxiii, 264–65, 265–66, 266–67
servants/attendants with white image and, 265–66, 266–67
skin color as black and, xv–xvi, 264–65, 264–65, 265–66, 266–67
skin color as white and, xv–xvi
shipbuilders, and black image, 3, 27, 198–99, 199
skin color: overview, xxiii, 2, 396–97
brown, xiv, 60, 60–61, 66, 219–22, 220–21, 300–301, 300–303, 324, 32425
yellow, 164, 165, 167. See also skin color, as black
skin color, as black: overview, xxiii, 2, 396–97
Africa/Africans and, xi–xii, xxii, 3, 13–14, 14–15, 17–18
African rulers and, 324, 324–25
albinos and, 164, 165, 167
Arabs and, xxii, 3, 13–14, 14–15, 17–18, 22–23
Barbary Moor rulers and, 3, 37, 38–39, 53, 333
biological theories and, 396, 397
central Africa/Africans and, 139–40, 140
dark color and, 132, 132–33, 135, 136–37, 137, 281–82, 300–301, 300–301, 366, 377
Egypt/Egyptians and, xv, 3, 60–61, 60–61, (62), 63
Ethiopian rulers and, 219–20, 220
eunuchs of Ottoman court and, 41–42, 43
gods/goddesses/nymphs and, 344, 345, 346, 373, 374–75
gray-skinned iconography and, 66, 67–71
Jews and, 300–301, 300–301
Last Judgment narrative and, 294, 296, 296–99
Mediterranean area and, 201, 203, 2034
missionary iconography and, 324, 324–25
Noah’s sons narrative and, 396, 397
North Africa/Africans and, 64–65, 132, 132–33, 135, 136–37, 137, 281–82, 285
Persia/Persians and, 55, 56–57, (57), 57–58
Portugal/Portuguese and, 13–14, 14–15
religious iconography and, xxiii
Sheba (queen) and, xv–xvi, 264–65, 264–65, 265–66, 266–67
social status/hierarchy and, 2, 220, 221
south Africans and, 66, 67–71
South America and, xxii, 3, 13–14, 14–15, 16, 17–18
Virgin Mary and, 300–301, 300–303. See also baptism as whitening the soul
slave collar iconography: overview, xii, xviii
Barbary Moors prisoners/slaves and, 185, 185
domestic iconography with black image and, 247, 248, 249, 250
prisoners with black image and, xii, xviii, 185
white Christians in North Africa and, 185, 185, 186–89, 187–88
slave market(s): African Brazilians and, 170–71, 170–73
white Christian prisoners/slaves from North Africa and, 186–89, 187–89
slaves/slavery, and black image: overview, xvi–xix, xxii, xxiii
abolitionism and, xix
African Brazilian and, 163–64, 170–71, 170–73, 176, 176–78, 179
agriculture and, 143, 151, 152–53, 176, 176–78, 179
Arabs and, xvi–xvii
baptism and, 310–11
brands/branding and, 163–64, 235
celebrations on Sabbath day by, 172
central Africa and, xii
characteristics of, 170–71, 170–73
costume books and, 46–47, 47
costumes and customs of, 170–71, 170–73
England/English and, xix
eunuchs of Ottoman court and, 41
exoticism/opulence and, xxii
freed blacks and, viii, xviii, 153, 155, 156, 235–36
hair of, 151, 152–53
hunt roles and, xxii
master/slave relationships and, ix, xviii
Mediterranean area and, 189, 189, 190–91, 191, 192–93, 204, 206–7, 210, 210
mine work and, 143, 144, 144–45, 151, 152–53, 154
mistreatment in Spanish South America and, 149, 150–51, 151, 152–53, 153
mistreatment of, 151, 152–53, 153–54, 170–71, 170–73
naked/nude image in South America and, 143–44, 144–45, 146, 151, 152–53
naked/nude image of, 151, 152–53, 170–71, 170–73
Portugal/Portuguese and, 22–23, 23, 79, 230–32, 231, 330
punishments for, 151, 152–53, 153–54, 170–71, 170–73
punishments in Spanish South America and, 149, 150–51, 151, 152–53
revolts by, 153, 154
Sabbath celebrations by African Brazilians and, 172, 172–73
salvation/Christianization and, 146, 146–47, 235–36
Spain/Spanish and, 46–47, 47, 54
Spanish South America and, 149, 150–51, 151, 152–53, 153–54
stereotypical characteristics of blacks in Spanish South America and, 149, 150–51
submission expression and, 186–87, 187–88
suffering characteristics and, 191, 193, 195–96, 196, 197, 199
symbols/symbolism and, 194–95, 195
tobacco/tobacco smoking iconography and, 201, 202–3
