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Gaifman, Milette

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Milette Gaifman

The Art of Libation in Classical Athens

Index

Author

Milette Gaifman

PublisherYale University Press

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00126.011

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-18097

Index

Page numbers in italic type indicate illustrations.

Achilles Painter: Red-figure amphora (New York), 116 (detail), 121, 123, 152, 153

Red-figure stamnos (London), 78–85, 82, 83

Acropolis. See Athens

Aegisthus, 103

Aeschines, 81, 162n104

Aeschylus: Agamemnon, 165n55

Eumenides, 165n56

The Libation Bearers, 7, 102–4, 111, 165n44

Oresteia, 102–4, 165n56

Persians, 97

Agamemnon, 81, 102–3

Agathon, Red-figure pyxis signed by (Berlin), 137, 138, 139, 140–41

alabastra, 105, 109

Alkimachos Painter, Red-figure jug (Schwerin), 143–44, 143, 153

Altamura Painter: Red-figure jug (Boston), 141, 142, 143, 153

Red-figure pelike (New York), 50 (detail), 58–60, 58, 59, 161n30

altars, 29–49, 125–28

Great Altar of Athena Polias, 17, 49

ambiguities of subject, 10-12, 43, 55, 75, 78, 89, 94, 111, 128, 147

Amphitrite Painter, 161n33

amphorae: functions of, 4, 74, 78

with Athena and female figure performing a libation (attributed to Achilles Painter), 116 (detail), 121, 123, 152, 153

with Athena tilting a phiale/Eros in flight (attributed to Harrow Painter), 117, 118, 119–21, 119, 153

with Hector and Hecuba in the presence of Priam (attributed to Hector Painter), 74–78, 75, 76 (detail), 113–14, 152

with libation bearer, older man, soldier, and another woman/libation bearer between two young men (attributed to Niobid Painter), 78, 79, 80, 151

with woman and soldier pouring libation (attributed to Westreenen Painter), x (detail), 4, 4, 6–7, 14–15, 152

Anaxinus of Oreus, 81, 162n104

andron (banquet room), 66

animal sacrifice: anticipations of, 24–29

elements of, 17, 20, 24, 29–42

gods and goddesses associated with, 20–22, 28–29, 125–28, 146–48

significance of, 17, 20–21

Aphrodite, 10, 21, 22, 24, 73, 112–13

Apollo, 8, 10, 24, 37–38, 40–41, 76, 125–28, 126, 141, 142, 143–44, 143, 151–53, 159n72

Ares, 24, 112–13

Aristophanes, Peace, 7–8, 118, 166n6

arrephoroi (girls in festivals for Athena), 8, 166n94

Artemis, 24, 47, 141, 142, 143–44, 143, 153

Asklepios, 3

Athena, 4, 5, 10, 12, 14, 22, 23, 24, 25–26, 47, 49, 80, 115, 117, 118, 119–21, 122, 123, 124, 126, 128, 131–33, 136, 146–49, 146, 152–54

Athena Nike, 126

Athena Polias, 149, 154

Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae, 66

Athens, Acropolis: ceremonies held on, 17, 24

chronology of, 159n90

visitors’ experience of, 12–13, 23, 48–49. See also Caryatids; Erechtheion; Great Altar of Athena Polias; Parthenon Frieze

Athens, mythological kings of, 115, 124

Atossa, 97, 108, 111

autochthony, 124

banquets. See symposia

Beazley, John D., 14, 78, 160n17

Benndorf, Otto, 133

Berlin Painter, Red-figure stamnos (New York), 4, 5, 128, 129, 130

birds, 114–15

blood, depictions of, 14, 29, 31, 33, 36, 43

Bosanquet Painter: White-ground lekythos (Basel), 86 (detail), 96, 99–101

White-ground lekythos (New York), 96–97, 97, 98, 99–101, 151

Boutes, 115

British Museum, 12, 23

Calliope Painter: Red-figure cup (London), 69–72, 69, 70

Red-figure cup (Oxford), 71–73, 72, 73

Carlsberg Painter, White-ground lekythos (Munich), 4, 4, 93–94, 93

Caryatids, 1, 2, 6, 8–10, 10, 12–13, 48–49, 85, 115, 148–49, 154, 155n1, 155n4, 156n29, 160n91

