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Index
Finbarr Barry Flood
Description: Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval “Hindu-Muslim”...
Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval “Hindu-Muslim” Encounter
Index
Author
Finbarr Barry Flood
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Copyright© 2009 by Princeton University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00088.014
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-18560
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Index
Abaneri, Gujarat
Hindu temples in, 149
‘Abbasid caliphs
al-‘Amin, 30
Harun al-Rashid, 52, 79, 92, 93, 255
al-Ma’mun, 20, 30
al-Muktafi, 295n74
al-Muqtadir Billah, 26, 73
al-Mustadi’, 91
al-Mustansir, 286n9, 296n97
al-Mu‘tadid, 31, 32
al-Mu‘tamid, 31, 33, 52
al-Mutawakkil, 19
al-Muti‘lillah, 26
al-Muwaffaq, 276n74
al-Nasir, 91, 101
al-Qadir Billah, 34, 78
al-Wathiq, 50
‘Abbasids, 15, 20, 39, 50, 52, 64, 65, 73–74, 91, 240, 278n171, 280n240, 284n103, 292n22, 296n97, 304n3
coins of, 116
courtly milieu of, 52
elephants as gifts to, 79
and Fatimids, 133
and heterodoxy, 17
and idols, 28–29, 31
investiture by, 85–86
and Kabul Shah, 30
and Khwarazmshahs, 91
and mosques, 44
and Qur’an, 104
revived fortunes of, 91
and scholars and physicians, 21
self-representations of, 74
and Sind, 19
slogans of, 52, 58, 59
and trade, 16
and translation, 7, 20
‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Umar, Habbarid amir, 44, 52–53
Abdul Rahman, 42
abstraction, 9, 11, 27, 71, 126, 171, 182, 195, 221, 234
Abu Ishaq, 101
Abu’l-‘Abbas, 79
Abu’l-Fida, 242
Abu’l-Luhab al-Munabbih ibn Asad al-Qurayshi, 278n183
Abu al-Ma‘ali, 27
ācārya, 156, 187
adab, 42, 92, 113
Ādāb al-Ḥarb, 63, 92, 128, 293n33
Ādāb al-Mulūk, 251
adhān, 21, 242, 243
al-‘Adid, Fatimid caliph, 86
‘Adil Shahis, 264
Adina
Friday Mosque, 305n44
ādivarāha, 41
‘Adud al-Dawla, 133
Aghtamar, Church of the Holy Cross, 72
‘ahd, 92, 240
Ahmad ibn Tulun, 52
‘Ain al-Mulk Gilani, 264, 266
‘ajā’ib, 19, 294n52
‘Ajā’ib al-Hind (Wonders of India), 19, 85
Ajmir (Ajayameru), Rajasthan, 107–8, 126, 144
Arhai-din-ka-Jhompra Mosque, 128, 139, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 158, 186, 235, 296n9, 297n21
bastions of, 231–32
columns of, 71, 168
corbeled dome, 169
domes of, 204
gates, 150, 232, 233, 253
hadiths carved on, 307n104
images in, 166, 168
mihrab, 141, 142, 148, 177, 178, 191, 196, 199, 213, 235
prayer hall, 150, 203
reused columns of, 150
screen, 180, 203, 231, 236, 237, 240
sequence of construction of, 187, 188
booty from, 128–29
coins from, 110–11
Ghurid conquest of, 105, 111, 127
Jain temple, 295n68
and land use, 113–14
Shiva linga, 149
shrine of Mu‘in al-Din Chishti, 294n57
stonemasons in, 150
Akbar, 294nn51, 57
Akhbār al-Sind wa’l-Hind, 19, 50
‘Ala’ al-Din Husayn (Jahan-suz), 89, 94, 155, 288n39
‘Ala’ al-Din Kayqubad, 303n296
‘Ala’ al-Din Khalji, 35, 130, 186, 188, 238, 245, 254, 257, 292n199, 294n51
‘Ala’ al-Din Mas‘ud, 254
‘alām, 129
Alchi, Ladakh, 74, 75, 84
Dukhang Temple, 65–68, 69–72
Alexander the Great, 118, 251. See also Sikandar al-thānī
Alfonso II, 265
‘Ali, 92, 296n99
sword of (Zhu’l-fiqar), 133
Ali, Daud, 263
‘Ali ibn Ibrahim al-Nisaburi, 97
‘Ali Mardan, 239
Allāh, 71, 261
Allen, Terry, 203, 219
Almohads, 103
alms, 28, 34, 36
Alptigin, 285n120
alterity, 3, 4, 72
Althusser, Louis, 64
āmalakas (embelic myrobalan), 128, 129, 131, 204, 205
amān, 77, 79
al-‘Amin, ‘Abbasid caliph, 30
Amin, Shahid, 4
amīr, 57, 64, 65, 109, 114, 203, 255
Amir Banji ibn Naharan Shansabani, 92–94, 102, 103, 118, 264
Amir Khusrau Dihlawi, 229, 238, 245, 272n41
Nuh Sipihr, 7
Amoghavarsha, Rashtrakuta raja, 286n154
‘Amr ibn Layth al-Saffar, 13, 28, 31–34
‘Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahili, 54
amulets, 243. See also talismans
Anahilavad (Patan), 65, 107, 129, 218, 250, 256
Anandapala, Hindu Shahi raja, 79
Anatolia, 43, 234, 236, 259
Andalusia, 19
Anderson, Benedict, 242, 255, 275n55
aniconism, 38, 41, 48, 117, 148, 212, 241
‘anqā, 131
anthropomorphism, 48, 50, 52, 58, 100, 101, 165, 166, 190, 217
Anuradhapura, 51
‘anwatan, 154, 290n144. See also amān; ṣulḥ
Apabhraṃśa, 42
apostasy, 38, 42, 63
Appadurai, Arjun, 265
apsarās, 55, 165, 167, 168, 217
Arabia, 16, 59
Aram Shah, 227
arcade, 54, 144, 145, 235, 242
arches, 243
corbeled, 158, 184
and identity, 48
lobed, 196, 224
local idioms and, 185
of mosques, 262
polylobed, 195
round vs. pointed, 149
spandrels of, 180, 181, 196, 199, 213
tōraṇa, 191, 192, 195, 196, 199, 200
trefoil, 208