travel accounts and, 200–201
Venice and, 27. See also portraits/lives of Europeans in Africa; portraits of European aristocrats/rulers; shackles iconography; slave collar iconography; slave market(s); slaves/slavery, and white image; slave trade
slaves/slavery, and white image: Christian prisoners/slaves in North Africa and, 186–93, 187–89, 191
suffering characteristics and, 204, 206–7
symbols/symbolism and, 130, 131. See also slave market(s); slaves/slavery, and black image
slave trade: overview, xii, xvi–xviii, xxiii
Arabs and, xxii
central Africa/Africans and, xii
Dutch Brazil and, 5, 163, 170–71, 170–73
Europe/Europeans and, xxii
India/Indians and, xvi–xvii
Portugal/Portuguese and, xxii, 143–44, 172, 172–73
slave market in Dutch Brazil and, 170–71, 170–73
South American and, 143–44, 144–45, 146, 172, 172–73
Spanish South American and, 143, 144, 144–45, 146
west Africa/Africans and, xii, xvii. See also slaves/slavery
Smith, William, three men smoking clay pipes, 352–53, 354
social status/hierarchy: artwork creation and, ix
Dutch Brazil and, 173, 177, 362, 362–63, 363
Ethiopians and, xv, xvi
eunuch guards for Ottoman court harem with black image and, 41
skin color and, 2, 220, 221
soldiers/weapons iconography, and black image: overview, 250
baptism of the eunuch narrative and, 287, 290
costumes and customs and, 139, 139, 217, 217–18
Dutch Brazil/African Brazilians and, 159, 160–61, 161, 164
Europe/Europeans and, 250–51, 250–51
Germany/Germans and, 238
Gregory the Moor (saint) and, 303, 304–5
Maurice (saint) and, xv, 302–3, 303
musicians and, 251–52
Netherlands and, 250–51, 250–51
North Africa/Africans and, 139, 139
Ottoman Turks and, 3, 33, 33–34, 34, 34–35
turbaned iconography and, 250–51, 250–51. See also weapons, and black image
Solomon (ruler in Old Testament), xv–xvi. See also Sheba (queen)
Song of Songs (The Song of Solomon), xv–xvi, 264, 301–3
south Africa/Africans: cartography/cartography iconography and, 66, 67–71
costumes and customs and, 66, 67–71, 325–26, 326
gray-skinned iconography and, 66, 67–71
hair and, 66, 67–71
naked/nude black image and, 66, 67–71
skin color as black and, 66, 67–71. See also Hottentots; specific African groups
South America: overview, xxi–xxii, 2–5, 87–88, 143, 146
African diaspora and, xxii, 5
agriculture work by slaves and, 143, 151, 152–53
black officials and, 149
climate theory of complexion and, 398
costumes and customs of American Indians and, 45, 143–44
costumes and customs of black rulers and, 128, 153, 155, 156
Dutch trade/trade routes and, xxii, 5, 156–57, 156–58
facial features of slaves and, 143–44, 144–45, 146, 149, 151, 152–53
free blacks and, 153, 155, 156
grooms with black image and, 143, 144
grooms with European dress and, 143, 144
Maroons and, 153, 155, 156
mine work by slaves and, 143, 144, 144–45, 151
naked/nude image of slaves and, 143–44, 144–45, 146, 151, 152–53
personification of continents and, 77, 78–79, 79, 134, 134–35, 310–11, 311–13, 346
Portugal/African Brazilians and, 172, 172–73
Portuguese slave trade/settlements and, 143–44, 172, 172–73
salvation/Christianization of slaves and, 146, 146–47
skin color as black and, xxii, 3, 13–14, 14–15, 16, 17–18
slaves with black image and, 143, 144, 144–45, 146, 149, 151, 152–53
slave trade and, 143–44, 144–45, 146, 172, 172–73
travel accounts of American Indians and, xxi–xxii, 3, 4, 87–88
Virgin Mary with black image and, 301, 306
white free laborers and, 156–57, 156–58. See also Americas/Americans; Dutch Brazil/African Brazilians, and black image; South American exoticism/opulence iconography, and black image; specific artists
South American exoticism/opulence iconography, and black image: allegorical iconography and, 350, 350–51
costumes and customs and, 334–35, 336–37