choai (libations to the dead), 1, 87, 103–4, 111, 115

City Dionysia/Great Dionysia, 45, 87, 102

Class of Hamburg 1917.477, Black-figure hydria (New York), 108, 109

cleansing, 108, 165n65. See also lustration

Clytemnestra, 103–4

Colmar Painter, Red-figure cup (Paris), 66–67, 67, 68, 69

Connelly, Joan, 156n15, 157n14

contrapposto, 1, 2, 40, 53, 69, 93, 96, 113

courtesans, 70–71

cups: banqueters handling of, 62, 63, 64, 161n33

representations of symposia on, 62, 64–65

use of, in libations, 31

with banqueters at a symposium/libation at an altar (attributed to Painter of London E100), 64–65, 64, 65, 153

with banqueters/youths (attributed to Colmar Painter), 66–67, 67, 68, 69

fragments of, with inscriptions: ZEY and to the good daimon/Athena holding out a phiale (possibly signed by Euphronios), 131–33, 132

with handling of sacrificial victim/libation at altar (attributed to Euaion Painter), 29, 30, 152, 153

with man extending a phiale at altar/men dancing at a revel (attributed to Douris), 43, 43, 44, 45, 151, 152

with youths and libation bearers and musicians/Nike and lyre player (attributed to Calliope Painter), 71–73, 72, 73

with youths and libation bearers/Youth and woman (attributed to Calliope Painter), 69–72, 69, 70

dancing, 47. See also revelry

Darius, 97

death, 87–115

depictions of ambiguous male figures related to, 88–97, 111

lekythoi associated with, 87–101, 111

mourning regulations concerning, 100

phialai associated with, 73–74

women as chief performers of rituals for, 111, 165n72. See also graves/tombs; choai

Delos, 38

Delphi, 38, 41–42, 159n72

Demeter, 24

Demosthenes, 81, 162n104

departure scenes, 51–52, 55, 59, 74–79, 84, 88, 91, 111, 128

dexiosis (handclasp), 79–85, 151

Dinos Painter: Red-figure pelike (Brunswick, Maine), 51–55, 53, 54

(in manner of) Red-figure pelike (London), 56–58, 56, 57, 152

Diomedes, 125–28, 126

Dionysos, 24, 40–41, 45, 67, 131–34, 134, 136, 159n72

Douris, Red-figure cup (London), 43, 43, 44, 45, 151, 152

Earth (as recipient of libation), 66

Electra, 7, 102–4, 102

Elgin Marbles, 23

entrails, 29

ephebes (youths), 34

Erechtheion: Athenians’ experience of, 12, 48–49, 85, 115, 160n94

dating of, 159n90

Porch of the Caryatids, 1, 2, 12–13, 48–49, 115

tomb of Kekrops beneath, 8, 115. See also Athena Polias; Athens, Acropolis; Caryatids, Erechtheus

