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David Bindman (Editor), Henry Louis Gates Jr. (Editor)
Description: The Image of the Black in Western Art, Volume III: From the “Age of...
The Image of the Black in Western Art, Volume III: From the “Age of Discovery” to the Age of Abolition, Part 3: The Eighteenth Century
Index
Author
David Bindman (Editor), Henry Louis Gates Jr. (Editor)
PublisherHarvard University Press
Copyright© 2011 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00142.014
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-18161
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Index
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. Page numbers in parentheses indicate details of illustrations.
abolition: overview, xxi, xxiii, 1–3, 16
Africa conversion narrative and, 44, 44–45
African visitors and, 185, 185–86, 188, 188
chains and, 297–99, 298, 303, 304–5, 305
city life between fantasy and reality and, 185, 185–86, 188, 188, 199, 200
city life with fantasy image and, xxi, 3
court to city life transition and, 77–78
domination fantasy in city life and, 166–69, 167–68, 170
emancipation monuments and, 34, 34–35
England and, xxi, 3, 77–78, 166–68, 185, 185–86, 188, 188
Europe and, xxi, xxiii, 3, 166–67
France and, xxi, 3
French colonies and, 297–99, 298, 299–300, 300–301, 303, 304–5, 305
nature representation and, 160, 160–61
“noble savages” and, 5
page boy image and, 122, 142–44, 143, 146, 146–47
porcelain figurines and, 34, 34–35
portraits of blacks and, 10–11, 12–13, 13, 121, 142–43
signs image and, 10, 49, 199, 200, 233
slaves and, 48–49, 49–50
West Indies and, 16. See also abolition of slave trade
abolition of slave trade: overview, xv, xxi, 1, 3, 5, 227
England and, 10, 49, 168–69, 170, 199, 200, 232, 233
France and, 236, 238–39, 238–40
French colonies and, 299–300, 300–301, 303, 304–5, 305. See also abolition; slave trade
Abyssinia. See Ethiopia
activities, and black image. See dramatic activities; marginal activity
admiration expression: city life with fantasy image and, 109, 112–13, 114, (114–15)
domination fantasy and, 3, 125, 135, 136–37, 138, 144, 145, 159
domination fantasy for women and, 125, 159, 160, 160–61
domination fantasy in city life and, 125, 144, 145, 159, 164, 164–65, 166
England and, 3, 125, 135, 136–37, 138, 144, 145, 159–60, 160–61, 164, 164–65, 166
France and, 109, 112–13, 114, (114–15)
history paintings with fantasy image and, 109, 112–13, 114, (114–15)
Magi narrative and, 114, (114–15)
page boy image and, 3, 125, 135, 136–37, 138, 144, 145, 159
Adoration of the Magi narrative. See Magi narrative
adulterous relationships. See intimate relationships
aesthetic beauty: blackness and, 6–7, (7), 173–74, 174–75
city life between fantasy and reality and, 173–74, 174–75
France and, 173–74, 174–75
Maroons and, 262–63, 262–63
skin color and, 6–7, (7)
affectionate gesture of women: attendant as woman and, 161, 161, 163
domination fantasy for women in city life and, 96, 154, 159, 163–64, 164
England and, 96, 159, 161, 161, 163–64, 164
France and, 154
page boy image and, 96, 154, 159, 163–64, 164
Africa/Africans: blackness paradox and, 73, 73, 208–9, 209, 210
domestic scene image and, 66, 69
Europeans’
knowledge of, xx, xxiii, 2
Europeans’
relationships with, xvii, 222, 222–23
facial features and, 208–9, 209, 210
fantasy image and, 2
humanism and, 32, 33, 168–69, 170, 233
maps and, 19, 207, 208, 216, 220, (220–21), 222
“noble savages” and, 5
North Africa and, xvi, xvii, xix, 208–9, 209–10
otherness and, 210
racial theories and, 208–9, 209, 210
savages and, 212–13
skin color as black and, xiii–xiv, 2, 281
slave collars and, 8
slaves with black image and, xiv, xix
stereotypical characteristics and, 2, 20
trade and, 13, 207, 210
visitors to Europe from, 74, 74–76, 75–76, 176–77, 209. See also Africa conversion narrative; African visitors; African visitors (England); slave trade; South Africa/Africans; West Africa/Africans
Africa allegory: American Indians and, 14
animal image and, 14, 18–19, 19–23, 22–27, 26, (28–29), 30, 40, (41–42), 44, 44–45, 46, 47, (47), 48, 52, 52–53, 284, 288–89, 291, 292
arcadianism and, 207, 208
bald head and, 23, 25, 26
black-white contrast and, 26, 26–27, (28–29), 30
city life with fantasy image and, 116–17, 117
court life and, 55–56, 55–56
domestic scene image and, 207, 208
earrings and, 18–19, 19, 53, 54, 55
Egypt as symbol and, 18–19, 19, 26–27, 28, (28–31), 30–31, 207, 208–9, 209, 210
England and, 116–17, 117
feathers and, 13, 14, 23, 24–25, (24–25)
female form image and, 22, 44, 44–45, 46, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
France and, 55–56, 55–56
French colonies and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292), (293), 293–95, 294–95
hair and, 18–19, 19
headdresses and, 18–19, 19, 20, 23, 24–25
history paintings with fantasy image and, 116–17, 117
imperialism and, (28–29), 30
jewels and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
Magi narrative and, 116–17, 117
necklaces and, 18–19, 19, 20, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
observers and, 55–56, 56, 157
parasols and, 22–23, 23–27, 26–27, (28–29), 30, 52–53, 52–54, 55
porcelain figures and, 34–35, 34–35
portraits of blacks and, (28–29), 30
power of Europe and, 26–27, 28, (28–29), 30–31, 199
savages and, 23, 25, 26
seminaked males and, 44, 44–45
seminaked women and, 13, 14–15, (15), 18–19, 19–20, 22–23, 23–25, 26, 46, 47, (47), 48, 52, 52–53
skin color as black and, 26, 26–27
skin color as dark and, 20, 55–56, 55–56
skin color as white and, 13–14, 18, 18–19
slave collars and, 8
slaves with black image and, 8, 52, 53, 54, 55
slave trade and, 26–27, 28, (28–31), 30–31, 207, 208, 294–95, 294–95
stereotypical features and, 55–56, 55–56
trade and, 22, 23–24, 26–27, 28, (28–31), 30–31, 294–95, 294–95
turbaned image and, 44, 44–45, 52, 53, 54, 55
women with black image and, 284, 290
women with white image and, 18, 18–19
Africa conversion narrative: overview, 3, 19–20
abolition and, 44, 44–45
African visitors and, 186, 188, 188
allegorical image and, 3, 6
baptism and, 49, 52, 52, 53, 54, 55
black-white contrast and, 8–9, 9
Egypt and, 20, 20–21, 46
England and, 186, 188, 188
exoticism and, 52, 52–53, 53, 54, 55
Four Continents and, 20, 20–21, 22, 40, (41–42), 44, 44–45, 46, 47, (47), 48–49, 52, 52–54, 53, 55
free blacks and, 202, 202–3
French colonies and, 284, 288–89
Germany and, 72–73, 73
Holland and, 227, 230–31, 230–31
idolatry and, 8–9, 9, 52
Italy and, 202, 202–3
Jesuit order and, 22, 40, 41–42, 44, 44–45, 46, 47, 48
New Testament and, 20, 52–53, 53
“noble” savages and, 52–53, 53
portraits of blacks and, 52–54, 53, 55
positive image of blacks and, 52–53, 53
power of Europe and, 46
skin color and, 8–9, 9–10, 11
slaves and, 8–9, 9, 52, 53, 54, 55
slave trade and, 227, 230–31, 230–31
Virgin Mary and, 46, 47, 48. See also Africa/Africans; baptism; evangelism; salvation; universalism
African slave trade. See slave trade
African visitors: blackness-whiteness characteristics of, 56, 178–79, 178–79
clothing of, 56, 177–78, 178–79
to Europe, 74, 74–76, 75–76, 176–77, 209
fantasy image and, 2, 182, 182–83
to France, 56, 177–79, 178–79
naked males and, 56, 178–79, 178–79
stereotypical characteristics and, 56, 177–78, 178–79
from West Africa and, 5, 6, 171, 176, 182–83, 183–84. See also African visitors (England)
African visitors (England): overview, 179–80
abolition and, 185, 185–86, 188, 188
Africa conversion narrative and, 186, 188, 188
clothing of, 182, 182–83, 186, 188–89
courtly representation and, 182, 182–83
educated males and, 180, 180–81, 182
evangelism and, 186, 188, 188
exoticism and, 182, 182–83
fantasy image and, 182, 182–83
freed blacks and, 186, (186–87), 186–89, 188
gentlemanly characteristics of, 180, 180–81, 182, 186, 188, 188–89
hair of, 182, 182–83
lips of, 182, 182–83, 185, 185–86
melancholia and, 13, 16, 184, 184–85
Muslims and, 182, 182–83
nose of, 182, 182–83
poets as slaves and, 185, 185–86
turbaned image and, 182, 182–83
albinism/irregular skin color, 190–93, 191–92, 194
allegorical image: Africa conversion narrative and, 3, 6
blacks and, 3
Christianity and, 3, 6, 202, 202–3
Faith and, 202, 202–3
idolatry and, 2
Reason and, 298–99, 299
slave trade and, 259, 260
women with black image and, 13, 14–15, (15)
women with white image and, 18. See also Four Continents
altarpieces, 105, 109, 112–13, 114, (114–15)
America allegory: animal image and, 14–15, 19, 23, 25–27, 26, 46, 47, 48
feathers and, 20, 22, 40, (41–42), 46, 47, 48, 55–56, 55–56
headdresses and, 22, 40, (41–42), 46, 47, 48
power of Europe and, 8, 30–31, (30–31)
savages and, 23, 25, 26
seminaked males and, 55–56, 55–56
seminaked women and, 13, 14–15, (15), 18–19, 19–20, 20–21, 22–23, 23–25, 26, 40, (41–42), 46, 52, 52–53
skin color as black and, 13
skin color as brown and, 30–31, (30–31)
skin color as dark and, 46, 47, 48
trade and, 22, 23–24
turbaned image and, 26, 26–27
Virgin Mary and, 46, 47, 48
warrior woman image and, 18–19, 19, 32, 33
American Indians: Africa allegory and, 14
court life and, 72–73, 73, 75–76, 76
free people of color and, 209
Germany and, 72–73, 73, 75–76, 76
skin color and, 34, 34–35, 281
warriors and, 32, 33. See also Mesoamerican Indians
Americas: overview, x, xiv, 14. See also America allegory; American Indians; Caribbean
Aniaba, Louis, 56, 177–79, 178–79
animals: Africa allegory and, 14, 18–19, 19–23, 22–27, 26, (28–29), 30, 40, (41–42), 44, 44–45, 46, 47, (47), 48, 52, 52–53
America allegory and, 14–15, 19, 23, 25–27, 26, 46, 47, 48
Asia allegory and, 13, 18–19, 19, 26–27, 28, 46, 47, 48
court life and, 26, 62, 63, 66, 69, 70, 70–71
French colonies and, 282–84, 282–85, 288–89, 291, 292
Germany and, 26, 62, 63, 66, 69, 70, 70–71
Anonymous, Discussion sur les hommes de couleur, 295, 297–98, 298
Anonymous, Elihu Yale…, 140–41, 141
Anonymous, Equality Granted to Blacks, 298–99, 299
Anonymous, Girl in Stile, The, 163–64, 164
Anonymous, Ignatius Sancho’s shop card, 1, 13, 16, 40, 134, 184, 184–85, 188, 199
Anonymous, Once Bitten, Twice Shy, 295, 295
Anonymous, Portrait of Francis Williams, 180, 180–81, 182
Anonymous, Lady Elizabeth Murray with Dido Elizabeth Belle, xx, 161, 161, 163
Anonymous, Portrait of Malik Ambar, xviii, xviii
Anonymous, Portrait of Mary Sabina, 192, 192–93, 194
Anonymous, Portrait of M. Jean-Baptist Terrien, 297, 297
anthropological studies, 216, 216–19, 220, (220–21), 222, 243, 243–44, 245
Arabs, xviii–xix, 208–9, 209, 210
arcadianism, 207, 208, 276, 278–79, 279
Arellano, Manuel, A mulatto woman, 251, 251–52
aristocratic life. See city life
armor, 48, 66, 68–69, 115, 116, 144, 145
France and, 115, 116
Arnoult, Nicolas, Woman of Quality…, 152, 152–53
artifice, 101, 104, 127, 154
Asam, Cosmas Damian, 46, 47, (47), 48
Asia/Asians: humanism and, 32, 33
India and, xvii, xviii, xviii–xix, 14, 38. See also Asia allegory; India
Asia allegory: animal image and, 13, 18–19, 19, 26–27, 28, 46, 47, 48
Christianity and, 20, 20–21, 46
clothing and, 46, 47, 48
French colonies and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292), (293), 293–95, 294–95
hair and, 44, 44–45
jewels and, 46, 47, 48
power of Europe and, 8, 26–27, 28
skin color as black and, 13
slavery and, 22, 23–24
slave with black image and, 46, 47, 48
trade and, 22, 294–95, 294–95
turbaned image and, 23, 25, 26, 44, 44–45
warrior male image and, 44, 44–45
astonishment expression: city life with fantasy image and, 114, 114–15, 116–17, 117
court life and, 26, 55–56, 55–56, 62, 63
domination fantasy for women in city life and, 96, 111, 162–63, 163
England and, 96, 111, 116–17, 117, 162–63, 163
Four Continents and, 55–56, 55–56
France and, 55–56, 55–56, 114, 114–15
Germany and, 26, 62, 63
history paintings with fantasy image and, 114, 114–15, 116–17, 117
Magi narrative and, 114, 114–15, 116–17, 117
page boy image and, 96, 111, 162–63, 163
attendant as woman: admiration expression and, 160, 160–61
city life in fantasy image and, 112–13, 114
clothing and, xx
court to city life transition and, 82–83, 82–84, 86
domination fantasy for women in city life and, 153–54
domination fantasy in court life and, 160–61, 160–61, 163
England and, 160–61, 160–61, 163
exoticism and, 161, 161, 163
France and, 109, 112–13, 114, 153–54
French colonies and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292
jewels and, 153–54
nature representation and, 160–61, 160–61, 163
turbaned image and, xx, 161, 161, 163
Turkish court life and, 82–83, 82–84, 86
women with black image and, xx
Augustus I (king of Poland), 63
Augustus II (king of Poland; the Strong), 63, 66, 70, 73, 89
Augustus III (king of Poland), 132, 134
Auliczek, Dominikus, the Elder, 34, 34
authenticity, of blacks, 84, 84–85, 86
 