Dutch Brazil social order/hierarchy and, 362, 362–63, 363
men with black image and, 338, 338–39, 339
women with white image and, 338, 338–39, 339. See also African exoticism/opulence iconography; Americas/Americans; Dutch Brazil/African Brazilians, and black image; exoticism/opulence iconography; South America; specific artists
Spain/Spanish: baptism/salvation of blacks and, 45
black slaves in Spain and, 46–47, 47
blacks/morenos and, 45, 47
blacks on horseback and, 47, 48–49
converts/conversos and, 45, 47
costume books and, 46–49, 47, 54
costumes and customs and, 46–47, 47, 48–49, 54
domestic iconography with black image and, 232–34
freed blacks and, 232
grooms with black image with explorers from, 143, 144
Inquisition and, 45
Moriscos and, 45, 52–53, 52–53
musicians with black image and, 47, 48–49
pages/attendants with black image and, 54
shackles iconography for black slaves and, 46–47, 47, 54
slaves with black image and, 46–47, 47, 54, 232
trade/trade routes and, 4. See also Mediterranean area; specific artists; specific rulers
Spanish South America: explorations and, xxii, 143, 144, 146, 149, 151
Maroon communities and, 153, 155, 156
salvation/Christianization and, 315
slaves/slavery and, 149, 150–51, 151, 152–53
slaves/slavery revolt and, 153, 154
slave trade and, 143, 144, 144–45, 146
stereotypical characteristics of black slaves and, 149, 150–51
Sri Lanka/Sri Lankans, 20–21, 21–22
stereotypical characteristics, and black image: overview, xii, xix
central Africa/Africans and, 9, 111–12, 112
Dutch Brazil/African Brazilians and, 170–71, 170–73
Ethiopians and, 395
Hottentots and, 99, 99–100
missionary iconography and, 323–24
Portuguese slaves and, 230–32, 231
slaves/slavery in Spanish South America and, 149, 150–51
suffering characteristics and, 191, 193, 195–96, 196, 197, 199
west Africa/Africans and, 95, 96–97, 97, 323–24
stereotypical features, and black image: overview, ix, xi–xiii, xix
Africa/Africans and, 65
African conversion narrative and, 299, costume books and, 50–52, 50–54
cultural relativism and, 395–96, 396
Europe/Europeans and, 41–42, 43, 50–51, 50–51
North American Indians and, 50–51, 50–51
Ottoman Turks and, 50–52, 50–52
Portugal/Portuguese and, 14. See also facial features, and black image; specific facial features
Storer, Johann Cristoph, 316–17, 317–18
submission expression, and black image, 186–87, 187–88
Sweden, 238–39, 238–39, 346
Tacca, Pietro, Monument of the Four Moors, 191, 193, 195–96, 199
tapestries, and black image, xxi–xxii. See also specific artists; specific artworks
Täsfa Seyon, Abba, 214–15, 214–15
Tempesta, Antonio, The Gathering of Pearls…, 338, 338–39, 339
texts, and black image, xvi, 272. See also New Testament; Old Testament
Thevet, André, 25, 124, 124, 158
tobacco/tobacco smoking iconography, and black image: overview, xxi–xxii, xxiv, 353
African exoticism and, 348–49, 349–50, 352–53, 354
blackness/darkness iconography and, 353, 355, 356–57, 357
England/English and, 353, 354–55, 355
Europe/Europeans and, 357, 358
Mediterranean area and, 201, 202–3
Oriental dress and, 201, 202–3
slaves/slavery and, 189, 189, 201, 202–3
West Indies and, 353, 354–55, 355
trade forts/towns: African exoticism/opulence iconography and, 348–49, 349–50
cartography/cartography iconography of Africa and, 60, 65, 80–81, 80–82
central Africa/Africans and, 114–15, 114–15
Dutch Brazil/African Brazilians with black image and, 156, 158, 173, 174–75, 176
Dutch Brazil travel accounts and, 156
Dutch portraits/lives in west Africa and, 4–5, 117, 118, 118–19, 119, 120, 120–21, 156, 158, 173, 174–75, 176
Dutch west African and, 4–5, 117, 118, 118–19, 119, 120, 120–21
Kongolese lives in, 121, 123, 123–24
Portuguese Kongolese and, 121, 123, 123–24