trilobed, 193, 195
true vs. false, 182
architecture, treatises on, 167, 172, 178–79
ardharatna, 191, 213, 224
Armenia, 74
Christian kings of, 73
investiture in, 74
royal portraits of, 74
Armitage, David, 261
Arthashāstra, 23, 56, 112
Ashoka, 228
aṣnām, 31, 36, 153
Assyrian kings, 28, 118
‘Attar, Farid al-Din, 278n153
Avantivarman of Kashmir, 37
avatar, 41, 42, 58, 262
‘awāṣim, 24
Awasthi, A.B.L., 3
‘Awfi, Sadid al-Din. See Sadid al-Din ‘Awfi
āyāt al-nūr, 214
Ayodhya
Baburi Masjid, 267
Ayyubids, 74, 91, 103, 104, 264, 284n103
Salah al-Din (Saladin), 74, 91, 103, 104, 264, 284n103
Bada’un, mosque of, 115, 153, 228, 234, 239, 255
Badhan, 29
Baghdad, 21, 31, 32, 229, 240, 241
and Byzantium, 279n210
caliphal palace, 296n97
display of idols in, 28, 29
and Ghurids, 91
Nizamiyya Madrasa, 101
Nubian Gate, 34
and trade, 21
Baghdad caliphate. See ‘Abbasids
Baha’ al-Din Sam, 117
Baha’ al-Din Tughril, 144, 177, 227, 228, 237, 245
Bahila tribe, 54, 58
Bahram Shah, Ghaznavid sultan, 7, 107, 264
Baḥr al-Favā’id, 34, 36
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 202, 219
al-Baladhuri, 18, 52
Balban, 256
Balharā, 20
Balkh, 17
Bamiyan, 16, 17, 33, 89, 117, 118, 126, 277n128
Banaskantha district, Gujarat, 208
Banbhore, 18
Great Mosque, 19, 38, 45, 50, 149
mihrab of mosque, 47
Shiva temple, 38
See also Daybul
bandagān-i khaṣṣ, 113, 227, 240, 291n160
band/banding, 99, 166, 168, 172, 191, 192, 210, 221, 223, 224, 232, 235–36, 243, 244. See also ṭirāz
Bani Hashim, 34
baraka, 246, 284n97
Bardasir, 107
Bar Hebraeus, 285n123
Chronography, 82, 84
Barmakids, 7, 20
Barthes, Roland, 183
al-Basasiri, 296n97
Basra, 16, 21, 23, 26, 31, 32
Friday Mosque, 296n99
bastions, 231–32
Bayana, 114
coins from, 115, 116, 228
iqṭā‘ of, 144
mosque at (Ukha Mandir), 296n9
Baybars al-Jashankir
funerary dome of, 296n97
bayt al-māl, 105
Begampuri, Delhi
royal mosque at, 162
Beglar, J. D., 158
belt/belting, 82, 83, 84. See also khil‘a (robe of honor)
Benares, 107, 110, 114, 293n34
Bengal, 107, 162, 237, 258, 293n30, 294n57, 298n98, 305n44
and baluster columns, 192
Islamic coin types in, 115
mosques of, 215
sultan of, 240
Benjamin, Walter, 182
Bentley, Jerry H., 310n29
Berlin
Museum für Indische Kunst, ivory elephant, 55
Museum für Islamische Kunst, medallion of Caliph al-Muqtadir, 72
Bhabha, Homi, 8–9, 75, 82, 266
bhadras, 212
Bhadreshvar, 46, 148, 168, 218
Chhoti Masjid, 48
early mosques of, 149, 297n21, 299n120
and Kufic script, 51
Solahkhambi Mosque, 168–69
stone cenotaph, 224, 225
Tomb of Ibrahim, 47, 148, 299n153
Bhandarkar, D. R., 3
Bhangoras, 218
Bhima Deva II Chalukya, 218, 256
Bhimnagar, 124, 293n34
Bhoja, Gurjara-Pratihara raja, 41
Bida, Chandella raja, 80, 81
Bidar, sultans of, 258
Biddick, Kathleen, 253
Bierman, Irene, 307n100
Bihar, 179, 192
Bijapur
mosque of Karim al-Din, 184
Bijolia, Bhilwara District, Rajasthan
Undesvara Temple, 301n227
birds, 20, 87, 131, 295nn73, 89. See also humā birds
biruda, 20, 41, 76
al-Biruni, 62, 63, 67, 80, 119, 251, 293n33
Kitāb fī taḥqīq ma li’l-Hind, 6, 7, 27
Biruza/Biruda, 278n169
Blair, Sheila, 105
boar, 40, 41
Bodh Gaya, 34
body, 37
of donor, 77
and dress, 63, 72
and Indic kingship, 85–86
in Northern Indian painting, 62
of raja, 84, 86
royal, 13, 77, 83
socially constructed, 74
booty. See loot/booty
borders, 24, 28
Bosworth, C. E., 91, 102, 106
Bourdieu, Pierre, 24, 32, 82–83, 225
Brahma
bronze images of, 50, 306n65
marble statue of, 32, 33
Brahmanabad, 18, 38
bronze image of Surya, 37, 38
ivory plaques with apsarās and makaras, 55
Brahmans, 27, 37, 42
brahmi script, 248
Braudel, Fernand, 74
Breckenridge, Carol, 30
Bṛhat saṃhitā, 130
bricks/brick architecture, 46, 137, 138, 180, 181, 186, 190, 213, 235, 236
bricolage, 14, 183, 225
Buddha
depiction of, 55, 56
Buddhism
and dharmavijaya, 111
images in, 37
in Sind, 38
Buddhist kingdoms, 61, 67, 74
Buddhists, 31, 34, 38, 64, 75, 155
Buddhist stupas, 38, 50, 54, 167
Bukhara, 25
Bulliet, Richard, 92
Bundelkhund, 84
pillar from, 257
Buraq, 131
Bust, 17, 28, 31
brick arch, 235
marble funerary stelae from, 190, 196, 199–200, 202, 213, 216, 218, 219, 224, 225
but, 33
but-khāna, 21, 153, 157, 240
Buyids, 19, 133
‘Adud al-Dawla, 133
Buzurg ibn Shahriyar, ‘Ajā’ib al-Hind (Wonders of India), 19, 85
Byzantine mosaicists, 219
Byzantine royal robes, 74
Byzantines, 20, 36, 86, 305n41
Byzantium, 279n210
Cairo, 218, 299n146
Azhar Mosque, 172
Fatimid palace, 296n97
Camille, Michael, 48
Campbell, George, 267
capitals
bifoliate, overflowing vase, or vase-and-foliage (pūrṇaghaṭa), 190, 191, 193, 195, 199, 200, 202, 210, 224