Baartman, Sarah, 194–95, 194–95
Badin, Adolph, 75–76, 75–76, 176
Bailleul, François (after Antoine Watteau), 91, 92–93
bald heads, 23, 25, 26
baptism: overview, xi
Africa conversion narrative and, 49, 52, 52
children and, 58–59, 157–59, 158–59
domination fantasy in city life and, 157–59, 158–59
Ethiopia and, 52, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 96, 155–56
eunuch of Candace narrative, 52, 96, 155–56
France and, 157–59, 158–59
New Testament and, 49, 52, 52
page boy image and, 157–59, 158–59
ritual practices and, 211
servant as male and, 38
women with black image and, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58
women with white image and, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58. See also Africa conversion narrative; universalism
Baratta, Giovanni, Liberation of Two Slaves, 48–49, 49–50
Beaumont, Claudio Francesco, The Family of Darius …, 106, 108, 109
Beduzzi, Antonio, 22, 23–24
Benefial, Marco, Saint Matthew Baptizing the Queen of Ethiopia, 53, 54, 55
Bérain, Jean, “The inhabitants of hell,” 56, 56–57, 58
Bible. See New Testament; Old Testament; specific characters and narratives
Bigg, William Redmore, A Lady and Her Children 168, 168, 173
blackface performers, 171, 195
black image in Western art, viii–xvii, xxiv
black-mulatto relationships, 303, 304–5, 305
blackness: aesthetic beauty and, 6–7, (7), 173–74, 174–75
blackness-whiteness characteristics and, 8–9
black-white contrast and, 13, 14, 14–15, (15)
Dutch Surinam colony and, 243, 243–44, 245
Maurice (saint) and, xvii
Sheba (queen) and, xvii–xviii
skin color and, 7–10
washing away blackness and, 96, 155–56, 156. See also Moors; positive image of blacks; skin color; stereotypical features; women, and black image
blackness paradox: Africans and, 73, 73, 208–9, 209, 210
court life and, 73–74, 73–75
Germany and, 73–74, 73–75
literature and, 211–12
spectacles and, 56, 56–57, 58, 59
blackness-whiteness characteristics: African visitors and, 56, 178–79, 178–79
blackness and, 8–9
city life between fantasy and reality and, 56, 178–79, 178–79
city life with fantasy image and, 91–92, 93–95, 96
blacks, xv–xvi, xix–xxi, 3
black-white contrast: overview, xvi–xvii
Africa allegory and, 26, 26–27, (28–29), 30
Africa conversion narrative and, 8–9, 9
blackness and, 13, 14, 14–15, (15)
British colonies and, 266–67, 266–67
city life with fantasy image and, 105–6, 106–7, 114, 114–15
court to city life transition and, 82–83, 82–84, 86
domination fantasy and, 160, 160–61
domination fantasy for women and, 96, 157–60, 158–59, 160–61, 163–64, 164
domination fantasy in city life and, 3, 96, 135, 136–37, 138, 157–59, 158–59, 163–64, 164
domination fantasy in court life and, 160, 160–61
England and, 3, 96, 135, 136–37, 138, 160, 160–61, 163–64, 164
Four Continents and, 20, 20–21
France and, 82–83, 82–84, 86, 114, 114–15, 157–59, 158–59
history paintings with fantasy image and, 105–6, 106–7, 108, 109, 114, 114–15
Italy and, 105–6, 106–7
Magi narrative and, 105–6, 106–7, 114, 114–15
page boy image and, 3, 96, 135, 136–37, 138, 157–59, 158–59, 163–64, 164
page boy image in court life and, 160, 160–61
portraits of blacks and, 13, 14
stereotypical characteristics and, 13, 14–15, (15)
Turkish court life and, 82–83, 82–84, 86. See also whites/white image
black-white relationships: overview, x, xvii–xviii
for children in British colonies and, 276, 277
city life between fantasy and reality and, 204–6, 204–6
European-African relationships and, xvii, 222, 222–23
free/freed blacks and, 204–6, 204–6
French colonies and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
Italy and, 204–6, 204–6
woman-page boy relationship and, 96, 111, 125, 159, 162–63, 163. See also master-servant relationship
black-white reversal, 91, 92–93, 96–97, 101, 103, 103, 127, 129
Blake, William: Europe Supported by Africa and America, 13, 14–15, (15)
“Little Black Boy,” 10, 11, 15, (16), 246
body servant. See servant as male
Bonnart, Henri, 152–53, 152–53
Boucher, François (after Antoine Watteau), 101, 103
Brazil. See French colonies
British colonies: allegory of slave trade and, 259, 260
arcadianism and, 276, 278–79, 279
black-white contrast and, 266–67, 266–67
black-white relationships for children and, 276, 277
Caribs and, 272–73, 272–73
caricature image and, 262–63, 262–63
clothing and, 274–75, 275, 276, 276–77, 279–80, 279–81, 282
cudgeling and, 272–73, 272–73, 278–79, 279
free people of color and, 271–77, 272–77, 279–80, 279–81, 282
imperialism and, 271–72, 272
individual types and, 274, 279–80, 279–81, 282
market image and, 272–73, 272–73
Maroons and, 262–63, 262–63
pastoral idyll image and, 266–67, 267
plantation life for slaves and, 267, 267, 269
power of Europe and, 267, 267, 269
productive labor image and, 267, 267, 269
runaway slave image and, 274–75, 275
servant as male and, 276, 277
skin color and, 267, 267, 269, 272, 272, 274–76, 274–77, 279, 280–81
skin color as black and, 272–73, 272–73
skin color as red and, 272, 272
slave collars and, 274–75, 275
slave rebellions and, 262, 263
slaves with black image and, 269–71, 270–71, 272–73, 272–73
social hierarchies and, 267, 267, 269, 271–76, 272, 274–77, 279, 280–81
turbaned image and, 276, 276–77
West Indies overview, 259, 262. See also Jamaica colony
Brunias, Agostino: Barbados Mulatto Girl, The, 274–75, 274–75
Cudgelling Match …, A, 278–79, 279
Free Women of Color…, 274, 276, 277
as eunuch with white image and, 86
Free Natives of Dominica, 274, 276, 276–77
Lady Attended by a Negro Servant …, A, 274, 279–80, 279–80
Linen Day, 273–74, 274–75
Linen Market…, A, 272–73, 272–73
Pacification with the Black Caribs, 272, 272
West India Washer-women, 276, 278–79, 279
Brunias, Agostino (after), Black and mulatto men and women …, 295–97, 296–97
Brustalon, Andrea, 36–37, 36–38
brutality of slavery: England and, 234, 234, 236, 238
French colonies and, 292, 293, (293), 294
slaves/ slavery and black image and, 274–75, 275
slave trade and, 234, 234, 236, 238
Bys, Johann Rudolf, 26, 26–27
 
Cabrera, Miguel: From Spaniard and Indian, Mestiza, 254, 255
From Spaniard and Mulatto, Morisco, 247
Calvinism, 227, 229–31, 230–31
Capella, Francesco, Othello and Desdemona (The Geography Lesson), 204–6, 206
Capitein, Jacobus, 13, (14), 229–31, 230–31
caps. See headdresses
Caribbean: Dutch Surinam and, 241–43, 242–44, 245–46
Indians and, 242–43, 243, 245
Maroons and, 262–63, 262–63
otherness and, 242–43, 243, 245
pastoral idyll image and, 242–43, 243, 245
savages and, 242–43, 243, 245. See also Caribs; Jamaica colony; West Indies/Indians
Caribs: British colonies and, 272–73, 272–73
French colonies and, 292, 293, (293), 294
skin color and, 272–73, 272–73
caricatures, 262–63, 262–63
Carmontelle (Louis Carrogis): Auguste, Young Negro …, 127, 128
Mademoiselle Desgots…, 126, 126–27
Narcisse, nègre du duc d’Orléans, 126, 126–27
Portrait of Messieurs de Caumartin …, 126–27, 128
Casali, Andrea, Adoration of the Magi, 116–17, 117
casta (racial lineage). See racial lineage (casta)
Catholic Church: overview, xvii
allegorical image and, 6
altarpieces and, 105, 109, 112–13, 114, (114–15)
Germany and, 75
monogenesis and, 3
salvation and, xi, xvii, 78, 297
slavery and, 3, 78. See also Africa conversion narrative; baptism; missionaries; specific popes
center of attention image, 3, 31, 32–33
Central Africa, and slave trade, xiv
Ceruti, Giacomo, Black African Beggar, 200–202, 201
chains: abolition and, 297–99, 298, 303, 304–5, 305
Asia allegory and, 22, 23–24
decorative schemes and, 36–38, 37
Four Continents and, 36–38, 37
French colonies and, 297–99, 298, 303, 304–5, 305
liberation-trade conflict and, 295, 295
signs image and, 10, 49, 199, 200, 233
Charles I (king of England), 77
Charles II (king of Spain), 20
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), 20, 73
Charles VI (Holy Roman Emperor), 22, 26, 44, 44–45, 46
Charles VII (Holy Roman Emperor), 22–23
Charles XI (king of Sweden), 66
cheekbones, high, and portraits of blacks, 11, 12–13, 13, 121, 142–43
children: baptism and, 58–59
mixed-race type and, xx
pets and, 58–59, 125, 132, 159
porcelain figures and, 34–35, 34–35
in white family portraits, 164, 164–69, 166–68, 170, 233. See also page boy image; page boy image with domination fantasy
Chodowiecki, Daniel Nikolaus, 32, 33
Christianity: overview, xvii
allegorical image and, 3, 6, 202, 202–3
altarpieces and, 105, 109, 112–13, 114, (114–15)
Asia allegory and, 20, 20–21, 46
Calvinism, 227, 229–31, 230–31
Europe allegory and, 20, 20–21
fantasy image and, 3, 17
Four Continents and, 20, 20–21, 46
Germany and, 75
monogenesis and, 3
salvation and, xi, xvii, 78, 297
slavery and, 3, 78
universalism, xi, 297. See also Africa conversion narrative; baptism; missionaries; salvation
city life, 3–5. See also city life, and fantasy image; domination fantasy in city life (England); domination fantasy in city life (France); page boy image with domination fantasy in city life (England); page boy image with domination fantasy in city life (France)
city life, and fantasy image: overview, xiii–xiv, 3–5, 90–91
artifice and, 101, 104
blackness-whiteness characteristics and, 91–92, 93–95, 96
black-white reversal and, 91, 92–93, 96–97, 101, 103, 103
comic figures and, 91
freed blacks and, 77
gallant Moor tradition and, 101, 102, 103–4
humanism and, 95–96
independent character image and, 91, 92–93, 98, 100, 101
luxury and, 101, 102, 103–4
masquerade image and, 92, 94–95, 95, 96, 101, 104
master-servant relationship and, 91–92, 93, 96, 101, 101–2, 103
melancholia and, 98, 99, 101
messengers and, 92, 94–95, 96, 101
mischievous characteristics and, 91–92, 93, 96
musicians and, 91
observers and, 91, 92–93, 96–97, 98, 99, 100, 101
savages and, 4
servant as male and, 91, 97, 97
slave collars and, 97, 97
slavery and, 77, 97, 97
social hierarchies and, 77, 97–98
trade and, 4, 5
whites and social class and, 77. See also city life, and fantasy image (England); city life, and fantasy image (France); city life, and fantasy image (Italy); city life between fantasy and reality; city life between fantasy and reality (France)
city life, and fantasy image (England): overview, 117–18, 122–23
abolition and, xxi, 3
Africa allegory and, 116–17, 117
astonishment expression and, 116–17, 117
earrings and, 116–17, 117
history paintings and, 116–24, 117–18, 121–23
independent character image and, 121, 121–22, (122)
jewels and, 116–17, 117
master-servant relationship and, 122, 122–23, (123–24)
observers and, 118, 118–19, 121
placement of black image and, 118, 118–19, 121
portraits of blacks and, 120–21, 121
city life, and fantasy image (France): admiration expression and, 109, 112–13, 114, (114–15)
armor image and, 115, 116
astonishment expression and, 114, 114–15
attendant as woman and, 109, 112–13, 114
black-white contrast and, 114, 114–15
darkness and, 114, 114–15
history paintings and, 106, 109, 110–11, (112), 112–13, 114, (114–15), 116–17
observers and, 114–15, 116
social hierarchies and, 109, 112–13, 114, (114–15)
spectacles and, 114, 114–15
city life, and fantasy image (Italy): black-white contrast and, 105–6, 106–7
eroticism and, 104–5, 105
exoticism and, 105, 106, 108, 109
history paintings and, 104–5, 105–6, 106–7, 108, 109
messengers and, 104–5, 105
page boy image and, 105, 105
turbaned image and, 105–6, 106–7
women with black image and, 106, 108, 109
city life between fantasy and reality: overview, 171
abolition and, 185, 185–86, 188, 188, 199, 200
devil image and, 195–96, 197
England and, 196–99, 196–99
feathers and, 197–99, 198–99
grooms and, 199, 199
jewels and, 197, 198
luxury and, 197, 198
masquerade image and, 171–72, 173
necklaces and, 197, 198
parasols and, 198, 198
seminaked males and, 197, 198
signs and, 196–99, 196–99
turbaned image and, 198, 198
whiteness and, 171–72, 173. See also African visitors; city life between fantasy and reality (France)
city life between fantasy and reality (France): overview, 172
aesthetic beauty and, 173–74, 174–75
blackness in portraits and, 172–73, 172–73, 173–74, 174–75
hair and, 174–76, 175
luxury and, 176, 176
melancholia and, 172–73, 172–73
messengers and, 176, 176
mischievous characteristics and, 176, 176
necklaces and, 173–74, 174–75
“noble savages” and, 173, 174–75
observers and, 176, 176
portraits of black men and, 172–73, 172–77
portraits of women and, 173–74, 174–75
slave collars and, 174–76, 175
stereotypical features and, 174–76, 175
trade and, 174–76, 175
turbaned image and, 174–76, 175, 176
classical effects, xviii, xix
Clement X (pope), 22, 44, 44–45, 46, 49
Clement XI (pope), 46, 49
climate theory of complexion, 2, 8, 32
clothing: African visitors and, 56, 177–78, 178–79, 182, 182–83, 186, 188–89
Asia allegory and, 46, 47, 48
attendant as woman and, xx
city life between fantasy and reality and, 56, 177–78, 178–79
court life and, 26, 132, 134
England and, 182, 182–83, 186, 188–89
free blacks and, 202, 202–3, 204–6, 206
free people of color and, 272–73, 272–76, 276–77
French colonies and, 297, 297, 299, 300
Germany and, 26, 62, 63, 66, 69, 74, 74–75, 75–76, 76
Italy and, 202, 202–3, 204–6, 206
New Spain racial lineage and, 254, 255
Poland and, 132, 134
white image and, 297, 297. See also Turkish costumes
Colson, Jean François (after), 133, 134
comic figures, 58, 61, 75, 75–76
compassion, 222–24, 224–25
conversation pieces, 31, 32–33
Copley, John Singleton: Death of Major Peirson …, 121, 121–22, (122)
Head of a Black Man, 120–21, 121
Watson and the Shark, 118, 118–19, 121
coquettish activities, 95, 125, 156–57, 156–57
Cordier, Nicolas, 38–39, 38–40
Cosway, Richard, 186, 186–87, (186–87)
court life, 3–6, 17, 77. See also court life (France); court life (Germany); court life, and Four Continents; court to city life transition in fantasy image
court life (France): overview, 6, 55
Africa allegory and, 55–56, 55–56
blackness paradox and, 56, 56–57, 58, 59
children as pets for women and, 58–59, 125, 132, 159
comic figures and, 58
exoticism and, 58, 59
Four Continents and, 23, 26, 55–56, 55–56, 58–59, 157
grotesque image and, 56, 56–57, 58
humanism and, 55–56, 55–56
nose and, 56, 56–57, 58
observers and, 55–56, 56, 157
seminaked males for America allegory and, 55–56, 55–56
skin color as dark and, 55–56, 55–56
slaves with black image and, 58
slave trade between Africa and West Indies and, 58
spectacles and, 56, 56–57, 58
status enhancement image and, 58, 59
stereotypical features and, 55–56, 55–57, 58
trade and, 55–56, 55–57, 58–59, See also French colonies
court life (Germany): overview, 59, 61, 63, 74
Africa conversion narrative and, 72–73, 73
American Indians and, 72–73, 73, 75–76, 76
animal image and, 26, 62, 63, 66, 69, 70, 70–71
armor image and, 66, 68–69
astonishment expression and, 26, 62, 63
blackness paradox and, 73–74, 73–75
Catholic Church and, 75
clothing and, 26, 62, 63, 66, 69, 74, 74–76, 76
comic figures and, 61, 75, 75–76
domestic scene image and, 66, 69
earrings and, 66, 69
Egypt as symbol of Africa and, 74, 74–75
exoticism and, 26, 62, 63–64, 73, 73, 75–76, 76
between fantasy and reality image and, 66, 69
feathers and, 61, 64, 64–65, 70, (72–73), 73, 75–76, 76
Four Continents and, 23, 25, 26
freed blacks and, 74, 74–75
Hottentot woman and baby and, 66, 69
jewelry and, 70, (72–73), 73
jewels and, 66, 68–69, 70, 70–71, (71), (72–73), 73, 73
Moors and, 72–73, 73
musician on horseback image and, 66, 68–69
“noble savages” and, 72–73, 73
pageantry and, 62–63, 63, 66, 68–69, 70, 70–71, (71–72)
page boy image and, 26, 61, 61–62, 62, 63
parasols and, 26, 62, 63
portraits of blacks and, 74, 74–75
power of Europe and, 63–64, 70
seminaked males and, 70, (72–73), 73
servant as male and, 66, 68–69
servant domestic scene image and, 59, 60–61, 61
sexual/lascivious characteristics and, 75–76, 75–76
slave collars and, 64, 64–65
slaves with black image and, 64, 64–65, 74–75, 74–76
stereotypical features and, 70, (72–73), 73
turbaned image and, 26, 59, 60–61, 70, 70–71
warriors and, 63, 64, 66, 66–67, 69
court life (Ottoman Empire). See Turkish court life
court life, and Four Continents: Europe and, 20–21
France and, 23, 26, 55–56, 55–56, 157
Spain and, 21, 22–23
court life in fantasy image, xiii–xiv. See also court life (France); court life (Germany); court life, and Four Continents; domination fantasy for women in court life (England); domination fantasy for women in court life (France); page boy image with domination fantasy in court life (England); page boy image with domination fantasy in court life (France)
courtly representation: African visitors and, 182, 182–83
domination fantasy and, 122, 146, 146–47, 159–60, 160–61
domination fantasy for women and, 159–60, 160–61
domination fantasy in city life and, 164, 164–65, 166
domination fantasy in court life and, 159–60, 160–61
England and, 159–60, 160–61, 164, 164–65, 166, 182, 182–83
page boy image in court life and, 122, 146, 146–47, 159–60, 160–61
court to city life transition in fantasy image, 77–78. See also entries for specific countries
court to city life transition in fantasy image (Eastern Europe), 77, 87, 89–90, 89–91
court to city life transition in fantasy image (England): overview, 6, 77–78
abolition and, 77–78
slavery and, 77–78
slave trade and, 3, 77–78, 133
court to city life transition in fantasy image (France): overview, 77
authenticity of blacks and, 84, 84–85, 86
black-white contrast and, 82–83, 82–84, 86
humanism and, 78
luxury and, 82–83, 82–84, 86
masquerade image and, 86, 86–88, 89
salvation and, 78
skin color and shades of darkness and, 82–83, 82–84, 86
slavery and, 78
slave trade and, 78
Turkish court life and, 79, 81–84, 82–84, 86, 86–88, 89
voyeurism and, 84, 84–85, 86
court to city life transition in fantasy image (Germany): page boy image and, 89–90, 90–91
sexual/lascivious characteristics and, 87, 89–90, 89–91
slave collars and, 87, 89–90, 89–91
Turkish court life and, 87, 89–90, 89–91
court to city life transition in fantasy image (Italy), 86, 86–88, 89
Coypel, Antoine: Angola …, 95, 156–57, 156–57
Moroccan Ambassadors at the Italian Theater, 95, 156–57, 156–57
crests, and slave collars, 15
crowns, 18–19, 19
cruelty of slavery. See brutality of slavery
cudgeling, 272–73, 272–73, 278–79, 279
Cugoano, Ottobah, 15, 143, 186, 188, 188
curiosity objects: city life between fantasy and reality and, 190–93, 191–92, 194
England and, 190–93, 191–92, 194
free/freed blacks and, 190–93, 191–92, 194
Hottentots and, 194–95, 194–95
South Africans and, 194–95, 194–95
curled hair. See hair
 