Portuguese west Africans and, 60, 93–94, 94–95, 114–15, 114–15, 117, 118
travel accounts and, 93–94, 94–95, 114–15, 114–15, 156, 158. See also trade/trade routes
trade/trade routes: Asia/Asians and, 3, 26
black image iconography and, xxii
cartography/cartography iconography and, 58, 60, 79, 86
Dutch and, xxii, 4, 5, 105, 156–57, 156–58, 179, 182, 182
Magus narrative with black image and, (270), 270–71
Ottoman Turks and, 3
Portugal/Portuguese and, 3, 4, 26, 105
South America and, xxii, 5, 156–57, 156–58, 179, 182, 182
Spain/Spanish and, 4
Venice/Venetians and, 3, 29, 37. See also trade forts/towns
travel accounts: overview, xxi–xxii, 4, 87–88, 105–8, 115–16
Africa/Africans and, 4, 9, 88, 97, 99–100, 99–100, 158
Americas/Americans and, 5, 9, 88, 97, 151, 152–53, 158
Asia/Asians and, 4, 9, 88, 97, 158
central Africa/Africans and, 4, 9, 111–15, 112–15, 322–23, 323, 325, 328
Dutch Brazil trade forts/towns and, 156, 158
Dutch explorations in Africa and, 97–98, 108, 108–11, 109, 111, 120, 120–21, 156, 158
ethnographic descriptions and, 3, 4
geography and, 101–4, 102–5
Hottentots and, 109, 109–11, 111
India/Indians and, 4, 9, 88, 97, 158
Italian and, 111–13, 112–13
Kongo/Kongolese and, 4, 88–89, 90–96, 92–95
Madagascar and, 100–101, 100–101, 107
Mozambique/Kaffirs and, 98–99, 98–99
Portuguese and, 88–89, 90–96, 93–95, 113–15, 114–15
salvation/Christianization and, 95, 96–97, 97
shackles iconography and, 200–201
slaves/slavery and, 200–201
South America/American Indians and, xxi–xxii, 3, 4, 87–88
trade forts/towns and, 93–94, 94–95, 114–15, 114–15, 156, 158
west Africa/Africans and, 93–95, 94–97, 97, 101–4, 102–5, 108, 108–9, 114–15, 114–15, 156, 158. See also specific artists; specific authors
turbaned iconography: Asia/Asians and, 134
baptism of the eunuch narrative and, 291, 292
domestic iconography with black image and, 234
Ethiopian rulers and, 219–20, 220
eunuchs of Ottoman Turks with black image and, 41–42, 43
exoticism/opulence iconography and, xviii, 335, 366, 377
groom with black image and, 255
Magus narrative with black image and, 267–68, 269, 277, 279, 280, 281–82, 284
missionary iconography and, 325
North Africa/Africans and, 60, 130–35, 132, 287
Ottoman Turk prisoners and, 186, 187
pages/attendants with black image and, 225
Persia/Persians (Orientals) and, 58
saint iconography and, 303
servants/attendants with black image and, xviii
servants in domestic iconography and, 239, 240–41
Virgin of Mercy narrative and, 294, 296
Tuscany/Tuscan maritime power, 183–85, 191, 193, 193, 195, 196, 197. See also Italy/Italians; Venice/Venetians
universalism, ix, xxi, 311
Valckenburgh, Jan, 117, 118, 118–19
Van Campen, Jacob, Triumphal Scene, 364, 365
Van Cleve, Joos, 270–71, 271
Van der Elburcht, Jan, 285, 286–87
Van der Tempel, Abraham, 230, 230–31
Van Doetechum, Johannes Baptista, 98, 98–99
Van Dyke, Anthony, 223, 224–25
Van Heemskerck, Maerten, 272, 273, 287, 288–89
Van Kessel the Elder, Jan: Africa (The Pagan Temple), 348–49, 349–50
America, 350–51, 352
Van Langervelt, Rutger, 114–15, 114–15
Van Linschoten, Jan Huyghen, 4, 99, 99, 350, 352
Van Meurs, Jacob (attrib.), 108–9, 108–11
Van Musscher, Michiel, 121, 122–23, 234
Van Streeck, Juriaen, 239, 240–41, 241
Van Vliet, Jan Joris, 291–92, 292
Vasari, Giorgio, Lorenzo de’ Medici…, 333, 334–35
Vecellio, Cesare, 52–53, 52–53
Venice/Venetians: overview, 3, 27
costumes and customs of blacks and, 3, 29–30, (30–31)
eunuchs’ costumes and customs as representation of black image and, 37, 40, 40–41
exoticism/opulence iconography of the Orient/East and, 29–30, (30–31)
free blacks and, xxii, 3, 27, 29
gondoliers as free blacks and, xxii, 3, 27, 29
Mamluk costumes and customs with black image and, 29–30, (30–31)
Ottoman Turks’ costumes and customs with black image and, 28–29, 29, 37, 40, 40–41
