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Description: Artists on the Left: American Artists and the Communist Movement 1926–1956
Index
PublisherYale University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00025.020
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Index
Abelman, Ida, 131–2, 153
My Father ReminiscesAliara, Pamela, 249 (fig. 99), 131–2
Abramowitz, Albert, 48
abstract art, 30, 45–6, 112, 115, 117, 121, 128, 129, 174–6, 179, 181, 204, 209–11, 216–17, 223, 225, 226, 227, 238, 271, 272
Abstract Expressionism, 2, 210, 216, 217, 218–19, 222, 226, 237, 238, 239, 240, 281
ACA Gallery, 36, 98, 116, 119, 123, 126, 130, 136–44, 157, 204–5, 226, 227, 233,238, 244, 246, 247, 262, 265
EXHIBITIONS
Evergood, 218, 227
Gottlieb, 185, 186
Gropper, 138, 139
Gwathmey, 274
Joe Jones, 37, 137–8
John Reed Club, 47–51, 64
Midwestern Artists, 110–12
New York Group, 181
1938: Dedicated to the New Deal, 136
Olds, 184
Social Scene, 70–71
Toney, 271, 272
Addams, Jane, 160, 165, 172
Adorno, Theodor W., 207
Advancing American Art exhibition, 197, 198, 200
Agee, James, 109
Agricultural Adjustment Act, 75, 77
Ajay, Abe, on cartoons, 106
I Fear His Holiness (fig. 77), 106
AKhRR (Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia), 25
Albright, Ivan, 123, 218, 233
Albro, Maxine, 96
Alexander, Stephen, 41, 42, 117, 289 n. 12
on Benton, 30
on Burck, 33–4
on Gropper, 139
on Jones, 36–8
on Orozco, 28
reviews in New Masses, 26, 30–31, 33–8, 42, 64, 65
on Rivera, 28
on Surrealism, 42
on Wood, 30–31
Algren, Nelson, 172
Somebody in Boots, 73
AllAlston, Charles H., 264 ara, Pamela, 249
Alsberg, Henry, 148
Alston, Charles H., 264
Altgeld, Governor John P, 165
Altman, Nathan Isaevich, 26
Amen, Irving, 194
American Abstract Artists (AAA), 117, 215–16
American Advertising Guild, 194
American Artists’ Congress (AAC), 46, 89, 99, 112, 117, 119, 123–30, 133, 140, 153, 177, 192, 200, 204, 269
‘Call’ for, 123, 133, 159, 181, 182, 199, 305 n. 7
communists in, 124
congresses 124, 125, 129, 169, 192
demise of, 192
exhibitions 110, 112, 125–30, 274
membership, 124
American Artists School, 24, 123, 132–3, 140, 182, 264
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 260
American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky, 152
American Contemporary Art, 204, 278
American Federation of Arts, 82
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 76, 86, 93, 134, 149, 150, 160, 161
American Labor Party (ALP), 104, 191, 193, 211, 262
American League Against War and Fascism, 104, 115
American Legion, 201
American Liberty League, 77, 81
American Negro Exposition (1940), 260, 265
American Society of Painters, Sculptors and Engravers, 124
American Writers’ Congress see League of American Writers
Americans for Democratic Action, 197
An American Group, Inc., 112, 123, 130, 133–6
Anderson, Edith, 224
Anderson, Marian, 81, 173, 261
Anderson, Sherwood, 7, 8
Anthony, Susan B., 172
anti-Stalinist left, 125, 199
Appel, Karl, 239
Aptheker, Herbert, 213, 214, 331 n. 202
Aragon, Louis, 114
Archipenko, Alexander, 145
Armory Show, 30, 45
Arms, John Taylor, 199
Arnault, Charles, ‘Painting and Dialectics’, 212
Arnautoff, Victor, 93–5, 153
City Life (fig. 65), 94–5, 94, 98
Art Digest, 239, 240, 270
Art Forum, 39, 85
Art Front, 39–46, 75, 87–8, 104–5, 112, 113–16, 131, 132, 133, 139, 144, 149, 150, 153, 176, 177, 204
demise of, 116
political orientation of, 41
women and, 39
Art News, 203, 225, 227, 230, 231, 233, 238–9, 239–40, 248, 254, 269, 275
and the Cold War, 330–31n. 176
Art Students for Peace, 252
Art Students League, 33, 40, 55, 172, 182, 261
Artist Associates, 192
Artists Committee of Action, 64, 86
Artists’ Council, 85
Artists Equity Association (AEA), 195, 199–201, 204, 252, 269
communists in, 199, 200–01
defends Rincon murals, 202–3
Artists for Victory, 193, 194, 227, 252, 266, 317 n. 16
Artists for Wallace, 198
Artists’ Gallery, 271
Artists League of America (ALA), 192–4 196, 199, 269
Artists’ Union, 45, 64, 75, 85–8, 93, 99, 112, 117, 123, 124, 133, 140, 143, 147, 149–50, 153, 169, 182, 186, 248
and Art Front, 39, 41, 116
and WPA FAP, 169
in Boston, 252
in Chicago, 130, 159, 169
communists in, 86, 169
constitution of, 86
demise of, 192
exhibitions of, 130
in Philadelphia, 269, 274
Public Use of Art Committee, 130–32, 150, 182, 186
in San Francisco, 88, 93
Unemployed Artists’ Group and, 75, 85
United American Artists (UAA), 86, 132, 192
United American Printmakers, 132
United American Sculptors, 145
in Woodstock, 185
Arts, The, 68, 69, 82, 84
Arts Magazine, 231, 243, 247
Asch, Nathan, 8
Ashcan School, 1, 55, 69, 222, 224, 240, 243
Ashton, Dore, 205
Associated American Artists’ Gallery, 134
Attucks, Crispus, 261
Auden, W. H., 248
Ault, George, 123, 134
Avery, Milton, 193, 198
Babel, Isaac, 12
Bacon, Francis, 239
Bacon, Peggy, 63
Baigell, Matthew, 124, 125
Bailey, Willian C. ‘Buster’, 212
Baker, John, 179
Balzac, Honoré de, 247
Bannarn, Henry, 264
Banta, Edward, 148
Barbusse, Henri, 8, 33
Bard, Phil, 11, 19, 33, 48, 50, 56, 85, 186, 227
Aftermath (fig. 148), 185, 186
cover to New Masses (fig. 9), 16
Daily Worker murals, 50
For Refusing to Starve, 50
“So I’m Yellah, Am I?” (fig. 31), 50, 51
Barnet, Will, 182
Barns, Cornelia, 8
Baron, Ella, 47, 205
Baron, Herman, 36, 39, 47–8, 50–51, 124, 125, 126, 136, 137, 140, 204–5
Barr, Alfred H., 240
Barr, Norman, 192, 193
Barrett, Frances, 263
Bartok, Béla, 219
Barton, Clara, 172
Bates, Ralph, 108
Baum, Mark, 48, 49
Baur, John I. H., 143, 144, 231
Bearden, Romare, 226
Bechet, Sidney, 212
Becker, Johannes, 8
Becker, Maurice, 8, 52, 89, 192, 248
Beckham, Sue Bridwell, 158, 159
Beckmann, Max, 228, 233, 235, 248, 253
Beeching, Jack, 224
Beiderbecke, Leon ‘Bix’, 220
Bel Geddes, Norman, 123, 201
Bell, Thomas, 214
Benjamin, Herbert, 148
Benjamin, Walter, 2
Benn, Ben, 178
Bennet, Gwendolyn, 264
Ben-Shmuel, Aaron, 153
Benson, E. M., 144, 169, 170, 177
Benton, Thomas Hart, 30, 33, 38, 42, 52, 58, 59, 66, 82, 120, 139, 160, 290 n. 34, 313n.94
Cultural and Industrial History ofIndiana (fig. 14), 30–31, 31
Engineer’s Dream (fig. 33), 52
Social History of the State of Missouri (fig. 128), 168, 168
Whitney Museum murals, 52
Ben-Zion, 114–15, 117–18, 198, 214, 218, 304 n. 59
Glory of War (fig. 85), 118
In the Barn, 128
Job, 118
Lynching, 115
Prophet Among the Ruins (fig. 162), 218, 218
The Well, 115
Berger, John, 224, 280
Berman, Sara, 21, 63–4, 248
drawing by (fig. 48), 64
Bevin, Ernest, 235
Biddle, George, 60, 65, 80, 82–4, 121, 123, 125, 126, 153
Death on the Plains (fig. 101), 136, 137
Sacco and Vanzetti: In Memoriam, 70
Starvation (fig. 44), 60, 60
Tom Mooney, 60
Biel, Joseph, 48, 89
Billings, Henry, 123
Arrest, No. 2 (fig. 92), 127, 127
Bingham, George Caleb, 38
Bishop, Isabel, 52, 53, 59, 133, 239
Fourteenth Street (fig. 34), 52, 53, 56
Blanch, Arnold, 12, 62, 138
Blitzstein, Marc, 252
Bloch, Julius, 70, 177
Prisoner (fig. 73), 100, 100
Young Worker (fig. 69), 97–8, 98, 301 n. 102
Block, Lou, 87
Block, Paul, 131
Bloom, Hyman, 252
Bloor, Ella Reeve, 39
Blume, Peter, 198, 233
Eternal City (fig. 86), 118, 119, 145
South of Scranton, 42
The Rock, 218
Blythe, David, 72
Bogdanov, Alexander, 14
Bohrod, Aaron, 172
Bolotowsky, Ilya, 125, 128, 129, 134, 175, 176
Sweatshop (fig. 82), 114, 115, 117
Bonestell Gallery, 244
Bonosky, Philip, 213, 249, 329 n. 124
Bonus Army, 75
Boone, Daniel, 167
Bosch, Hieronymous, 222
Boswell, Peyton, Jr, 119
Botkin, B. A., 160
Bourke-White, Margaret, 123
Boyer, Charles, 212
Brancusi, Constantin, 209
Braque, Georges, 209
Brecht, Bertolt, 115, 253–4, 258, 272
Die Dreigroschenoper, 253–4
Brennan, Francis, 194