Dandridge, Bartholomew, A Young Girl with a Dog and a Page, 164, 164–65
Daniell, Samuel, 222, 222–23
darkness: devil image and, 56, 56–57, 58
France and, 114, 114–15
history paintings with fantasy image and, 114, 114–15
Magi narrative and, 114, 114–15
negative image of blacks and, 56, 56–57, 58
Turkish court life and shades of, 82–83, 82–84, 86
David (biblical king), 46, 47, 48, 105
de Bry, Theodor, 72–73, 73
decorative schemes, and Four Continents: chains and, 36–38, 37
clothing and, 38, 38–39
conversation pieces and, 31, 32–33
England and, 31, 32–33
Europe and, 31, 33, 33–34
fantasy image and, 36–38, 36–39
musicians and, 31, 33
naked males and, 36–37, 36–38
“noble savages” and, 40, 40–41
Orientalism and, 36–37, 36–38
portraits of blacks and, 38–39, 38–40
power of Europe and, 36–37, 36–38
scars and, 40, 40–41
slavery and, 36–37, 36–38
stereotypical characteristics and, 35–36, 40, 40–41
stereotypical features and, 36–37, 36–38
Venice and, 36–37, 36–38. See also Four Continents; porcelain figures
decorous practices, 210, 211, 212
De la Tour, Maurice Quentin: Portrait of a Negro 173, 174–75
Study for Portrait of a Negro…, 173, 174–75
Young Black Girl, A (attrib.), 173–74, 174–75
demons, 56, 56–57, 58, 195–96, 197
Denmark. See specific kings and queens
Desrais, Claude-Louis (after), 299, 300
devil, 56, 56–57, 58, 195–96, 197
Dinglinger, Johann Melchior, 63–64, 64–73, 66, 70, (71–72), 73
domestic scenes: Africa allegory and, 207, 208
Africans and, 66, 69
Germany and, 59, 60–61, 61, 66, 69
servant families and, 59, 60–61, 61
servants in court life and, 59, 60–61, 61
domination fantasy. See city life, and domination fantasy; domination fantasy for women in city life (England); domination fantasy for women in city life (France); domination fantasy in court life (France); grooms with domination fantasy; page boy image
domination fantasy for women in city life (England): overview, 125, 159
admiration expression and, 125, 159
affectionate gesture of women and, 96, 159, 163–64, 164
astonishment expression and, 96, 111, 162–63, 163
black-white contrast and, 96, 163–64, 164
children as pets and, 159
fashion accessories and, 96, 163–64, 164
intimate relationships and, 96, 111, 125, 159, 162–63, 163
luxury and, 96, 111, 162–64, 163–64
observers and, 96, 111, 162–63, 163
parasols and, 159–60, 160–61
turbaned image and, 96, 163–64, 164
Turkish court life and, 159
domination fantasy for women in city life (France): overview, 125, 148, 151–52, 154
affectionate gesture of women and, 154
artifice and, 154
attendant as woman and, 153–54
baptism of page boys and, 157–59, 158–59
black-white contrast and, 157–59, 158–59
children as pets and, 58–59, 125, 132, 151–52, 159
clothing and, 152–53, 152–53, 157–59, 158–59
fashion accessories and, 151–53, 152–53, 154–55, 155
feathers and, 152, 152–53
flirtatious activities of women and, 95, 125, 156–57, 156–57
lips and, 152–53, 152–53
luxury and, 151–52, 157–59, 158–59
nature representation and, 154–55, 155
nose and, 152–53, 152–53
portraits of blacks and, 157–59, 158–59
slave collars and, 152, 152–53
stereotypical features and, 152–53, 152–53
turbaned image and, 152, 152–53
washing away blackness of women and, 96, 154, 155–56, 156
domination fantasy for women in court life (England): overview, 151–52, 154
admiration expression and, 160, 160–61
affectionate gesture of women and, 161, 161, 163
attendant as woman and, 160–61, 160–61, 163
black-white contrast and, 160, 160–61
courtly representation and, 159–60, 160–61
exoticism and, 161, 161, 163
luxury and, 161, 161, 163
nature representation and, 160, 160–61, 161, 161, 163
parasols and, 159–60, 160–61
turbaned image and, 161, 161, 163
domination fantasy for women in court life (France): clothing and, 157–59, 158–59
fashion accessories and, 153, 153
luxury and, 157–59, 158–59
masquerade image and, 95, 156, 156–57
observers and, 95, 156–57, 156–57
portraits of blacks and, 157–59, 158–59
domination fantasy in city life (England): overview, 133–34
abolition and, 166–69, 167–68, 170
admiration expression and, 125, 159, 164, 164–65, 166
armor image and, 144, 145
children in white family portraits and, 164, 164–69, 166–68, 170, 233
clothing and, 138–39, 138–41, (139), 141
comic figures and, 138–39, 138–39, (139)
courtly representation and, 164, 164–65, 166
dramatic activities and, 144, 145
exoticism and, 164, 164–65, 166
feathers and, 144, (144–45), 145
grooms and, 130, 131, (131), 142, 143, 144, (144–45), 145, 164, 164–65, 166
humanism and, 168–69, 170, 233
insolence and, 148, 150–51
jewels and, 140–41, 141, 144, (144–45), 145
luxury and, 135, 135, 140, 141, 148, 148–49
moral character of blacks and, 148, 148–49, 164, 164–69, 166–68, 170, 233
musicians and, 138–39, 138–39, (139)
“noble savages” and, 144, 145, 146
servant as male and, 130, 130, 142, 143
skin color as brown and, 138–39, 138–39, (139)
slave collars and, 140–41, 141
slavery and, 166–67, 167–68, 168–69, 170, 233
slave trade and, 166–67, 167–68, 168–69, 170, 233
social hierarchies and, 138–39, 138–39, (139), 144, (144–45), 145, 166–67, 167–68
turbaned image and, 140–41, 141, 142, 143, 144, (144–45), 145
Turkish costumes and, 138–39, 138–39, (139). See also page boy image with domination fantasy in city life (England)
domination fantasy in city life (France): overview, 121–22, 127
black-white reversal and, 127, 129
luxury and, 127, 129, 130
master-servant relationship and, 133, 134
melancholia and, 127, 128
nature representation and, 126, 126–27
servant as male and, 126, 126–27
social hierarchies and, 126–27, 128
domination fantasy in court life (France): clothing and, 132, 132–33
hunters and, 132, 132–33
page boy image and, 132–33, 132–34
skin color as brown and, 132, 132–33
slave collars and, 132, 132–33
domination of Europe. See power of Europe
dramatic activities: city life between fantasy and reality and, 190, 191
domination fantasy in city life and, 144, 145
England and, 144, 145, 190, 191
free/freed blacks and, 190, 191
French colonies and, 284–85, 286–87
page boy image and, 144, 145
dress. See clothing; Turkish costumes
 
