Select Bibliography

—, Artists against War and Fascism: Papers of the First American Artists Congress (1936; ed. Matthew Baigell and Julia Williams; New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1986)

Biddle, George, An American Artist’s Story (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1939)

Browder, Earl, Communism in the United States (New York: International Publishers, 1935)

—, The People’s Front (New York: International Publishers, 1938) Brown, Milton W., Painting of the French Revolution (New York: Marxist Critics Group, 1938)

Burck, Jacob, Hunger and Revolt: Cartoons by Burck (New York: Daily Worker, 1935)

Cahill, Holger, Max Weber (New York: Downtown Gallery, 1930)

—, and Barr, Alfred H. (eds), Art in America in Modern Times (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1934)

Charney, George, A Long Journey (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1968)

Cheney, Sheldon, Expressionism in Art (New York: Liveright, 1934)

Cowley, Malcolm, The Dream of the Golden Mountains: Remembering the 1930s (New York: Viking Press, 1980)

Davidson, Jo, Between Sittings: An Informal Autobiography of Jo Davidson (New York: Dial Press, 1951)

Dewey, John, Art as Experience (1934; New York: Perigree, 1980)

Dimitroff [Dimitrov], Georgi, The United Front: The Struggle Against Fascism and War (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1938)

Eastman, Max, Artists in Uniform: A Study of Literature and Bureaucratism (New York: Knopf, 1934)

Ellis, Fred, et al., Red Cartoons from the Daily Worker, the Workers’ Monthly and the Liberator (Chicago: Daily Worker, 1926)

Federal Writers Project, Illinois: A Description and Historical Guide (Chicago: McClurg, 1939)

Finkelstein, Sidney, Art and Society (New York: International Publishers, 1947)

—, Realism in Art (New York: International Publishers, 1954)

Folsom, Michael (ed.), Mike Gold: A Literary Anthology (New York: International Publishers, 1972)

Foster, William Z., Twilight of World Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1949)

Freeman, Joseph, An American Testament: A Narrative of Rebels and Romantics (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1936)

—, Kunitz, Joshua, and Lozowick, Louis, Voices of October: Art and Literature in Soviet Russia (New York: Vanguard Press, 1930)

Gellert, Hugo, Karl Marx’ ‘Capital’ in Lithographs (New York: Ray Long & Richard R. Smith, 1934)

Gillmor, Daniel S (ed.), Speaking of Peace (New York: National Council of Arts, Sciences and Professions, 1949)

Gladkov, Feodor, Cement (1925; New York: International Publishers, 1929)

Gold, Michael, 120 Million (New York: International Publishers, 1929)

Gorky, Maxim, et al., Soviet Writers’ Congress, 1934 (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1977)

Harap, Louis, Social Roots of the Arts (New York: International Publishers, 1949)

Herbst, Joseph, The Starched Blue Sky of Spain and Other Memoirs (New York: Harper, 1992)

Hicks, Granville, The Great Tradition: An Interpretation of American Literature Since the Civil War (1933; New York: International Publishers, 1935)

—, I Like America (New York: Modern Age Books, 1938)

—, et al. (eds), Proletarian Literature in the United States (London: Lawrence and Wishart, nd)

Jerome, Victor J., Culture in a Changing World: A Marxist Approach (New York: New Century Publications, 1947)

Josephson, Matthew, Infidel in the Temple: A Memoir of the Nineteen Thirties (New York: Knopf, 1967)

Kainen, Jacob, ‘Memories of Arshile Gorky’, Arts Magazine 50, no. 7 (March 1976): 96–8

Kunitz, Joshua (ed.), Azure Cities: Stories of New Russia (New York: International Publishers, 1929)

—, Dawn Over Samarkand: The Rebirth of Central Asia (New York: International Publishers, 1936)

Lozowick, Louis, Survivor from a Dead Age: The Memoirs of Louis Lozowick (ed. Virginia Hagelstein Marquardt; Washington, D.C., & London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997)

Lukács, Georg, Essays on Realism (ed. Rodney Livingstone; Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981)

Lunacharsky, Anatoly V., ‘Proletarian Culture’, Survey Graphic 2., no. 6 (March 1923): 691–3

Mitford, Jessica, A Fine Old Conflict (New York: Vintage, 1978)