Brenner, Anita, 28, 58, 82
Breton, André, 42
Bridges, Harry, 93, 202
Brinton, Christian, 26
Britton, Edgar, 159, 160, 171–2, 176
Decatur Post Office murals (figs 121–2), 163, 164–5
Epochs in the History of Man (fig. 129), 171, 171
study for Work of the Petroleum Division (fig. 114), 156, 157
Work of the Petroleum Division (fig. 113), 156, 176
Brook, Alexander, 69, 82, 126
Brooklyn Eagle, 97
Brooks, Van Wyck, 8
Broun, Heywood, 123
Browder, Earl, 8, 49, 76, 77, 103, 104, 134, 207, 208
on New Masses, 20, 107
Browderism, 121, 207, 208, 213
Brown, John, 168, 263, 265
Brown, Lloyd, 213, 214
Brown, Milton W., 140, 209, 227
and Marxist Critics Group, 113
Browne, Byron, 128, 129, 146, 175, 176, 217, 230, 247
Browne, Rosalind, 247
Bruce, Edward, 78, 79, 80–81, 82–4, 88, 90, 96, 97, 149, 150, 151, 153
Industry (fig. 58), 81, 81
Pear Tree, 80
Savoie Farm, 80
Brücke, die, 115, 116
Brueghel, Pieter the Elder, 141, 219, 228
Bryson, Bernarda, 21, 60, 63, 85, 86, 88, 295 n. 52
Bukharin, Nicolai, 95, 295 n. 36
Burchfield, Charles, 30, 82, 239
Burck, Jacob, 8, 11, 31, 33–4, 36, 39, 47, 48, 51, 55, 59, 65, 72, 105, 126, 153, 226, 310 n. 38
Death of a Communist (fig. 18), 33, 34
Hunger and Revolt (fig. 16), 31–3, 32
New Deal, 33, 36
socialist construction murals (fig. 19), 33, 34
The Lord Provides (fig. 54), 70, 70
Bürger, Peter, 281, 335 n. 4
Bürger, William Thor, 215–6, 217, 218, 251
Burke, Kenneth, 48
Burlew, E. K., 156
Burliuk, David, 193
Burnshaw, Stanley, 226
Cadmus, Paul, 65, 70, 123, 133, 144, 198, 308 n. 99
The Fleet’s In, 97
Cagney, James, 195
Cahill, Holger, 30, 40, 79, 81, 84, 124, 150, 151–3, 169, 176, 310 n. 28
Calder, Alexander, 123
Caldwell, Erskine, 7
Calmer, Alan, 23, 24
Calverton, V. E, 12, 19, 27, 55
Campbell, Lawrence, 272–3
Cantor, Eddie, 195
Carver, George Washington, 173
Cassatt, Mary, 184
Catlett, Elizabeth, 211, 261, 266, 332 n. 209, 334 n. 273
Cézanne, Paul, 43, 45, 121, 141, 219, 222
Chagall, Marc, 228, 248
Chamberlain, Neville, 116
Chaney, Ruth, 186
Charney, George, 209
Chase, Stuart, 8
Chicago, 22, 124, 130, 142, 171–4
Art Institute of, 172, 256, 260
Chicago Defender, 173
Chicago Sunday Bee, 173
Chicago Tribune, 172
Childress, Alice, 248, 260
Chirico, Giorgio de, 109, 116, 246
Cikovsky, Nicolai, 56, 60, 68, 69, 71, 89–90, 130, 134, 153, 156, 193, 198;
On the East River (fig. 55), 70, 70
Onion Square – During the Period of the Depression (fig. 59), 89–90, 89, 98, 99
“We Want Bread!” (fig. 41), 58, 58, 69
Civil Rights Congress (CRC), 247, 260, 268
We Charge Genocide, 260
Civil Works Administration (CWA), 78, 84, 161
Civil Works Service (cws), 78, 86
Civilian Conservation Corps (ccc), 75, 76
Clements, Grace, 43, 292 n. 85
Clothier, Peter, 262
Coates, Robert, 231
Coffee, Rep. John, 124
Coffee Bill, 150
Coffee-Pepper Bill, 148
Coit Tower murals, 89, 92–7
Cold War, 191, 197, 199, 201, 204, 207, 221, 238, 239, 254, 260, 280
Coleman, Glenn, 8, 52
College Art Association (CAA), 85, 86
Cominform, 221
Comintern (Communist International), 103, 121, 123, 260
Sixth World Congress (1928), 13
Seventh World Congress (1935), 77, 103, 123
Committee for Cultural Freedom, 125
Committee for the Negro in the Arts, 260
Committee to Abolish the Un-American Committee, 193
Communist, The, 104, 150
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 4
xxth Congress of, 223, 224
Communist Party (USA), 3–4, 7–8, 116, 134, 188, 191, 197, 198, 199, 204, 205, 209, 224
and African Americans, 35–6, 64, 90–92, 99–100, 134, 172–3, 226, 230, 260–69, 274, 278, 296 n. 60
critique of mass culture, 207, 214, 220, 221, 257–8
cultural policy, 20, 46
Democratic Front, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 113, 114, 120, 130, 136, 138, 145, 152, 157, 169, 173, 176, 182, 192, 196, 198, 201, 202, 207, 219, 220, 222, 225, 269
dissolves itself, 191
and federal art programmes, 149–50, 169
and jazz, 13, 176, 285 n. 27
and Jews, 21, 65, 118, 221, 225, 235, 287 n. 73, 323 n. 78
membership, 7, 104, 224, 319 n. 63
and New Deal, 30, 75–7, 84–5, 119, 136–7, 157, 191
People’s Front, 103, 105, 109, 120
Popular Front, 77, 97, 103–5, 113, 116–7, 121, 123, 141, 165, 200, 227, 252, 279
and Puerto Ricans, 248
Third Period line, 13, 120, 183, 207, 279
USSR, vision of, 16–17
and women, 104, 231, 243, 247
Communist Party Majority Opposition, 27, 86
Conal, Barney, 194
Conference of Progressives, 197
Confessions of a Nazi Spy, 108
Congrès Mondial des Intellectuels pour la Paix, 198
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 80, 120, 150, 160, 169, 170, 184, 191, 194, 196, 197, 202, 225, 226, 278
expels left unions, 225–6
Political Action Committee (PAC), 194, 195, 197, 211
Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC), 142
Conroy, Jack, 15, 72, 138
Contreras, Belisario, 79
Copland, Aaron, 195, 199
Corcoran Gallery, 97–8, 231, 240
Corot, Jean-Baptiste Camille, 241
Corwin, Charles, 248–9, 263, 272, 276
Coser, Lewis, 219
Coughlin, Reverend Charles, 107, 137
Cousins, Norman, 199
Cowley, Malcolm, 2, 151
Craven, Thomas, 30, 33, 58, 84, 160
Crawford, Ralston, 231
Creative Art, 80
Creeft, Jose de, 128
Criss, Francis, 128, 133, 134, 175
Sixth Avenue El, 175
Cronbach, Robert, 128, 131, 134, 153
Cruse, Harold, 260
Cubism, II, 33, 43, 45, 48, 49–50, 109, 117, 118, 186, 209, 216, 217, 253, 262, 269, 272, 273, 275
Cullen, Countee, 7
Culture and the Crisis, 7
cummings, e.e., 48
Curry, John Steuart, 37, 42, 52, 59, 66, 120
Dada, 42, 280
Dahlberg, Edward, Bottom Dogs, 73
Daily News, 53
Daily Worker, 8, 16, 26, 34, 37, 44, 51, 60, 63, 72, 90, 95, 104, 133, 134, 144, 176, 208–9, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228
adapts to Popular Front, 116–17
art criticism in, 116–20, 134, 155, 193, 235, 248, 263, 265, 272, 274, 276
criticism of Finkelstein’s Art and Society in, 220
Maltz Affair in, 208–9
on federal art projects, 149, 150, 151, 178
on PWAP exhibition, 99–100
Dali, Salvador, 42, 121
‘I Defy Aragon’, 114
Dana, John Cotton, 151
Daniels, Frederick L., 85
Darcy, Sam, 93
Dasburg, Andrew, 34, 82
Daumier, Honoré, 11, 274
Davidson, Jo, 145, 195, 196, 198
Davidson, Leroy, 198
Davis, Stuart, 8, 9, 11, 40, 69, 106, 116, 118, 121, 134, 144, 146, 151, 153, 177, 182, 217, 233, 269, 281, 314 n. 135
and Artists’ Congress, 123, 124, 125
and Art Front, 39, 42 44–5
as Marxist, 40, 87–8, 226
on Artists’ Union, 87–8
on modernism, 175–6
WORKS
Adit No. 2 (fig. 43), 58, 59
Red Cart (fig. 95), 101, 128, 129
Salt Shaker (fig. 24), 40
Swing Landscape (fig. 133), 174, 175–6
The Terminal, 128
WNYC mural, 174, 176
Dawley, Alan, 84
de Beauvoir, Simone, 224
de Kooning, Elaine, 205
de Kooning, Willem, 216, 235, 239
Debs, Eugene, 160
Decatur, Illinois, 160–66
Communists in, 312 n. 78
Decatur Herald, 161, 165
Decatur Review, 164
Deere, John, 165
Degas, Edgar, 68, 72, 141, 241, 243
Diego Martelli (fig. 172), 241, 243
Dehn, Adolf, 8, 12, 48, 69, 133, 134, 144, 184, 198
Love at First Sight (fig. 6), 11
Delacroix, Eugène, 61
deLappe, Pele, 90
Delaunay, Robert, 272
Delphic Studios, 134
Democratic Party, 76, 77, 103, 147, 148, 161, 191, 192, 193, 197, 204
Demuth, Charles, 18
Denning, Michael, 279
Dennis, Eugene, 207
Department of Interior, 156–7
building, 81, 99, 153, 156–7
Dewey, John, 40, 81, 87, 151, 152–3
Art as Experience, 152, 222, 292 n. 73, 310 n. 34
communist view of, 152
Dewey, Sen. Thomas, 201
Dialectics, 113
Dies, Rep. Martin, 125, 148
Diller, Burgoyne, 174, 175
Dimitrov, Georgi, 103
Dixon, Maynard, 106
Dondero, Rep. George, 200, 239
attacks ACA Gallery, 204, 246
Dorner, Hannah, 196
Dos Passos, John, 8, 27, 108, 109
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 214, 219, 251