earring(s): Africa allegory and, 18–19, 19, 53, 54, 55
city life between fantasy and reality and, 202, 202–3
city life with fantasy image and, 116–17, 117
court life and, 66, 69
England and, 116–17, 117
Four Continents and, 18–19, 19, 53, 54, 55
free/freed blacks and, 202, 202–3
Germany and, 66, 69
history paintings with fantasy image and, 116–17, 117
Italy and, 202, 202–3
Magi narrative and, 116–17, 117. See also jewelry
Eastern Europe, 77, 87, 89–90, 89–91, 132, 134. See also specific rulers
educated men, 180, 180–81, 182
Egypt/Egyptians: Africa allegory and, 18–19, 19, 26–27, 28, (28–31), 30–31, 208–9, 209, 210, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
Africa conversion narrative and, 20, 20–21, 46
ancient peoples and, xvii, xviii
blackness paradox and, 208–9, 209, 210
Christian black communities and, xix
court life in Germany image and, 74, 74–75
Four Continents and, 18–19, 19, 23, 25, 26–27, 28, (28–31), 30–31
skin color as black and, xvii
Egypto-Roman period, xix
emancipation monuments, 34, 34–35
England: abolition and, xxi, 3, 77–78, 166–68, 185, 185–86, 188, 188
decorative schemes and, 31, 32–33
devil image and, 195–96, 197
humanism and, 180
marginal activity image and, 190, 191
naming practices for slaves and, 15
performers and, 194–95, 195
power of Europe and, 3, 135, 136–37, 138
slaves and, 15
slave trade and, 3, 164, 164–65, 166. See also African visitors (England); city life, and fantasy image (England); court to city life transition in fantasy image (England); domination fantasy for women in city life (England); domination fantasy for women in court life (England); domination fantasy in city life (England); domination fantasy in court life (England); freed blacks, and city life between fantasy and reality (England); page boy image with domination fantasy (England); page boy image with domination fantasy in city life (England); page boy image with domination fantasy in court life (England); power of Europe; slave trade (England); specific artists; specific rulers
Enlightenment: overview, xiv, xxiii, 3
French colonies and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292), 293, (293), 294
entertainers, 3, 171, 194–95, 195. See also musicians
equestrian attire, and black image. See grooms
Equiano, Olaudah, xxi, 15, 186, 188, 188–89
eroticism, 52, 98, 100, 104–5, 105
Ethiopia: ancient rulers and, xvii, xviii, xviii
baptism and, 52, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 96, 155–56
India, and rulers from and, xvii, xviii
Moses narrative and, viii
nature representation and, 161
Old Testament and, xviii, xix
portraits of blacks and, xviii, xviii
social hierarchies and, xvii, xviii
texts and, xviii. See also specific fictitious Ethiopians
eunuchs: eunuch of Candace narrative and, 52, 96, 155–56
Turkish court life and, 78–79, 86, 86–87, 89, 159
Europe allegory: overview, 8
Christianity and, 20, 20–21
crown image and, 18–19, 19
French colonies and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292), 293, (293), 294
Mercury (god) and, 20, 20–21, 26–27, 28, 292, 293, (293), 294
Minerva (goddess) and, 23, 25, 26, 46, 47, 48, 284, 288–89, 291, 292
power of Europe and, 21–23, 22–23, 26–27, 46, 199
seminaked women and, 13, 14–15, (15)
Europe/Europeans: abolition and, xxi, xxiii, 3, 166–67
Africans’ relationships with, xvii, 222, 222–23
African visitors to, 74, 74–75, 75–76, 176–77, 209
court life image and, 6
decorative schemes and, 31, 33
humanism and, 32, 33
knowledge of African continent of, xx, xxiii, 2, 210
Muslims’ contact with, xix
“noble savages” and, 5
slavery and, 1
slave trade and, x, xix, 1
social hierarchies and, 4
trade and, 6, 23, 26–27, 28, 30
Turkish costumes and, 32, 33
Western art with black image and, xiv–xv. See also African visitors; Europe allegory; specific countries; specific rulers
evangelism, 186, 188, 188. See also Africa conversion narrative; baptism; missionaries; salvation
evil, 56, 56–57, 58, 195–96, 197
exoticism: Africa conversion narrative and, 52, 52–53, 53, 54, 55
African visitors and, 182, 182–83
England and, 182, 182–83
free blacks and, 202, 202–3
French colonies and, 282–83, 282–83, 284, 287
Germany and, 26, 62, 63–64, 73, 73, 75–76, 76
Italy and, 202, 202–3
page with black image and, xi
turbaned image and, xx
 
facial expressions. See admiration expression; astonishment expression
facial features: overview, xvi–xvii
Africans and, 208–9, 209, 210
Arabs and, 208–9, 209, 210
portraits of blacks and, 230–31, 230–31
scars, 40, 40–41. See also stereotypical features; specific features
Faith allegory, 202, 202–3
family life. See domestic scenes
fantasy image: overview, 17
Africans and, 2
African visitors and, 182, 182–83
African visitors to Europe and, 2, 182, 182–83
Christianity and, 3, 17
city life and, xiii–xiv
clothing and, 38, 38–39
court life and, xiii–xiv
England and, 182, 182–83
religious life and, xiii–xiv. See also African visitors; African visitors (England); court to city life transition in fantasy image; history paintings, and fantasy image
feathers: Africa allegory and, 13, 14, 23, 24–25, (24–25)
America allegory and, 20, 22, 40, (41–42), 46, 47, 48, 55–56, 55–56
court life and, 61, 64, 64–65, 70, (72–73), 73, 75–76, 76
free blacks and, 204–6, 206
Germany and, 61, 64, 64–65, 70, (72–73), 73, 75–76, 76
Italy and, 204–6, 206
female form image, 22, 44, 44–45, 46, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
female image. See attendant as woman; domination fantasy for women in city life (France); seminaked women; women, and black image; women, and white image
Ferdinand III (king of Denmark), 282
flirtatious activities, 95, 125, 156–57, 156–57
Fountenay, Blin de, Buffet Beneath a Trellis, 282–83, 282–83
Four Continents: overview, xxiii–xxiv, 18–19, 52–53
Africa conversion narrative and, 20, 20–21, 22, 40, (41–42), 44, 44–45, 46, 47, (47), 48–49, 52, 52–54, 53, 55
Apollo (god) and, 26–27, 26–27, 28, (28–31), 30–31, 46, 47, 48
armor image and, 48
astonishment expression and, 55–56, 55–56
black-white contrast and, 20, 20–21
ceiling frescoes/paintings and, 22, 23–24
chains and, 36–38, 37
Christ and, 20, 20–21, 46
David (biblical king) and, 46, 47, 48
earrings and, 18–19, 19, 53, 54, 55
eroticism and, 52
exoticism image and, 46, 47, 48, 52–53, 53
fantasy and, 14–15, 23
France and, 23, 26, 55–56, 55–56, 157
French colonies and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292), 293, (293), 294
Germany and, 23, 25, 26
hair and, 18–19, 19
jewels and, 46, 47, 48
male form images and, 46
Moorish woman and, 19
Moors and, 19
navigation figure and, 20, 20–21
necklaces and, 18–19, 19, 20
“noble savages” and, 40, 40–41
observers and, 55–56, 56, 157
porcelain figures and, 34, 34
positive image of blacks and, 26–27, 31
power of Europe and, 26–27, 28, (28–29), 30–31, 199
putti image and, 22, 23–24, 40, (41–42)
skin color and, 8, 13–14
trade and, 26–27, 28, 30–31, (30–31), 55–56, 55–56, 222–24, 224–25
Virgin Mary and, 46, 47, (47), 48
warriors and, 44, 44–45
women’s image and, 19. See also Africa allegory; allegorical image; decorative schemes, and Four Continents
France: abolition and, xxi, 3, 236, 238–39, 238–40
admiration expression and, 109, 112–13, 114, (114–15)
African visitors and, 56, 11–79, 178–79
altarpieces and, 105, 109, 112–13, 114, (114–15)
armor image and, 115, 116
astonishment expression and, 114, 114–15
attendant as woman and, 109, 112–13, 114
black-white contrast and, 114, 114–15
city life between fantasy and reality and, 56, 177–79, 178–79
darkness and, 114, 114–15
history paintings and, 106, 109, 110–11, (112), 112–13, 114, (114–15), 116–17
imperialism and, 26, 55, 55–56
masquerade image and, 86, 86–88, 89
naming practices for slaves and, 15, 148, 172
observers and, 114–15, 116
servant as male and, 126–27, 126–27, 127, 128
slaves and, 15, 148, 172
slave trade and, xxi, 3
social hierarchies and, 109, 112–13, 114, (114–15)
spectacles and, 114, 114–15
trade and, 55–56, 55–57, 58–59. See also city life, and fantasy image (France); city life between fantasy and reality (France); court life (France); court to city life (France); domination fantasy for women in city life (France); domination fantasy for women in court life (France); domination fantasy in city life (France); domination fantasy in court life (France); page boy image with domination fantasy in city life (France); page boy image with domination fantasy in court life (France); specific artists; specific kings and queens
Francis Xavier (saint), 43
Frederic Augustus II (prince of Poland), 132, 134
Frederick I (king of Prussia), 24, 26
Frederick II (king of Prussia; the Great), 26, 62, 63
Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor), 24, 26
free blacks: overview, x, xx
African visitors and, 186, (186–87), 186–89, 188
albinism/irregular skin color and, 190–93, 191–92, 194
beggar(s) image and, 194–95, 195, 200–202, 201
city life between fantasy and reality and, 188, 190–97, 191–92, 194–96, 200–202, 201–3, 204–6, 206
court life and, 74, 74–75, 77, 162–63, 163
devil image and, 195–96, 197
England and, 77, 162–63, 163, 186, (186–87), 186–89, 188, 190–97, 191–92, 194–96
Europe and, xx, 15
Germany and, xx, 74, 74–75
Holland and, xx, 13, 14, 20
Hottentots and, 194–95, 194–95
Italy and, 200–202, 201–3, 204–6, 206
marginal activity image and, 190, 191
Maroons and, 262–63
North Africans and, 208–9, 209, 210
otherness and, 202, 202–3
performers and, 194–95, 195
West Indies and, 163
freed blacks: overview, x, xx
African visitors and, 186, (186–87), 186–89, 188
black-white relationships and, 204–6, 204–6
city life with fantasy image and, 77
court life and, 74, 74–75
curiosity objects and, 190–93, 191–92, 194
devil image and, 195–96, 197
dramatic activities and, 190, 191
England and, 186, (186–87), 186–89, 188
French colonies and, 295–97, 296–97
Germany and, 74, 74–75
Holland and, 13, 14, 20
humanism and, 200–202, 201
jewels and, 204–6, 206
margins of activity image and, 190, 191
messengers and, 202, 202–3
naming practices and, 202
observers and, 190, 191
otherness and, 202, 202–3
racial taxonomy and, 194–95, 195
sexual/ lascivious characteristics and, 190, 191, 195–96, 195–97
West Africans and, 202, 202–3
freedom. See liberty
free people of color: American Indians and, 209
British colonies and, 271–77, 272–77, 279–80, 279–81, 282
clothing and, 272–73, 272–76, 276–77
male image, 271, 273–77, 274–77
social hierarchies and, 271, 273–74, 274–75, 275, 275
turbaned image and, 276, 276–77
women and, 272–73, 272–76, 275–77, 279–80, 279–81, 282
French colonies: overview, 281–82
abolition and, 299–300, 300–301, 303, 304–5, 305
Africa allegory and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292), (293), 293–95, 294–95
Africa conversion narrative and, 284, 288–89
animal image and, 282–84, 282–85, 288–89, 291, 292
Asia allegory and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292), (293), 293–95, 294–95
attendant as white woman image and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292
black-white relationships and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
brutality of slavery and, 292, 293, (293), 294
Caribs and, 292, 293, (293), 294
chains and, 297–99, 298, 303, 304–5, 305
clothing and black image and, 299, 300
clothing and white image and, 297, 297
commerce vs. liberty and, 295–305
cudgeling and, 278–79, 279
dramatic activities and, 284–85, 286–87
Egypt as symbol and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
Enlightenment and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292), 293, (293), 294
Europe allegory and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292), 293, (293), 294
exoticism and, 282–83, 282–83, 284, 287
Four Continents and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292), 293, (293), 294
freed blacks and, 295–97, 296–97
humanism and, 292, 293, (293), 294
jewels and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
leisure life of blacks and, 295, 296–97
liberation-trade conflict and, 292, 293, (293), 294, 295, 295, 297–98, 298
liberty and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292), 293, (293), 294–95, 297–99, 298, 300, 303, 304–5, 305
liberty and black woman image and, 299, 300
marginal activity image and, 283–84, 284–85
Mercury (god) and, 292, 293, (293), 294
mulatto-black relationships and, 303, 304–5, 305
natural world as proprietary and, 283–84, 284–85
nature representation and, 295, 298–99, 298–99
nature representation and black image and, 281
necklaces and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
“noble savages” and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
pastoral idyll image and, 295, 296–97
plantation life for slaves and, 297, 297
plantation life for whites and, 297, 297
power of Europe and, 292, 293, (293), 294
racial taxonomy and, 297
Saint-Domingue and, 295–97, 296–97, 299–300, 302–3
servant as male and, 284, 288–89
skin color as black and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
slave rebellions and, 295, 299, 300, 302–3
slaves and black image and, 292, 293, (293), 294, 295–97, 296–97
slave trade and, 292, 293, (293), 294–95, 294–95
social hierarchies and, 297, 297
Tapuya Indians and, 282, 283–84, 284–85, 290
trade and, 292, 293, (293), 294–95, 294–95
triangle pendant allegorical emblem and, 299, 300
Fuseli, Henry, Oroonko, 232, 233–34
 
Gainsborough, Thomas, Portrait of Ignatius, 13, 16, 184, 184–85
gallant Moor tradition, 101, 102, 103–4, 157. See also Moors
geography, xix, 216, 220, (220–21), 222
gendered images, 22, 44, 44–45, 46. See also male image; women
gentlemanly characteristics, 180, 180–81, 182, 186, 188, 188–89
George I (king of England), 77
George III (king of England), 77
Germany: overview, 59, 61, 63, 74
Africa conversion narrative and, 72–73, 73
American Indians and, 72–73, 73, 75–76, 76
animal image and, 26, 62, 63, 66, 69, 70, 70–71
armor image and, 66, 68–69
astonishment expression and, 26, 62, 63
blackness paradox and, 73–74, 73–75
Catholic Church and, 75
clothing and, 26, 62, 63, 66, 69, 74, 74–76, 76
comic figures and, 61, 75, 75–76
domestic scene image and, 66, 69
earrings and, 66, 69
Egypt as symbol of Africa and, 74, 74–75
exoticism and, 26, 62, 63–64, 73, 73, 75–76, 76
feathers and, 61, 64, 64–65, 70, (72–73), 73, 75–76, 76
Four Continents and, 23, 25, 26
free blacks and, xx
freed blacks and, 74, 74–75
Hottentot woman with baby and, 66, 69
jewelry and, 70, (72–73), 73
jewels and, 66, 68–69, 70, 70–71, (71), (72–73), 73, 73
Moors and, 72–73, 73
musician on horseback image and, 66, 68–69
“noble savages” and, 72–73, 73
pageantry and, 62–63, 63, 66, 68–69, 70, 70–71, (71–72)
page boy image and, 26, 61, 61–62, 62, 63
parasols and, 26, 62, 63
portraits of blacks and, 74, 74–75
power of Europe and, 63–64, 70
seminaked males and, 70, (72–73), 73
servant as male and, 66, 68–69
servant domestic scene image and, 59, 60–61, 61
sexual/ lascivious characteristics and, 75–76, 75–76
slave collars and, 64, 64–65
slaves with black image and, 64, 64–65, 74–75, 74–76
stereotypical features and, 70, (72–73), 73
turbaned image and, 26, 59, 60–61, 70, 70–71
warriors and, 63, 64, 66, 66–67, 69. See also court life (Germany); court to city life transition in fantasy image (Germany); specific artists; specific kings and queens
Gillray, James: Anti-Saccharites…, 236, 238
Barbarities of the West Indias, 236, 237
Philanthropic Consolations …, 236, 237
Giordano, Luca, 21, 22–23
Gobelins manufactory: Camel, or the Piebald Horse, The, 284, 286–87
Carried King, The, 284
Carried Negro Woman, The, 284, 288–89
Indian Fishermen, The, 288, 290
Piebald Horse…, The, 283, 284–85
Two Bulls …, The, 284, 287, (288)
Gobert, Pierre, An Unidentified Lady Washing Her Black Servant, 96, 155–56, 156
gods and goddesses. See specific gods and goddesses
Gõz, Johann, 34–35, 34–35
Grandi, Carlo, Africa allegory, 18, 18–19
gratitude, 222–24, 224–25
Gravelot, Hubert-François (after), 8, 8–9
Great Britain. See England
Greco-Roman antiquity, xvi–xvii, xviii, xix, 19, 39–40
Greenwood, John, 226–27, 228–29
Grevisani, Francesco, Bathsheba in the Bath, 104–5, 105
grooms: court life and, 5
domination fantasy in city life and, 125, 130, 131, (131), 142, 143, 144, (144–45), 145, 164, 164–65, 166
England and, 130, 131, (131), 142, 143, 144, (144–45), 145, 164, 164–65, 166
luxury and, 125
Turkish costumes and, 5
Guardi, Francesco, Votive portrait of Lazzaro Zen, 202, 202–3
Guillon-Lethière, Guillaume, Oath of the Ancestors, The, 303, 304–5
Guinea (West Africa): overview and use of term, xvi
decorous practices and, 210, 211, 212
freed blacks and, 202, 202–3
otherness and, 210
ritual practices and, 210, 211, 212
visitors to Europe from and, 56, 177–79, 178–79. See also West Africa/Africans
 