kalaśa, 193, 196
Cemulya (Saymur), 23
ceramics, 21, 68, 91, 93, 261
Chachnāma, 18
Chadama, 23
Chahmana rajas. See Chauhans
chain(s)
bell, 173, 174
of justice, 246
chakravartin, 57
Chalukya rajas, 32, 47, 107, 110, 116, 129, 130, 133, 210, 218, 246, 256, 275n47, 283n34, 293n30
Bhima Deva II, 218, 256
Mularaja II, 218, 256
Chamba, 55
chandalas, 244
Chandella rajas, 80–81, 84, 87, 110, 117, 128, 256–58
Bida, 80
Ganda, 80
Parmaldeva, 87
Vidyadhara, 80, 84, 87
Chandra, Gupta raja, 248
Chandravati
Vishnu Temple, 196, 197
Charlemagne, Chessman of, 52, 79
chatr (parasol), 68, 76, 94, 121, 122, 125, 130–31, 176, 189, 234, 284n82
Chattopadhyaya, Brajadulal, 34, 259
Chaudhuri, Nirad, 62
Chauhan rajas of Ajmir and Ranthambhor
Govindaraja, 111, 119, 127, 128, 154
Hariraja, 111, 154
Prithviraja II, 109
Prithviraja III, 108–9, 111, 118, 127, 128, 154
Vigraharaja IV (Visala Deva), 108, 109, 248, 250, 295n68, 308n122
Chauhans, 25, 90, 105, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113, 126, 130, 131, 141, 254, 257, 258
and ambiguity, 183
booty from, 128
and coins, 115
defeat of, 110
as Ghurid vassals, 133
and pillars, 248, 250
China, 16, 21, 27, 56, 91
Chinchani
copper-plate inscription, 21
Chisht, 101, 224, 239
domed structures, 102, 221
Chittorgarh, 217
Kukkudesvara Mahadeva Temple, 211
Choay, Françoise, 183
choga, 290n117
Cholas, 124, 246, 293n29, 30, 294n46
Chotta Pandua
minaret at, 237
Christians/Christianity, 27, 35, 43, 73, 74, 100, 101, 159, 178
circulation, 3, 4, 12, 28, 199
Clifford, James, 3, 5
coins, 19, 38–42, 283n67
‘Abbasid, 26, 38, 39, 44, 50, 52, 276n74
Adivaraha damma of Gurjara-Pratiharas, 41
of ‘Ali Mardan, 239
alloyed silver, 41
and ‘Amr ibn Layth al-Safar, 32–33
and anthropomorphism, 41
Arabic inscriptions on, 25, 39, 41, 116
Arab silver coins in Gujarat and Rajasthan, 65
and authority, 76
from Bayana, 228
bilingual, 40, 41, 43, 44, 58, 116, 228
with boar, 41
bull-and-horseman, 25, 26, 38, 108, 111, 115, 118
Byzantine, 116
circulation of, 15, 134
continuity in minting of, 184
conversion rates and equivalences of, 38
Crusader, 116
dammas or dramas, 39–40
in Delhi, 254
as delineating monetary spheres of influence, 25–26
devnagari script on, 39
dinars, 108, 124, 221, 223, 241
dirhams, 25, 26, 30, 41, 103, 114, 124, 159, 186, 279n189, 285n118, 289nn89, 90
dirhams vs. dilīwāls, 157
doxologies on, 38
drachm, 39
Egyptian dinar, 50
and Firuzkuh, 97, 190
gadhiyā paisā, 38
Ghaznavid, 241, 289n90
Ghurid, 91, 94, 103–4, 105, 108, 114–15, 116–17, 118, 131, 164, 214, 221, 223, 228, 256, 287n30
gold converted to, 35
Gurjara-Pratihara, 41, 44
Habbarid from Sind, 39
Hindu deities on, 41, 115, 116, 172, 228, 261
Hindu Shahi, 38
hoards of split by Arabic or Sanskrit inscriptions, 12
and iconoclasm, 115
and idols, 28
of Iltutmish, 228, 240, 241
and Indian mint masters, 108
Indic dating on, 257
Indic motifs on, 9–41
inscriptions on, 39, 41
and intercultural difference, 58
and kalima, 39, 41
from Kanauj, 44, 228
knot ornament on, 221, 222, 223
lā ilāha illā allāh wahdahu lā sharīk lahu legend, 39, 52
Lakshmi on, 115, 116, 118
and lamp motif, 214
as legitimizing, 116
Madhumadi on, 41
from Mansura, 39
minted by tally vs. weight, 38
Multani, 39–41, 42, 44, 59, 202
and Palas, 115
Rashtrakuta, 41
Samanid, 25, 289n89
Sanskritized sultan’s name on, 116
Sanskrit on, 25, 26, 39, 41, 42, 44, 59, 115, 116, 117, 118, 228
Śāradā script on, 41
Sasanian, 116, 291n182
Seljuq, 289n89
with Shiva’s bull, 26
from southern Arabia and East Africa, 38
tankas, 41, 240, 241
ṭātarī dirham, 38
with three-dot motif, 39
and translation, 178
transmutation of icons into, 34
with trident (triśūl), 26, 108, 190
Turkman, 302n247
colonnade, 44, 148, 173, 230
color, semiotic value of, 234–35
columns, 45, 54, 144, 210
baluster, 192–93, 195, 196, 199, 200
importation of, 159, 189
reuse of, 148, 149, 150, 166, 167, 168, 169–70, 171, 174, 184
ringed, 193, 195–96, 200
twisted, 195, 196, 197, 200
See also pillars
Constantine VII, Byzantine emperor, 305n41
Constantine IX, Byzantine emperor, 86
Constantinople, 218, 219, 229, 282n14, 299n146
Convivencia, 4, 266
Cordoba, 27
cosmopolitanism, 58, 61, 263–64, 268
and Ghurids, 102
mercantile, 42–43
pietistic, 43
in Sind, 19
craftsmen/artisans, 69, 189, 199, 219, 224, 236, 261. See also stonemasons
creeper motifs, 46, 204, 207, 210–11. See also vine motifs
creolisation, 202
crescent motif, 55, 212, 213
Crone, Patricia, 65
crown(s), 29, 30, 54, 55, 65, 76, 122, 130, 242, 281n260
Kashmiri, 281n265
as loot, 125
Crusaders, 91, 104, 116, 298n112