Douglas, Aaron, 65, 264
‘The Negro in American Culture’, 124, 300 n. 83, 300 n. 8
WORKS
Idyll of the Deep South (fig. 62), 90, 91
Negro in an African Setting, 90
Slavery through Reconstruction (figs 57 and 63), 90
Song of the Towers (fig. 64), 90–91, 92
Douglass, Frederick, 173, 261, 263, 265
Downtown Gallery, 36, 70, 179, 233, 234, 265
American Negro Art, 266
Six Artists Out of Uniform, 235, 252
Dows, Olin, 78
Dreier, Katherine, 198
Dreiser, Theodore, 8, 16, 142, 160, 220
Drewes, Werner, 128, 129
Dreyfuss, Henry, 201
Du Bois, W. E. B., 198, 260
Dubuffet, Jean, 239
Dufy, Raoul, 272
Dulles, John Foster, 256
Dunham, Katherine, 172
Dunne, William, 27
Durlacher Galleries, 218
Duroc, Margaret, 43
d’Usseau, Arnaud, 278
Dwight, Mabel, 11, 105, 183
Eakins, Thomas, 243
Eastman, Max, 8, 12, 19
Artists in Uniform, 24, 25
Ebony, 268
Edie, Stuart, 133
Educational Alliance, 24, 288 n. 88
Egas, Camilo, 56
Einstein, Albert, 195, 197, 198, 199
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 202, 258
Eisenstein, Sergei, 109
El Greco, 141, 222
Eliot, T. S., 208, 219, 220
Elistratova, A., 18, 19, 61
Ellington, Duke, 195, 212, 269
Ellis, Fred, 8, 11, 47, 105
The Paymaster (fig. 4), 9
Ellison, Ralph, 260
Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts
(1935), 78, 147
(1936), 149
(1937), 170
(1939), 148, 149, 150, 170
(1940), 149
Emergency Work Bureau, 85
Emmanuel, Herzl, 270
Encyclopedia Britannica art collection, 225
Engels, Friedrich, 213
Esquire, 53
Evergood, Philip, 60–61, 63, 89, 120, 130, 133, 134, 137, 140–44, 146, 153, 170, 181, 192, 198, 200, 211, 212, 214, 216, 218, 225, 227–33, 239, 252, 254, 259, 274, 280
on realism, 228
WORKS
All in a Day’s Work, 141
American Shrimp Girl (fig. 166), 230–31, 232
American Tragedy (fig. 108), 142–4, 143
Boy from Stalingrad, 227
Cotton from Field to Mill (figs 115–16), 158–9, 158, 274
Dream Catch (figs 163–4), 218, 228, 229, 230
Farmer’s Daughter, 230–31
Horizons, 141
Lily and the Sparrows, 142, 144
Mine Disaster (fig. 45), 60, 61, 141
Music, 141
My Forebears Were Pioneers (fig. 107), 142, 142
New Death, 230
North River Jungle, 134
Nude by the El, 218
100th Psalm, 141
Pink Dismissal Slip, 144
Quarantined Citadel, 230
Renunciation, 230
Report on North River, 98
Story of Richmond Hill, 176
Street Corner (fig. 106), 141–2, 141
Sunny Side of the Street (fig. 165), 230, 231, 231
‘That’s the Man!’ (fig. 52), 65, 66, 67
Warming Up, 134
Wheels of Victory, 227
Woman at Piano, 230–31
Exhibition of the Art of the American Negro, 172
Existentialism, 207, 213
Exodus – 1947, 235
Expressionism, 41, 58, 61, 63, 106, 110, 114–16, 120, 128, 132, 134, 141, 144, 160, 181, 182, 194, 211, 218, 222, 224, 235, 247, 248, 249, 252, 253
Fadeyev, A. A., 198, 199
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), 193
Fairchild, Henry Pratt, 205
Farrell, James T., 208
fascism, 103, 104, 114, 115, 123, 124, 125, 129, 175, 226, 268
Fast, Howard, 198
Federal Art Project see Works Progress Administration
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 195, 198, 199, 205, 216, 260, 263, 269
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), 75, 77–8
fellow-travellers, 8, 19, 39, 51, 195, 199
Ferrer School, 24
Ferstadt, Louis, 151
Fiene, Ernest, 153, 156, 158
Finkelstein, Louis, 213, 219, 223, 247, 254, 263, 269
Art and Society, 219–20
Realism in Art, 221–2, 224
5 on Revolutionary Art, 114
Flanagan, Hallie, 148
Flyn, Elizabeth Gurley, 13
Fogel, Seymour, 60
Foner, Philip, 213
Force, Juliana, 69, 85, 199
Ford, Henry, 48, 116, 137
Ford, James, 7
Forrestal, James V., 256
Fortune, 35, 227, 235, 266, 268, 289 n. 16
Foster, William Z., 7, 104, 207, 208, 263
Twilight of World Capitalism, 238
Frankfurter, Alfred, 203, 239, 254, 256, 330–31n. 176
Frasconi, Antonio, 212, 227
Farmer with Hayloader (fig. 153), 194–5, 195
Foley Square (fig. 161), 214, 215
Freeman, Joseph, 7, 8, 9, 14–15, 19–20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 60, 107, 109
An American Testament, 112
attacks Rivera, 27, 289 n. 27
and Voices of October, 25
French, Jared, 144, 235
Freud, Sigmund, 109
Freudianism, 230–31
Fry, Roger, 80
Gág, Wanda, 11, 12, 184
cover to New Masses (fig. 3), 9
Gage, Otis, 240
Ganso, Emil, 69
Garcia Lorca, Federico, 109
Gardner, Ava, 212
Garfield, John, 212
Garland Fund, 8
Gauguin, Paul, 251
Geller, Todros, 172
Gellert, Hugo, 7, 8, 9, 19, 20, 33, 39, 47, 48, 51, 65, 72, 86, 115, 126, 227, 254
cover to New Masses (fig. 2), 6
Karl Marx’ Capital in Lithographs, 48–9
Proletcos Cafeteria Mural, 48
Rockefeller Center mural, 48
Scottsboro Legal Lynching (fig. 49), 65, 65
‘Us Fellas Gotta Stick Together’Al Capone, 33, 48
Genauer, Emily, 97, 143, 176, 204
George, Harrison, 27
George, Waldemar, 82
Gerasimov, Sergei, 199
Gershwin, George, 220
Gershwin, Ira, 212
Gerstle, Gary, 171
Gessner, Robert, 26
Giacometti, Alberto, 239
Gibson, Lydia, 63, 126
Giles, Barbara, 213, 214, 224
on advertising, 257–8
Gikow, Ruth, 105
Ginzburg, Alan, 224
Gladkov, Fyodor, Cement, 16, 72–3
Glickman, Maurice, 153
Asturian Miner and Family (fig. 96), 128, 129
Negro Mother and Child (fig. 72), 99–100, 100
Glintenkamp, Henry J., 8, 60, 98, 99, 125
Cuban Workers’ Club (fig. 90), 126, 126
Traffic7th Avenue Subway (fig. 60), 89, 90
Godsoe, Robert, 114, 181
Gold, Michael, 7, 9, 19, 20, 22, 29, 55, 72, 151, 153, 207, 208, 224, 227, 249
on Alice Neel, 248
hostility to bohemianism, 15
Jews Without Money, 15, 55
and New Masses, 13–18
on New York, 17
‘Towards Proletarian Art’, 13–15
on Trotskyism, 108
Goldwater, Robert, 203
Gone with the Wind, 274
Goodelman, Aaron, 66, 128, 133, 134
Cotton Picker, 144
Homeless (fig. 138), 177, 178
Kultur, 145
Necklace (fig. 51), 66, 66
Goodrich, Lloyd, 53, 69, 240, 243, 252
Goodyear, A. Conger, 120
Gordon, Si, 172
Gorelick, Boris, 85, 115, 186
Gorky, Arshile, 40, 115, 128, 144, 146
Newark Airport murals, 112, 176
Gorky, Maxim, 8, 95, 219
Gorman, Francis J., 124
Gornick, Vivian, 7
Gotcliffe, Sid, 105
Gottlieb, Adolph, 134, 210, 216, 217
Gottlieb Harry, 12, 68, 73, 112, 130, 134, 144, 182, 183–7, 192, 198, 199, 200–01, 204, 205, 264
on mass taste, 315 n. 164
WORKS
Bootleg Coal Mining (fig. 147), 184, 185
Going to Work (fig. 150), 187, 187
Mine Disaster, 187
Rock Drillers, 187
Strength through Joy, 137
Goya, Francisco, 140, 141, 235, 256
Gozzoli, Benozzo, 233
Grable, Betty, 231
Grafly, Dorothy, 82, 233
Graham, John D., 40, 42, 115, 128, 144, 146
Graham, Martha, 133
Graham, Shirley, 262
Grambs, Blanche, Dock Scene, East River (fig. 136), 177,178
Graphic Workshop, 194–5, 205, 214, 263
Graubard, Mark, 26
Green, Elizabeth, 35, 36, 155
Greenberg, Clement, 218, 225, 253, 281, 282
‘Avant-Garde and Kitsch’, 214
Greene, Balcomb, 85, 117, 217, 235, 238–9
‘Abstract Painting Today’, 176
on Léger, 46
on modernism, 175–6
Untitled mural (fig. 134), 175
Greene, Gertrude, 85
Greenwood, Marion, 198
Gregory, Horace, 21
Greibel, Otto, The Internationale, 95
Gridley, Katherine, 21
Gropper, William, 7, 8, 19, 47, 48, 51, 60, 68, 70, 117, 120, 133, 134, 137, 138–40, 146, 151, 153, 192, 193, 200, 214, 227
as cartoonist, 49–50, 105, 138–9, 212
WORKS
early murals, 49
Construction of a Dam (fig. 112), 155, 156–8
Drawings of the USSR, 16
Hedley’s Little Sunshine Committee (fig 29), 49, 49
Sweatshop – 1932 (fig. 30), 50, 50
The Defenders (fig. 105), 139, 140
The Last Cow (fig. 104), 139, 139, 144
The Market, 136
The Senate (fig. 88), 120, 121, 144
Groschwitz, Gustave von, 182
Gross, Chaim, 66, 130, 153, 192, 198
Gross-Bettelheim, Jolán, In the Employment Office (fig. 135), 177, 177
Grosser, Maurice, 239
Grosz, George, 12, 52, 62, 106, 115, 143, 253, 259
Groth, John, 11