Hackwood, William, 10, 49, 199, 200, 233
Haid, Johanne-Gottfried (after), 74, 74–75
hair: overview, xvi–xvii
Africa allegory and, 18–19, 19
African visitors and, 182, 182–83
Asia allegory and, 44, 44–45
city life between fantasy and reality and, 174–76, 175
England and, 182, 182–83
Four Continents and, 18–19, 19
France and, 174–76, 175
Greco-Roman black image and, xvi–xvii
portraits of blacks and, 40, 40–41
stereotypical features and, xvi–xvii
Haiti (Saint-Domingue), 295–97, 296–97, 299–300, 302–3
Harwood, Francis, 40, 40–41
Hay, J. W., 270–71, 270–71
headdresses: Africa allegory and, 18–19, 19, 20, 23, 24–25
America allegory and, 22, 40, (41–42), 46, 47, 48
Turkish court life and, 87–88, 89
Hearne, Thomas: Court House and Guard House …, 266–67, 266–67
Parham Hill House …, 267, 267, 269
Hellenistic period, xvii, xviii, xix
history paintings, and fantasy image: overview, 105, 109, 116–17, 117–18, 122–23
admiration expression and, 109, 112–13, 114, (114–15)
Africa allegory and, 116–17, 117
armor image and, 115, 116
astonishment expression and, 114, 114–15, 116–17, 117
attendant as woman and, 109, 112–13, 114
black-white contrast and, 105–6, 106–7, 108, 109, 114, 114–15
darkness and, 114, 114–15
earrings and, 116–17, 117
England and, 116–24, 117–18, 121–23
eroticism and, 104–5, 105
exoticism and, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110–11, (112)
France and, 106, 109, 110–11, (112), 112–13, 114, (114–15), 116–17
independent character image and, 121, 121–22, (122)
jewels and, 116–17, 117
master-servant relationship and, 122, 122–23, (123–24)
messengers and, 104–5, 105
observers and, 114–15, 116, 118, 118–19, 121
page boy image and, 105, 105
placement of black image and, 118, 118–19, 121
portraits of blacks and, 120–21, 121
servant as male and, 109, 110–11, (112)
social hierarchies and, 109, 111, (112)
spectacles and, 114, 114–15
turbaned image and, 105–6, 106–7
women with black image and, 106, 108, 109
Hogarth, William: Analysis of Beauty, The, 7, (7)
Harlot’s Progress, A, 96, 162, 162–63
humanism and, 16
Marriage à-la-Mode, IV…, 96, 111, 162–63, 163, 204
Noon …, 190, 191
Portrait of Captain Lord George Graham and, 138–39, 138–39, (139)
Sketch for A Rake’s Progress, 135, 136
Taste in High Life, 96, 163–64, 164
The Wallaston Family, 142, 143
Holland/Dutch: Africa conversion narrative and, 227, 230–31, 230–31
Calvinism and, 227, 229–31, 230–31
court to city life transition and, 77
freed blacks and, xx, 13, 14, 20
literature and, 213, 214–16
salvation and, 227, 229–31, 230–31
slave trade and, 222, 227, 228–31, 229–31
Surinam colony and, 241–43, 242–44, 245–46. See also specific artists
Homann, Johann Baptiste, 207, 208
Hottentots: anthropological studies and, 216, 216–19, 220, (221)
apron/labia and, 213–14, 214
curiosity objects and, 194–95, 194–95
freedom and, 194–95, 194–95
otherness and, 210
portraits of blacks and, 216, 216
savages and, 210–11, 210–11, 212, 213–14, 214
woman and baby image and, 18–19, 19, 66, 69, 216, 216–18. See also South Africa/Africans
Howitt, Samuel, Portrait of Cugoano, 186, 188
humanism: overview, xi
Africans and, 32, 33, 168–69, 170, 233
Asians and, 32, 33
blacks and, 32, 33
city life between fantasy and reality and, 200–202, 201
city life with fantasy image and, 95–96
court life and, 55–56, 55–56
court to city life transition and, 78
domination fantasy in city life and, 168–69, 170, 233
England and, 16, 168–69, 170, 180, 233
Europe and, 32, 33
France and, 55–56, 55–56, 78, 238–39, 238–39
free/freed blacks and, 200–202, 201
French colonies and, 292, 293, (293), 294
Italy and, 200–202, 201
missionaries and, 211
slavery and, 1, 15–16
slaves with black image and, 1, 15–16
slave trade and, 238–39, 238–39
Turkish court life and, 78
hunters, 5, 132, 132–33, 207, 208
idolatry: Africa conversion narrative and, 8–9, 9, 52
allegorical image and, 2
city life with fantasy image and, 116–17, 117
England and, 116–17, 117
history paintings with fantasy image and, 116–17, 117
Magi narrative and, 116–17, 117
women’s image and, 44, 44–45
imperialism: Africa allegory and, (28–29), 30
British colonies and, 271–72, 272
France and, 26, 55, 55–56. See also power of Europe
 
India, xvii, xviii, xviii–xix, 14, 38
Indians: Caribbean Indians and, 242–43, 243, 245. See also Mesoamerican
Indians individual types, 251–53, 252, 254, 274, 279–80, 279–81, 282
insolence, 148, 150–51
intimate relationships, 96, 111, 125, 159, 162–63, 163. See also moral character of blacks
irregular skin color/albinism, 190–93, 191–92, 194
Islam/Muslims: overview and use of terms and, xvi
African visitors and, 182, 182–83
blacks compared with, xix
England and, 182, 182–83
European contact with, xix
free blacks and, 202, 202–3
Italy and, 202, 202–3
North Africa and, xvi
otherness of, 86, 86–88, 89, 202, 202–3
slavery for whites and, 48–49
slaves/slavery and, xix
Italy: Africa conversion narrative and, 202, 202–3
black-white contrast and, 105–6, 106–7
black-white relationships and, 204–6, 204–6
clothing and, 202, 202–3, 204–6, 206
decorative schemes and, 36–37, 36–38
earrings and, 202, 202–3
exoticism and, 202, 202–3
feathers and, 204–6, 206
free blacks and, 200–202, 201–3, 204–6, 206
humanism and, 200–202, 201
jewels and, 204–6, 206
luxury and, 86, 86–88, 89, 202, 202–3
masquerade image and, 86, 86–88, 89, 95, 96
messengers and, 104–5, 105, 202, 202–3
Muslims and, 202, 202–3
naming practices for slaves and, 202
otherness and, 202, 202–3
portraits of blacks and, 200–202, 201
servant as male and, 202, 202–3
slave collars and, 202, 202–3
slaves and, 202
voyeurism and, 200–202, 201. See also city life, and fantasy image (Italy); freed blacks, and city life between fantasy and reality (Italy)
 
Jamaica colony: caricature image and, 270–71, 270–71
gentility image and, 268–69, 269
page boy image and, 259, 260–61
pastoral idyll image and, 263–65, 264–65
plantation landscape and, 263–65, 264–65
plantation life for slaves and, 258–59, 259
portraits of blacks and, 268–69, 269–71, 270–71
portraits of whites and, 259, 260–61
social hierarchies and, 265, 265
Jervas, Charles, Portrait of Anne …, 159–60, 160–61
Jesuit order, 22, 40, 41–42, 44, 44–45, 46, 47, 48. See also Catholic Church
jewelry, 70, (72–73), 73. See also earring(s); necklaces
jewels: Africa allegory and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
Asia allegory and, 46, 47, 48
attendant as woman and, 153–54
city life between fantasy and reality and, 197, 198, 204–6, 206
city life with fantasy image and, 116–17, 117
court life and, 66, 68–69, 70, 70–71, (71–73), 73, 73
domination fantasy in city life and, 140–41, 141, 144, (144–45), 145
England and, 116–17, 117, 140–41, 141, 144, (144–45), 145
Four Continents and, 46, 47, 48
free/freed blacks and, 204–6, 206
French colonies and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
Germany and, 66, 68–69, 70, 70–71, (71–73), 73, 73
history paintings with fantasy image and, 116–17, 117
Italy and, 204–6, 206
Magi narrative and, 116–17, 117
page boy image and, 140–41, 141, 144, (144–45), 145
Jews, xix, 135, 135
Job ben Solomon (Diallo), 182, 182–83
Joseph I (Holy Roman Emperor), 22, 44, 44–45, 46
Joseph II (Holy Roman Emperor), 75
Judaism. See Jews
Jukes, Francis (after Robert Smirke), The Grosvenor East Indiaman, 232, 233
June, John, A View of Cheapside …, (190), 191
 
Khoikhoi. See Hottentots
Klõcker von Ehrenstrahl, David, 66, 68–69
 
labia/apron, 213–14, 214
La Fosse, Charles de: Adoration of the Magi, 114, (114–15)
Finding Moses, 109, 114, 114–15
Lancret, Nicolas: Escaped Bird, The, 101, 102, 103–4
Negro and the Cook, The, 98, 100, 101
Three studies of the head of the turbaned black servant, 100–101, 101
Langrenée, Louis-Jean-François, Death of the Wife of Darius, 115, 116
Le Brun, Charles, 55–56, 56, 157
Le Brun, Charles (after), 26, 55, 55–56
Lefrensen, Nicolas, 84, 84–85, 86
leisure life of blacks, and slave colonies, 295, 296–97
Lemoine, Marie-Victoire, A Young Black Boy…, 157–59, 158–59
Lemonnier, Anicet Charles Gabriel, Spirit of Commerce …, The, 292, 293, (293), 294
Leopold I (Holy Roman Emperor), 22, 44, 44–45, 46
Lépicié, Renée-Elisabeth (after Coypel), Love in the Town…, 176, 176
Lewis, Sarah Baartman, the “Hottentot Venus,” 194–95, 195
liberation-trade conflicts, 292, 293, (293), 294, 295, 295, 297–98, 298
liberty: French colonies and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292), 293, (293), 294–95, 297–99, 298, 300, 303, 304–5, 305
triangle pendant allegorical emblem and, 299, 300
women with black image and, 299, 300. See also nature representation
Liotard, Jean-Etienne (attrib.), Young Black Girl, A, 173–74, 174–75
lips: overview, xvi–xvii
African visitors and, 182, 182–83, 185, 185–86
domination fantasy for women in city life and, 152–53, 152–53
England and, 182, 182–83, 185, 185–86
France and, 152–53, 152–53
page boy image and, 152–53, 152–53
portraits of blacks and, 40, 40–41
literature (text), xiv, xviii
livery attire, and black image. See grooms
Locke, Alain LeRoy, x–xi
London. See England
Longhi, Pietro, The Courier, 204, 204–5
Louis III (king of France), 82
Louis XIII (king of France), 55
Louis XIV (king of France), 23, 55–56, 58–59, 78, 178, 281–82, 284
Louis XV (king of France), 82, 83, 281, 284
Louis XVIII (king of France), 305
Louisa Ulrika (queen of Denmark), 76
lover relationships, 96, 111, 125, 159, 162–63, 163. See also moral character of blacks
luxury: overview, 83
city life with fantasy image and, 101, 102, 103–4
court to city life transition and, 70, 70–71, (71–72), 82–83, 82–84, 86, 86–88, 89
domination fantasy in city life and, 127, 129, 130
France and, 82–83, 82–84, 86, 127, 129, 130
free blacks and, 202, 202–3
Germany and, 70, 70–71, (71–72)
Italy and, 86, 86–88, 89, 202, 202–3
page boy image and, 96, 111, 125, 135, 135, 140, 141, 146, 148, 151–52, 157–59, 158–59, 161, 161, 162–64, 163–64
servant family image and, 59, 60–61, 61. See also porcelain figures
 