Erechtheus, 115, 124

Eros, 21, 22, 24, 119, 120, 121, 124

eroticism, in symposium vessels, 66–71, 73

Euaion Painter, Red-figure cup (Warsaw), 29, 30, 152, 153

Euphronios, Red-figure cup possibly signed by (Athens), 131–33, 132

Euripides: Ion, 41–42; Medea, 81

Orestes, 163n6

family and intimate contexts, libations in, 52–62, 74–85

flutes, 34, 36, 40, 46, 62, 64, 71

Fried, Michael, 157n43

Furtwängler, Adolf, 118–19, 167n10

Gela Painter, Black-figure jug (London), 121, 122, 154

gender relations, among the gods, 140–41

Gex, Kristine, 164n39

gods and goddesses: at the altar, 125–28

animal sacrifice and, 20–22, 28–29, 125–28, 146–48

anthropomorphism of, 118–19, 136, 147–48

associated with symposia, 131–36

explanations for performance of libations by, 117–21

gender relations among, 140–41

humans in relation to, 21–23, 26–29, 37–38, 148, 153–54

libations performed by, 117–49

mortals’ ritual performances compared to those of, 124–36

on Parthenon Frieze, 21–23, 23, 24

phialai held by, 114, 120–21, 124, 141, 148–49

graves/tombs: Agamemnon’s, 102–4

depictions of, on vessels, 91–97, 163n16

deposition of vessels in, 13, 35, 60, 73, 78, 85, 100, 101–2, 111, 124, 140, 146, 148

gifts brought to, 105–8

gods absent from rituals at, 148

of Kekrops, 8, 115

lekythoi used at, 99–101

monuments on, 111–15

as part of household, 88, 111

regulations concerning, 100

vessels at, 99, 101–2

Great Altar of Athena Polias, 17, 49

Great Dionysia. See City Dionysia/Great Dionysia

Greater Panathenaia, 13, 22, 24, 49, 156n18, 160n94, 160n95. See also Athens, Acropolis; Parthenon Frieze

Greek Revolution in art, 6

Group R, White-ground lekythos (New York), 109–11, 109, 110

Hades, 87, 97

Harrow Painter, Red-figure amphora (Berlin), 117, 118, 119–21, 119, 153

Hazanavicius, Michel, The Artist, 12

Hector, 74–78, 75, 113–14, 152

Hector Painter, Red-figure amphora (Vatican City), 74–78, 75, 76 (detail), 113–14, 152

Hecuba, 75–77, 75, 83, 113–14, 152

Hekate, 28, 158n42

Hephaistos, 23

Hera, 4, 5, 21, 23, 128, 131, 137, 139, 140–41

Herakles, 125

Hermes, 7, 10, 22, 24, 103, 118, 166n6

Herodotos, 20, 51, 157n6

hetairai (courtesans), 70–71

home, libations in context of, 52–62, 74–85

Homer: Iliad, 21, 75–77, 81, 113, 115, 124, 126, 152; Odyssey, 66, 73–74, 87

honey, 1, 87, 97, 151

hoplites, 74, 78–79, 82–84

hydriai, 38, 42, 105–9

with women at the fountain house (attributed to Class of Hamburg 1917.477), 108, 109–11

iconographic exploration, method of, 8–12

inscriptions. See kalos inscriptions

interactive nature: of Greek images, 13–14, 134

of painted pottery, 34, 148, 153

internal viewers/beholders, 34, 77, 85, 111

Iolaos, 125, 126, 128

Iris, 21, 137, 138, 140

Jason, 51–52, 81

jugs: use of, in libations, 31–33, 60–61

with Apollo and Artemis performing a libation (attributed to Altamura Painter); 141, 142, 143, 153

(attributed to Alkimachos Painter), 143–44, 143, 153

with armed man and libation bearer, 60–62, 61, 153, 161n30

with Athena at a sacrificial procession (attributed to Gela Painter), 121, 122

with Athena tilting a phiale (attributed to Painter of the Half-Palmettes), 146–48, 146, 147

with libation at a sacrifice (attributed to Thomson Painter), 31–33, 32, 33, 153

Kadmos Painter (in manner of), Red-figure krater (Texas), 38, 39, 40–42, 40, 41, 151–52

kalos inscriptions, 77–78, 134, 136

kanephoroi (virgins bearing sacrificial baskets), 8

kanoun (sacrificial tray), 37

kantharoi (goblets), 131–33

Kekrops, 8, 115

kitharai, 143

komos (revel), 45

korai (maidens), 1, 10. See also Caryatids; parthenoi

Kore 675 from Athenian Acropolis, 9

kouroi (male youths), 10, 11, 33. See also korai

kraters: used in symposia, 33, 35–36

with libation at a sacrificial altar of Apollo/Satyr and two female worshippers (in manner of Kadmos Painter), 38, 39, 40–42, 40, 41, 151–52

with libation at a sacrificial altar/three youths (attributed to Pothos Painter; London), 3–4, 33–35, 34, 35, 37–38, 153