Guglielmi, O. Louis, 181, 216, 227, 233
American Dream (figs 89 and 93), 127, 127
Martyr Hill (fig. 71), 98, 99
Mental Geography, 179
New York: Wedding in South Street, 177
Persistent Sea, 179
Portrait and Background (Phoenix) (fig. 26), 43, 43, 144
Relief Blues (fig. 142), 179, 180, 181
Sisters of Charity (fig. 139), 179, 179
Guston, Philip, 151, 230
Bombardment, 145
Guttuso, Renato, 205
Guy, James, 85, 134, 181, 290 n. 34
Gwathmey, Robert, 146, 153, 192, 197, 198, 200, 204, 205, 212, 216, 222, 226, 227, 230, 269, 273–8, 281
Ancestor Worship (fig. 197), 276, 276
Chauffeur, 274, 334 n. 270
Cotton Picker, 278
Custodian, 278
Farmer Wanted a Boy, 278, 335 n. 292
From Out of the South (fig. 196), 274, 275, 276
Hoeing, 278
Land of Cotton, 274
Late Twentieth Century (fig. 199), 277, 278
Poll Tax County, 276, 278
Singing and Mending (fig. 198), 276, 278
Sowing, 278
Gwathmey, Rosalie, 274
Halpert, Edith, 233, 252, 265, 326 n. 52
Hammond, John H., 51
Hansberry, Lorraine, 260, 262
Harap, Louis, 209, 213, 220–21, 323 n. 69
Social Roots of the Arts, 220–21
Harari, Hananiah, 212, 214, 218
On Safari with Harari (frontispiece and fig. 160), ii, 213
Harkavy, Minna, 66, 128, 133, 145, 153
American Miner’s Family (fig. 109), 144, 145
New England Farm Woman, 144
Harlem Artists Guild, 264
Harris, Jonathan, 79
Harrison, Helen, 88
Harriton, Abraham, 71, 73, 133, 134, 137, 227
Lower Harlem, 127
6th Ave Employment Agency, 144
WPA Workers (fig. 137), 178, 179
Hart, George ‘Pop’, 70
Hartley, Marsden, 69, 273
Hathaway, Clarence, 8
Hauser, Arnold, 224
Haydn, Franz Joseph, 219
Hayter, Stanley, 60
Healey, Dorothy, 104
Heidegger, Martin, 207
Heil, Walter, 92, 93
Heliker, John, 105, 106
‘Just ignore those blanks’ (fig. 75), 105
Heller, Helen West, 115
Hemingway, Ernest, 108, 248
Henri, Robert, 69, 126, 240
Herbst, Josephine, 182
Hernandez, William, 48
Herndon, Angelo, 65
Hess, Thomas B., 203, 205, 235
Hicks, Granville, 95
I Like America, 104
Higginbotham, J. C., 212
Higgins, Eugene, 52
Hill, Christopher, 224
Hill, Sidney, 307 n. 60
Hillman, Sidney, 80, 195
Hilton, Ned, 65
Himes, Chester, 260
Hindemith, Paul, 219
Hirohito, Emperor, 137, 139
Hirshhorn, Joseph, 225, 247
Hitler, Adolf, 125, 137, 266
Hoffman, Irwin D., 56, 60, 89
In Dixie land, 58
Miner’s Child (fig. 42), 58, 58
Hofmann, Hans, 201, 217, 235
Hogarth, William, 228
Hollywood Ten, 208
Holty, Carl Robert, 129, 217
Hook, Sidney, 7, 19
Hopkins, Harry, 77, 78, 79, 85, 147, 148, 176
Hopper, Edward, 30, 82, 239
Hoover, Herbert, 68, 75, 77, 84, 125
Horkheimer, Max, 207
Howard, John Langley, 93–5
California Industrial Scenes (fig. 66), 95, 95
Howard, Milton, 223
Howard, Vivien, 214
Howe, Irving, 219, 224
Howe, Thomas Carr, 203
Hughes, Langston, 7, 8, 33, 95, 198, 262, 264
humanism, 108, 110, 226, 228, 248, 249, 252, 263
debate on, 238–40
Humanité, 235
Humboldt, Charles [Clarence Weinstock], 45, 114, 209, 213, 214, 249, 280
on difficult art, 109
edits Art Front, 39, 113–14
edits Mainstream, 223–4
exchange with Davis, 45–6
on Léger, 46, 114
on Quirt, 44
on Socialist Realism, 114
Hutchins, Grace, 112
Ickes, Harold, 156–8, 197
Independent Citizens’ Committee of the Arts, Sciences and Professions (ICCASP), 195–7, 262, 269
communists in, 195, 196, 317 n. 33, 318 n. 38, 318 n. 40
Independent Voters Committee of the Arts and Sciences for Roosevelt (IVCASR), 195, 196, 317 n. 36
Ingram, Rose Lee, 260
International Association of Art Critics, 203
International Bureau of Revolutionary Artists, 62, 115, 287 n. 73
International Labor Defense (ILD), 64, 65, 260
International Ladies Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU), 131–2, 160–61
International Literature, 19, 25, 287 n. 57
International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA), 93, 134
International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union (ILWU), 202
International Publishers, 219
International Union of Revolutionary Writers, 19–20
‘Resolution on the Work of New Masses’, 30
International Workers of the World (iww), 15, 151
Ishigaki, Eitaro, 47, 48, 62–3, 72, 126, 134, 314 n. 128
‘I Will Not Speak’, 62
Ku Klux Klan, 127
Undefeated Arm, 62
Unemployed (fig. 32), 51, 51
Unemployed Demonstration (American Cossacks) (fig. 46), 62
Israel, 221, 235
Jackson, Rep. Donald L., 202, 204
Jackson, W. Rufus, 168
Jameson, Fredric, 256
Japanese American artists, 21, 62–3
jazz, 133
Jeffers, Wendy, 151
Jefferson, Thomas, 104
Jefferson School, 247, 248
Jerome, Victor Jeremy, 7, 207–8, 209, 221, 231, 247, 252
Culture in a Changing World, 207
Jessup, Vern, 29–30
Jewell, Edward Alden, 119, 143, 144, 176
Jewish Life, 254
John Reed Clubs, 8, 19, 20–24, 26, 27–8, 30, 36, 43, 44, 75, 85, 86–7, 88, 89, 93, 98, 99, 115, 123, 125, 126, 128, 130, 144, 178, 186, 204
collective paintings by (fig. 53), 67–8, 68, 120, 169
conference (1932), 22, 24
conference (1934), 23, 115, 123
founding of, 20
in Boston, 22
in Chicago, 22–3, 159, 172
in San Francisco, 22, 300 n. 87
Rivera at, 27
rooms of, 21
School of Art, 24, 26, 55, 132
women in, 63–4
EXHIBITIONS, 43–67, 89
in USSR, 287 n. 73
Capitalist Crisis in Art, 67
Hunger Fascism War, 59–64
Revolutionary Front – 1934, 64, 70, 89
Social Viewpoint in Art, 40, 51–9, 69, 89
Struggle for Negro Rights, 64–7, 90, 230
Twenty John Reed Club Artists, 47–51, 69
Johns, Orrick, 151
Johnson, Alvin, 194
Johnson, Crockett, 105
Johnson, General Hugh, 76
Jones, Joe, 31, 34–9, 120, 137, 151, 226
as communist, 35–6, 138
WORKS
Commonwealth College murals, 38–9, 138, 155
Landscape (1932), 34
Our American Farms, 144
Roustabouts (fig. 23), 37, 38, 38
Social Protest in Old Saint Louis (fig. 20), 35–6, 98
Treasury Section murals (fig. 114), 153, 154–6, 157
We Demand (fig. 21), 36, 37
Wheat (fig. 22), 37, 37
Wheat Threshing Scene in St Charles County (fig. 103), 138, 138
Joplin, Scott, 220
Joyce, James, 46, 109, 208, 219, 220, 248, 253
Ulysses, 219–20
Juarez, 108
Kahlo, Frida, 27
Kainen, Jacob, 11, 39, 45, 63, 120, 126, 179, 181, 182, 227
art criticism, 69, 115, 116, 117–18, 119, 294 n. 25
Unfurnished Room (fig. 87), 120
on WPA FAP Graphics Division, 182, 183
Kallem, Henry, 181
Kammen, Michael, 278
Keller, Charles, 192, 193, 194, 212, 223, 272
cover to New Masses (fig. 159), 212
Kelly, Gene, 195, 212
Kemenov, Vladimir, ‘Aspects of Two Cultures’, 324 n. 83
Kent, Rockwell, 82, 105, 146, 182, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 212, 254
on Picasso, 211
Kerouac, Jack, 224
Kerr, Florence, 149
Kettle, Arnold, 224
Keynote Club, 107–8
Kharkov Conference, 19, 21, 22, 27, 29
Kierkegaard, Soren, 207
King, Ray, 119, 120
Kirov, Sergei Mironovich, 221
Kirstein, Lincoln, 198, 237
Klee, Paul, 209, 217, 228, 248
Klehr, Harvey, 7, 21, 115
Klein, Jerome, 24, 73, 126, 144
on Dada, 42
on Evergood, 142
on Raphael Soyer, 70–72
on Surrealism, 42
Klingender, Francis, 113, 114
Knaths, Karl, 235
Knight, Frederic, 133
Koerner, Daniel, 192, 196
Koerner, Henry, 235
Kokoschka, Oskar, 253
Kollwitz, Kàthe, 52, 211
Kolski, Gan, 47
Kootz Gallery, 210
Kopman, Ben, 56, 60, 69, 115, 181, 204, 248
Kramer, Hilton, 252–4
Krasner, Lee, 86
Kroll, 126, 200, 239
Kruckman, Herb, 11, 106, 115, 181, 212
Ku Klux Klan, 161 274
Kunitz, Joshua, 17, 25–6, 108
Kuniyoshi, Yasuo, 62, 125, 126, 133, 199, 230
Kuspit, Donald, 228, 233
La Follette, Robert Sr, 160
La Guardia, Fiorello, 85, 86, 124, 149
La More, Chet, 182
La Tausca Pearls, as art patron, 225, 230
Labaudt, Lucien, 94
Labor Unity, 44
Landau, Jay, 194
Landon, Alfred, 77
Landon, Edward, 186
Langdon, Gordon, 94
Laning, Edward, 52, 53, 55, 58, 60, 69, 295 n. 36
Art Students League exhibition, 33
WORKS
Fourteenth Street, 69
On Our Way, 70
Relief, 60