cultural borrowing, 134
cultural cross-dressing, 72–75
cultural exchange, 182
culture
and architecture, 178–84, 225
borderlands of, 262
and center vs. periphery, 15-16, 262
heterogeneous nature of, 5
Islamicate, 263
Cutler, Anthony, 28, 159, 183, 218
dadoes, 161, 193, 194
dagger, 84
Dahir, raja of Sind, 18
Dahmi/Rahmi, raja of Sind, 20
dā‘ī, 42, 148
Danishmendids, 118
Dār al-‘Adl, 25
dār al-‘ahd, 79, 81–82, 290n144
dār al-ḥarb, 4, 20, 32, 79, 106, 107, 110, 247, 290n144
dār al-imāra, 50, 58
dār al-Islām, 4, 25, 29, 32, 33, 64, 68, 76, 79, 81, 91, 106, 107, 110, 124, 189, 277n114
darśan, 177
dār al-ṣulḥ, 79, 127
dārukarmakāras, 184
Daulatabad, 246
Davis, Richard, 28, 125
Dawud Khan, 294n57
Daybul, 18–19, 38, 44–45
Shiva temple, 130, 278n171
See also Banbhore
Debord, Guy, 300n167
Deccan, 16, 23, 61, 114, 152, 184, 185, 218, 258
Delhi, 108
Bada’un Gate, 35
Begampuri, royal mosque at, 162
coins of, 254
and Ghurid suzerainty, 111
as Ka‘ba of seven climes, 241
Qutb Complex, 229–30
Qutb Minar, 146, 162, 186, 223, 230, 236, 237, 242–43, 289n103
construction of, 187
Hindu graffiti on, 184
and iron pillar, 248
red stone of, 144, 234–35, 242, 253
size of, 238
Qutb Mosque, 139, 146, 147, 148, 150, 152, 180, 229–43
alteration of images at, 164–69, 173, 188
bastion of, 232
bell chains, 173, 174
as buq‘a-yi mutabarrak, 246
carved images in, 166, 172
central arch of screened facade, 180
corbeled domes, 146, 169, 180
domed chambers, 160
eastern entrance, 141
foundation texts of, 157–58, 188, 239, 242, 252, 253, 255
hierarchized space in, 173
icons/idols displayed in, 241, 253
as inscribed tablet, 252
iron pillar, 247–48, 250, 252, 254
and lotus motif, 191
mihrab, 148
minaret, 144–45
Persian inscriptions in, 239
prayer hall, 174, 203, 232, 235
qibla bay, 172, 173, 235
qibla screen, 145, 147, 158, 162, 180, 187, 203, 221, 222, 230, 231, 235, 236, 238, 240, 245
qibla wall, 231
reuse of material in, 184, 239, 242, 253
royal chambers, 160–63, 172, 196, 228, 297n21
schematic plan of, 140
and sectarian strife, 245
size of, 237–38
status of, 227, 228, 229
stonemasons in, 150
Sultan Ghari, 184
Delhi sultanate, 3, 12, 106, 114, 252, 255
and Deccan, 184, 258
and hammīra title, 256, 263
and Qutb Mosque, 238, 239
Delhi sultans, 284n103
‘Ala’ al-Din Khalji, 35, 130, 186, 188, 238, 245, 254, 257, 292n199, 294n51
‘Ala’ al-Din Mas‘ud, 254
Firuz Shah Tughluq, 242, 248, 250
Ghiyath al-Din Balban, 254
Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, 285n129
Khusrau Khan, 285n129
Muhammad ibn Tughluq, 244
Nasir al-Din Mahmud, 254
Rukn al-Din Firuz, 254
Shams al-Din Iltutmish, 13–14, 105, 135, 145, 153, 157, 184, 228, 229–31, 232, 234, 239–40, 241–42, 245–48, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 294n51, 296n9
Delmal, Gujarat Brahma Temple, 211
Derrida, Jacques, 182, 259
Desai, Ziya al-Din, 137
détournement, 183, 300n167
deva, 116
devnagari script, 39, 117, 118, 248
Deyell, John, 38
dharmashāstras, 83
dharma-sthāna, 178
dharmavijaya, 111–12, 119, 126
dharmic order, 57
dhimmīs (non-Muslims), 38, 63, 75, 79
and ‘anwatan, 154, 290n144
dress of, 63
and fay’ vs. ghanīma, 28
and ṣulḥan, 154
and taxes, 20, 38, 79, 111, 114, 121, 127, 154, 241, 290n144
treatment of, 290n144
in the treaty lands, 127
dhoti, 6, 21, 73, 272n37
Dhū al-khalaṣa, 277n123
dhvaja, 130, 248, 295n68
dhvajastambha, 129, 130
diamond motif. See ratna dilīwāls, 157
Dirks, Nicholas, 14
Dīwān al-Albāb wa Bustān Nawādir al-‘Uqūl, 20
dome, 224
corbeled, 47, 144, 146, 169, 170, 179–80, 205
door frames, 163, 196, 204, 208, 210–11, 212
Douglas, Mary, 265
Dravida temples, 152
dress, 74, 202
adoption of Indic, 65, 134
and Alchi temple paintings, 65–68, 69, 71–72
and Arthashāstra, 112
and authority, 64, 68, 71, 74
as boundary-maintaining, 63
and Chessman of Charlemagne, 52–53, 55, 56
and Code of ‘Umar, 63
cosmopolitan, 264
ethnic, 62, 71
and Ghurids, 92, 102, 119
in Gujarat, 59
and identity, 62–63
incorporative qualities of, 92
of Indian kings, 64
as integrating Ghurid maliks, 119
Kashmiri, 69, 283n53
loincloth as, 59
modes of, 13
regulations for, 63, 64
and religion, 62
as rendering body legible, 61
and social categories, 64
and status, 62, 75
Turkic, 65–69, 92, 93, 261
Turko-Persian, 13, 61, 64, 69, 263
See also choga; dhoti; izār; lungi; minṭaqa; mi’zār; qabā’; qamīṣ; ziyy; zunnār
drums, 76, 78, 121, 126, 129
Dunhuang caves, 283n52
durbash (mace), 292n199
Durga icon, 156
Eaton, Richard M., 8, 134, 155–56
Edessa, 218
Edwards, Holly, 42, 91
Egypt, 19, 51, 59, 91, 103, 104, 229
ekāvalī, 293n32