(attributed to Pothos Painter; Paris), 36–38, 36, 37, 151, 152

Kroisos from Anavysos, 11

kylikes. See cups

laurel tree, 36–37

lekythoi: associated with death, 87–101, 111

graveside uses of, 99–102

inner container of, 100–101, 164n38, 164n39

uses of, 100–101, 164n37

with libation bearer alone (unattributed, London), 87, 88

with libation bearer and male figure at tomb (attributed to Painter of Munich 2335), 91–93, 91, 92

(attributed to Bosanquet Painter, New York), 96–97, 97, 98, 99–101, 151

(attributed to Bosanquet Painter, Basel), 86 (detail), 96, 96, 99–101

(unattributed, Brussels), 94, 95

(attributed to Carlsberg Painter), 4, 4, 93–94, 93

(attributed to painter near Villa Giulia Painter), 88–90, 89, 90

with woman pouring liquid onto a tomb: woman pouring from a hydria/woman holding a phiale and bringing a decorated basket (attributed to Woman Painter), 105–7, 107, 109

woman pouring oil and holding a basket at a tomb/woman in black/man standing next to a tomb (attributed to painter of Group R), 109, 109, 110

woman pouring from a hydria/woman approaching an altar with a basket and an alabstron (attributed to Painter of Munich 2335), 105, 105, 106, 109, 152

libation: cultural significance of, 13, 151–52

defined, 1

depicted in symposia vessels, 62–74

in domestic contexts, 52–62, 74–85

engagement in, by viewers of vessels, 31, 33, 42, 49, 60, 84–85, 100, 148, 153

gods’ performance of, 117–49

in human relations, 51–85

liquids used in, 1, 14, 25, 29, 105–8, 152, 157nn50–51

methodological approaches to studying, 6–15

in military contexts, 51–52, 56–60, 74–85, 88–90, 96–97, 128

in mourning contexts, 87–115

music in relation to, 144

Parthenon Frieze reference to, 24–25

physical process of making, 6–7, 152

prevalence of, in Greek culture, 7–8, 13

relationships enacted and confirmed through, 151–53

sacrificial character of, 1–2, 13, 84

value of studying, 13–14

variations in, 1

varieties of visual representation of, 1–4

liquids (in libation), 1, 87, 97, 151. See also oil; water; wine

lustration, 25. See also cleansing

lyres, 38, 40, 64, 69, 70–73, 127, 141

Marzullo, Benedetto, 166n6

Matheson, Susan, 160n17

meat, roasting of, 29, 31, 33–34, 36. See also animal sacrifice

Medea, 81

Menelaus, 81

mesomphalos, 6

military contexts, libations in, 51–52, 56–60, 74–85, 88–90, 96–97, 128

milk 1, 87, 97, 151

mnemata (memorials), 115

Muses, 71

music, 34–36, 38, 40–42, 71–74, 126–28, 141–46. See also flutes; lyres

naturalism, 6–7

Neils, Jenifer, 157n15

Nestor, 81

New Acropolis Museum, 2, 12, 23, 158n25

Nike, 71, 73, 125–27, 126, 137, 139, 140–41, 144–45, 145, 152, 167n25

Niobid Painter, Red-figure amphora (Oxford), 78, 79, 80, 151

Noble, Joseph Veach, 164n38

Oakley, John, 165n71

oath, 1, 52, 81

Odysseus, 66, 73–74, 87, 108

oil: funerary uses of, 100, 152, 164n32

held in alabastra, 105, 109

olpai, 146–47. See also jugs

Olson, Douglas, 166n6

Orestes, 102–4, 103

owls, 132, 133

paianes (songs), 144

Painter of London D12: White-ground phiale (Boston), 46–47, 46

Painter of London E100: Red-figure cup (London), 64–65, 64, 65, 153

Painter of Munich 2335: White-ground lekythos (New Haven), 91–93, 91, 92

White-ground lekythos (New York), 105, 105, 106, 109, 152

Painter of the Half-Palmettes, Black-figure jug (Ferrara), 146–48, 146, 147

Painter of the Munich Amphora, Red-figure stamnos (Paris), 133–34, 134, 135, 136, 150 (detail), 153

