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Description: Sculptural Seeing: Relief, Optics, and the Rise of Perspective in Medieval Italy
Index
PublisherYale University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00109.012
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Index
Numbers in italics indicate figures.
Abbey church of San Zeno, Verona, 13–15, 51, 107–108
Adelard, 36–38
Ad Herennium (anon. [attr. Cicero]), 122–126, 133
ad quadratum, 96
Aeneid (Virgil), 156
aesthetics, medieval, 136
aesthetics of relief, 150
Akbari, Suzanne Conklin, 20, 25, 37–38
Alberti, Leon Battista, 3, 9, 10, 112, 150–153, 160, 168–169
Albertus Magnus, 17, 71, 128, 132, 141
Aleotti, Giovanni Battista, 95
Alfanus, 35, 36
Alhacen, 8, 16, 20, 121, 127, 128, 142, 154, 169. See also De aspectibus
Kitāb al-ManāẓDescription: zdotir
al-Kindi, 134, 137, 141
al-Majusi, ‘Ali ibn al-’Abbas, 135
Ambrose, Kirk, 9, 63
Ambrose of Milan, 8, 23, 71–74
Angelomus of Luxeuil, 75
Annales ferrarienses, 88
Annunciation, depictions of, 104, 144–145
anti-perspective, 105
anti-Semitism, 63–64
Aosta (Italy), 7, 68–71, 149
Apaturius of Alabanda, 156
Apelles, 168
Apollo Belvedere, 53
apparent being, 15–16
Aquinas. See Thomas Aquinas
Arabic sources, optics and, 35
Arena Chapel (Giotto), 102, 111, 161–162, 165, 169–170
Aristotle, 5, 17, 20, 49, 121, 127–134, 136, 141
Arnolfo di Cambio, 114, 156–158, 159
Ars grammatica (Papias), 35
Ars medicine, 35–36
art, exegesis and, 38
artistic practice, optical theory and, 7–8
ascent, metaphor of, 108
asperitas, 139, 153–154, 160, 169, 170
astronomy, movement and, 122
Augustine, 8, 16, 23–34, 38, 49, 53, 71, 74, 112–113, 120, 122, 129, 132, 141, 176n53, 183–184n84
Aureol, Peter, 15–16
Ausonius Decimus, 123
Averroes, 128, 129
Avicenna, 128, 129. 130, 136
axial address, shifting of, 117
axiality, principle of, 57–58, 59
backgrounds, viewing of, 126–127
Bacon, Roger, 16, 29, 32, 79, 113, 127, 141
Bakhouche, Béatrice, 25
baptism: curing spiritual affliction, 76–77
importance of, 60–61
reestablishing spiritual vision, 74
salvation through, 49
Basil of Caesarea, 72–73
Baxandall, Michael, 70–71, 162, 167
Bede, 75
beholder-object relations, 31–32, 54–58, 122–130, 136–137, 149–150
beholders: demands placed on, 83
experience of, 6, 19–20
expiring the divine, 93
movement of, 46, 54–55, 102
physical demands of, 19
perspective of, 9, 12, 13, 16, 17, 22
positioning of, 83, 102
relationship of, to the divine, 54
response of, to sculpture and painting, 53, 106
space of, encroaching on, 56
spatial experience of, 6, 67, 68
beholding: aesthetic language of, 120
constructions of, 3
physical, 6
Belting, Hans, 10, 136
Berenson, Bernard, 169–170
Bernard of Chartres, 25
Bernard of Clairvaux, 48
Bernard of Sédirac, 134
Betancourt, Roland, 24
Betz, Hans Dieter, 34
Bibles moralisees, 63
Biernoff, Suzannah, 74, 181n52
blindness: depictions of, 74
Jews associated with, 64, 74
Lamech’s, 74–75
Bobbio, Benedictine monastery in, 21
Boethius, 9, 97
Book of Medicine for the Eye (Constantine the African), 35
Book of Memory, The (Carruthers), 126
Book of Urine (Constantine the African), 35
Borgattii, Filippo, 90
Borgo San Donnino, 64
Borgo San Sepolcro, 81
Boudon-Millot, Véronique, 24
Bradwardine, 133
brain, chambers of, 37
Bruno of Segni, 49, 52, 63, 73, 74, 76, 77, 109, 159–160
Burgundio of Pisa, 129–130
Burnett, Charles, 135
Butades, 155
Byzantine decorations, 104–105
caelator, 155
Cain: associated with Jews, 49, 74
casting of, in negative light, 63
death of, 49, 51, 60, 74–75, 76