Paul, Eden and Cedar, Creative Revolution: A Study of Communist Ergatocracy (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1920)

—, Proletcult (Proletarian Culture) (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1921)

Phillips, William, ‘What Happened in the ’30s’, Commentary 34 (September 1962): 204–12

—, A Partisan View: Five Decades of the Literary Life (New York: Stein & Day, 1983)

Public Works of Art Project, Report of the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury to Federal Emergency Relief Administrator, December 8, 1933 – June 30, 1934 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1934)

Rexroth, Kenneth, An Autobiographical Novel (New York: New Directions, 1991)

Robinson, Ione, A Wall to Paint On (New York: Dutton, 1946)

Rosenberg, Harold, The Tradition of the New (New York: Horizon Press, 1959)

Soyer, Raphael, Raphael Soyer (New York: American Artists Group: 1946)

—, Self-Revealment: A Memoir (New York: Random House, 1969)

Trotsky, Leon, Literature and Revolution (tr. Rose Strunsky; New York: International Publishers, 1925)

—, The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going? (1937; New York: Pathfinder, 1972)

Wright, Richard, American Hunger (New York: Harper & Row, 1977)

Zhdanov, Andrei, Essays on Literature, Philosophy and Music (New York: International Publishers, 1950)

Zigrosser, Carl, The Artist in America: Twenty-Four Close-Ups of Contemporary Printmakers (New York: Knopf, 1942)

Secondary Sources

Aaron, Daniel, Writers on the Left: Episodes in American Literary Communism (1961; New York: Columbia University Press, 1992)

Allara, Pamela, Pictures of People: Alice Neel’s American Portrait Gallery (Hanover, N.H., & London: Brandeis University Press, 1998)

Amon Carter Museum, Stuart Davis: Graphic Work and Related Paintings with a Catalogue Raisonné of the Prints (catalogue by Sylvan Cole and James Myers; Fort Worth, Tex., 1986)

Anderson, Perry, ‘The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci’, New Left Review no. 100 (November 1976 – January 1977): 5–70

Badger, Anthony J., The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933–1940 (Basingstoke & London: Macmillan, 1989)

Barnwell, Andrea D., ‘Sojourner Truth or Harriet Tubman?: Charles White’s Depiction of an American Heroine’, in Andrea D. Barnwell et al., The Walter O. Evans Collection of African American Art (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999)

Baur, John I. H., Philip Evergood (New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1960)

Baxandall, Lee, Marxism and Aesthetics: A Selective Annotated Bibliography (New York: Humanities Press, 1973)

Bellknap, Michael, Cold War Political Justice: The Smith Act, the Communist Party, and American Civil Liberties (Westport, Conn. & London: Greenwood Press, 1977)

Bentley, Eric (ed.), Thirty Years of Treason: Excerpts from the Hearings of the House Committee on Un-American Activities, 1938–1968 (New York: Viking Press, 1971)

Berman, Avis, Rebels on Eighth Street: Juliana Force and the Whitney Museum of American Art (New York: Atheneum, 1990)

Berman, Greta, ‘Abstractions for Public Spaces, 1935–1943’, Arts Magazine 56, no. 10 (June 1982): 81–6

Bianco, George D., The Prints of Philip Reisman: A Catalogue Raisonné (New York: Bedford Press, 1992)

Blumberg, Barbara, The New Deal and the Unemployed: The View from New York City (Cranbury, N.J., & London: Associated University Presses, 1979)

Boston University & Bread and Roses, Social Concern and Urban Realism: American Painting of the 1930s (catalogue by Patricia Hills et al.; Boston, 1983)

Brooklyn Museum, Stuart Davis: Art and Art Theory (catalogue by John R. Lane; New York, 1978)

Brown, Milton W., American Painting from the Armory Show to the Depression (Princeton University Press, 1955)

Buhle, Mari Jo, Buhle, Paul, and Georgakas, Dan, Encyclopedia of the American Left (Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992)

Buhle, Paul, ‘Jews and American Communism: The Cultural Question’, Radical History Review no. 23 (spring 1980): 8–33

Caute, David, The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978)

—, The Fellow-Travellers: Intellectual Friends of Communism (2nd ed., New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1988)

Chanin, A. L., Joseph Solman (New York: Crown, 1966)