palm tree, 38

Panathenaia. See Greater Panathenaia

parthenoi (virgins), 47. See also Caryatids; korai

Parthenon Frieze: Aphrodite with Eros on her lap, 22, 24

Athena turning her back to the peplos scene, 22, 23

dating of, 159n90

gods and humans depicted on, 21–23, 23, 24, 26–27

Hermes turning toward the standing male figures, 22, 24

Horse riders, 20, 21

identities of figures on, 10

libations, references to, 24–25

Musicians, 20, 21

Peplos scene, 22, 22

Phialai bearers on, 2–3, 10, 12, 17, 19, 21, 24–25, 156n18

sacrificial procession depicted on, 12, 21–23, 26, 29, 48–49, 157n14

Sacrificial victim led by attendants, 17, 18

Sheep and attendants, 17, 18

Water carriers, 21, 21

Zeus turns his back to the younger female figures of the peplos scene, 22, 23

Peace of Nicias, 52

pelikai: uses of, 55, 88

with man and libation bearer/soldier and libation bearer (attributed to Altamura Painter), 50 (detail), 58–60, 58, 59

with soldier and libation bearer/Two young men (in the manner of Dinos Painter), 56–58, 56, 57, 152

with young rider, libation bearer, older man, and youth/older man, armed traveler, and libation bearer (attributed to Dinos Painter), 51–55, 53, 54

Peloponnesian War, 7, 52, 85

Penelope Painter, Red-figure skyphos (Copenhagen), 102–4, 102, 103

perfume, as graveside libation, 100, 165n65

Persian Wars, 124, 128

Persians, 51

phialai: associated with death, 73–74

associated with libations, 1, 12, 13, 24–25, 27–28, 47–48, 51, 53–55, 67, 69–70, 72–73

gods’ holding of, 114, 120–21, 124, 141, 148–49

gold, 47

handling of, 6, 6, 152

in rituals for the dead, 12

in symposia, 66–67, 69–70

with dancers at a burning altar (attributed to Painter of London D12), 46–47, 46

with “The School of Music” (attributed to Phiale Painter), 144–45, 145

with sirens (unattributed, London), 73–74, 74

Phiale Painter, Red-figure phiale (Boston), “The

School of Music,” 144–45, 145

pigeons, 114–15

Pindar, 47, 126

First Pythian Ode, 144

pitchers. See jugs

Plato, 71

The Symposium, 7, 66

Polygnotos, 167n25

Red-figure stamnos (Gotha), 125, 126, 127, 152

Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer), 113, 113

Poseidon, 24, 115

Pothos Painter: Red-figure krater (London), 3–4, 33–35, 34, 35, 37–38, 153

Red-figure krater (Paris), 36–38, 36, 37, 151, 152

Pozzo, Cassiano dal, Museum Chartaceum, 111

Pozzo-Albani relief, 111–15, 112

Priam, 74–77, 75

Pylades, 103, 103

Pythia, 38

Pyxides: and nuptial imagery, 137

with Zeus at a sacrificial altar/Iris/Hera/Nike (signed by Agathon), 137, 138, 139, 140–41