elephants, 55, 56, 57, 65, 79–80, 81, 134, 164, 186, 295n73
ethnicity, 3, 4, 256, 263
Ettinghausen, Richard, 244
Euben, Roxanne, 264
eunuchs, 86
Evans, Helen, 74
Fadl ibn Abi’l-Ma’ali, 186
al-Fadl ibn Sahl, 30
Fakhr al-Din Bahram Shah, 264
Fakhr al-Din Mubarakshah, 101
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, 101, 102
Fakhr-i Mudabbir, 105, 107, 116, 202, 288n56
Ādāb al-Ḥarb, 63, 128–29, 293n33
Shajara-i ansāb, 127
faqīh, 102, 289n74
al-Farabi, 102
farmān, 81, 153, 244
Fars, 19
fatḥnāma, 32, 158–59, 244, 286n168
Fatimid caliphs, 19, 31, 34, 42, 43, 77, 91, 103, 104, 284n97, 284n103, 296n97
al-‘Adid, 86
al-Mu‘izz, 30, 42, 43
fay’, 28, 127
fetishism, 27, 34, 36, 37
finger, sacrifice of, 82, 84–87
finials, 129, 134, 196, 204, 205, 213, 215
fiqh, 96
Firishta, 252
Firuzabad
Ashokan pillar, 248, 249, 250
Friday Mosque of, 248
Firuzkuh, 89, 91, 104, 105, 119, 122
civil disturbance in, 101
coins from, 94, 97, 108
as fort, 97
Friday Mosque, 127, 128, 133, 294n57
kettledrums, 126, 128–29
melons, 126–27, 128, 131
ring of gold, 126
and Jam minaret, 97
and Judeo-Persian inscriptions, 93
as mint city, 97
royal palace, 126–28, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 164, 293n36
golden pinnacles, 126, 129
humā birds, 126, 130–31
Tara’in gate to, 131
See also Jam
Firuz Shah Tughluq, 242, 248, 250
fitna, 30, 101
Foster, Hal, 183
Foucault, Michel, 252
fractality, 78, 284n106
Friday sermon (khuṭba), 32, 52
funerary monuments, 48, 102, 148, 190, 203, 299n153
funerary stelae
from Bust, 196, 198–200, 202, 216, 218, 219, 225
futuwwa, 91
Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 300n161
Gagik-Abbas, Armenian ruler, 73–74
Gagik Artsruni, Armenian ruler, 73
Gahadavala rajas, 107, 110, 111, 115, 149, 256
Jayachandra, 111
Ganda, Chandella raja, 80
Gandhara
Buddhist stone sculptures from, 56
Buddhist stupas and, 54
reliquaries from, 54
Ganges River, 246
Gangetic Plain, 16, 23, 89
Gansu
ivory diptych, 56–57
garbhagriha, 153, 173, 176, 299n133
Gardiz, 17
Gardizi, 27, 80, 81
Garjaṇa/garjaṇaka/garjaṇesha, 3, 256
Garjaṇikādhirāja, 3, 218
Garuda, 131, 133, 295n89, 307n114
Gautier, Théophile, 267
Gell, Alfred, 300n168
genealogy, 78, 92, 93, 253, 254–55, 259
geographers, 27, 42, 44, 64, 202, 282n28
ghanīma, 28, 127
ghaṇṭāmālās, 173
Gharjistan
and Karramiya, 101
Shah-i Mashhad Madrasa, 96, 97
ghaṭapallavas, 173
al-Ghazali, 35
Ghazan Khan, Ilkhanid sultan, 63
ghāzī shrines, 43
Ghaznavids, 25, 67, 85, 293n32
architecture of, 137
clothing, 84
and coins, 104, 108
and dress, 66
and elephants, 57
Ghurid conquest of, 89, 90, 91
and Hammīra, 255
and Hanafis, 288n69
and idols, 27, 32, 34, 134
multiethnic constituency of armies, 78
and non-Muslim tributaries, 111
palaces of, 33, 165
Ghaznavid sultans, 32, 67–68, 69, 75, 78, 79, 86, 87
Bahram Shah, 7, 107, 264
Khusrau Malik, 109
Mahmud (see Mahmud of Ghazni) Mas‘ud I, 4, 78, 89, 129, 191
Mas‘ud III, 153, 190, 193, 194, 199
Sebuktegin, 285n118
Ghazni, 16, 24, 64, 71, 104, 116, 288n56
cenotaphs from, 190–95, 200, 214, 216
coins from, 94, 103–4
display of idols in, 29, 32–33, 36
Friday Mosque (Bride of Heaven), 36, 155, 161, 184, 186, 189
Ghaznavid palace at, 33, 190, 193, 194, 199
Ghurid conquest of, 89, 94
Ghurid tiles from, 71
Hindu temples of, 79
Lawiks of, 16
marble carvings from, 190, 203, 213, 214, 215, 218, 219, 225
marble mihrab (foundation text), 195, 196
minaret of Mas‘ud III, 190
stonemasons in, 134
and trade, 17, 107
ghiyār, 63
Ghiyath al-Din Balban, 254
Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam. See Ghurid maliks and sultans
Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, 285n129
ghulāms, 67
Ghur, 89, 107
nobles of, 89, 93, 291n158
Ghurid maliks and sultans
‘Ala’ al-Din Husayn (Jahansuz), 89, 94, 155, 288n39
Amir Banji, 92–93, 102, 103, 118, 264
Baha’ al-Din Sam, 117
Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam, 127
and ‘Abbasid caliph, 91
coins of, 103
daughter of, 291n150
and Firuzkuh, 97, 119, 126, 130, 131
and Karramiya, 96
and Lashkari Bazar, 190
and Shafi‘is, 101, 102
titles of, 94, 103
tomb of, 105
Malik ‘Abbas, 291n153
Muhammad ibn Suri, 107
Mu‘izz al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam, 3, 13, 89, 94, 103, 115, 126, 186, 195, 217–18, 288n56, 290n134
bandagān of, 113, 240, 291n160
and Chauhans, 108–9, 111, 119, 127
and coins, 114, 115, 117–18, 228, 256, 287n30
death of, 90–91, 117, 122, 144, 227, 242
and elephants, 130
elevation to the sultanate, 98
Hanafi beliefs of, 101
and Hansi mosque foundation texts, 138, 139
and marriage, 112