Clarke, Jeanne Nienaber, Roosevelt’s Warrior: Harold L. Ickes and the New Deal (Baltimore & London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996)

Cochran, Bert, Labor and Communism: The Conflict that Shaped American Unions (Princeton University Press, 1979)

Cohen, Lizabeth, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919–1939 (Cambridge University Press, 1990)

Cohen, Marilyn, Reginald Marsh’s New York: Paintings, Drawings, Prints and Photographs (New York: Whitney Museum & Dover Publications, 1983)

Corris, Michael, ‘The Difficult Freedom of Ad Reinhardt’, in John Roberts (ed.), Art Has No History!: The Making and Unmaking of Modern Art (London & New York: Verso, 1994)

—, ‘Corrected Chronology: Ad Reinhardt and the American Communist Movement, 1936–1950’, PhD thesis, University of London, 1996

Dawley, Alan, Struggles for Justice: Social Responsibility and the Liberal State (Cambridge, Mass., & London: Belknap Press, 1991)

Denning, Michael, The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century (London and New York: Verso, 1996)

Dervaux, Isabelle, ‘The Ten’, Archives of American Art Journal 31, no. 2 (1991): 14–20

Domhoff, G. William, The Power Elite and the State: How Policy is Made in America (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1990)

Doss, Erika, Benton, Pollock, and the Politics of Modernism: From Regionalism to Abstract Expressionism (University of Chicago Press, 1991)

Draper, Theodore, American Communism and Soviet Russia: The Formative Period (1960; New York: Vintage Books, 1986)

Dubofsky, Melvyn, The State and Labor in Modern America (Chapel Hill & London: University of North Carolina Press, 1994)

Edwin A. Ulrich Museum of Art, Harry Sternberg: A Catalogue Raisonné of his Graphic Work (catalogue by James C. Moore; Wichita, Kan.: Wichita State University, 1975)

Fishbein, Leslie, Rebels in Bohemia: The Radicals of the Masses, 1911–1917 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982)

Fitzpatrick, Sheila (ed.), Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928–1931 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984)

Flint, Janet, The Prints of Louis Lozowick: A Catalogue Raisonné (New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1982)

Foley, Barbara, Radical Representations: Politics and Form in U.S. Proletarian Fiction, 1929–1941 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993)

Folsom, Michael, ‘The Education of Michael Gold’, in David Madden (ed.), Proletarian Writers of the Thirties (Carbondale & Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1979)

Fort, Ilene Susan, ‘American Social Surrealism’, Archives of American Art Journal 22, no. 3 (1982): 8–20

Fraser, Steven, Labor Will Rule: Sydney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor (New York & Toronto: Free Press, 1991)

—, and Gerstle, Gary (eds), The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930–1980 (New York & Toronto: Free Press, 1991)

Freedman, Henry, ‘Jack Levine: Painter and Protester’, PhD thesis, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1975

Freundlich, August L., William Gropper: Retrospective (Los Angeles: Ward Ritchie Press in conjunction with Joe and Emily Lowe Art Gallery, University of Miami, 1968)

Fried, Albert, Communism in America: A History in Documents (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997)

Gerstle, Gary, Working-Class Americanism: The Politics of Labor in a Textile City, 1914–1960 (Cambridge University Press, 1991)

Goldfield, Michael, ‘Worker Insurgency, Radical Organization, and New Deal Labor Legislation’, American Political Science Review 83, no. 4 (December 1989): 1257–82

Goodrich, Lloyd, Raphael Soyer (New York: Abrams, 1972)

Gornick, Vivian, The Romance of American Communism (New York: Basic Books, 1977)

Griffith, Robert, and Theoharis, Athan, The Specter: Original Essays on the Cold War and the Origins of McCarthyism (New York: New Viewpoints, 1974)

Haggerty Art Museum, Marquette University, Joe Jones and J. B. Turnbull: Visions of the Midwest in the 1930s (catalogue by Karal Ann Marling; Milwaukee, 1987)

Hallas, Duncan, The Comintern (London: Bookmarks, 1985)

Hamby, Alonzo P., Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism (New York & London: Columbia University Press, 1973)

Harris, Jonathan, Federal Art and National Culture: The Politics of Identity in New Deal America (Cambridge University Press, 1996)