Mademoiselle de Clermont, 82–83, 82–84, 86
Maggiotto, Francesco (after), Colombine, Harlequin, and a Venetian …, 95, 96
Magi narrative: overview, xi, xix
admiration expression and, 114, (114–15)
Africa allegory and, 116–17, 117
astonishment expression and, 114, 114–15, 116–17, 117
black-white contrast and, 105–6, 106–7, 114, 114–15
darkness and, 114, 114–15
earrings and, 116–17, 117
fantasy image and, 105–6, 106–7
jewels and, 116–17, 117
spectacles and, 114, 114–15
turbaned image and, 105–6, 106–7
Magus narrative. See Magi narrative
Malaquais, Jean, xi–xii
male image: British colonies and, 271, 273–74, 274–76, 275–77, 276–77
city life between fantasy and reality and, 172–73, 172–77
clothing and, 276, 276–77
court life and, 58, 64, 64–65, 74–75, 74–76
educated men and, 180, 180–81, 182
France and, 58, 172–73, 172–77
free people of color and, 271, 273–77, 274–77
Germany and, 64, 64–65, 74–75, 74–76
portraits of black men and, 172–73, 172–77
portraits of blacks and, 172–73, 172–77
slaves with black image and, 58, 64, 64–65, 74–75, 74–76
warriors and, 32, 33–35, 34–35, 44, 44–45, 66, 69. See also grooms; messengers; page boy image; page boy image with domination fantasy; servant as male
Mansa Musa (ruler of Mali), xvii
manuscripts, xviii. See also New Testament; Old Testament
maps of Africa, 19, 207, 208, 216, 220, (220–21), 222
marginal activity, 190, 191, 283–84, 284–85
Marie Louise d’Orléans (queen of Spain), 20
Marillier, Clément-Pierre (after), Oroonoko and Imoinda, 238–39, 239–40
markets, 272–73, 272–73
Maroons, 262–63, 262–63, 272
marriages, mixed, xx
masquerade: city life between fantasy and reality and, 171–72, 173
city life with fantasy image and, 92, 94–95, 95, 96, 101, 104
court to city life transition and, 86, 86–88, 89
domination fantasy for women in court life and, 95, 156, 156–57
France and, 86, 86–88, 89, 95, 156, 156–57
Italy and, 86, 86–88, 89, 95, 96
Turkish court life and, 86, 86–88, 89
whiteness and, 171–72, 173
master-servant relationship: city life with fantasy image and, 91–92, 93, 96, 101, 101–2, 103, 122, 122–23, (123–24)
domination fantasy in city life and, 133, 134
England and, 122, 122–23, (123–24)
France and, 133, 134
history paintings with fantasy image and, 122, 122–23, (123–24)
slaves/slavery, and black image and, xi, xx, 15. See also black-white relationships
Matthew (saint), 53, 54, 55
Mattias, Gabriel, Portrait of Job ben Solomon, 5, 6, 171, 182–83, 183–84
Maurice (saint), xvii
Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor), 20
melancholia: African visitors and, 13, 16, 184, 184–85
city life with fantasy image and, 98, 99, 101
domination fantasy in city life and, 127, 128
England and, 13, 16, 184, 184–85
France and, 127, 128
servant as male and, 127, 128
Memnon (legendary ruler of Ethiopia), xvii
men. See male image
Menil Collection, vii, ix–xii
Mercier, Philippe, 140, 141
Mercury (god), 20, 20–21, 26–27, 28, 292, 293, (293), 294
Mesoamerican Indians, 246, 247, 249, 254, 255, 256. See also American Indians
messengers: city life between fantasy and reality and, 176, 176, 202, 202–3
city life with fantasy image and, 92, 94–95, 96, 101, 104–5, 105
France and, 176, 176
free/freed blacks and, 202, 202–3
history paintings with fantasy image and, 104–5, 105
Italy and, 104–5, 105, 202, 202–3
Mexico. See Mesoamerican Indians; New Spain colony; Spanish racial lineage
Middle East, xvii, xviii, xix
slave trade and, xix
Mignard, Pierre, I, Portrait of Louise Renée de Kérouaille…, 153, 153
Minerva (goddess), 23, 25, 26, 46, 47, 48, 284, 288–89, 291, 292
mischievous characteristics, 91–92, 93, 96, 176, 176
missionaries: humanism and, 211
Jesuit order and, 22, 40, 41–42, 44, 44–45, 46, 47, 48
racial prejudice and, 211
slavery and, 211
slave trade and, 229–31, 230–31. See also Africa conversion narrative; baptism; Catholic Church; salvation
mixed-race type: overview, xx
clothing and, 254, 255
individual types and, 251–53, 252, 254
racial identity and, 254, 255
racial lineage paintings and, 246–51, 255–58
Spaniard, Indian, and mestizo child and, 246, 247, 249, 254, 255, 256
Spaniard, Morisco, and albino child and, 246, 252, 252–53, 254
Spaniard, mulatto, and Morisco child and, 246, 247, 248, 251–52, 251–53, 254. See also New Spain colony; racial theories
Mock, Johanne Samuel: Black Page Caressing a Shepherdess, A, 87, 89, 89–90
Sgr. Jonimo and the Moor Friederica, 89–90, 90–91
monogenesis, xx–xxi, 3
Montagu, Mary Wortley, 79, 80–81, 160
Moorhead, Scipio (after), Portrait of Phillis Wheatley, 185, 185–86
Moors: overview and use of term, xvi
Four Continents and, 19
gallant Moor tradition and, 101, 102, 103–4, 157
Germany and, 72–73, 73
“to whiten a Moor” and, 155–56. See also blackness; blacks
moral character of blacks: overview, 1, 109
blackness and, 58
domination fantasy and, 135, 135
“noble savages” and, 4–5
page boy image and, 135, 135;
skin color and, 7, 9–10
trade and, 4. See also intimate relationships; moral character of whites
moral character of whites, 4, 223–24, 223–24. See also moral character of blacks
Moreau le Jeune, Jean-Michel (after), Inkle and Yarico, 238, 238–39
Moriscos: Spaniard, Morisco, and albino child and, 246, 252, 252–53, 254
Spaniard, mulatto, and Morisco child and, 246, 247, 248, 251–52, 251–53, 254
Morland, George: African Hospitality, 168–69, 170, 233
Anglers’ Repast, The, 148, 150–51, 269
Execrable Human Traffick …, 168–69, 170, 233
Fruits of Early Industry …, The, 148, 148–49
Party Angling, A, 148, 150–51, 269
Moses (biblical figure), viii, xviii, xix, 303, 304–5
mulattos: French colonies and, 303, 304–5, 305
mulatto-black relationships and, 303, 304–5, 305
Spaniard, mulatto, and Morisco child and, 246, 247, 248, 251–52, 251–53, 254
musicians: England and, 190, 191
European decorative schemes and, 31, 33
free blacks and, 190, 191
horseback image, 66, 68–69
portraits of blacks and, 3
servant as male and, 126, 126–27. See also performers
 
naked males: African visitors and, 56, 178–79, 178–79
city life between fantasy and reality and, 56, 178–79, 178–79
decorative schemes and, 36–37, 36–38
naming practices, 15, 148, 172, 202, 248, 256
freed blacks and, 202
Nattier, Jean-Marc, 82–83, 82–84, 86
natural world as proprietary, 283–84, 284–85
nature representation: abolition and, 160, 160–61
attendant as woman and, 160, 160–61, 161, 161, 163
black image and, 281, 295, 298–99, 298–99
domination fantasy and, 126, 126–27
domination fantasy for women in city life and, 154–55, 155
domination fantasy for women in court life and, 160, 160–61
England and, 160, 160–61, 161, 161, 163
Ethiopia and, 161
France and, 126, 126–27, 154–55, 155
French colonies and, 295, 298–99, 298–99
gallant Moor and, 104
page boy image and, 154–55, 155
page boy image in court life and, 160, 160–61
Near East, xvii, xviii, xix
necklaces: Africa allegory and, 18–19, 19, 20, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
city life between fantasy and reality and, 173–74, 174–75, 197, 198
Four Continents and, 18–19, 19, 20
France and, 173–74, 174–75
French colonies and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
negative image of blacks, 56, 56–57, 58, 79, 195–96, 197. See also positive image of blacks; stereotypical characteristics; stereotypical features
Netherlands, the. See Holland/Dutch
New Spain colony: clothing and, 254, 255
individual types and, 251–53, 252, 254
racial identity and, 254, 255
racial lineage and, 246–51, 255–58
Spaniard, Indian, and mestizo child and, 246, 247, 249, 254, 255, 256
Spaniard, Morisco, and albino child and, 246, 252, 252–53, 254
Spaniard, mulatto, and Morisco child and, 246, 247, 248, 251–52, 251–53, 254
New Testament: Africa conversion narrative and, 20, 46, 47, (47), 48, 52–53, 53
baptism and, 49, 52, 52
black image and, xvii, xix
Virgin Mary and, 46, 47, (47), 48. See also specific characters and narratives; specific saints
Newton, Richard: Blind Enthusiast, The, 234, 236
Cruelty & Oppression Abroad, 234, 234–35, 236
Justice and Humanity at Home, 234, 234–35
Practical Christianity, 234, 234
Noah’s sons narrative, 8–9
“noble savages”: overview, 4–5
abolition and, 5
Africa conversion narrative and, 52–53, 53
Africans and, 5
court life and, 72–73, 73
decorative schemes and, 40, 40–41
Europe/Europeans and, 5
Four Continents and, 40, 40–41
French colonies and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
Germany and, 72–73, 73
hunters and, 5
moral character of blacks and, 4–5
porcelain figures and, 34–35, 34–35
portraits of blacks and, 40, 40–41
North Africa/Africans, xvi, xvii, xix, 208–9, 209–10. See also Africa/Africans
nose: overview, xvi–xvii
African visitors and, 182, 182–83
England and, 182, 182–83
portraits of blacks and, 40, 40–41
nudes. See naked males; seminaked women
 
observers: Africa allegory and, 55–56, 56, 157
city life between fantasy and reality and, 176, 176, 190, 191
city life with fantasy image and, 91, 92–93, 96–97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 114–15, 116, 118, 118–19, 121
court life and, 55–56, 56, 157
domination fantasy for women in city life and, 96, 111, 162–63, 163
domination fantasy for women in court life and, 95, 156–57, 156–57
England and, 96, 111, 118, 118–19, 121, 162–63, 163, 190, 191
Four Continents and, 55–56, 56, 157
France and, 55–56, 56, 95, 114–15, 116, 156–57, 156–57, 157, 176, 176
free/freed blacks and, 190, 191
history paintings with fantasy image and, 114–15, 116, 118, 118–19, 121
page boy image and, 95, 96, 111, 156–57, 156–57, 162–63, 163
Old Testament, xvii–xviii, xix. See also specific characters and narratives
opulence. See exoticism
Orde, Thomas (after), High Life Below Stairs, 130, 130
Orientalism, 36–37, 36–38
Orme, Daniel (after W. Denton), Portrait of Olaudah Equiano, 186, 188, 188
otherness: overview, xiii, xvi–xvii, xxi
Africans and, 210
free/freed blacks and, 202, 202–3
Hottentots and, 210
Italy and, 202, 202–3
of Muslims, 86, 86–88, 89, 202, 202–3
slave colonies and, 242–43, 243, 244–45, 245
Ottoman court life. See Turkish court life
Oudry, Jean-Baptist, 114, 114–15, 222–24, 224–25
Overton, Henry, 207, 208
Ozanne, Nicolas-Marie (after), 295, 296–97
 
paganism. See idolatry
pageantry: court life and, 62–63, 63, 66, 68–69, 70, 70–71, (71–72)
gentlemanly characteristics and, 132
Germany and, 62–63, 63, 66, 68–69, 70, 70–71, (71–72)
portraits of blacks and, 3
West Indies/Indians and, 66, 70, 70–71, (71–72)
page boy image: overview, xi, xiv, xxiii, xxiv, 2
abolition and, 122, 142–44, 143, 146, 146–47
between fantasy and reality and, xi, 3, 5
court life and, 5, 26, 61, 61–62, 62, 63
court to city life transition and, 89–90, 90–91
Germany and, 26, 61, 61–62, 62, 63, 89–90, 90–91
Turkish court life and, 89–90, 90–91. See also page boy image with domination fantasy; page boy image with domination fantasy (England); page boy image with domination fantasy in city life (England); page boy image with domination fantasy in city life (France); page boy image with domination fantasy in court
page boy image with domination fantasy: overview, 125
luxury and, 125, 146, 148
power of Europe and, 122, 146, 146–47. See also page boy image
page boy image with domination fantasy in city life (England): overview, 125, 133–34, 159
admiration expression and, 3, 125, 135, 136–37, 138, 144, 145, 159
affectionate gesture of women and, 96, 159, 163–64, 164
astonishment expression and, 96, 111, 162–63, 163
black-white contrast and, 3, 96, 135, 136–37, 138, 163–64, 164
children as pets and, 159
clothing and, 138–39, 138–41, (139), 141
comic figures and, 138–39, 138–39, (139)
dramatic activities and, 144, 145
exoticism and, 3, 135, 136–37, 138
fashion accessories and, 96, 163–64, 164
feathers and, 144, (144–45), 145
grooms and, 130, 131, (131), 142, 143, 144, (144–45), 145
insolence and, 148, 150–51
intimate relationships and, 96, 111, 125, 159, 162–63, 163
jewels and, 140–41, 141, 144, (144–45), 145
luxury and, 96, 111, 135, 135, 140, 141, 162–64, 163–64
musicians and, 138–39, 138–39, (139)
“noble savages” and, 144, 145, 146
observers and, 96, 111, 162–63, 163
parasols and, 159–60, 160–61
power of Europe and, 3, 135, 136–37, 138
servant as male and, 130, 130, 142, 143
skin color as brown and, 138–39, 138–39, (139)
slave collars and, 140–41, 141
social hierarchies and, 138–39, 138–39, (139), 144, (144–45), 145
turbaned image and, 96, 140–41, 141, 142, 143, 144, (144–45), 145, 163–64, 164
Turkish costumes and, 138–39, 138–39, (139)
page boy image with domination fantasy in city life (France): overview, 125, 148, 151–52, 154
affectionate gesture of women and, 154
artifice and, 154
baptism and, 157–59, 158–59
black-white contrast and, 157–59, 158–59
children as pets and, 58–59, 125, 132, 151–52, 159
clothing and, 132, 132–33, 152–53, 152–53, 157–59, 158–59
fashion accessories and, 151–53, 152–53, 154–55, 155
feathers and, 152, 152–53
flirtatious activities of women and, 95, 125, 156–57, 156–57
lips and, 152–53, 152–53
luxury and, 151–52, 157–59, 158–59
nature representation and, 154–55, 155
nose and, 152–53, 152–53
page boy image and, 132–33, 132–34
portraits of blacks and, 157–59, 158–59
skin color as brown and, 132, 132–33
slave collars and, 132, 132–33, 152, 152–53
stereotypical features and, 152–53, 152–53
turbaned image and, 152, 152–53
washing away blackness of women and, 96, 154, 155–56, 156
page boy image with domination fantasy in court: clothing and, 132, 132–33
court life and, 132, 134
courtly representation and, 122, 146, 146–47
page boy image and, 132–33, 132–34
Poland and, 132, 134
skin color as brown and, 132, 132–33
slave collars and, 132, 132–33
page boy image with domination fantasy in court life (England): overview, 151–52, 154
black-white contrast and, 160, 160–61
courtly representation and, 159–60, 160–61
luxury and, 161, 161, 163
parasols and, 159–60, 160–61
page boy image with domination fantasy in court life (France): clothing and, 157–59, 158–59
fashion accessories and, 153, 153
luxury and, 157–59, 158–59
masquerade image and, 95, 156, 156–57
observers and, 95, 156–57, 156–57
portraits of blacks and, 157–59, 158–59
parasols: Africa allegory and, 22–23, 23–27, 26–27, (28–29), 30, 52–53, 52–54, 55
court life and, 26, 62, 63
Germany and, 26, 62, 63
maps of Africa and, 207, 208
Turkish court life and, 79, 80–81, 160
Paris. See France
pastoral idyll image: British colonies and, 266–67, 267
Caribbean Indians and, 242–43, 243, 245
Dutch Surinam colony and, 242–43, 243, 245
England and, 234, 234
French colonies and, 295, 296–97
slave trade and, 222–24, 222–25, 234, 234
Pellegrini, Giovanni Antonio, 31, 32–33
performers, 3, 171, 194–95, 195. See also musicians
Permoser, Balthasar, 63–64, 66, 66–73, 70, (71–73), 73, 213
Pesne, Antoine: Black Youth with Flowers…, 127, 129, 130
Girl with Flowers and Fruits …, 127, 129, 130
Portrait of Frederick II the Great as a child, 26, 62, 63
Portrait of Friedrich Ernst Freiherr von Knyphausen, 61, 61
Philip (saint), 52
Picart, Bernard: Children with birth defects, 211, 212
Guinean mother …, 211, 212
Initiation of Young Men into Manhood, 210–11, 210–11
Pigalle, Jean-Baptiste, Bust of Paul, 174–76, 175
pilgrimages, xvii, xx
plantation life, 267, 267, 269, 297, 297
Pocock, Nicholas: Jason Privateer, The, 224–26, 226
Southwell Frigate, The, 224, 225
poets as slaves, 185, 185–86
Poland, 132, 134. See also specific rulers
Pollard, Robert (after Robert Smirke), The Grosvenor East Indiaman, 232, 233
porcelain figures: Africa allegory and, 34–35, 34–35
children and, 34–35, 34–35
Four Continents and, 34, 34
“noble savages” and, 34–35, 34–35
portraits of blacks and, 40, 40–41
savages and, 34–35, 34–35
seminaked women and, 34–35, 34–35
warriors and, 34–35, 34–35
wild man image and, 34–35, 34–35. See also decorative schemes, and Four Continents
porcelain figurines: abolition and, 34, 34–35
exoticism image and, 32–33
portraits of blacks: overview, 3
abolition and, 10–11, 12–13, 13, 121, 142–43
Africa allegory and, (28–29), 30
Africa conversion narrative and, 52–54, 53, 55
black-white contrast and, 13, 14
clothing and, 230–31, 230–31
Ethiopians and, xvii, xviii
facial features and, 230–31, 230–31
free blacks and, 200–202, 201
Germany and, 74, 74–75
hair and, 40, 40–41, 230–31, 230–31
Hottentots and, 216, 216
India and, xvii, xviii
India/Indians and, xvii, xviii
Italy and, 200–202, 201
lips and, 40, 40–41
Maurice (saint) and, xvii
musicians and, 3
“noble savages” and, 40, 40–41
nose and, 40, 40–41
pageantry and, 3
performers and, 3
positive image of blacks and, xviii, xviii
scars and, 40, 40–41
skin color as brown and, 11
stereotypical characteristics and, 10–11, 13, 14–15, (15). See also African visitors; African visitors (England)
positive image of blacks, ix, 26–27, 31, 52–53, 53. See also stereotypical characteristics; stereotypical features
power of Europe: Africa allegory and, 26–27, 28, (28–29), 30–31, 199
Africa conversion narrative and, 46
America allegory and, 8, 30–31, (30–31)
Asia allegory and, 8, 26–27, 28
British colonies and, 267, 267, 269
decorative schemes and, 36–37, 36–38
domination fantasy and, 133–34
England and, 3, 135, 136–37, 138
Europe allegory and, 21–23, 22–23, 26–27, 46, 199
Four Continents and, 8, 26–27, 28, (28–29), 30–31, (30–31), 199
French colonies and, 292, 293, (293), 294
Germany and, 63–64, 70
page boy image and, 122, 133–34, 146, 146–47
plantation life for slaves and, 267, 267, 269
Pozzo, Andrea, Glorification of the Apostolate of Saint Ignatius (Jesuit order and Africa conversion narrative), 22, 40, (41–42)
Prester John (legendary ruler of Ethiopia), xvii
productive labor, 243, 243–44, 245, 267, 267, 269
Protestantism, 3
Prussia. See court life (Germany)
putti, 22, 23–24, 40, (41–42)
 