and migration, 236
and Qutb Mosque, Delhi, 239
and Salah al-Din Ayyub (Saladin), 264
and stone carvings, 190
titles of, 106–7, 117–18
and vassals, 112
victories of, 104
Sayf al-Din Muhammad ibn Husayn, 288n39
Ziya’ al-Din, 122
Ghurids, 89, 91, 92, 94, 227, 288n39
accommodation of Indic vassals by, 111, 119
and ambiguity, 114, 183
authority of, 110
and booty, 121, 126–28
and caliphal futuwwa order, 91
and Chauhan rajas, 97, 111, 126
clan system of, 113
coins of, 94, 114–15, 116–17
connections of Ghur with Indic world, 107–8
conquest of Benares, 107
courtly culture of, 71
and dār al-ḥarb, 106
and dār al-Islām, 106
defeated enemies reinstated as vassals of, 111–12, 113, 128, 228
and dynastic image, 116
ethnic origins of, 92
expansion into northern India, 107
fall of, 225–26, 291n158
and Ghaznavids, 89, 96, 109
and idolatry, 106
and Indic customs, 110
and iqṭā‘, 113, 114
and Karramiya, 101, 104
and mercantile contacts, 107, 108, 218
and orthodoxy, 105, 106
palaces of, 126–28, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 164, 165, 293n36
political authority of, 94
and Rajputs, 108–9, 110, 113, 228
and rāutagān, 113
and religion, 102
revenues of, 113
rise of, 89–93, 91, 241
self-consciousness of, 93
self-representations of, 92, 107, 116, 119
and sufishaykhs, 101–2
and Sunnis, 104, 138
suzerainty of, 111, 117
titles of, 93, 94, 96, 105, 255
and transcultural kingship, 113
Ghuzz Turks, 288n56
gifts/gifting, 13, 81
between ‘Abbasid caliphs and ‘Amr ibn Layth al-Saffar, 31–32
between ‘Abbasid caliphs and king of India, 20
and booty, 78, 127, 130
of captured idols, 28–32
of clothing, 71, 75
and incorporation, 76
as part of donor, 76–77, 85
as parts of persons, 85
of robes, 11–12, 13, 77
theories of, 31
of transvalued objects, 76
See also insignia; khil‘a (robe of honor); pīshkash
gilding, 184
Gilgit, 55
Goa, 23
Goetz, Herman, 137
Gog and Magog, 80, 251
gold
and alms, 34
circulation of, 35, 36, 158
and cross-cultural encounters, 36
and Kashmiri metalwork, 189
looted, 37
and taboos, 35
value of, 35–36
Golden Book of the Zoroastrians, 29
Gomal Pass, 17
Goodman, Nelson, 137
goose, auspicious. See haṃsa Gothic monuments, 152
Gottschalk, Peter, 252
Govindaraja, Chauhan raja, 111, 119, 127, 128, 154
Grabar, Oleg, 153, 244, 273n78, 296n104
Gramsci, Antonio, 42
Greenblatt, Stephen, 37, 75, 119
Grierson, Philip, 123
guḍhamaṇḍapa, 161
Gujarat, 19, 23, 47, 107, 110, 129, 148, 210
coast of, 52
communities of Muslims in, 47, 148
external contacts of, 55
and marble carving, 190
Maru-Gurjara temples, 208, 213
mosques of, 215
Surya cult in, 44
Gunabad, 147, 237
Guptas, 248
Gurjara-Pratiharas, 16, 19, 20, 23, 27, 38, 40, 64, 65
Bhoja, 41
Gwalior, 80, 110, 111, 154, 239
early mihrab in, 23, 41
Sas Bahu Temple, 196, 301n227
Habbar ibn Aswad, 19
Habbarids of Sind, 19, 28, 31, 44, 50, 52–53, 59, 280n240
dress of, 56, 64–65, 134
and elephants, 57
Habib, Irfan, 113
Habib, Mohammad, 11
habitus, 225
ḥadd/ḥudūd, 24
hadiths, 16, 34, 35, 64, 65, 166, 245, 299n119
ḥāfir, 213
hairstyles, 62, 63, 64, 65
ḥajj, 27, 32, 43, 51, 246
Halbwachs, Maurice, 253
Halperin, Charles, 43
Hamiradeva of Lukasthana, 257
Hammīra, 3–4, 109, 116, 117, 118, 255–59, 263
haṃsa, 167, 168, 169, 170, 207, 208, 210
Hanafis, 101, 102, 105, 111, 127, 288n69, 289n74
Hansi, 108, 186
Ghurid mosque foundation texts, 138, 139
ḥarakāt, 92
al-Harawi, Abu Bakr ibn Ahmad Khalu, 186
Hardy, Peter, 5, 6, 76, 110, 112, 114
Hariraja, Chauhan raja, 111, 154
Hari Singh, 121
Harsha, raja of Kashmir, 3, 69, 156, 246
Harun ibn Muhammad, 280n250
Harun al-Rashid, Abbasid caliph, 53, 79, 92, 93, 255
Haryana, 90
Hasanak, 34
Hasan Nizami, 87, 111, 112, 114, 116, 244–45
Tāj al-Ma’āthir, 127, 128, 130, 186, 242, 246, 251
hashm-i Hindūstān, 113
Hay, Jonathan, 8, 309n166
hazār-bāf brickwork, 181
Helms, Mary, 119, 251
Henry, Count of Champagne, 74
Herat, 38, 80, 90, 91, 96, 224
brick architecture of, 138
coins from, 94
Great Mosque, 105, 106, 127, 128
Great Mosque foundation text, 105, 246
Great Mosque maqṣūra, 307n107
as major artistic center, 186
metalwork from, 105, 169, 170, 203, 224
heresy, 154
and Sunnis, 124
suppression of, 96
Herodotus, 19, 128
heterodoxy, 43, 91, 154
extirpation of, 96
and Ghurids, 104–5, 107
and Minaret of Jam, 100
and orthodoxy, 43
and sectarian strife, 245
and Sunnis, 124
See also orthodoxy
heteropraxy, 43
heterotopia, 252
Hijaz, 51
and Persian Gulf, 52
hilāl, 213
Hilal al-Sabi’, 84
Hinawr (Honaur), mosque of, 44
Hinayana, 34
al-Hind, 16, 19, 20, 24, 44, 62, 64, 85, 137, 159, 184, 189, 202, 241