Harrison, Helen A., ‘John Reed Club Artists and the New Deal: Radical Responses to Roosevelt’s “Peaceful Revolution” ’, Prospects 5 (1980): 240–68

Healey, Dorothy, and Isserman, Maurice, Dorothy Healey Remembers: A Life in the American Communist Party (Oxford University Press, 1990)

Hemingway, Andrew, ‘To “Personalize the Rainpipe”: The Critical Mythology of Edward Hopper’, Prospects 17 (1992): 379–404

—, Philip Reisman’s Etchings: Printmaking and Politics in New York, 1926–1933 (London: College Art Collections, University College London, 1996)

—, ‘Middlebrow: For and Against’, Oxford Art Journal 22, no. I (spring 1999): 166–76

Hills, Patricia, ‘Evergood’s American Tragedy: The Poetics of Ugliness, the Politics of Anger’, Arts 54 (February 1980): 138–42

—, Alice Neel (New York: Abrams, 1983)

—, Stuart Davis (New York: Abrams, in Association with the National Museum of American Art, 1996)

—, and Tarbell, Roberta K., The Figurative Tradition and the Whitney Museum (New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1980)

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Raphael Soyer: Sixty-Five Years of Printmaking (catalogue by Frank Gettings; Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982)

Homberger, Eric, American Writers and Radical Politics, 1900–1939 (Basingstoke & London: Macmillan, 1986)

Horne, Gerald, Communist Front? The Civil Rights Congress, 1946–1936 (London & Toronto: Associated University Press, 1988)

Horowitz, Benjamin, Images of Dignity: The Drawings of Charles White (Los Angeles: Ward Ritchie Press, 1967)

Howe, Irving, and Coser, Lewis, The American Communist Party: A Critical History (1919–1957) (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957)

Hurlburt, Laurance P, The Mexican Muralists in the United States (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1989)

Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, Jack Levine (Boston, 1955)

Isserman, Maurice, Which Side Were You On? The American Communist Party During the Second World War (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1982)

—, If I Had a Hammer … : The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left (New York: Basic Books, 1987)

Jachec, Nancy, “‘The Space Between Art and Political Action”: Abstract Expressionism and Ethical Choice in Postwar America 1945–50’, Oxford Art Journal 14, no. 2 (1991): 18–29

Jeffers, Wendy, ‘Holger Cahill and American Art’, Archives of American Art Journal 31, no. 4 (1991): 2–10

Jewish Museum, Jack Levine: Retrospective Exhibition: Paintings, Drawings, Graphics (catalogue by Kenneth W. Prescott; New York, 1978)

—, Painting a Place in America: Jewish Artists in New York, 1900–1945 (catalogue by Norman L. Keeblatt, Susan Chevlowe, et al.; New York, 1991)

Johanningsmeier, Edward P., Forging American Communism: The Life of William Z. Foster (Princeton University Press, 1994)

Kammen, Michael, Robert Gwathmey: The Life and Art of a Passionate Observer (Chapel Hill & London: University of North Carolina Press, 1999)

Kelder, Diane (ed.), Stuart Davis (New York: Praeger, 1971)

Kelley, Robin D. G., Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists During the Great Depression (Durham, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1990)

Kirschke, Amy Helene, Aaron Douglas: Art, Race, and the Harlem Renaissance (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1995)

Klehr, Harvey, The Heyday of American Communism (New York: Basic Books, 1984)

—, Haynes, John Earl, and Firsov, Fridrikh Igorevich, The Secret World of American Communism (New Haven & Fondon: Yale University Press, 1995)

—, —, and Anderson, Kyril M., The Soviet World of American Communism (New Haven & Fondon: Yale University Press, 1998)

Krueger, T. A., and Gidden, W., The New Deal Intellectual Elite: A Collective Portrait’, in Frederic Cople Jaher (ed.), The Rich, the Well Born and the Powerful (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973), 338–78

Kumamoto Prefectural Museum of Art, Hideo Benjamin Noda and Chuzo Tamotzu (ed. Ryouchi Furuie; Kumamoto, Japan, 1992)

Kuspit, Donald, ‘Philip Evergood’s Social Realism’, MA thesis, Pennsylvania State University, 1964