Unlawful Assembly, Union Square (fig. 37), 54, 55, 69
Lardner, Ring, 220
Larkin, Oliver, 198, 227, 228
Lassaw, Ibram, 85
Lasser, David, 148
Lawrence, Herbert, 115
Lawrence, Jacob, 198, 205, 214, 222, 227, 230, 233, 239, 260, 262, 264–9, 270, 278, 281
wartime service, 266, 268
WORKS
Bar ’n Grill (fig. 189), 264–5, 265
coastguard series (fig. 191), 266–8, 267
Harlem series (fig. 192), 269
Migration of the Negro During World War I (fig. 190), 265–6, 266
Pool Parlor, 266
‘Lawrence, Lars’ [Philip Stevenson], Morning, Noon and Night, 249
Lawson, John Howard, 198, 199
Le Boit, Joseph, 192
Le Sueur, Meridel, 8
Leadbelly [Huddie Ledbetter], 261
League for Cultural Freedom and Socialism, 125
League of American Writers, 23, 125
American Writers’ Congress:
(1935), 26
(1936), 108
(1941), 125, 192
League of Professional Groups for Foster and Ford, 7
League of Struggle for Negro Rights, 64
Lee, Anthony, 92
Lee, Canada, 195, 212
Lee, Doris, 138
LEF (Left Front of the Arts), 26, 39
Léger, Fernand, 114, 116, 121, 193
in Art Front, 46
Leja, Michael, 238
Leninism, 14
Lescaze, William, 174–5
Lessing, Doris, 224
Levin, Meyer, 142
Levine, Jack, 177, 198, 200, 212, 214, 216, 222, 225, 226, 227, 230, 233, 239, 252–9, 269, 281
on Jewishness, 254, 259
opposes Vietnam War, 259
WORKS
Apteka, 254
Coronation of the King of Greece, 256
Election Night (figs 157 and 182), 206, 256, 257
Gangster Funeral, 253
Golden Anatomy Lesson, 256
Improvization in a Greek Key, 254, 256
Medicine Show (fig. 183), 256, 258, 258
Pawnshop, 253
Reception in Miami, 252
The Roaring Tropics (fig. 184), 258–9, 259
String Quartet, 144, 252
The Trial (fig. 181), 255, 256
The Turnkey, 256
Welcome Home (fig. 180), 252, 253
White Horse, 254
Levy, Julian, 109
Levy Gallery, 42, 44
Lewis, Norman, 205
Lewis, Sinclair, 16, 108
Lhote, André, 60
Liberator, 8, 13, 40, 53, 63, 81
Life, 214, 235, 238
Lifshitz, Mikhail, Philosophy of Art of Karl Marx, 113
Limbach, Russell, 11, 48, 182, 183, 226
Laying the Cornice Stone (fig. 70), 98, 98, 301 n. 104
on Soviet art, 27, 105
Lincoln, Abraham, 104, 165, 263
Lindsay, Vachel, 160
Linkskurve, 72
Linn, Thomas, 51
Lipchitz, Jacques, 209
Lissitsky, El, 26
Literature of the World Revolution, 19
Lloyd, A. L., 114
Locke, Alain, 265, 266
The New Negro, 172
Loew, Michael, 85
Long, Huey, 30
Lorentz, Pare, The Plow That Broke the Plains, 37
Lovejoy, Elijah, 165
Lovett, Robert Morss, 205
Louchheim, Aline, 201, 275
Louis, Joe, 269
Lovestone, Jay, 7, 19
Lovestoneites see Communist Party Majority Opposition
Lozowick, Louis, 7, 8, 9, 13, 16–18, 19, 245, 27, 37, 47, 48, 51, 52, 60–61, 70, 82, 89, 123, 125, 126, 133, 134, 140, 182, 186, 192, 193, 227
and Voices of October, 25
in Tajikistan, 16–17
Machine Age imagery of, 17–18, 29–30
on Soviet art, 26, 108–9
WORKS
advertisement for New Masses (fig. 8), 13
Birth of a Skyscraper (fig. 1) 1, 18, 18
Construction, 17–18
Mid-air, 72
On the Way to School, Tajikistan (fig. 10), 17
Tanks #2 (fig. 13), 29, 29
Lucas, Scott W., 161
Lukács, Georg, 39, 72, 219, 228
‘Expressionism: Its Significance and Decline’, 115
‘Propaganda or Partisanship?’, 34
Luks, George, 41
Lumpkin, Grace, 95
Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 12
MacDonald, Dwight, 199
Mackey, John, 106
ALFRED. P. ($561, 311-A-YEAR) SLOAN, JR (fig. 78), 107
MacLeish, Archibald, 36, 37, 108, 138
Magazine of Art, 30, 31, 82, 84, 87, 139, 144, 157, 177, 2–25, 227
Magil, A. B., 7
Mainstream (1947), 214, 268
Mainstream (1956–63), 223–4
Maltz, Albert, 198
Maltz Affair, 208–9, 212, 219
Manet, Edouard, 222
Mann, Thomas, 124, 195, 197, 198, 248
March, Frederic, 195
Marin, John, 139, 233
Marine Workers Committee, 134
Maris, Helen, 194
Markowitz, Gerald, 159, 169
Marling, Karal Ann, 36
Marquardt, Virginia H., 18, 30, 133
Marsh, Reginald, 52, 53–5, 56, 58, 59, 65, 66, 70, 141–2, 144, 193
Assorting the Mail, 156
Attaboy! (fig. 35), 53, 73, 55
Locomotives, 55
Tenth Avenue at 27th Street (fig. 36), 54, 55, 141–2.
Union Square, 297 n. 82
Marshall, George, 197
Marshall Plan, 197, 221, 225, 254
Marx, Karl, 222
Marxism, 279
and aesthetics, 8, 105, 109, 113, 114, 117, 175–6, 212, 216–17, 219–23
Marxist Critics Group, 105, 113, 209
Mason, Oliver E, 119, 120, 274
Masses, The, 1, 40, 48, 81, 105, 151
Masses & Mainstream, 209, 231, 247, 249, 257, 268, 269
art criticism in, 214–19, 230
The Art of Charles White folio, 263
defends Rincon murals, 201
founding of, 214
Matisse, Henri, 68, 121, 209, 222, 228, 273
Matulka, Jan, 11–12, 47, 144, 175
‘I See Where Babe Ruth’ (fig. 5), 10
Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 109
Maynard Walker Gallery, 137
McBride, Henry, 119, 230
McCarran Internal Security Act, 200
McCarthy, Mary, 199
McCarthyism, 201, 204–5, 238, 239, 252, 256
McCausland, Elizabeth, 112, 120, 138, 141, 145, 151, 186, 192, 204, 265, 269, 274
on Evergood, 143
on New Horizons in American Art, 177
on Olds, 184
on Roofs for 40 Million, 136
on Tschacbasov, 116
on silkscreen print, 186, 187
McDowell, Mary, 160
McFee, Henry Lee, 199
McGee, Willie, 260
McGrath, Thomas, 213, 224
McKay, Claude, 8, 264
McKeever, Chauncey, 203
McMahon, Audrey, 85, 86, 147, 149, 169
Mechlin, Leila, 82
Medina, Harold, 256
Mellon, Andrew W., 33
Melnikov, Konstantin, 108, 120
Melosh, Barbara, 154, 158, 169
Meltsner, Paul, 56, 89
Memorial Day Massacre, 142
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 138, 144, 237
Van Gogh exhibition (1949–50), 247, 249, 251
Mexican League of Revolutionary Writers and Artists, 124
Mexican Mural Renaissance, 27–8, 83, 160, 165, 172, 204, 223
Midtown Galleries, 141
Midwest, 138, 160
Miliband, Ralph, 83
Militant, 23
Miller, Arthur, 254
Miller, Dorothy C., 176
Miller, Kenneth Hayes, 52, 53, 59, 144
Fourteenth Street, 55
Millet, Jean-François, 278
Millman, Edward, 159, 160, 172, 173, 176, 198, 216
Blessings of Water murals, 172
Decatur Post Office murals (figs 123–4), 165, 165, 174
St Louis Post Office murals (fig. 125), 153, 166–9, 174
Women’s Contribution to America’s Progress murals (fig. 130), 171–2, 172, 174
Mills, C. Wright, 224, 257
Ministers’ Union and Labor Temple, 131
Minneapolis Art Institute group, 12, 182, 184
Minor, Marcia, 119
Minor, Robert, 63
Miró, Joan, 42
Mitchell, Margaret, Gone with the Wind, 104
Modern Monthly, 19, 23, 25
Modern Quarterly, 19, 27
modernism, 2, 3, 30, 45–6, 83, 84, 110, 112, 116, 119, 120, 121, 128, 134, 151–2, 160, 174–6, 179, 185, 186, 209, 211–12, 216, 219–21, 222, 228, 233, 248, 253, 265, 269–78, 280, 282
Modotti, Tina, 11
Moley, Raymond, 84
Mondrian, Piet, 209, 216
Monroe, Gerald, 39, 42, 85, 86
Monroe, Marilyn, 231
Montross Gallery, 134
Moore, Henry, 217
Morgan, J. P., 33
Morgenthau, Henry, 78, 79
Morisot, Berthe, 184
Morley, Eugene, 134, 175, 186, 187
Execution (fig. 151), 187, 188
Hard Coal Landscape (fig. 17), 31, 33
Morning Freiheit, 26, 139
Morse, John D., 198
Moscow League of Artists, 193
Moscow Trials, 104, 108
Motherwell, Robert, 217, 218, 235
Motley, Willard, 172
Mullen, Bill V., 172
Mumford, Lewis, 8, 24, 36, 87, 123, 125, 139
Munch, Edvard, 224
Mundt Bill, 200
Municipal Art Center, 124
Municipal Art Commission, 87, 170
mural painting, 33, 39, 48, 83, 152, 161, 161
see also Mexican Mural Renaissance; WPA Federal Art project
Murphy, James, 29
Murray, Philip, 197
Museum of Modern Art, New York (MOMA), 81, 83, 125, 131, 151, 199, 200, 216, 233, 239, 253, 265, 266
Fantastic Art, Dada, Surrealism, 42
Fourteen Americans, 237
Murals by American Painters and Photographers, 33, 48
New Horizons in American Art, 150, 152, 176–7
New Images of Man, 239, 244
Picasso retrospective(1939), 120
Rivera retrospective (1931–2), 33
Mussolini, Benito, 137, 233