hindīyah, 44
Hindu Kush, 89, 93, 208
Hindurāyasuratrāṇa, 61
Hindus, 78, 104
and darśan, 177
deities of, 309n162
and imagery, 169
kingdoms of, 61, 67
and Muslims, 3
as other, 107
and patronage, 165
polities of, 64
and precious metal images, 31
Hindu Shahis, 16, 23, 25, 26, 30, 36, 48, 108, 129
Anandapala, 79
Jaipal, 129, 293n32
Hisham, Umayyad caliph, 20
Hodgson, Marshall, 91, 263
Hoffman, Eva, 25, 189
Hormuz, 21
Horovitz, J., 239, 240
horsemen, 54, 55, 76, 79. See also coins
horses, 84, 107–8
Howard, Deborah, 303n293
Hoysalas, 114, 218
Hubal, 277n123
Ḥudūd al-‘Ālam, 24, 52
Hugh of Caesarea, 86
Hulbuk
lion face on stucco fragment from, 169
humā birds, 126, 130–31, 132, 159, 164, 262
Humphreys, Stephen, 93
hunarmān, 23
Huntington, Samuel P., 1
hybridity, 5, 82, 150, 151, 152, 182, 202, 219, 263, 265
hylotheism, 34, 36
Ibn al-Athir, 74, 80, 82, 83, 84, 101, 102, 107, 112, 149, 285nn118, 121, and 123, 288n69, 293n34
Ibn Battuta, 83, 186, 234, 240, 248, 299n147, 308n131
Ibn Bibi, 237
Ibn Fadl Allah al-‘Umari, 286n152
Ibn Khaldun, 153, 219
Ibn Munavvar, Asrār al-Tawḥīd, 289n74
Ibn al-Nadim, 27
Ibn al-Qudwa, 102
Ibn Sahl, 30
Ibn Sina, 102
Ibn Zafir, 82, 85
Ibrahim/Abraham, 89, 291n153
iconoclasm, 33, 89, 125, 148, 155, 156, 157, 166, 300n168. See also idolatry; idols/icons
identity, 103, 279n210
constructed nature of, 72
dialectical nature of Indian Islamic, 14
and dress, 64, 93
essentialist categories of “Hindu” and “Muslim,” 12
and identification, 200
as relational, 3–4
‘īdgāh, 187, 306n74
idolatry, 27–37, 42, 125, 153, 155
Arab, 277n123, 290n145
and heterodoxy, 34
and Islamization, 27
and Minaret of Jam, 99, 100, 101
and Qur’anic and inscriptions, 245
and Qutb Mosque, 241
idols/icons
and accumulation, 36
circulation of, 15
commerce in, 27–28
destruction of, 29, 37, 153, 156
dispersal of, 32
display of, 28–29, 241
economic use of, 33–34
gifting of, 28–32
gold and silver, 35
Hindu as depictions vs. ritually animated bodies, 37
Hindu vs. Muslim attitudes toward, 164–65
looted, 16, 28–32, 240, 241, 247, 248, 252
as material artifacts, 35
melted down and coined, 30
and political authority, 32
rematerialization of, 34
and rulers and polities, 28
trampling of, 32, 35, 38, 240
Vaishnavite desecration of Shaivite, 155
See also iconoclasm
al-Idrisi, 27, 283n34
Ilkhanids, 63
Iltutmish, Shams al-Din, 13, 14, 105, 135, 145, 153, 157, 184, 252, 254, 294n51, 296n9
and ‘Abbasid caliphate, 240
and Alexander the Great, 251
and Arhai-din-ka-Jhompra Mosque, Ajmir, 253
authority of, 228
coins of, 25, 228, 240, 241
and Delhi sultanate, 252
and inscriptions, 239, 245
and iron pillar in Qutb Mosque, 247, 248, 250
and orthodoxy, 247
palace of, 230–31, 246
and Qutb Mosque, 229–31, 232, 235, 236, 239, 240, 241, 242, 246
tomb of, 232, 234, 243
and Zam-zam, 246
Ilyas Shahi rulers, 305n44
images, 163–78, 188, 190. See also anthropomorphism; stone carving; zoomorphism
imāms, 203
imārat, 92
‘Imran b. Musa b. Khalid b. Barmak, 20
Inca Empire, 83
Inden, Ronald, 133
India, 16, 19, 21, 27–28, 128
Indian Ocean, 16, 19
Indra III, Rashtrakuta raja, 22, 281n260
Indus Valley, 15, 16, 17, 43, 55, 89, 90, 190
inscriptions, 51, 220–22, 235–37
audience of, 244
bilingual, 34, 273n77
function and meaning of, 245
on minaret of Jam, 98–101
Persian, 239
and Qutb Mosque, 241–42, 243
and writing, 234
See also script
insignia, 92, 129, 213, 240. See also ‘ahd; chatr; khil‘a (robe of honor); liwā’; patent of investiture (manshūr or farmān)
investiture, 31, 85–86. See also khil‘a (robe of honor)
iqṭā‘, 112, 113–14, 126, 144, 152
Iran, 16, 124
Iraq, 16, 59. See also ‘Abbasids; Baghdad
‘Isami, 246
Isfahan
Imamzadeh Ahmad, 277n125
al-Isfizari, 307n107
chronicle of Herat, 127
Islam
and believers vs. unbelievers, 153
conversion to, 38
and idols, 29
images in, 166, 167
mobility as intrinsic to, 1
See also Shari‘a
Islamization, 36
Isma‘ilis, 31, 41, 42, 43, 51, 96, 98, 107, 138, 155, 284n103, 288n39
isnād, 78
ivory, 13, 52–58
īwān, 105, 127, 145, 147, 181, 224, 293n40
Iwan of Khusrau, 242
izār, 59, 64, 282n26
Jackson, Peter, 110, 112, 172
Jains, 32, 149, 155, 165, 169, 178, 211–12, 299n133
Jaipal, Hindu Shahi raja, 129, 293n32
Jakobson, Roman, 189
Jalam ibn Shayban, 30, 37
Jalhandar (Jullundur), 275n62
Jalor
‘īdgāh (place of prayer) at, 187, 306n74
Mahavira Temple, 211
Jam, 93
amulet boxes from, 94
carved wooden doors from, 94
minaret of, 94, 96, 97–101, 144, 222, 243
jāma, 63
Jāmi‘ al-Tawārīkh (Compendium of Chronicles), 76, 77, 290n134
Jayachandra, Gahadavala raja, 111
nephew of, 156
Jayakeshin, Kadamba raja, 23