Kutulas, Judy, The Long War: The Intellectual People’s Front and Anti-Stalinism, 1930–1940 (Durham, N.C., & London: Duke University Press, 1995)

Lane, John R., and Larsen, Susan C. (eds), Abstract Painting and Sculpture in America 1927–1944 (Pittsburgh: Museum of Art, Carnegie Institute, 1983)

Langa, Helen, ‘Modernism and Modernity During the New Deal Era: New York Printmakers, Social Themes, and Stylistic Innovations’, Southwestern College Art Conference Review 12, no. 4 (1994): 273–83

Lee, Anthony, Painting on the Left: Diego Rivera, Radical Politics, and San Francisco’s Public Murals (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999)

Leffler, Melvyn P., A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford University Press, 1992)

Leja, Michael, Reframing Abstract Expressionism: Subjectivity and Painting in the 1940s (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1993)

Levine, Jack, Jack Levine (ed. Stephen Robert Frankel; New York: Rizzoli, 1989)

Lipsitz, George, Rainbow at Midnight: Labor and Culture in the 1940s (Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994)

Look, David W., and Perrault, Carol L., The Interior Building and its Architecture (Washington, D.C.: us Department of Interior, National Park Service, Preservation Assistance Division, 1986)

Lumsdaine, Jocelyn P., and O’Sullivan, Thomas, The Prints of Adolf Dehn: A Catalogue Raisonné (Saint Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1987)

McCoy, Garnett, ‘The Rise and Fall of the American Artists’ Congress’, Prospects 15 (1990): 283–97

[McCoy, Garnett], ‘Elizabeth McCausland, Critic and Idealist’, Archives of American Art Journal 2, no. 2 (1966): 16–20

McDonald, William F., Federal Relief Administration and the Arts (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1969)

McKinzie, Richard D., The New Deal for Artists (Princeton University Press, 1973)

Jerre Mangione, The Dream and the Deal: The Federal Writers Project, 1935–1943 (Boston & Toronto: Little, Brown, 1972)

Markowitz, Norman D., The Rise and Fall of the People’s Century: Henry A. Wallace and American Liberalism 1941–1948 (New York & London: Free Press, 1973)

Marquardt, Virginia Hagelstein, ‘Louis Lozowick: Development from Machine Aesthetic to Social Realism, 1922–1936’, PhD thesis, University of Maryland, 1983

—, ‘The American Artists School: Radical Heritage and Social Content Art’, Archives of American Art Journal 26, no. 4 (1986): 17–23

—, ‘New Masses and John Reed Club Artists, 1926–1936: Evolution of Ideology, Subject Matter, and Style’, Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts no. 12 (spring 1989): 56–75

—, ‘Art on the Political Front in America: From The Liberator to Art Front’, Art Journal 52, no. I (spring 1993): 72–81

Marx, Karl, and Engels, Friedrich, On Literature and Art (ed. Stefan Morawski and Lee Baxandall; New York: International General, 1973)

Mathewson, Rufus, ‘The First Writers’ Congress: A Second Look’, in Max Hayward and Leopold Labedz (eds), Literature and Revolution in Soviet Russia, 1917–62 (London, New York & Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1963)

Matthews, Jane de Hart, ‘Arts and the People: The New Deal Quest for a Cultural Democracy’, Journal of American History 62, no. 2 (September 1975): 316–39

Mavigliano, George J., and Lawson, Richard A., The Federal Art Project in Illinois, 1935–1943 (Carbondale & Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1990)

Medvedev, Roy A., Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism (New York: Knopf, 1971)

Melosh, Barbara, Engendering Culture: Manhood and Womanhood in New Deal Public Art and Theater (Washington, D.C., & London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991)

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Stuart Davis: American Painter (catalogue by Lowery Stokes Sims, with essays by William C. Agee et al.; New York, 1991)

Miliband, Ralph, The State in Capitalist Society (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969)

Mills, C. Wright, ‘The Cultural Apparatus’, in Power, Politics, and People: The Collected Essays of C. Wright Mills (ed. Irving Louis Horowitz; London: Oxford University Press, 1967), 405–22

Milton, David, The Politics of U.S. Labor: From the Great Depression to the New Deal (New York & London: Monthly Review Press, 1982)

Mishler, Paul C., Raising Reds: The Young Pioneers, Radical Summer Camps, and Communist Political Culture in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999)