Calcidius, 8, 25–26, 34, 35, 36, 38, 79, 175n32
caligo of the eye, 75–76, 113
Capella, Martianus, 33
Carmen 27 (Paulinus of Nola), 19–20
Carmen 28 (Paulinus of Nola), 20
carnal blindness, 74
Carruthers, Mary, 126–127, 133, 134
carving techniques of, 11–12, 43–44, 58–59, 70–71, 81–82
Cassiodorus, 33
Castagnoli, Guido, 90, 91, 85
cathedral of St. Geminianus (Modena; Wiligelmus), 39–50, 52, 54, 58–62, 70–73
Cathedral of St. George. See Ferrara, cathedral at
Cavallini, Pietro, 49
Cave of Treasures, 75
Cennini, Cennino, 3, 153, 160–161, 164–165, 167
central perspective, 10
Chartres, cathedral at, 96, 97, 111
Chartres school, 59
Chiarito Tabernacle (Pacino), 161, 163–164, 165
Christian education, science and, 141
Christ in Majesty (Saint-Sernin, Toulouse), 11–12
chronotopos, 83, 102, 146
Church of Ravenna, 84–85, 107
church reform, politics of, and architecture, 47–49
Cicero, 24–25, 26, 124, 128, 133
Cistercians, 29
Clavis physicae (Honorius Augustodunensis), 80
Cognitio vitae, 38
cognitive science, 6
Cohen, Jeremy, 63
Commentary on the Dream of Scipio (Macrobius), 25, 26
Commentary on John (Augustine), 74
Commune of Ferrara, 84, 93, 107
concealed, notion of, 16
Constantine the African, 35, 37, 75, 174n19
contemplative perception, 143–144
Contra adimantum (Augustine), 32
corporeal vision, 27, 28, 29, 74
corporeality, 60, 102, 119, 140, 154, 164
corporeity, 132, 133, 136, 139–141, 153, 165
Cranz, F. E., 129
Creation theology, iconography of, 42–46, 48–53
Cremona, cathedral at (Wiligelmus), 51, 52, 67, 68, 82, 114, 146
Cremona Duomo (Nicholaus), 108
crusades, 46
cult images, 5
Dale, Thomas, 8, 29–30
Da Lisca, Allesandro, 107
Damian, Peter, 31–32, 38, 73
Damisch, Hubert, 1
Dante Aligheri, 17, 32, 113, 121, 143–144
Daphni Monastery, 104, 105
Dati, Leonardo, tomb for (Ghiberti), 166–167
Davis, Whitney, 17
De anima (Aristotle), 20, 121, 128–129, 131–133
De architectura (Vitruvius), 79, 156
De aspectibus (Alhacen), 8, 17, 134–143 See also Kitāb al-ManāDescription: zdotẓir
De Blaaus, Sible, 62
De Braye, Guillaume, 157–158
De caelo et mundo (Aristotle), 134
De pictura (Alberti), 168–169
De Foulkes, Guy, 141
De Genesi ad litteram (Augustine), 8, 26, 27, 53, 75, 132
De geometria (Gerbert of Aurillac), 8, 80, 98
De gloria martyrum (Gregory of Tours), 84
De institutione novitorum (Hugh of St. Victor), 133
De laudibus ecclesiae (Bruno of Segni), 49, 159
Della pittura (Alberti), 17, 151, 168–169
De luce (Grosseteste), 131–132
De memoria artificiale adquirenda (Bradwardine), 125–126
De memoria et reminiscentia (Aristotle), 121, 128, 132
Demosthenes Philalethes, 76
Demus, Otto, 104–105
De natura hominis (Nemesius), 35, 36, 129–130
De oculis (IsḥDescription: hdotāq), 37
De oratore (Cicero), 124, 133
De pictura (Alberti), 9
De placitis Hippocratis et Platonia (Galen), 22
De principiis (Periarchon; Origen), 23, 33, 71
De quantitate animae (Augustine), 26, 27
De rerum naturis (Maurus), 8, 33–34
de Sauvetat, Francis Raymond, 134
De spiritu et anima, 29
De usu partium (Galen), 22, 23
De templo (Bede), 150
De trinitate (Augustine), 27, 31, 53
De diversis artibus (Theophilus), 160
De viris illustribus (Peter the Deacon), 35
De vision Dei (Nicholas of Cusa), 32
De visu (Calcidius), 25
De visu (Euclid), 79
devotional art, 7–8
Di Banco, Nanni, 96, 97
Die deutsche Plastik des elften bis dreizehnten Jahrhunderts (Panofsky), 110
di sotto in su perspective, 115
distance, 43–44, 127, 154
appearance changes and, 130
beauty and, 141
distortion and, 140
linear perspective and, 20
as literary trope, 31–32
and looking right, 143