servants/attendants with black image and, 28–29, 29
shipbuilders as free blacks and, 3, 27
slaves/slavery and, 27
trade/trade routes and, 3, 29, 37
travels to Orient/Orientals from, 29, 37. See also Italy/Italians; Mediterranean area; Mediterranean harbor scenes; Tuscany/Tuscan maritime power
Vermeyen, Jan Cornelisz (after style of), xxii, 132, 132
Vertanger, Daniel, 117, 118, 118–19
Victor Amadeo I of Savoy, 244
violent action, and black image, African exoticism/opulence iconography, 339, 341, 342–43
Virgin Mary, and black image, 300–301, 300–303, 306. See also salvation/Christianization
Virgin of Mercy narrative, 294, 296. See also salvation/Christianization
Wagener, Zacharias, 170, 170–73, 172
weapons, and black image: Dutch Brazil/African Brazilians and, 159, 160–61, 161, 164
Kongolese ambassadors and, 165, 165, 169
portraits of African rulers/ambassadors carried by ambassadors and, 165, 165, 169, 217, 218–19, 219, 314
Portugal/Portuguese and, 14. See also hunters/weapons iconography, and black image; soldiers/weapons iconography, and black image
W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research, vii, x, xxi
Weiditz, Christoph, 3, 45, 46–49, 47, 49. See also costume books
Welcker, Johann David, 179, 182, 182
west Africa/Africans: overview, xv, xvii, xviii
ambassadors with black image and, 217, 218–19
animal iconography and, 72–73
artworks created by Africans with white image and, 3, 26
cartography/cartography iconography and, xv, 60, 64, 65–66, 72–73
costumes and customs and, 20–21, 21–22, 24–26, 25–26, 101–4, 102–5, 108, 108–9
Dutch synthesis of accounts of, 108, 108–9
Dutch trade forts/towns and, 4–5, 117, 118, 118–19, 119, 120, 120–21, 156, 158
ethnographic descriptions and, 65–66
facial features and, 104
free blacks/Dutch relations and, 119, 120, 120–21
geography of, 72–73, 101–4, 10–25
hair and, 104, 105
house construction and, 65–66
missionary iconography and, xviii, xxiii–xxiv, 90, 217, 313–15, 314–15, 323–24, 324–25
mixed-race types/Dutch relations and, 119, 120, 120–21
paganism/idolatry and, 102–4, 104–5, 323–24
Portuguese explorations and, 20–21, 21–22, 24–26, 25–26
Portuguese trade forts/towns and, 60, 93–94, 94–95, 114–15, 114–15, 117, 118
slaves with black image and, 22–23, 23, 79
slave trade and, xii, xvii
stereotypical characteristics and, 95, 96–97, 97, 323–24
travel accounts and, 93–95, 94–97, 97, 101–4, 102–5, 108, 108–9, 114–15, 114–15, 156, 158. See also specific African groups; specific ambassadors; specific rulers
Western, use of term, xii–xiii. See also specific European countries/peoples
Western art, and black image, ix, xi, xiii–xv. See also specific countries/peoples
West Indies, 353, 354–55, 355
white image: overview, xiv–xv
Africans and, 3, 64, 67, (72–73)
artworks by Africans and, 3, 26
Ethiopian legendary ruler and, 67
harem women and, 41
slave collar iconography and, 185, 185, 186–89, 187–88
slaves and, 22–23, 23. See also baptism as whitening the soul
whites: blacks’ relations with, viii, xv–xvi, 119, 120, 120–21
Christian prisoners/slaves from North Africa and, 186–89, 187–89, 190–91, 191, 192–93
free laborers in Dutch South America and, 156–57, 156–58
Last Judgment narrative and, 299
use of term, xiv. See also mixed-race types
Weigel, Hans, 34, 50–52, 50–52
Wit, Pieter de, 119, 120, 120–21
woodcuts, and black image, xxi–xxii. See also specific artists; specific artworks
world atlases, 77, 78–79. See also cartography/cartography iconography
world maps, 65, 73, 73–75, 77, 88, 330–31, 330–33. See also cartography/cartography iconography
worldview/place in world, 3, 331–32
wrestlers, and black image, 31, 32–33
Zaga-Christ/Zago-Chrestos (fictitious ruler of Ethiopia), 219–20, 220
Zucchi, Jacopo, Allegory of the Treasures of the Sea, 335, 336–37