Monroe, Gerald M., ‘The Artists Union of New York’, DEd. thesis, New York University, 1971

—, ‘Art Front’, Archives of American Art Journal 13, no. 3 (1973): 16–17

—, ‘Artists as Militant Trade Union Workers During the Great Depression’, Archives of American Art Journal 17, no. I (1974): 7–10

—, ‘The American Artists’ Congress and the Invasion of Finland’, Archives of American Art Journal 15, no. I (1975): 14–20

—, ‘The ’30s: Art, Ideology and the WPA’, Art in America 63 (November/December 1975): 64–7

—, ‘Mural Burning by the New York City WPA’, Archives of American Art Journal 16, no. 3 (1976): 8–11

—, ‘Artists on the Barricades: The Militant Artists Union Treats with the New Deal’, Archives of American Art Journal 18, no. 3 (1978): 20–23

Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, Advancing American Art: Politics and Aesthetics in the State Department Exhibition, 1946–48 (catalogue by Margaret Lynne Ausfeld and Virginia M. Mecklenburg; Montgomery, Alabama, 1984)

Mullen, Bill V., Popular Fronts: Chicago and African-American Cultural Politics, 1935–46 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999)

Murphy, F. James, The Proletarian Moment: The Controversy over Leftism in Literature (Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1991)

Museum of Modern Art, Wakayama, Japan in America: Eitaro Ishigaki and Other Japanese Artists in the Pre-World War II United States (ed. Masahiro Yasugi; 1997)

Naison, Mark, Communists in Harlem During the Depression (New York: Grove Press, 1985)

National Collection of Fine Arts and Whitney Museum of American Art, Jan Matulka, 1890–1972 (catalogue by Patterson Sims and Mary A. Foresta; Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1980)

National Museum of American Art, Jacob Kainen (catalogue by Walter Hopps, William C. Agee and Avis Berman; Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1993)

Naumann, Francis M., and Avrich, Paul, ‘Adolf Wolff: “Poet, Sculptor and Revolutionist, but Mostly Revolutionist” ’, Art Bulletin 68, no. 3 (September 1985): 486–500

Nekola, Charlotte, and Rabinowitz, Paula (eds), Writing Red: An Anthology of American Women Writers, 1939–1940 (New York: Feminist Press, 1987)

Nesbett, Peter T., and DuBois, Michelle, Jacob Lawrence: Paintings, Drawings and Murals (1935–1999): A Catalogue Raisonné, and (eds), Over the Line: The Art and Life of Jacob Lawrence (Seattle & London: University of Washington Press in association with the Jacob Lawrence Catalogue Raisonné Project, 2000)

O’Connor, Francis V. (ed.), The New Deal Art Projects: An Anthology of Memoirs (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1972)

—, Art for the Millions (Greenwich, Conn.: New York Graphic Society, 1973)

Oles, James, et al., South of the Border: Mexico in the American Imagination, 1914–1947 (Washington, D.C., & London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993)

Ottanelli, Fraser, M., The Communist Party of the United States: From the Depression to World War II (New Brunswick, N.J., & London: Rutgers University Press, 1991)

Park, Marlene, ‘Lynching and Antilynching: Art and Politics in the 1930s’, Prospects 18 (1993): 311–65

—, and Markowitz, Gerald E., New Deal for Art: The Government Art Projects of the 1930s with Examples from New York City and State (Hamilton, N.Y.: Gallery Association of New York State, 1977)

—, Democratic Vistas: Post Offices and Public Art in the New Deal (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984)

Peck, David, ‘ “The Tradition of American Revolutionary Literature”’: The Monthly New Masses, 1926–1933’, Science and Society 42, no. 2 (winter 1978–9): 385–409

Pells, Richard H., Radical Visions and American Dreams: Culture and Social Thought in the Depression Years (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1984)

Pennigar, Martha, The Graphic Work of George Biddle, with Catalogue Raisonné (Washington, D.C.: Corcoran Gallery of Art, 1979)

Rabinowitz, Paula, Labor and Desire: Women’s Revolutionary Fiction in Depression America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991)

Robinson, William H., and Steinberg, David (eds), Transformations in Cleveland Art, 1796–1946: Community and Diversity in Early Modern America (Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1996)