Myers, Jerome, 41
Nation, 58, 139
National Academy of Design, 45, 48, 84, 85, 252
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 64, 65, 81, 158, 260
An Art Commentary on Lynching, 64–5, 70, 81, 296 n. 58
National Citizens’ Political Action Committee (NCPAC), 195, 197
National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, Inc., 192, 200
National Council of the Arts Sciences and Professions (NCASP), 198–9
demise of, 205
Waldorf Conference, 198–9, 319 n. 60
National Federation for Constitutional Liberties, 260
National Gallery of Art, 81
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 75, 76 78
National Institute of Arts and Letters, 231
National Labor Board (NLB), 76, 93
National Labor Relations Act , 76, 166, 202
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 76, 161
National Maritime Union (NMU), 134, 202
National Negro Congress, 260, 268
National Recovery Administration (NRA), 76, 77, 83, 96
National Union of Marine Cooks and Stewards, 202
Nazi-Soviet Pact, 104, 119, 125, 151, 191, 192
Neel, Alice, 41, 115, 179, 181, 182, 214, 227, 241, 244, 247–50, 270, 281, 296 n. 54
and Communist Party, 247, 248
on heroes, 249
on humanism, 248
WORKS
Alice Childress, 248
Art Shields (fig. 178), 249, 250, 251
Bill McKie (fig. 179), 251, 251
Edward Pinckney Greene, 248
Mike Gold, 248
Pat Whalen (fig. 100), 134, 135, 307 n. 57
Save Willie McGee, 247
Spanish Family (fig. 177), 249, 249
TB in Harlem, 249
New Deal, 2, 30, 75–99 passim, 136–7, 146, 147, 152, 157, 159, 166, 191, 196, 198, 202, 225, 238
in Decatur, Illinois, 161
New Masses, 1, 8–20, 25–6, 27, 40, 41, 44, 48, 53, 63, 89, 95, 99, 104, 105–12, 113, 116, 120, 133, 139, 142, 144, 159, 192, 216, 252, 268, 269
art criticism in, 29–39, 109–12, 134, 136, 211–14
founding of, 8–9
Maltz Affair in, 208–9
1946 shakeup, 212
psychoanalysis in, 230
Revolutionary Art issue, 39, 123
women and, 9
New Party see Progressive Party
New Playwrights’ Theatre, 247, 248
New Republic, 139, 227, 268
New School for Social Research, 85, 124, 125, 194, 269–70
New York Amsterdam, News, 90, 92
New York Group, 181, 248
New York Herald Tribune, 61, 85
New York Post, 82, 138
New York Sun, 136, 137, 204
New York Telegram, 179
New York Times, 51, 156, 177, 258–9
New York State Temporary Emergency Relief Administration, 85, 86, 87
New York World’s Fair, 124, 138, 174
praised in Communist press, 150–51
New Yorker, 231
Newberry, Mike, 224
Newell, James Michael, Evolution of Western Civilization, 171, 176
Newman, Barnett, 217, 218
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 254
Nisonoff, Louis, 181
Nixon, Richard M., 169, 202
Noda, Hideo, 60, 62–3
Scottsboro Boys (fig. 47), 62, 63
Noguchi, Isamu, 145
Sculpture, 66
October, 282
Odets, Clifford, 199
Office of War Information, 194
Oglesby, Governor Richard J., 165
O’ Keeffe, Georgia, 233
Olds, Elizabeth, 12, 105, 112, 133, 134, 182–4, 186, 192, 193, 198, 204, 227, 247
‘Prints for Mass Production’, 182
WORKS
I Make Steel, 184
Miner Joe (fig. 146), 131, 183, 184
Sheep-Skinners (fig. 145), 183, 184
study for subway mural (fig. 97), 130, 131
The Middle Class (fig. 102), 137, 137
White Collar Boys (fig. 98), 131, 131
Olenikov, Ethel, 39
Oley, Moses, 48, 89, 98
Olgin, Moissaye J., 26
Olmsted, Fred Power, Jr, 94
O’Neill, Eugene, 8
Orozco, José Clemente, 27–8, 52, 56, 60, 66, 109, 131, 139, 157, 165, 168, 172, 185, 194, 204, 233, 262, 265, 273, 290 n. 34, 290 n. 35
Epic of American Civilization, 28, 171
Pabst, G. W., 253
Packard, Vance, The Hidden Persuaders, 257
Pandolfini, Joseph, 85
Composition, 90, 98
Panofsky, Erwin, 199
Park, Marlene, 65, 159, 169
Parker, Dorothy, 139
Parker, Col. Frances, 165
Parnassus, 151, 176
Parsons, Betty, 205
Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista (POUM), 108
Partisan Review, 19, 20, 26, 34, 108, 113, 176, 214
Pass, Morris, 47
Patterson, Haywood, 62
Patterson, William L., 260
Paul, Eden and Cedar, Proletcult, 14, 286 n. 33
Pauling, Linus, 205
Pearson, Ralph, 51, 125
Pearson’s Magazine, 48, 139
Pechstein, Max, 248
Peikin Galleries, 193
Pêne du Bois, Guy, 199
Pepsi-Cola, as art patron, 225, 227
Pereira, Irene Rice, 128, 129, 198, 204
Composition (fig. 140), 179, 179
Perkins, Frances, 172
Phillip, Robert, 133
Phillips, Duncan, 244
Phillips, William, 21, 214
Phillips Memorial Gallery, 244, 265
photography, 112, 136
photomontage, 133, 280, 335 n. 4
Picasso, Pablo, 46, 61, 109, 117, 120, 121, 124, 209, 217, 219, 228, 275
attacked in Pravda, 222
attacked by Kemenov, 324 n. 83
debate on in New Masses, 211
WORKS
Bather by the Sea, 110
Bull-Headed Sphinx, 214
Dream and Lie of Franco, 129
Guernica, 109, 186
Picken, George, 181
Pickens, Alton, 235–8
Cardplayers, 237
Carnival (figs 152 and 169), 190, 235, 236
Game of Pretend, 237
Pierre Degeyter Club, 60–61, 141
Plekhanov, Georgi, Art and Social Life, 113
PM, 209
Political Affairs, 220, 221
Pollock, Jackson, 216, 217, 228, 235, 239, 296 n. 54
Poor, Henry Varnum, 153, 239
Porter, Fairfield, 228
Portland Art Museum, 266
Postmodernism, 280
Post-Surrealists, 43
Potamkin, Harry, 47
Pound, Ezra, 12
Pravda, 222–3
Preston, Stuart, 246
Prestopino, Gregorio, 216
prints, 16, 48–9, 51, 55–6, 59, 65, 90, 99–100, 126, 130–32, 182–8, 194–5, 262–3
lithography, 183–6
silkscreen, 186–7
Progressive Citizens of America (PCA), 194, 197–8, 318 n. 45
Progressive Miners of America (PMA), 160, 161
Progressive Party, 197–8, 225–6
Proletarian Literature in the United States, 26
proletarianism, 13–15, 20–23, 26, 29, 104, 114, 116, 119, 120, 133, 136, 140, 146, 152, 249
Prolet’kult, 14–15
Proletpen, 21, 47
Prosser, Gabriel, 263
Proust, Marcel, 248
Public Buildings Administration, 201
Public Works Administration, 75
Public Works of Art Project (PWAP), 75, 77, 78, 149, 150, 152, 184
communist criticism of, 84–5
communists in, 88–100
ideology of, 82–5
National Exhibition of Art by, 89, 97–100
Putnam, Samuel, 114, 133
Quirt, Walter, 11, 44, 48, 51, 56, 58, 60, 65, 118, 133, 134, 226–7, 280, 290 n. 34
Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread (fig. 27), 44, 44
‘Jim Martin’ cartoon strip, 44
Obeisance to Poverty (fig. 141), 179, 180
The Future Belongs to the Workers (fig. 40), 56, 56
Rahv, Philip, 108, 214
Rand School, 55
RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Writers), 25, 26, 29
Rattner, Abraham, 230
Read, Helen Appleton, 97
realism, 15, 33–4, 120, 140, 141, 210–11, 216, 221–2, 224, 228, 239, 269
Reality, 239–40, 244, 252
Rebay, Baroness Hillar, 198
Red Cartoons, 31
Reed, John, 14
Refregier, Anton, 11, 24, 33, 47, 48, 56, 133, 137, 151, 153, 177, 192, 198, 205, 212, 214, 225
on cartoons, 48
WORKS
Fascism over Spain, 127
Plainfield, N.J., post office murals, 204
Rincon Annex post office murals (figs 154–6), 159, 201–4, 202, 203
Regionalism, 30–31, 33–4, 36–7, 41–2, 124, 138, 160
left-wing, 138, 160, 173
Reinhardt, Ad, 105–6, 192, 193, 198, 205, 209–10, 211, 226, 281
cover to New Masses (fig. 76), 106, 106
Reisman, Philip, 48, 52, 55, 69, 90, 198, 227
Soda Fountain (fig. 38), 55, y6
South (fig. 61), 90, 90
Store Windows, 55
Rembrandt van Rijn, 141, 252, 256
Renn, Ludwig, 11
Repin, Ilya Efimovich, 222
Republican Party, 77, 81, 124, 147, 148, 161, 169, 191, 196, 202, 204
Resettlement Administration, 137
revolutionary art, 30, 33–4, 36, 39, 59, 60, 120, 139
Rexroth, Kenneth, 93, 300 n. 87
Ribak, Louis, 11, 47, 48, 56, 60, 68, 69, 89, 98, 130, 133, 134, 137, 153, 179, 193, 226
Family in Flight, 127
Home Relief Station (figs 74 and 80), 102, 110, 110, 144
Rich, Daniel Catton, 166
Richberg, Donald, 76
Richter, Mischa, 106
Sitdowns Outlawed (fig. 79), 107
Rico, Dan, 105