optical theory and, 30–31
recall and, 126
spiritual vision and, 142–143
textual traditions of, 121–127
visibility and, 122–125
Divinis nominibus (Pseudo-Dionysius), 131
Dodo (bishop of Modena), 39, 40–41, 42
Donatello, 114
Dragmaticon philosophiae (William of Conches), 37
Duccio, 111
Durandus, Guilielmus, 158
Dürer, Albrecht, 9, 10, 112
Early Christian churches, picture and objects in, spatial construction of, 19
Egyptian triangle, 95–96
El-Bizri, Nader, 136, 143
Elementarium doctrinae rudimentum (Papias), 8, 33, 34–35
Elements (Euclid), 36, 95, 97, 134
Elucidarium (Honorius), 73
embodied seeing, 6, 9, 20, 21, 26, 27, 30, 33, 46, 54, 77, 93, 130, 143: need for, 38
optics and, 80
embodiment, 6, 9, 143
Emiliani, Andrea, 89
eminere, 155–156, 168–169
Empedocles, 23–24
enmattering, 132
Eribert, 41
Eriugena, Johannes Scotus, 80, 129
Eruditio didascalia (Hugh of St. Victor), 122
Etymologiarum sive originum (Etymologies, The; Isidore of Seville), 32–34
Euclid, 21–22, 30, 79, 95, 149, 154
Euphranor the Isthmian, 155
experiential seeing, 6
Expositio in genesim (Bruno of Segni), 63
extramission theory, 24, 30, 33, 36, 37, 121, 136–137
eyes: anatomy of, 22, 23, 37, 135
analogized with light, 33
depiction of, 70–77
geometricization of, 136, 137
healing of, 74, 76, 77
materials used for marking, 5, 71–73
fall, the, 42, 54, 59, 74
Fernie, Eric, 42, 47
Ferrara, cathedral at (Cathedral of St. George), 7, 67–68, 77, 79, 87–88, 104, 110, 122, 144–146
earthquake and, 78
expansions of, 90
history of, 84–88
optical naturalism at, 78
renovation of, 106–107
restorations of, 89, 90–91
size of, 95–96
St. George Killing the Dragon at, 67, 86, 88, 90, 92–93, 94, 96, 98–104, 158
tympanum relief’s height at, 98–99
Fidenza, cathedral at, 7, 64–67
Fisher-Lichte, Erika, 54
Florentine Painters of the Renaissance, The (Berenson), 169–170
Florenz und Bagdad (Belting), 10
foreshortening, 78, 82, 96, 113–114, 157
forms, perception of, 128–129
Freedman, Luba, 160
Freni, Giovanni, 64, 67
Frugoni, Chiara, 62
full-bodiedness, 57, 102
Galen, 22–23, 35, 36, 174n19
Gandolfo, Francesco, 87
Gellius, 24
Geminianus, 39–40, 61
Genesis series (Saint Geminianus cathedral, Modena), 3–5
Geoffrey of Vinsauf, 32
Geometria incerti auctoris, 97, 98
Geometria speculative (Bradwardine), 127
geometricized space, 136
geometric optics, 149, 154
geometry, 3, 5
optics and, 78–81, 95, 96
taught in monastic schools, 97
used for manipulation of forms, 98–99
vision and, 97–98. See also geometric optics
George (saint): killing the dragon, 67, 86, 88, 90, 92–93, 94, 96, 98–104, 158
relics of, 84–85, 86, 102
significance of, 102–103
typos paradigm and, 101
Gerard of Cremona, 134–135
Gerbert of Aurillac, 8, 76, 80, 97, 98, 127
Gersh, Stephen, 24
gesso, relief in, 164
Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 153, 154, 166–167
gilding, 164–165
Giotto di Bondone, 8, 82, 102, 111, 161–163, 165, 169–170
giudizio dell’occhio (judgment of the eye), 115
Glass, Dorothy, 3–4, 41, 48–49, 61, 87
Glossa ordinaria, 75
God: knowledge of, attained through senses, 38
seeing of, 28
golden ratio, 95
golden section, 95
Gombrich, Ernst, 30
Goodman, Jennifer, 63
Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism (Panofsky), 10, 112
Gothic period, shift from
Romanesque, 121
Grassus, Benvenutus, 75
Gregorian Reform, 47–48
Gregory VII, 41, 85
Gregory the Great, 71, 172n22
Gregory of Tours, 84
Grosseteste, Robert, 21, 125, 131–132, 141
Hahn, Cynthia, 8, 29
Halbform (half-form), 12
Hamilton, Louis, 49
Herder, Johann Gottfried, 6, 53, 170
Hexaëmeron (Grosseteste), 125