Rodman, Selden, Conversations with Artists (New York: Devin-Adair, 1957)

Rose Art Museum, Brandeis University, Mitchell Siporin: A Retrospective (catalogue by Carl Belz; Waltham, Mass., 1976)

Rutgers University Art Gallery, Surrealism and American Art, 1931–1947 (catalogue by Jeffrey Wechsler, with Jack J. Spector; New Brunswick, N.J., 1977)

—, O. Louis Guglielmi: A Retrospective Exhibition (catalogue by John Baker; New Brunswick, N.J., 1980)

—, Realism and Realities: The Other Side of American Painting, 1940–1960 (catalogue by Greta Berman and Jeffrey Wechsler; New Brunswick, N.J., 1982)

Sasowsky, Norman, The Prints of Reginald Marsh (New York: Clarkson Potter, 1976)

Schrecker, Ellen W., No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities (New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986)

—, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1998)

Schwartz, Lawrence, Marxism and Culture: The CPUS A and Aesthetics in the 1930s (Port Washington: Kenikat Press, 1980)

Seaton, Elizabeth Gaede, ‘Federal Prints and Democratic Culture: The Graphic Arts Division of the Works Progress Administration Federal Art Project, 1935–1943’, PhD thesis, Northwestern University, 2000

Shaffer, Robert, ‘Women and the Communist Party, U.S.A., 1930–1940’, Socialist Review no. 9 (May–June 1979): 73–118

Shapiro, David (ed.), Social Realism: Art as a Weapon (New York: Ungar, 1973)

Smith, Terry, Making the Modern: Industry, Art, and Design in America (Chicago & London: Chicago University Press, 1993)

Sordoni Art Gallery, Wilkes University, Between Heaven and Hell: Union Square in the 1930s (catalogue by Stanley I. Grand et al.; Wilkes-Barre, Penn., 1996)

Starobin, Joseph, American Communism in Crisis, 1943–1957 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972)

Stern, Robert A. M., Gilmartin, Gregory, Mellins, Thomas, et al., New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars (New York: Rizzoli, 1994)

Studio Museum in Harlem, Images of Dignity: A Retrospective of the Works of Charles White (catalogue by Peter Clothier; New York, 1982)

Sullivan, Patricia, Days of Hope: Race and Democracy in the New Deal Era (Chapel Hill & London: University of North Carolina Press, 1996)

Taylor, Brandon, Art and Literature under the Bolsheviks (2 vols; London & Concord, Mass.: Pluto Press, 1991, 1992)

Taylor, Kendall, Philip Evergood: Never Separate from the Heart (London & Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1987)

Todd, Ellen Wiley, The ‘New Woman’ Revised: Painting and Gender Politics on Fourteenth Street (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993)

Tucker, Robert C. (ed.), Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation (New York & London: Norton, 1977)

Turner, Elizabeth Hutton (ed.), Jacob Lawrence: The Migration Series (Washington, D.C.: Rappahannock Press in association with the Phillips Collection, 1993)

Tyler, Francine, ‘Artists Respond to the Great Depression and the Threat of Fascism: The New York Artists’ Union and its Magazine Art Front (1934–1937)’, PhD thesis, New York University, 1991

University Gallery, University of Minnesota, Walter Quirt: A Retrospective (catalogue by Mary Towley Swanson; Minneapolis, 1980)

Vassar College Art Gallery, Alton Pickens: Paintings, Prints, Sculpture (catalogue by Peter Morrin; Poughkeepsie, N.Y, 1977)

Wald, Alan M., The New York Intellectuals: The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s (Chapel Hill & London: University of North Carolina Press, 1987)

Wechsler, James, ‘The Great Depression and the Prints of Blanche Grambs’, Print Quarterly 13, no. 4 (1996): 376–96

Weinstein, Allen, Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case (New York: Knopf, 1978)

Weinstein, Andrew, ‘From International Socialism to Jewish Nationalism: The John Reed Club Gift to Birobidzhan’, in Baigell, Matthew and Heyd, Milly (eds), Complex Identities: Jewish Consciousness and Modern Art (New Brunswick, N.J. & London: Rutgers University Press, 2001), 142–61

Wheat, Ellen Harkins, Jacob Lawrence: American Painter (Seattle & London: University of Washington Press, 1986)