Queen of Ethiopia, baptism of, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58
 
racial identity, 254, 255
racial lineage (casta): overview, 246–51, 255–58
clothing and, 254, 255
individual types and, 251–53, 252, 254
naming practices, 248, 256
racial identity and, 254, 255
Spaniard, Indian, and mestizo child and, 246, 247, 249, 254, 255, 256
Spaniard, Morisco, and albino child and, 246, 252, 252–53, 254
Spaniard, mulatto, and Morisco child and, 246, 247, 248, 251–52, 251–53, 254
racial prejudice, ix–xii, xiv, xix–xxi, 211
racial taxonomy, 297
overview, 2
city life between fantasy and reality and, 194–95, 195
England and, 194–95, 195
freed blacks and, 194–95, 195
French colonies and, 297
South Africa and, 216, 220, (220–21)
South Africans and, 216, 220, (220–21), 222, 222. See also racial theories
racial theories, xx–xxi, 2, 190–93, 191–92, 194, 208–9, 209, 210. See also mixed-race type; racial taxonomy
racism, ix–xii, xiv, xix–xxi, 2, 211
Raimbach, Abraham (after Bryan Edwards), 262–63, 263
realism. See portraits of blacks
Reason allegory, 298–99, 299
rebellions, slave, 241, 245–46, 262, 263, 295, 299, 300, 302–3
religious life, xiii–xiv. See also Africa conversion narrative; baptism; Christianity; evangelism; missionaries; ritual practices; salvation; specific religions
Reynolds, Joshua: Portrait of Charles Stanhope …, 144, 145
Portrait of First Lieutenant Paul Henry Ourry…, 3, 135, 136–37, 138
Portrait of Frederick William Ernest…, 143, 143–44
Portrait of John Manners, Marquess of Granby, 144, (144–45), 145
Portrait of Lady Elizabeth Keppel, 160, 160–61
Portrait of the Prince of Wales, 144, 145, 146
Study of a Black Man, 11, 12–13, 13, 121, 142–43
Ricci, Marco, Adoration of the Magi, 105–6, 106–7
Ricci, Sebastiano: Adoration of the Magi, 105–6, 106–7
Study of two heads, 105, 105
Richardson, Jonathan, Portrait of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, 79, 80–81, 160
Rigaud, Hyacinthe: Black Youth Holding a Bow, 132, 132–33
Portrait of Prince Frederic Augustus II, 132, 134
Rigaud, Hyacinthe (after), 154–55, 155
ritual practices: baptism and, 211
Dutch Surinam colony and, 243, 243–44, 245
Hottentots and, 210–11, 210–11, 212, 216, 217–19
West Africa and, 210, 211, 212
Robbins, Luke (attrib.), A Prospect of Ora Cabeca…, 263, 264–65
Roberts, P., Caricature Shop, 190, 191
Robertson, George, View in the Island of Jamaica 265, 265
Rodríguez Juárez, Juan, 252, 252–53, 254
Rollet, Citoyenne, “You Will at Last Be Happy,” 299–300, 300–301
Roman period, xvi–xvii, xviii, xix, 19, 39–40, 86
Rome. See court to city life transition in fantasy image (Italy)
Rottmayr, Michael, 22, 44, 44–45, 46
Rowlandson, Thomas, Portrait of Rachel Pringle, 280–81, 282
royal representation. See courtly representation
Rudolf II (Holy Roman Emperor), 73
runaway slaves, 15, 16, 274–75, 275
 
Sabina, Mary, 192, 192–93, 194
Saint-Domingue (Haiti), 295–97, 296–97, 299–300, 302–3
saints, xvii. See also specific saints
salvation: Calvinism and, 227, 229–31, 230–31
Catholic Church and, xi, xvii, 78, 297
court to city life transition and, 78
France and, 78
Holland and, 227, 229–31, 230–31
slave trade and, 227, 229–31, 230–31
Turkish court life and, 78. See also Africa conversion narrative; baptism; missionaries
Sancho, Ignatius, 1, 13, 16, 40, 134, 184, 184–85, 188, 199
Sandby, Paul, The Duke of Cumberland’s Negro Servant, 132, 132–33
savages: Africa allegory and, 23, 25, 26
Africans and, 212–13
America allegory and, 23, 25, 26
Caribbean Indians and, 242–43, 243, 245
city life compared with and, 4
Hottentots and, 210, 210–11, 212, 213–14, 214
stereotypical characteristics and, 2, 4
Saxony. See court life (Germany)
scars, 40, 40–41
Schlüter, Andreas, 23, 25, 26
Schumacher, Johannes: Gordon’s Great Map and, 216, 220, (220–21), 222
Khoikhoi method of burial and, 216, 217, 219
Members of a Khoikhoi kraal …, 216, 217–18
Namaqua family and, 216, 217–18
Portrait of Chief Coba and, 216, 216
Village scene with Chief Coba and, 216, 216–17
Village scene with “Strandlopers,” 216, 217, 219
scientific objectivity, 216, 216–19, 220, (220–21), 222, 243, 243–44, 245
scientific racism, xiv, xxi, 2
seminaked males: Africa allegory and, 44, 44–45
America allegory and, 55–56, 55–56
city life between fantasy and reality and, 197, 198
court life and, 70, (72–73), 73
Germany and, 70, (72–73), 73
seminaked women: Africa allegory and, 13, 14–15, (15), 18–19, 19–20, 22–23, 23–25, 26, 46, 47, (47), 48, 52, 52–53
America allegory and, 13, 14–15, (15), 18–19, 19–20, 20–21, 22–23, 23–25, 26, 40, (41–42), 46, 52, 52–53
Europe allegory and, 13, 14–15, (15)
porcelain figures and, 34–35, 34–35
Sergel, Johan Tobias, 76, 76
Serres, Dominic, 226, 226–27
servant as male: baptism and, 38
British colonies and, 276, 277
clothing and, 126
domination fantasy image and, 125, 126, 126–27
fantasy image and, 38, 38–39, 38–40
France and, 126–27, 126–27, 127, 128
free blacks and, 202, 202–3
French colonies and, 284, 288–89
Germany and, 66, 68–69
Italy and, 202, 202–3
melancholia and, 127, 128
musicians and, 126, 126–27
skin color as red, 100–101, 101
slave trade and, 38
social hierarchies and, 126–27, 128
stereotypical characteristics and, 38
turbaned image and, xx
Turkish costumes and, 38. See also attendant as woman; grooms; musicians; page boy image
servant domestic scene, 59, 60–61, 61
Sessarakoo, William Ansah, 5, 6, 171, 182–83, 183–84
sexual/lascivious characteristics: city life between fantasy and reality and, 190, 191, 195–96, 195–97
court life and, 75–76, 75–76
court to city life transition and, 87, 89–90, 89–91
England and, 190, 191, 195–96, 195–97
free/freed blacks and, 190, 191, 195–96, 195–97
Germany and, 75–76, 75–76, 87, 89–90, 89–91
Turkish court life and, 87, 89–90, 89–91
sexual relationships. See intimate relationships
Shakespeare, William, Othello, xvi, 171, 195–96, 195–97, 204–6, 206
shaved heads, 23, 25, 26
Sheba (queen), xvii–xviii
skin color: aesthetic beauty and, 6–7, (7)
Africa conversion narrative and, 8–9, 9–10, 11
albinism/irregular skin color and, 190–93, 191–92, 194
blackness and, 7–10
climate theory of complexion and, 2, 8
Egypt and, xvii
Four Continents and, 8, 13–14
Maroons and, 262–63, 262–63, 272
as red, 2, 4, 13, 100–101, 101, 272, 272, 281
shades of darkness and, 82–83, 82–84, 86
Sheba (queen) and, xvii–xviii
social hierarchies and, 267, 267, 269, 272, 272, 274–76, 274–77, 279, 280–81
Turkish court life and, 82–83, 82–84, 86
as white, 2, 18, 18–19, 190–93, 191–92, 194
as yellow, 2. See also blackness; skin color as black; skin color as brown; skin color as dark
skin color as black: Africa allegory and, 26, 26–27
Africans and, xiii–xiv, 2, 281
America allegory and, 13
Asia allegory and, 13
Caribs and, 272, 272, 272–73, 272–73
Egyptians and, xvii
eunuch guards and, 78–79, 159
French colonies and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292, (292)
skin color as brown: America allegory and, 30–31, (30–31)
domination fantasy in city life and, 132, 132–33, 138–39, 138–39, (139)
domination fantasy in court life and, 132, 132–33
England and, 138–39, 138–39, (139)
France and, 132, 132–33
page boy image and, 132, 132–33, 138–39, 138–39, (139)
portraits of blacks and, 11
skin color as dark: Africa allegory and, 20, 55–56, 55–56
America allegory and, 46, 47, 48
American Indians and, 34, 34–35
court life and, 55–56, 55–56
Four Continents and, 55–56, 55–56
France and, 55–56, 55–56
shades of darkness and, 82–83, 82–84, 86
skin color as red, 2, 4, 13, 100–101, 101, 272, 272, 281
skin color as white, 2, 18, 18–19, 190–93, 191–92, 194
skin color as yellow, 2
slave collar: overview, xiv, xx, 3, 8, 15
Africa allegory and, 8
Africans and, 8
British colonies and, 274–75, 275
city life between fantasy and reality and, 174–76, 175
city life with fantasy image and, 97, 97
court life and, 64, 64–65
court to city life transition and, 87, 89–90, 89–91
crests and, 15
domination fantasy for women in city life and, 152, 152–53
domination fantasy in city life and, 132, 132–33, 140–41, 141, 152, 152–53
domination fantasy in court life and, 132
England and, 140–41, 141
fantasy image and, 3
France and, 132, 132–33, 152, 152–53, 174–76, 175
free blacks and, 202, 202–3
Germany and, 64, 64–65, 87, 89–90, 89–91
Italy and, 202, 202–3
page boy image and, 132, 132–33, 140–41, 141, 152, 152–53
page boy image in court life and, 132, 132–33
prisoners and, xiv, xx
runaway slaves and, 15, 16
Turkish court life and, 87, 89–90, 89–91
slave colonies: overview, 241
anthropological studies and, 243, 243–44, 245
blackness and, 243, 243–44, 245
Caribbean and, 241–43, 242–44, 245–46
Caribbean Indians and, 242–43, 243, 245
Dutch Surinam and, 241–43, 242–44, 245–46
hunters and, 290
otherness and, 242–43, 243, 244–45, 245
pastoral idyll image and, 242–43, 243, 245
productive labor image and, 243, 244–45, 245
rebellions and, 241, 245–46, 262, 263, 295, 299, 300, 302–3
ritual practices and, 243, 244–45, 245
slavery and, 243, 244–45, 245. See also French colonies; New Spain colony
slave rebellions, 241, 245–46, 262, 263, 295, 299, 300, 302–3
slaves/slavery, and Asia allegory, 22, 23–24. See also slaves/slavery, and black image; slaves/slavery, and white image
slaves/slavery, and black image: abolition and, 48–49, 49–50
advertisements for rewards and, 15, 16
Africa allegory and, 8, 52, 53, 54, 55
Africa conversion narrative and, 8–9, 9, 52, 53, 54, 55
Africans and, xiv, xix
Americas and, 14
Arabs and, xviii–xix
Asia allegory and, 46, 47, 48
British colonies and, 269–71, 270–71, 272–73, 272–73
brutality of slavery and, 274–75, 275
Catholic Church and, 3, 78
Christianity and, 3
court life and, 58, 64, 64–65, 74–75, 74–76, 77
cudgeling and, 278–79, 279
decorative schemes and, 36–37, 36–38
Dutch Surinam colony and, 243, 243–44, 245
economics and, 1–2
England and, xxi
France and, 58
French colonies and, 292, 293, (293), 294, 295–97, 296–97
Germany and, 64, 64–65, 74–75, 74–76
humanism and, 1, 15–16
master-servant relationship and, xi, xx, 15
men and, 58, 64, 64–65, 74–75, 74–76
naming practices, 15, 148, 172, 202
Protestantism and, 3
runaway slaves image and, 15, 16, 274–75, 275
women and, 58, 64, 64–65. See also slave collar; slaves/slavery, and Asia allegory; slaves/slavery, and white image
slave trade slaves/slavery, and white image, 48–49, 49–50. See also slaves/slavery, and Asia allegory; slaves/slavery, and black image
slave trade: overview, x, xiv, xix, xxi–xx, 3, 211, 213, 222, 241
Africa allegory and, 26–27, 28, (28–31), 30–31, 207, 208, 294–95, 294–95
allegorical image and, 259, 260
Americas and, x, xiv
Arabs and, xviii, xix
Central Africa and, xiv
compassion and, 222–24, 224–25
domination fantasy in city life and, 166–67, 167–68
England and, 166–67, 167–68
France and, xxi, 3, 223–24, 223–24, 238–39, 238–39
French colonies and, 292, 293, (293), 294–95, 294–95
gratitude image and, 222–24, 224–25
Holland and, 222, 227, 228–31, 229–31
humanism and, 238–39, 238–39
India and, xviii–xix, 38
maps of Africa and, 207, 208
Middle East and, xix
missionaries and, 229–31, 230–31
moral character of whites and, 223–24, 223–24
North Africa and, xix, 208–9, 209–10
pastoral idyll image and, 222–24, 222–25
salvation and, 227, 229–31, 230–31
servant as male and, 38
slave transactions and, 222–26, 224–27, 226, 226–27
Turkish court life and, 78
West Africa and, xiv, xix, 5, 6, 171, 182–83, 183–84, 222
West Indies and, 38. See also abolition of slave trade; slave trade (England); trade
slave trade (England): overview, 3, 38, 224, 231, 233, 236
brutality of slavery and, 234, 234, 236, 238
city life and, 236, 238
court life and, 236, 238
happiness of blacks image and, 234, 234–36, 236
“noble savages” and, 232, 233–34
pastoral idyll image and, 234, 234
Smirk, Robert (after), The Grosvenor East Indiaman, 232, 233
Smith, Joseph, Old Cudjoe Making Peace, 262–63
Smith, J. T., Portrait of Joseph Johnson, 194–95, 195
social hierarchies: overview, xi, 4
British colonies and, 267, 267, 269, 271–76, 272, 274–75, 274–77, 279, 280–81
domination fantasy in city life and, 166–67, 167–68
England and, 166–67, 167–68
Ethiopians and, xvii, xviii
France and, 109, 112–13, 114, (114–15)
French colonies and, 297, 297
skin-color spectrum and, 267, 267, 269, 272, 272, 274–76, 274–77, 279, 280–81
status enhancement and, 58, 59, 82–83, 82–84, 86, 101, 102, 103–4
Turkish court life and, 78–79, 78–79. See also slaves/slavery, and black image; slaves/slavery, and white image
Soliman, Angelo, 74, 74–75, 176–77, 209
Solomon (Hebrew king), xvii–xviii
South Africa/Africans: anthropological studies and, 216, 216–19, 220, (220–21), 222
apron/labia and, 213–14, 214
curiosity objects and, 194–95, 194–95
freedom and, 194–95, 194–95
otherness and, 210
portraits of blacks and, 216, 216
racial taxonomy and, 216, 220, (220–21), 222, 222
savages and, 210–11, 210–11, 212, 213–14, 214
woman and baby image and, 18–19, 19, 66, 69, 216, 216–18
Spanish racial lineage: clothing and, 254, 255
racial identity and, 254, 255
Spaniard, Indian, and mestizo child and, 246, 247, 249, 254, 255, 256
Spaniard, Morisco, and albino child and, 246, 252, 252–53, 254
Spaniard, mulatto, and Morisco child and, 246, 247, 248, 251–52, 251–53, 254
spectacles: blackness paradox and, 56, 56–57, 58, 59
city life with fantasy image and, 114, 114–15
court life and, 56, 56–57, 58
France and, 56, 56–57, 58, 114, 114–15
history paintings with fantasy image and, 114, 114–15
Magi narrative and, 114, 114–15
status. See social hierarchies
status enhancement, 58, 59, 82–83, 82–84, 86, 101, 102, 103–4
stereotypical characteristics: overview, xiv, xxi
Africans and, 2, 20
black-white contrast and, 13, 14–15, (15)
portraits of blacks and, 10–11, 13, 14–15, (15)
savages and, 2, 4
stereotypical features: overview, xi, xiii–xv, xxi
Africa allegory and, 55–56, 55–56
climate theory of complexion and, 2, 8
court life and, 55–56, 55–56
decorative schemes and, 36–37, 36–38
Four Continents and, 55–56, 55–56
France and, 55–56, 55–56
Germany and, 70, (72–73), 73. See also specific features
Stubs, George, Henry Fox…, 130, 131, (131)
sympathetic image of blacks. See positive image of blacks
 