Hexameral tradition, 23, 49, 71
Hexameron (Ambrose of Milan), 8, 23, 71–72, 75
Hildegard of Bingen, 76
Historische Grammatik der bildenden Kunste (Riegl), 11
Honorius (Augustodunensis), 73, 80
Hugh of St. Victor, 25, 29–30, 97, 98, 122, 127, 133
human bodies: beholders’ response to, 53–54, 70
rendering of, 155
humanitas, 59
Ibn al-Haytham (Latin: Alhacen), 5
I commentarii (Ghiberti), 154, 166–167
iconography: anti-Semitic, 63–64
Creation theology and, 42–46, 48–53
pictorial, significance of, 56
reliefs and, 46, 48, 63
iconology, 46, 52–53, 70, 74, 76, 77, 101
compared with iconography, 179n12
Il libro dell’arte (Cennini), 160
illusionism, 3, 16, 156, 160
images: connection of, to reality, 169
vs. objects, 120
quality of, 133
image science, 6
image theory, 3, 120, 128, 136
imagination, 131
Incarnation, imagery of, 104
Innocent II, 84
In principium Genesis (Bede), 75
intellect, 129–132
intellectual vision, 27, 28
intentional being, 16
intervallum, 122–23, 125, 126
intromission theory, 22, 25, 36, 121, 136–137
Investiture Controversy, 40, 47–48, 49
invisible, notion of, 16
Isagoge (IsḥDescription: hdotāq), 35, 36, 37
Isagoge Geometriae (Gerbert of Aurillac), 8, 76, 80, 97–98, 127
IsḥDescription: hdotāq, Description: upperhdotḤunayn ibn, 21, 30, 35, 37, 75
Isidore of Seville, 24, 32–33, 35
James of Venice, 128
Jerome, 75
Jeu d’Adam, 62–64
Jewish and anti-Jewish iconography, 63–64
John of Salisbury, 24
Jones, Lars, 164
Jung, Jacqueline, 96
Justice, Steven, 62
Kemp, Wolfgang, 83, 102, 146
Kessler, Herbert, 29, 32
King, Peter, 132
Kitāb al-ManāDescription: zdotẓir (Alhacen), 8, 20, 121, 134–135. See also De aspectibus
Krautheimer, Richard, 166
Krois, John Michael, 6
Kugel, James, 76
La divina commedia (Dante), 17, 113
Lagerlund, Henrik, 129–130
Lamech, symbolism of, 74–77, 113
Landino, Cristoforo, 167
Landolfus, 84
Lanfranco, 39, 42
Laon school, 59
Last Supper (Arena Chapel; Giotto), 82, 83
Naumburg cathedral, 82, 83, 111
Latin perspectivists, 127
lead, used for eyes, 71–73
Lehoux, Daryn, 22
Leiden Psalter of St. Louis, 56
Liber de visu (Euclid), 22
Libri quattuor sententiarum (Lombard), 16
light, emission of, 24, 25, 30, 33, 34, 136, 137
Limewood Sculptors of the Renaissance, The (Baxandall), 70–71
Lincoln, cathedral at (England), 51
Lindberg, David, 20, 21, 23, 137, 141
linear perspective model, 8, 83, 117
Lipton, Sara, 63
liturgical dramas, 62–63
liturgy, mobile, 62
Lombard, Peter, 16, 127
looking, vs. seeing, 27
looking right, 115, 125, 134, 140–141, 153
naturalism and, 150
proportional relation and, 149–150
Lubbock, Jules, 149
Lugli, Emanuele, 96
Macrobius, 25, 26, 175n33
Magee, John, 25
materiality, 3
feeling of, 147
illusionism and, 16
material relief, 161–162
Mathilda of Tuscany, 39, 41, 84
matter: dimensionality of, 131
generating illusion, 151
Maurus, Hrabanus, 8, 33–34, 76
medical theory, 35
medical tradition, in visual theory, 20–21
medical writings, 35–36, 75–76
memory: factors in, 126–127
perspective and, 127
sensible forms and, 129
sensory experience and, 126
vision and, 143
mental eye, 126
mental representation, 130
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 6, 143, 172n9
metaoptical space, 136
metaphorical relief, 164
Middle Ages, perspective during, 1
Midrash Aggadah, 75
Midrash Tanhuma, 75
Miles, Margaret, 30, 31
mind’s eye, 29, 122
Mitralis de officiis (Sicardus), 122, 158
mnemonics, 122, 123, 127–128
mnemotechnics, 122 223
mobile liturgy, 62
mobile viewers, 116–117
Modena, cathedral of St. Geminianus in (Wiligelmus), 7, 39–50, 52, 54, 58–62, 70–73, 130