Riesman, David, The Lonely Crowd, 257
Ritchie, Andrew C., 240
Rivera, Diego, 27–8, 60, 82, 93, 109, 160, 160, 165, 204, 262
Art Front on, 41
at John Reed Club, 27
Joe Jones on, 38
MOMA retrospective, 33
WORKS
Allegory of California, 92
Detroit Industry murals, 28, 38, 94, 166, 262
Making of a Fresco, 62, 92–3
National Palace murals, 27
New Workers’ School murals, 27
Rockefeller Center mural, 28, 33, 62, 86, 93, 123
Secretariat of Education murals, 27
Riverside Museum, 193, 230
Robert, Lawrence W., 93
Robeson, Paul, 198, 260, 261, 262
on Gwathmey, 275, 278
Robinson, Boardman, 8, 9, 12, 31, 52, 81
The Nightwatchman’s Daughter (fig. 7), 12
Robinson, Edward G., 137, 195
Robinson, Ione, 27
Rochester, Anna, 112
Rockefeller, John D., 33
Rockwell, Norman, 195
Rodin, Auguste, 66
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 78, 97
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 97, 103, 136, 147, 150, 151, 161, 195, 196, 202
Roosevelt Business and Professional League, 81
Rose, Herman, 181
Rosenberg, Harold, 39, 217, 218
‘Community Criticism’, 240
on Gropper, 139
on humanism, 238, 239
Rosenberg Case, 205, 241, 249, 256
Rosenthal, Captain J.S., 266
Rothko, Mark, 181, 217
Woman Sewing, 115
Rouault, Georges, 228, 248
Rowan, Edward, 153, 155, 156, 165–6, 168, 169, 172
Rubinstein, Annette, 45, 209, 224, 247
Russian Futurism, 221
Rutka, Dorothy, 177
Sacco, Nicola, 60, 70, 90, 112, 182
Saint Louis, 34–8, 124, 166–9, 173, 174
St Louis Post-Dispatch, 168–9
Salinger, J. D., 224
San Francisco, 22, 93, 201–4
Sandburg, Carl, 8, 139, 165, 285 n. 16
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 213
Savage, Augusta, 64, 264
Saxton, Alexander, 214
Scaravaglione, Concetta, 153
Schanker, Louis, 133
Schapiro, Meyer, 24, 26, 28, 46, 113, 125, 203, 284 n. 6, 330 n. 151
on Social Viewpoint in Art exhibition, 52, 58–9
on Van Gogh, 251
‘Public Use of Art’, 130, 154
‘Social Bases of Art’, 124
Scheel, Theodore, 11
Scheuer, Susan, 95
Schmidt, Katherine, Mr Broe Waits his Turn, 144
Schneider, Isidor, 7, 109, 208, 212
Schnitzler, Max, 181
Schoenberg, Arnold, 219, 220
Schreiber, George, 105, 144
Second Balcony, 144
Schuman, Frederick, 199
Scottsboro Boys, 62, 64–5
Scudder, Rep. Hubert B., 202, 204
Seckler, Dorothy, 246
Seitz, William, 239, 246
Selsam, Howard, 247, 329 n. 132
Selz, Peter, 239, 240
Seven Arts, 8
S4N, 47
Shahn, Ben, 60, 87, 146, 211, 214, 216, 218, 222, 227, 233, 235, 239, 254, 269
First Amendment (fig. 132), 174, 174
For All These Rights (fig. 158), 210, 211
Scott’s Run, West Virginia, 144
Shakespeare, William, 219
Shannon, David, 219
Sharrer, Honoré, 226, 227, 230
Shaw, Artie, 212
Sheeler, Charles, 18, 82, 199
Shelley, Rep. John, 203
Shemitz, Esther, 47
Shapley, Harlow, 198, 199, 205, 317 n. 37
Shostakovich, Dmitri, 108, 120, 199
Shulkin, Anatol, 133
Siegel, William, 11, 48, 56, 65
Siegmeister, Elie, Music and Society, 113
Sign Writers’ Union, 131
Simplicissimus, 12
Sinclair, Upton, 8
Siporin, Mitchell, 11, 159–60, 172, 173, 198, 199, 216, 233–5, 237–8
‘Mural Art and the Midwestern Myth’, 160
wartime service, 233
WORKS
Dancers by the Clock, 237
Decatur post office murals (figs 118–20), 161, 162, 164, 165, 173, 174
End of an Era, 233, 235
Endless Voyage (fig. 168), 233, 234, 235
Festa in Tuscany (fig. 167), 234
Haymarket series (fig. 117), 159, 160
Lane Technical High School murals, 171
Mountain Passage, 235
Saint Louis post office murals (figs 126–7), 153, 166–9, 166, 167, 173, 174
Southern Holiday (fig. 12), 18, 18, 61
Verdict, 235
Silk Screen Group, 186, 192
Sillen, Samuel, 208, 214, 221, 223
Sinatra, Frank, 195, 269
Siqueiros, David Alfaro, 27–8, 52, 204, 262, 263, 290 n. 35
Delphic Studios exhibition (1934), 28
Proletarian Victim, 28
Sirovich Bill, 148, 150
Skinner, Lieutenant Commander Carlton, 266
Skolnick, Phyllis, 194
Sloan, John, 8, 9, 69, 82, 193
Smedley, Agnes, 182
Smirnov, A. A., Shakespeare, 113
Smith, David, 117, 192, 216, 227
Suspended Figure, 145
Smith, Ferdinand, 203
Smith, Jacob Getlar, 133
Smith Act Trials, 199, 208, 218, 221, 231, 249, 252, 256, 260
Smithsonian Gallery of American Art, 81
social art, 109, 133, 138
social liberalism, 196
Social Realism, 142, 144–6, 184, 185, 237, 262, 269, 270
Social Security Act, 77
Social Surrealism, 43–4, 179, 181, 334 n. 282
Socialist Party, 7, 15, 103, 148, 191
Socialist Realism, 26, 114, 207, 221, 226, 248, 263
Society of Independent Artists, 33, 62, 67–8, 84, 97, 169
Soglow, Otto, 47, 48
Solman, Joseph, 40–41, 63, 73, 110, 114, 115–16, 117, 120, 131, 181, 192, 227, 230, 239, 241, 244, 246–7, 248
on Adolph Gottlieb, 322–3n. 52
and Art Front, 39, 40, 41, 114
art criticism, 43, 116, 216–18, 272
WORKS
Avenue B, 116
Bootblack, 40
City Playground (fig. 94), 128, 128
Eddie (fig. 176), 246, 247
Studio Interior with Statue (fig. 175), 246, 246
The Occulist (fig. 83), 114, 116
Venus of 23rd Street, 116
Solokoff, Nicolai, 148
Somervell, Col. Brehon, 149, 309 n. 8
Soutine, Chaim, 253
Soviet Writers’ Congress (1934), 26
Soyer, Isaac, 68, 89, 98, 133, 198, 269
Employment Agency, 144
ScrubWomen (fig. 91), 126, 126
Soyer, Moses, 68, 89, 126, 133, 153, 192, 193, 198, 269
as art critic, 211, 276, 278
Soyer, Raphael, 21, 48, 51, 68, 117, 133, 153, 182, 192, 193, 198, 227, 230, 239, 240–44, 247, 251, 252, 269, 270, 281, 328 n. 104, 328 n. 106
images of women, 241–4
on humanism, 240
WORKS
After the Bath, 243
Girl in a White Blouse, 68
Girl in Black Jacket, 241
In the City Park (figs 1 and 56), x, 70–73, 71, 241
Mina (fig. 171), 241, 242
My Friends, 243–4
No Help Wanted, 69
Nude in the Studio (fig. 174), 244, 245
Odalisque, 68
Office Girls, 144
Pensive Girl, 241
The Brown Sweater (fig. 173), 241, 243
The Subway, 68
Transients, 240
Workers Armed, 126–7
Soyer, Rebecca, 69, 243
Spanish Civil War, 103, 104, 108, 109, 116, 124, 145, 196, 269, 270
Speicher, Eugene, 82, 199
Spencer, Niles, 125
Spivak, Max, 39, 48, 85, 86
Springfield Museum of Fine Arts, 130, 186
Springfield Sunday Union and Republican, 112
Stackpole, Ralph, Industries of California, 94, 96
Stalin, Joseph, 104, 219, 221, 226
on the National Question, 173, 219, 221
Stalinism, 3–4, 104, 121, 208, 279, 280
Stamos, Theodore, 205, 216
Starobin, Joseph, 150
Starr, Maxwell, 89
Stavenitz, Alexander, 60
Steffens, Lincoln, 7, 87
Stein, Gertrude, 219
Stein, Leo, 80, 82
Steinbeck, John, 108
Grapes of Wrath, 37
Stella, Joseph, 178
Sternberg, Harry, 11, 53, 55–6, 69, 105, 137, 153, 172, 199, 205, 261
Broadway #1, 56
Construction (fig. 40), 56, 57
Filibuster over the Senate, 136
Southern Holiday (fig. 50), 65, 66, 136
Sterne, Maurice, 81
Sterner, Albert, 31
Stevedore, 65
Stieglitz, Alfred, 87
Stop the Censorship Committee, 200
Strachey, John, 33, 95
Strand, Paul, 192, 198
Stravinsky, Igor, 219
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 205
‘Summers, Marion’, 216, 217
on ALA, 193–4
art criticism of, 209–11
on Pickens, 237
on Siporin, 235
Sunday Worker, 117, 151
Surikov, Vasili Ivanovich, 222
Surrealism, 109, 118, 120, 132, 142, 178, 182, 186, 222, 228, 276
early exhibitions of, 42
in Art Front, 42–5, 114
Sweeney, James Johnson, 123, 145, 203
Taber, Rep. John, 148
Taft-Hartley Act, 197, 225, 226
Taggard, Genevieve, 8
Taller de Gráfica Popular, 194, 214, 262
Talmadge, Eugene, 159
Tamayo, Rufino, 275
Tamotzu, Chuzo, 60, 62, 69, 90, 133
Tate, Allen, 12
Tatlin, Vladimir, Evgrafovich, 26
Taylor, Francis, 199
Tchelitchew, Pavel, 218
Ten, The, 41, 110, 114–16, 117, 179, 181, 217, 248
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 75, 76, 156
Thomas, Rep. J. Parnell, 148
Thompson, Louise, 64, 260
Thwaite, Charles, Cheese Making, 156
Tillich, Paul, 239
Tillim, Sidney, 243