[White, Charles], Freedomways 20, no. 2 (1980) (Charles White commemorative issue)

Whitney Museum of American Art, Alice Neel (catalogue by Elke Moyer Solomon; New York, 1974)

Wichita Art Museum, Edward Laning, American Realist 1906–1981: A Retrospective Exhibition (catalogue by Howard E. Wooden; Wichita, Kan., 1982)

—, American Art of the Great Depression: Two Sides of the Coin (catalogue by Howard E. Wooden; Wichita, Kan., 1985)

Wilcox, Leonard, V. F. Calverton: Radical in the American Grain (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992)

Wixson, Douglas, Worker-Writer in America: Jack Conroy and the Tradition of Midwestern Literary Radicalism, 1898–1990 (Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994)

Wolfe, Bertram D., Diego Rivera: His Life and Times (New York & London: Knopf, 1939)

Wolff, Theodore E, et al., Joseph Solman (New York: Da Capo, 1995)

Yoneda, Karl G., Ganbatte: Sixty-Year Struggle of a Kibei Worker (Los Angeles: Asian American Studies Center, UCLA, 1983)

Zurrier, Rebecca, Art for The Masses: A Radical Magazine and its Graphics, 1911–191J (New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery, 1985)

Manuscript Sources

Ault, Louise, ‘George Ault: A Biography’ (Artist’s File, Smithsonian American Art Museum)

Cahill, Holger, ‘The Reminiscences of Holger Cahill’ (1957; Columbia Oral History Collection, Columbia University, New York)

Leff, Mara, ‘History of the NY Chapter of AEA, 1949–59’ (Artists Equity Association, New York)

Papers of the Following Individuals and Institutions:

ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART (AAA):

ACA Gallery

Victor Arnautoff

Phil Bard

George Biddle

Byron Browne

Edward Bruce

Holger Cahill

Stuart Davis

Downtown Gallery

Fred Ellis

Philip Evergood

Hugo Gellert

Harry Gottlieb

O. Louis Guglielmi

Robert Gwathmey

Jacob Kainen

Charles Keller

Rockwell Kent

Daniel Koerner

Jack Levine

Louis Lozowick

Elizabeth McCausland

Reginald Marsh

Alice Neel

Elizabeth Olds

Walter Quirt

Anton Refregier

Mitchell Siporin

Moses Soyer

Raphael Soyer

Lynd Ward

Charles White

Bernard Zakheim

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY (CU):

Joseph Freeman

Joshua Kunitz

CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY:

Raphael Soyer

HARVARD UNIVERSITY (HU):

Stuart Davis (Houghton Library)

Harlow Shapley (University Archive)

HOOVER INSTITUTION, STANFORD UNIVERSITY (HI):

Joseph Freeman

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS:

Jo Davidson

MISSOURI HISTORICAL SOCIETY (MHS):

Dr John Green

NATIONAL ARCHIVES, WASHINGTON, D.C. (NARA):

RG121, RG69 (also RG121 in New York Office)

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY (SU):

Aaron Bohrod

William Gropper

Abraham Harriton

Jacob Lawrence

Louis Lozowick

Edward Millman

Philip Reisman

Anthony Toney

Clifford Wight

WOODSTOCK ARTISTS ASSOCIATION:

Lucile Blanch

Edward Millman

James Turnbull

YALE UNIVERSITY (YU):

Charles Humboldt

Victor J. Jerome

Author’s Interviews with:

Lloyd Brown, 4 July 1992, 5 July 1992 (telephone conversations)

Bernarda Bryson, 27 November 1996

Louis Harap, 2 December 1993

Jacob Kainen, 8 October 1993

Charles Keller, 23 June 1992

Jack Levine, 1 September 1992

Annette Rubinstein, 26 August 1992

Meyer Schapiro, 24 May 1992, 4 August 1992, 18 August 1993

Joseph Solman, 13 December 1991, 12 March 1992, 13 November 1996

Harry Sternberg, 3 December 1996 (telephone conversation)

Anthony Toney, 20 July 1992

FBI Files of:

Philip Evergood

Robert Gwathmey

Charles Keller

Alice Neel

Raphael Soyer

Charles White

Next chapter

Base text size -

Chapter images ()