cathedral school in, 21
pilgrimages and, 46
Moerbeke, William, 128
Monte Cassino, abbey of, 21, 87
Monti, Paolo, 94
monumental architecture, 6, 7
monumental pictures, physical demands required of, 19
monumental public art, influence of, 110
monumental sculpture: legibility of; revival in, 46–47
mediating agency, 54
movement: awareness of, 54
integration of, into medieval visual culture, 57
mural paintings, 50
Myron of Eleutherae, 59
Nash, Ronald, 27
Natural History (Pliny the Elder), 155–156, 168
naturalism, 57, 77, 78, 150
negative perspective, 105
Nemesius of Emesa, 35, 37, 129
New Mysticism, 164
Nicholas of Cusa, 32
Nicholas of Verdun, 59
Nicholaus, 7, 67, 77, 86–87, 90, 93–98, 102, 107, 150, 160
Nicias the Younger, 156, 168
Nicolò del Pietro, 165
Noctes Atticae (Gellius), 24
Nola, monastic complex at, 20
objective being, 16
object-observer relations. See beholder-object relations
objects: dimensionality of, measurement of, 97
distance of, from observers, 120
enmattering of, 131
vs. forms and bodies, 124
understanding of, through sight, 130–131
visually distinguishing from images, 120, 130, 132
oblique preventive distortions, 105
observers: distance from, 122
height of, 98
movement of, 146–149. See also beholders
beholding observer-sculpture relationship, 69
obverse perspective, 105–106
occlusion, 11, 12, 13, 147
ocularcentrism, 30
Old St. Peter’s (Rome), 49, 87
Olivi, Peter, 16, 127
On Sleep and Vision (al-Kindi), 134
Ophthalmalicus (Demosthenes Philalethes), 76
Optica (Euclid), 21–22
Optica (Ptolemy), 22
optical aesthetics, 17, 113, 120, 138, 143, 150, 151, 170
artistic handbooks and, 154
mnemonic tradition and, 127–128
principles of, 121, 123
optical knowledge, 8, 21
optical naturalism, 78, 113–115
optical refinements, 93–95, 97, 102, 106, 113–115, 120
optical science, 3
optical theory, 5, 18
artistic practice and, 7–8
strands of thought in, 20
theological concerns and, 141–142
optical veridicality, 9
optic naturalism, 186n3
optics: geometry and, 78–79, 95, 96
history of, 6
importance of, intellectual history of, 20
perspectivist, 113
role of, 10, 112
Optics (Ptolemy), 31
Ordo prophetarum (Pseudo-Augustine), 106
Origen, 23, 33, 71
Orsanmichele, church at, (Ghiberti), 166–167
Ostrow, Steven F., 160
Pacino di Bonaguida, 161, 163–164, 165
painting: beholders’ response to, 53
conceptual similarities of, with relief sculpture, 2
linear perspective in, 17
rilievo in, 151, 160, 162
spatiality in, history of, 152
virtualizing effects of, 156
Painting and Experience in Fifteenth-Century Italy (Baxandall), 167
Paiulinus of Nola, 130
Panaccio, Claude, 130–131
Panofsky, Erwin, 9, 10, 46, 57–58, 59, 82, 83, 109–113
Pantegni (al-Majusi), 135
Pantegni (Constantine the African), 35, 37
Pantheon Bible, 51
Panziera, Ugo, 164
Papias, 8, 33, 34–35
Paris school, 59
Parma: baptistery at, 67
cathedral of, 46, 48
cathedral school in, 21
Pasanu, Robert, 128
Paschal II, 39, 40, 49, 64
pastiglia, 163
Paulinus of Nola, 19–20, 22, 38, 56, 112–113
Pecham, John, 32, 142, 154
Pelacani, Biaggio, 136
perception, as activity, 57
performative spaces, reliefs and, 54
Periphyseon (De divisione naturae; Eriugena), 80
Perpectiva communis (Pecham), 154
personal space, 56, 57
perspectiva, 154
discipline of, 141–143. See also perspective
Perspectiva (Bacon), 29, 113, 141, 142
Perspectiva (Witelo), 142
perspectiva artificialis, 83, 112
Perspectiva communis (Pecham), 142
perspectival naturalism, 77
perspectival paintings, 9–10
perspectival space, 102, 111
perspectiva naturalis, 112
perspective, 9, 126–127, 150