Time, 35, 42, 107, 196, 252
Todd, Ellen Wiley, 241
Toney, Anthony, 146, 218, 226, 227, 239, 269–73
Communist Party member, 269
wartime service, 270–71
WORKS
Bridge, 271
Concentration Camp, 271
59th Street Bridge (fig. 195), 272, 273
The Four Corners (fig. 194), 271, 272
Night Flying (fig. 193), 270, 271
Riverside Drive, 271
Sherman Square, 271
Tooker, George, 235, 237
Topchevsky, Morris, 172
Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, 141
Toussaint l’Ouverture, François Dominique, 265
Trachtenberg, Alexander, 22, 23, 123
Trade Union Unity League, 64
transition, 29
Transport Workers’ Union, 131
Treasury Relief Art Project (TRAP), 75, 77, 78, 155
Treasury Section of Fine Arts, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 138, 139, 149, 151, 170, 174, 176, 201
criticisms of in Art Front, 87–8, 150
history as depicted by, 159–69
ideology of, 88, 153
labour as depicted by, 154–9
murals (figs 111–16 and 118–24), 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165
procedures of, 153
Trenton Six, 260, 262, 263
Tribute to the Negro People exhibition, 268
Triest, Frank, 93
Tromka, Abraham, Mining Village (fig. 144), 181, 181
Trotsky, Leon, 12, 86
History of the Russian Revolution, 86
Literature and Revolution, 12, 15, 25
Trotskyism, 59, 104, 105, 108, 116, 208
Truman, Harry, 191, 197, 202, 226, 256
administrations of, 196, 197, 199
Truman Doctrine, 197
Trumbo, Dalton, 214
Truth, Sojourner, 173
Tschacbasov, Nahum, 110, 114–16, 120, 181
Deportation (fig. 84), 116, 116, 144
Penthouse, 128
Roots of Decay, 137
Thanksgiving, 116
Tubman, Harriet, 172, 263, 265
Tugwell, Rexford, 84
Turnbull, James, 144, 212
Farm Woman (fig. 81), HI, 303 n. 38
Turner, Nat, 261
Uncensored, 198
Unemployed Artists’ Group see Artists’ Union
Union for Democratic Action, 197
Union of Dining Car Employees, 131
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 193, 196, 197, 233, 247, 259, 279
April Decree (1932), 25–6, 289 n. 16
attitudes to Western culture, 199, 222, 324 n. 83
Cultural Revolution in, 15
culture of, 22–27, 33, 108, 110, 112, 120, 121, 153, 215, 263
Communist image of, 16–17, 221, 237–8
invasion of Findland by, 104, 125, 226
invasion of Hungary by, 223
United Mine Workers of America, 160, 161
United Nations, 196, 197, 202, 260
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 200
United Office and Professional Workers of America (UOPWA), 86, 192
United States Justice Department, 198
United States State Department, 197, 198, 199
usable past, 104
Van Gogh, Vincent, 222, 247, 251
L’Artésienne, 249
Vane, Peter, 150
Vanguard, The, 64
Vanity Fair, 139
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 60, 70, 90, 112, 182
VAPP (All-Russian Association of Proletarian Writers), 14
Vavak, Joseph, 115
The Dispossessed, 177
Veblen, Thorstein, 151
Vélazquez, Diego de Silva, 222
Velonis, Anthony, 186
Vesey, Denmark, 261
Veterans of Foreign Wars, 201–2
Victory Workshop, 192, 194
Art, A Weapon of Total War exhibition, 194
Vogel, Joseph, 85, 177, 181
Lament (fig. 149), 186, 186
Voices of October, 25
Vogue, 266, 269
VOKS (USSR Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries), 287 n. 73, 324 n. 83
Vuillard, Edouard, 273
Vytlacil, Vaclav, 128
Wagner, Richard, 219
Wagner, Sen. Robert, 76
Wagner Act see National Labor Relations Act
Wagner-Steagall Housing Act, 136
Wakefield Gallery, 270
Waldorf Conference see National Citizens’ Committee of the Arts, Sciences and Professions
Walker, Hudson D., 200, 202
Walker, Margaret, 172
Wallace, Henry, 84, 197, 256
1948 presidential campaign of, 193, 197, 198
Ward, Lynd, 125, 192, 198
‘Race, Nationality and Art’, 124
Ward, Theodore, Big White Fog, 172
Warsager, Hyman, 186
Washington, Booker T., 173
Washington, Fredi, 212
Watkins, Franklin, 199
Watson, Forbes, 69, 82–4, 87–8, 93, 151
Weber, Max, 117, 124, 151–2, 181, 198, 200, 230
Oarsman, 128
The Forgotten Man, 136
Weill, Kurt, Die Dreigroschenoper, 254
Welles, Orson, 195
Werckmeister, Otto Karl, 282
Werner, Nat, 66, 128, 134, 153
Let My People Go, 144
Lynching (fig. 110), 144, 145
Organizer, 145
The Boy David, 144
Weyhe Gallery, 184
Whalen, Pat, 134
White Charles, 172–4, 194, 212, 222, 226, 227, 260–64, 265, 266, 269, 278, 314 n. 123
and Marxism, 172
visits Mexico, 262
visits USSR and Eastern Europe, 263
WORKS
Contribution of the Negro to Democracy in America (fig. 185), 261–2, 261
Dawn of Life, 263
Five Great American Negroes (fig. 131), 172–3, 173
Harvest Talk (fig. 188), 263, 264
History of the Negro Press, 260, 262
Ingram Case (fig. 187), 262, 263, 263
Let’s Walk Together, 263
Ye Shall Inherit the Earth, 263
White, Hayden, 335 n. 12
Whiting, Frederick A, Jr, 82
Whitman, Walt, 104, 167, 251
Whitney, Gertrude Vanderbilt, 69
Whitney Museum of American Art, 69, 85, 216, 237
John Reed Club artists at, 68–73
Unemployed Artists’ Group pickets, 85
EXHIBITIONS
Abstract Painting in America, 40, 45, 69
American Genre Painting, 70
Annual Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting
(1949), 235
(1950), 216
Artists Equity Association (1951), 200
Evergood retrospective (1960), 231, 233
First Biennial of Contemporary American Painting (1932–3), 69
First Biennial of Sculpture, Water-Colors and Prints (1933–4), 73
Fifth Biennial of Contemporary American Painting (1938), 145
Fourth Biennial of Contemporary American Painting (1937), 144
Levine retrospective (1955), 253
Neel retrospective (1974), 248
Second Biennial of Contemporary American Painting (1934–5), 37, 70
Second Biennial of Sculpture, Water-Colors and Pastels (193 6), 73
Third Biennial of Contemporary American Painting (1936), 144
Whitney Studio Club, 68, 69, 144
Wickey, Harry, 55
Wiegand, Charmion von, 109, 133
art criticism of, 109–12, 292 n. 87
‘Expressionism and Social Change’, 115
on Mexican muralists, 28, 109
on Soviet art, 28, 112, 303 n. 41
Wight, Clifford, 93–6
Steelworker (fig. 68), 95–6, 97
Wilbur, Breyton, 204
Wildenstein Gallery, 193
Willard, Howard, 194
Williams, Aubrey, 150
Williams, Julia, 124, 125
Williams, Raymond, 280
Williams, William Carlos, 8
Williamsburg Housing Project murals (figs 133–4), 174–6, 174, 175
Willison, Thomas S., 39
Wilson, Edmund, 7, 8
Wilson, Sol, 60, 239
Wolfe, Anne, 21
Wolfe, Bertram, 28
Wolff, Adolf, 56, 128
Wood, Grant, 30–31, 36, 37, 120
Young Corn (fig. 15), 32
Woodrum, Rep. Clifton, 148
Woodstock, New York, 62, 123, 185
Woodville, Richard Caton, 72
Workers Age, 23, 27
Workers’ Alliance, 80, 147, 148, 161
Workers’ Cultural Federation, 21–2
Workers’ Unemployment Insurance Bill (1934), 37, 149
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 77, 78–9, 117, 124, 131, 147–50, 161
Art for the Millions, 169, 175, 176, 179,182
Federal Art Gallery in New York, 150, 176, 177–82
Federal Art Project (FAP), 75, 79, 85, 86, 109, 112, 130, 131, 133, 147–53, 160, 169–88
Easel Painting Division, 170, 178–82, 233
Graphics Division, 105, 170, 182–8
Mural Painting Division, 170–76
Index of American Design, 79, 178
Community Art Centers, 172, 178, 244
Federal One, 79, 147–8, 149, 233, 249, 252, 254, 264, 280
Federal Theater Project 136, 147, 148, 149, 172
Federal Writers’ Project, 147, 148
ideology of 151–3
organization of, 170
Wroclaw Conference, 198
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 165, 197
Wright, Richard, 15, 172, 208, 260
Wyler, William, 199
Young, Art, 8, 47
Young American Artists, 192
Young Artists’ Group, 192
Yugoslavia, 196
Zakheim, Bernard, 93–5, 153
Library (fig. 67), 95, 96, 98
Zhdanov, Andrei, 221
Zhdanovism, 208, 211, 219, 221–3, 226, 227, 248, 249, 251, 254, 263, 269, 270, 278
Zorach, Margaret, 126
Zorach, William, 82, 125, 128, 145, 198, 199