Tanjé, Pieter (after Philip van Djik), 13, (14), 230–31, 230–31
Tapuya Indians (Brazil), 282, 283–84, 284–85, 290
texts, xiv, xviii. See also New Testament; Old Testament
Théodon, Jean-Baptiste, Triumph of Faith over Idolatry, 44, 44–45
Tiepolo, Giambattista: Apollo and the Four Continents, 26–27, 28, (28–31), 30–31, 199, 207
Banquet of Cleopatra, The (1743–1744), 109, 111, (112)
Banquet of Cleopatra, The (1747–1750), 109, 110–11
Toussaint-Louverture, François-Dominique, 300, 302–3
trade: Africa allegory and, 22, 23–24, 26–27, 28, (28–31), 30–31, 294–95, 294–95
Africa and, 13, 207, 210
America allegory and, 22, 23–24
Asia allegory and, 22, 294–95, 294–95
city life between fantasy and reality and, 196–99, 196–99
England and, 196–99, 196–99
Europe and, 6, 23, 26–27, 28, 30
Four Continents and, 222–24, 224–25
France and, 174–76, 175
French colonies and, 292, 293, (293), 294–95, 294–95, 295, 297–98, 298
Mercury (god) and, 20, 20–21, 26–27, 28, 292, 293, (293), 294
moral character of whites and, 4
signs image and, 196–99, 196–99
symbolism in city life between fantasy and reality and, 174–76, 175. See also slave trade
Trevisani, Francesco, 52–54, 53, 55
triangle pendant allegorical emblem, 299, 300
Troy, François de, 153, 154–55
Trumbell, John: Death of General Warren …, The, 122, 122–23, (123–24)
Portrait of George Washington, 122, 146, 146–47
turbaned image: Africa allegory and, 44, 44–45, 52, 53, 54, 55
African visitors and, 182, 182–83
America allegory and, 26, 26–27
Asia allegory and, 23, 25, 26, 44, 44–45
attendants with black image and, xx
British colonies and, 276, 276–77
court life and, 26
domination fantasy in city life and, 96, 140–41, 141, 142, 143, 144, (144–45), 145, 163–64, 164
England and, 96, 140–41, 141, 142, 143, 144, (144–45), 145, 163–64, 164, 182, 182–83
exoticism image and, xx
free people of color and, 276, 276–77
Germany and, 26, 59, 60–61, 70, 70–71
page boy image and, 96, 140–41, 141, 142, 143, 144, (144–45), 145, 163–64, 164
Turkish costumes: overview, 5
domination fantasy in city life, 138–39, 138–39, (139)
England and, 138–39, 138–39, (139)
Europeans and, 32, 33
page boy image and, 138–39, 138–39, (139)
servant as male and, 38
Turkish court life and, 82–83, 82–84, 86. See also clothing
Turkish court life: overview, 78, 90
attendant as woman and, 82–83, 82–84, 86
authenticity of blacks and, 84, 84–85, 86
black-white contrast and, 82–83, 82–84, 86
court to city life transition and, 17, 77–78, 87, 89–90, 89–91
eunuch guards and, 78–79, 86, 86–87, 89, 159
France and, 79, 81–84, 82–84, 86, 86–88, 89
Germany and, 77, 87, 89–90, 89–91
headdresses and, 87–88, 89
humanism and, 78
luxury and, 82–83, 82–84, 86, 86–88, 89
masquerade image and, 86, 86–88, 89
page boy image and, 89–90, 90–91
parasols and, 79, 80–81, 160
power of Europe and, 82–83, 82–84, 86
salvation and, 78
sexual/lascivious characteristics and, 87, 89–90, 89–91
skin color, and shades of darkness and, 82–83, 82–84, 86
slave collars and, 87, 89–90, 89–91
slavery and, 78–79, 78–79, 82–83, 82–84, 86
slave trade and, 78
social hierarchies and, 78–79, 78–79
Turkish costumes and, 82–83, 82–84, 86
voyeurism and, 84, 84–85, 86
 
umbrellas. See parasols
universalism, xi, 297. See also Africa conversion narrative; baptism; missionaries; salvation
 
Valkenburg, Dirk: Indian Village and, 242–43, 243, 245
“Negro celebration …,” 243, 243–44, 245
Van Bleyswyck, François, 230, 230–31
Van Loo, Charles-André, Portrait of Madame de Pompadour en sultane, 84, 84
Vanmour, Jean-Baptiste (after), 79, 81
Vien, Joseph-Marie, 86, 86–88, 89
Virgin Mary, 46, 47, (47), 48
Volozan, Denis (attrib.), Portrait of François-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture, 300, 302–3
voyeurism, 84, 84–85, 86, 200–202, 201
 
warriors: America allegory and, 18–19, 19, 32, 33
American Indians and, 32, 33
Asia allegory and, 44, 44–45
court life and, 63, 64, 66, 66–67, 69
Four Continents and, 44, 44–45
Germany and, 63, 64, 66, 66–67, 69
Hottentots and, 66, 69
Maurice (saint) and, xvii
men and, 32, 33–35, 34–35, 44, 44–45, 66, 69
porcelain figures and, 34–35, 34–35
women and, 18–19, 19, 32, 33
washing away blackness, 96, 155–56, 156. See also baptism; blackness
Watteau, Antoine: overview, 90–91
artifice and, 101
blackness-whiteness characteristics and, 91–92, 93–95, 96
black-white reversal and, 91, 92–93, 96–97
comic figures and, 91
Conversation, The, 98, 99, 101
Coquettes, 92, 94, 96
Eight Studies of Heads, 92, 94–95, 96, 101
gallant Moor tradition and, 104
humanism and, 95–96
masquerade image and, 92, 94–95, 96, 101, 104
master-servant relationship and, 91–92, 93, 96, 101
melancholia and, 98, 99, 101
messengers and, 92, 94–95, 96, 101
musicians and, 91
Music Party, The, 91, 92–93, 96–97
observers and, 91, 92–93, 96–97, 98, 99, 101
servant as male and, 91, 97, 97
slave collars and, 97, 97
slavery and, 97, 97
social hierarchies and, 97–98
Three Studies of the Head of a Black Youth, 97, 97–98
W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research, viii, ix, xii
West, Benjamin, Reception of the ambassador from Tunis, 208–9, 209–10
West Africa/Africans: overview, xvi, xvii, xx
decorous practices and, 210, 211, 212
freed blacks and, 202, 202–3
ritual practices and, 210, 211, 212
slave trade and, xiv, xix, 5, 6, 171, 182–83, 183–84, 222
visitors to Europe, 5, 6, 171, 176, 182–83, 183–84. See also Africa/Africans; Guinea (West Africa)
Western, use of term, xiv–xv
Western art, viii–xvii, xxiv. See also specific countries
West Indies/Indians: overview and use of term, 14
abolition and, 16
Orientalism and, 37–38
pageantry and, 66, 70, 70–71, (71–72)
slave trade and, 38, 133, 164, 164–65, 166, 231. See also British colonies; Caribbean; Jamaica colony
Wheatley, Phillis, 185, 185–86
whiteness: gallant Moor tradition and, 101, 102, 103–4, 157
masquerade image and, 171–72, 173
“to whiten a Moor” and, 155–56
West Indies colonies and, 266–67, 266–67. See also washing away blackness
whites/white image: overview, xvi–xvii
blacks’ relationship with and, x, xvii–xviii
climate theory of complexion and, 2, 8
eunuch guards and, 78–79, 86, 86–87, 89
mixed-race type and, xx
slaves and, 79. See also black-white contrast; slaves/slavery, and white image
Wickstead, Phillip: Mary Pusey and her father, Mr. Butler, 268–69, 269–70
William Pusey and his wife, Elizabeth, 268–69, 269
Williams, Francis, 180, 180–81, 182
women. See attendant as woman; domination fantasy for women in city life (France); seminaked women; women, and black image; women, and white image
women, and black image: Africa allegory and, 284, 290
allegorical image and, 13, 14–15, (15)
bald head and, 23, 25, 26
baptism and, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58
free people of color and, 272–73, 272–76, 275–77, 279–80, 279–81, 282
Hottentots with baby and, 18–19, 19, 66, 69, 216, 216–18. See also attendant as woman; women, and white image; specific women
women, and white image: Africa allegory and, 18, 18–19
allegorical image and, 18
attendant as woman and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292
baptism and, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58
flirtatious activities and, 95, 125, 156–57, 156–57
French colonies and, 284, 288–89, 291, 292
Hottentots and, 194–95, 194–95, 213–14, 214
Moors and, 19
page boy-women relationships and, 96, 111, 125, 159, 162–63, 163
slaves and, 238–39, 239–40
warriors and, 18–19, 19, 32, 33. See also attendant as woman; domination fantasy for women in city life (England); domination fantasy for women in city life (France); domination fantasy for women in court life (England); domination fantasy for women in court life (France); women, and black image; specific women
woolly hair. See hair
Wright of Derby, Joseph, Two Girls with Their Black Servant, 166–67, 167–68
Würzburg ceiling paintings, 26–27, 28, (28–31), 30–31, 199, 207
 
Zamor, Louis-Benoit, 157–59, 158–59
Zen, Lazzaro, 202, 202–3
Zoffany, Johan (attrib.), 191–92, 192
Zoffany, Johan, The Family of Sir William Young …, 164, 164–65, 166