accounts of, 9–10
central, 10
development of, 1
history of, 109–112, 136
Panofsky’s division of, 112
relief sculpture and, 10
reverse, 10
rilievo and, 3
rise in, 154
tympanum reliefs and, 82
Perspective (Witelo), 153
Perspective as Symbolic Form (Panofsky), 110, 112
perspectivism, 5, 38
perspectivist optics, 113
Peter the Deacon, 35
Peter of Limoges, 32, 113
Peter of Spain, 75, 76
Peter the Venerable, 48
Petrine architectural forms, 50
Petrobrusians, 48–49
Philo of Alexandria, 26
Philosophia mundi (William of Conches), 37
philosophical tradition, in visual theory, 20–21
Philosophus, 142, 153
Piacenza, cathedral at (Wiligelmus), 52, 87, 146
pictorial field, history of, 55–56
pictorial forms: materialization of, 163
organization of, 152
pictorial iconography, significance of, 56
pictorial plane, breaking of, 64
picturing, medieval, 132
pilgrimages, 64–65
depiction of, 65–67
routes for, influence on architecture, 46
salvation and, 67
sites for, 7. See also processions
Pisano, Giovanni, 17, 114, 116, 146–149, 156
Pisano, Nicola, 17, 114–118, 121, 149, 156
Plastik (Herder), 6
Plato, 8, 20, 21, 23–26, 28, 32–36, 49, 79, 82, 121, 155
Pliny the Elder, 155–156, 168
Plotinus, 26
Pollitt, J. J., 133, 155
Pope-Hennessy, John, 121
Porter, Arthur Kingsley, 58
Posterior Analytics (Aristotle), 134
Practica geometriae (Hugh of St. Victor), 97, 98
practical geometry, 97, 98, 170
processions, 64
sculpture and, 60, 61–62
types of, 62
prophetic visions, types of, 32
Proposition 11 (Euclid), 149
protiro, 42, 93, 114
proto-Renaissance, 46
Pseudo-Augustine, 28, 106
pseudo-classicism, 59
Pseudo-Dionysius, 131
Ptolemy, 22–23, 31, 137
pulpits, themes of, 117–18
Purgatorio (Dante), 143–145
Quaestiones naturals (Seneca), 38
Quattro Santi Coronati (Orsanmichele, Florence), 96, 97
Questiones naturals (Adelard of Bath), 36
Quintavalle, Arturo Carlo, 46–47
Rationale divinorum officiorum (Durandus), 158
Raume der Maler, 102
Raumkasten, 82, 83, 110, 111
Ravenna, cathedral school in, 21
Real Spaces (Summers), 152
Reggio, cathedral school in, 21
Relatio de innovation ecclesiae sancti geminiani, 39, 40, 41
relic industry, 46
reliefs: addressing local socio-religious concerns, 55
architectonic formats for, 77, 82, 83, 93, 102, 117, 120, 124, 145
audience for, 49, 52
balancing real and apparent depth, 12
chivalric culture and, 101
depth of, 15
distance and, 57
duality of, 152
framing of, 82
function of, 46–47
as hybrid of painting and sculpture, 10, 11
iconography of, 46, 48, 63
iconological readings of, 46
light issuing from, 137–139
as metaphors, 133
narrow vs. deeper sense of, 46
photography of, 93
political messages in, 101
as quality of visual perception, 153
representational status of, 10, 111
scanning of, 143–147 (See also pilgrimages)
sources for, 49–51
theorized in painting, 151
transforming into rilievo, 152–153
virtual volume in, 152
as visible intentions, 139
visibility of, 54
relief sculpture: conceptual similarities of, with painting, 2
extending form from a surface, 11
formats of, 9
as half-form, 12
pictorial illusions in, 3
and relationship between physical and virtual space, 12–13
status of, 1–2
techniques of, 2–3
as a type, 154, 155
virtuality of, 16
relief space, 12–15, 119, 151, 152, 160
Renaissance, art theory of, 17, 153
Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art (Panofsky), 112
representation, 55–56, 132
representational materialism, 128
Republic (Plato), 155
revealed, notion of, 16
revelation, in relief sculpture, 3
reverse perspective, 10
Riegl, Aloïs, 11, 12, 170