Queyrel, Anne, 162n58

reliefs: with reclining heroic figure (from sanctuary of Asklepios), Piraeus, 3, 3

with woman holding a bird and extending a phiale, 114–15, 114, 153

with woman and soldier (Pozzo-Albani relief), 111–15, 112

with worshippers approaching an altar (from Aegina), 27–29, 27, 151, 158n42

with worshippers approaching Athena (from Athenian Acropolis), 25–26, 26, 29. See also stelai; Parthenon Frieze

religion, 13–14, 28–29, 84

revelry, 45. See also dancing

Rotroff, Susan, 156n15

Sabouroff Painter, 161n33

sacrifice: animal, 17–43, 125–28, 146–48

nonanimal, 42–49

satyrs, 40–41, 41, 133–34, 136

Seer, from Temple of Zeus at Olympia, 76–77, 77

self-referentiality, 12, 31–32, 42, 45, 99, 141, 148

Siphnian Treasury, Delphi, 10

Sirens, 73–74, 74

Six’s technique, 73

Skyphoi, 45, 66–67

with presumably Electra and companion at the tomb of Agamemnon/presumably Orestes and Pylades (attributed to Penelope Painter), 102–4, 102, 103

Smith, Cecil Harcourt, 70

snakes, 88–89

Socrates, 7, 66

Sommerstein, Alan, 166n6

Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonos, 7–8

Sourvinou-Inwood, Christiane, 158n20, 158n21

sparrows, 115

spondai (libations), 1, 7, 20, 52, 81, 118, 165n56. See also libation

spondeion (libation music), 71

stamnoi: with Athena between Zeus and Hera/warrior between libation bearer and older man (attributed to Berlin Painter), 4, 5, 128, 129, 130

with Diomedes and Iolaos at sacrifice to Apollo/libation at an altar (attributed to Polygnotos), 125, 126, 127, 152

with Dionysos and a satyr/woman and soldier at libation (attributed to Painter of the Munich Amphora), 133–34, 134, 135, 136, 150 (detail), 153

with libation bearer and soldier/old man and warrior shaking hands (attributed to Achilles Painter), 78–85, 82, 83

stelai: with reclining heroic figure holding a libation bowl, from sanctuary of Asklepios, Piraeus, 3, 3

with seated woman holding a libation bowl, 3, 3. See also reliefs; tombs/graves

Struth, Thomas, 157n43

“Museum Photographs,” 12

Swindler, Mary, 14

symposia: eroticism associated with, 66–71, 73

gods associated with, 131–36

kalos inscriptions on vessels used in, 77

kraters used in, 33, 35–36

libations as feature of, 13, 36, 51, 62–67

representations of, on cups used in, 62, 64–65

room (andron) for, 66

and sacrificial banquets, 36, 41–42

Theater of Dionysos, 7

Thomsen, Arne, 167n30

Thomson Painter, Red-figure jug (Oxford), 31–33, 32, 33, 153

Thucydides, 7, 51–52, 60, 85

tombs. See graves/tombs

treaties/truces, 52, 81

tripods, 38

truces. See treaties/truces

Villa Giulia Painter (attributed to painter near), White-ground lekythos (New York), 88–90, 89, 90

visual response, method of, 12–15

Vitruvius, 66

water: held in hydriai, 38, 42, 105–9

in libation, 88, 97, 108–9, 152, 165n65

wine mixed with, 33, 36, 38, 84

weddings, 137

Wehgartner, Irma, 164n39

Westreenen Painter, Red-figure amphora (New York), x (detail), 4, 4, 6–7, 14–15, 152

white-ground technique, 48, 133

Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 14

wine: Dionysos associated with, 41, 45, 67, 134

for graveside rituals, 100

as libation, 1, 14, 21, 24, 25, 29, 31, 34, 36, 64, 65, 152

water mixed with, 33, 36, 38, 84

Woman Painter, White-ground lekythos (Karlsruhe), 105–7, 107, 109

women: as chief performers of funerary rites, 111, 165n72

family and household role of, 84

as libation bearers, 2–3, 10, 12, 17, 21, 24–25, 79–84, 88–97, 111

pelikai associated with, 55

phialai associated with, 47–48

pyxides associated with, 140. See also korai; parthenoi

Xenophanes, 66

Zeus, 4, 5, 22, 23, 51–52, 66, 76, 118–19, 128, 131, 137, 138, 140–41, 144, 152

Zeus Soter, 131

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