rilievo, 3, 17, 151–153
framework of, 155
joining painting and sculpture, 164–166
meanings of, 154–155, 160–161
projection in, forms of, 167–168
qualities of, 167
Robert II, 84
Roda Bible, creation scenes from, 50, 51
Romanesque period, 8, 46, 110–111, 121
Romanini, Angiola Maria, 158
Romano, Marco, 114, 115
Rosenberg, Charles, 86–87
Rossetti, Biagio, 90
roughness, 139, 153, 154
Rudolph, Conrad, 51–52
Rufinus of Aquileia, 23
Sabra, A. I., 138
Saint Columbanus, Benedictine monastery of (Bobbio)
Sainte-Foy (Conques, France), 67
Sainte-Marie (Souillac), 55–57
Sainte-Marie-Madeleine (Vezelay, France), 51, 52
Saint Felix, basilica of (Cimitile-Nola, Italy), 19
Saint Geminianus cathedral (Modena; Wiligelmus), west facade, 2–5
Saint-Lazare church (Autun, France), 51, 67
Saint Sylvester (Nonantola), 21
Salerno School, 35
school, 36, 37
salvation, 67
baptism and, 49
history of, 47
Lamech’s, 76
pilgrimage and, 46
Salvini, Roberto, 42, 47
San Benedetoo Po, monastery at, 21
San Michele Maggiore church (Paris), 108
San Miniato al Monte, church at (near Florence), 71, 73
San Paolo fuori le Mura (Rome), 49
Sant’Abbondio (Como), 46, 48
Sant’Andrea, church at (Pistoia), 146–150
Santa Maria Assunta (Cremona), 67, 68
Santa Maria Immacolata (Ceri), 50
Santa Maria Matricolare (Verona), 108
Santa Maria, Benedictine monastery of (Pomposa), 21
San Vincenzo (Galliano), 50
San Zeno church (Verona), 51, 107, 108
Saturnalia (Macrobius), 25
scale, linear perspective and, 20
scanning, 22, 54, 143–149, 170
Schapiro, Meyer, 55–56, 57
Schipper, William, 33
Schleusener-Eichholz, Gudrun, 20
Schlie, Heike, 10, 172–173n27
scholasticism, 121, 128
sculptural illusionism, 158
sculptural space, medieval, 107
sculptural workshops, 7
sculpture: addressing local environments, 55, 77
axiality and, 57–58
beholders’ response to, 53
clothing in, 59
display of, processions and, 60, 61–62
humans’ response to, 6
materials used in, for eyes, 71
as medium, 6
movement in, 60, 67
optical illusions in, 112
processions and, 64
threedimensionality of, 110
working with architecture, 107
sculpture subtiles, 137–138, 139
Sedes sapientiae, 81
seeing: embodied, 6, 20
epistemologies of, 22, 38
experiential, 6
physically taxing nature of, 20
Seeing Through the Veil (Akbari), 20
Seidel, Linda, 101
self-identification, ideologies of, 51
self-knowledge, 53
Seneca, 38
Senlis school, 59
senses: body-soul dynamic and, 27, 28
cognition and, 29
related to the elements, 26
unity of, with the sensible, 129
sensible forms, enmattering of, 131
sensory experience: knowledge formation through, 22
memory and, 126
sensory representation, 129
Sentencia libri De anima (Aquinas), 131
Sententia (Lombard), 127
Septuagesima, theme of, 62, 63, 64
Sergius (archbishop), 85
Shadows and Enlightenment (Baxandall), 162
Sicardus, 122, 158–160
sight: affecting mental images, 132
geometry and, 78
iconology of, 9, 76
knowledge related to, 53–54
leading to truth, 21
linked with the soul and perception, 21
phenomenology of, 8
positioning of, 126
primacy of, 63, 121, 128, 130, 145. See also vision
Silvestris, Bernardus, 135
Simonides, 122
Smith, A. Mark, 20, 30–31, 112, 135, 138
Soliloquia (Augustine), 27
space, emancipated from surface, 111
space-boxes, 82–84, 93–95
movement within, 146
as threshold between sacred and profane, 102
spatial disposition, 139–140, 141, 154
spatial distance, 104, 153
spatial illusionism, annihilation of, 110
species, mediating of, 16
spiritual blindness, 74
spiritual enlightenment, vision and, 31
spiritual seeing, 6, 26–30, 74, 80, 121, 142, 170
spiritual sense, 29
spiritual vision. See spiritual seeing
SS. Pietro ed Orso, church of (Aosta, Italy), 68–70, 71
standpoints: vs. points of view, 17
series of, 115
significance of, 6–7, 17, 20, 22, 54, 156
spiritual and embodied seeing, 112–113
textual traditions of, 121. See also visual angles
Stephem II, 85
St. Geminianus (Modena), 86
St. George Killing the Dragon (Ferrara cathedral), 67, 86, 88, 90, 92–93, 94, 96, 98–104, 158
St. Johns, pair of, as motif, 87–88
Strabo, Walafrid, 76
Studies in Iconology (Panofsky), 46
Stuttgart Psalter, 101
subject-object relationships, 110
Summa theologiae (Aquinas), 131
Summers, David, 12, 57, 115, 136, 147, 152, 171n4
surface differentiation, 160
surface effects, 156
surveyor’s rod, 98
Sylvester II, 76–80
Tachau, Katherine, 15, 16, 30, 113
Tarr, Roger, 144–145
Tegni (Galen), 36
Temple of Solomon, descriptions of, 159
Ten Treatises on the Eye (IsḥDescription: hdotāq), 21
Theodosius, 84
theology, and looking right, 143
Theon of Alexandria, 22
Theophilus, 160
theoretical geometry, 97
Thierry of Chartres, 125, 126
Thomas Aquinas, 16, 17, 130–131, 133
thresholds, 102
Timaeus (Plato), 8, 24–25, 26, 34, 36–37, 73
Todi Bible, creation scenes from, 50, 51
Toledo (Spain), 134–135
Toledo school (Arabic translations), 134–136
Trachtenberg, Marvin, 5, 58, 82, 115–116
Tractatus de perspectiva (Pecham), 142
Tractatus moralis de oculo (Peter of Limoges), 113
Tractus de proportionibus (Brad-wardine), 127
Trattato della perfezione (Panziera), 164
Trotula, 35–36
tympanum reliefs, 9, 13, 81–82
typos, 101, 155–156, 164
united-ray theory, 34
Urban II, 49
Verona, cathedral at, 7, 80, 81 123
Verzár, Christine, 42, 86, 101, 104
Via Aemilia, 46, 47, 58, 64
Via Francigena, 64
viewing angles, 21, 53, 96, 98, 108, 118, 150
viewpoint, fixity of, 54–55. See also standpoints
Vindicianus, Helvius, 27
Virgil, 63, 122–23, 156
virtual image, as apparent being, 15–16
virtuality, 147–149, 154
virtual plane: breaking of, 55–56
completion of, 12–15
virtual volume, 12, 152, 156, 167, 168
Virtuvius, 79
visibility, focus on, 9
visible, notion of, 16
visible intentions, 138–141
vision: angle of, and linear perspective, 20, 116
Augustine on, 26–32
as bodily experience, 29
bridging reality and the soul, 25
clarity of, 112–113, 116
cognition and, 29
distance and, 30–31, 43–44
dual nature of, 23
embodied theory of, 143–144
epistemology of, 24
extramission theory of (See extramission theory)
geometry linked to, 97–98
intromission theories of (See intromission theory)
leading to knowledge, 23–24
leading to spiritual enlightenment, 31
linked with good and bad deeds, 34
medieval theories of, 23–26
memory and, 130, 143
Plato on, 22–26
psychological aspects of, 141
reciprocity of, 5
spiritual sense of, 26
theories of, 18, 20, 27–29, 31
visual angles, designed for observers, 96, 105–108. See also standpoints
visual cone, 44–46
visuality, 5, 7, 8: formation of, 22
hermeneutics of, 7
medieval, 6
visual ray theory, 22–26, 28–29, 30
visual theory, 5–6, 20–21, 22
visual triangle, 98–99
Vitruvius, 82, 156
Vivarini, Antonio, 165
volume, 152, 154. See also virtual volume
von Hildebrand, Adolf, 170
wax seals, 101, 132–134, 144, 155
Wido of Ferrara, 85
Wiligelmus, 3, 4, 5, 40–46, 48–53, 54, 58–59, 62–63, 70–71, 72, 74, 158, 170
William of Conches, 25–26, 36, 37–38, 135, 178n111
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 53
Witelo, 32, 142, 153–154
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 125
Wollcombe, Kenneth, 197n8
Wulff, Oscar, 173n31
Zacharias, 84
Zahlten, Johannes, 49