Jayanaka, Prithvīrājavijaya, 109, 119, 256, 272n21
Jayapala, 285n118
Jayāpṛcchā, 178
Jayasimha, raja of Kashmir, 85
Jayasimha Siddharaja, Chalukya raja, 275n47
Jayasimha Suri
Hammīra Mada Mardana, 256
jayastambhas, 248
Jerusalem, 91, 104, 229
Crusader figural sculpture in, 298n112
Dome of the Rock, 100, 133
Jesus, 100, 101
Jews, 35, 93, 107
Jhain, 306n65
jihād, 30, 43
Jinapala Suri, 156
Jiruft, 107
jizya (poll tax). See taxes
Jones, Ann Rosalind, 63–64
jubba, 76
Judaism, 35
al-Junayd b. ‘Abd al-Rahman, 20
Juvayni, 105
Juzjani, 92, 93, 101, 104, 117, 129, 179, 227, 236, 288n39, 294n51, 308n133
Ka‘ba. See Mecca
Kabul, 16, 17, 23, 25, 33, 96
Kabul Shahs, 29, 30, 32, 33
Kabul Valley, 16
Kachch, 21, 47
Kadamba rajas, 23
Kafadar, Cemal, 43, 79, 87, 105, 118
Kafir Kot, Hindu Shahi Temples, 48
Kakatiyas, 187, 257
Kālakachārayakathā, 62
kalām, 100
kālaṇjarādhipathi, 80
kalaśa, 129, 130, 193, 196, 215–16, 217
Kalasha, raja of Kashmir, 68–69, 189
Kalat-i Nadiri, 218
Kalbids, 305n41
Kalhana, Rājatarangiṇī, 3, 85, 157, 256
Kalīla wa Dimna, 6–8, 10, 11, 12, 20, 272nn41, 49
kalima, 39, 41, 103
Kalinjar, 84, 110, 128
Chandella rajas of, 80–83, 84–85, 86, 87, 111, 257
and Ghaznavid sultanate, 81–82
Kaman, 186
Chaurasi Khambha Mosque, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 158, 160, 163, 182, 184, 220, 296n9, 307n107
capitals, 163–64
carved images in, 167
east gate, 173
elephant pillar, 165
foundation text of, 228, 246
hierarchized space in, 173, 176–77
and local culture, 179
lotus (padmashilā) ceiling slabs, 173, 176, 177, 191
main entrance, 144
mihrab, 148, 175, 177, 200, 210, 215, 224, 245
minbar of, 144, 176, 177, 178, 180
north colonnade, 173
qibla bay, 173
qibla dome, 176
reused sculptures in, 166, 167
royal chamber (mulūk khāna), 160, 163–64, 165, 167, 172, 176, 177, 228
sculpture of, 163–64
sight lines in, 177, 178
al-Kamil, sultan of Egypt, 218
Kanauj, 23, 44, 64, 110, 115, 116, 228, 256
mosque at, 24
rajas of, 20, 80
Kandahar, 16
pillar of, 251
Kapaya Nayak, 258
Karnataka, 21–22
Karramiya, 96, 100–101, 102, 104, 288n69
Kashmir, 55, 64, 68, 69, 208
and Chessman of Charlemagne, 56
dress in, 69
external contacts of, 55
and Ghaznavid sultanate, 69
hairstyle in, 64
kings of, 64
and Ladakh, 65
Kashmir, rajas of
Avantivarman, 37
Harsha, 3, 69, 156, 246
Jayasimha, 85
Kalasha, 68–69, 189
Lalitaditya, 157
Sankaravarman, 85
Kathiawar, 21
kātib, 187
Kautilya
Arthashāstra, 56
Kera (in Kachch)
Shiva Temple, 300n180
Khajuraho, 80
Lakshmana Temple, 293n31
khanqah, 96, 114, 153
kharāj. See taxes
khaṭīb, 186
Khatu
Shahi Masjid, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 158, 235, 302n268
corbeled dome, 169, 170
entry porch, 215, 216
foundation text, 239
images in, 167, 170
mihrab, 142, 148, 177, 178, 191, 196, 199, 213, 235
prayer hall and columns, 149, 170
qibla, 171, 187
sequence of construction of, 187, 188
khil‘a (robe of honor), 34, 77, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 240, 258
and asymmetrical hierarchy, 83
and body politic, 122
gifted from ‘Abbasid caliph, 32, 76
gifted to Rajput vassals by Ghaznavid and Ghurid sultans, 75, 111, 119, 127
gifts reciprocated by, 79
and identity, 122
and investiture, 76
refusal of, 82, 264
and sovereign authority, 76, 78
as symbolic violence, 82
khūdarayaka, 25
Khurasan, 16, 17, 31, 89, 90
brick architecture of, 180, 181
caravans to, 59
Friday Mosque of Gunabad, 147, 237
and Ghurids, 101
Gunabad in, 237
metalwork at, 203
mosques of, 184, 222
Ribat-i-Sharaf, 154, 180, 181
Seljuqs mosques and tombs of, 204
Khusrau Anushirwan, 43
Khusrau Khan, Delhi sultan, 285n129
Khusrau Malik, Ghaznavid sultan, 109
khuṭba, 32, 52, 76, 176–77, 228
Khwarazmshahs, 91, 106, 130, 227, 228
Kilij Arslan II, Rum Seljuq sultan, 259
kings/kingship, 65
authority of, 76
as culturally constructed, 263
duties of, 105
and epic tales, 251
and humā birds, 164
ideals of Indic, 56
incorporative, 112, 125–26
Indic vs. Persianate discourses of, 121
Islamic ideals of, 25
sacral, 153
symbols of authority of, 76
transregional and transcultural, 118
Turko-Persian, 111
Kinney, Dale, 183
Kipling, Rudyard, 121, 125, 128
Kiradu, Rajasthan Jain icon in the temple at, 303n274
Kirman, 17, 33, 107
kīrtistambha, 248
kīrttimukha, 50, 163, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 207, 210, 216–17, 248, 299n119
Kitāb ‘Ajā’ib al-Hind (Book of the Wonders of India), 19, 85
knot motif, 98, 99, 100, 137, 221, 223, 224, 232, 233, 234, 236, 239
Kol (Aligarh), 239, 246
Konarak
Sun Temple, 218
Konkan coast, 21, 23
Konya, 236–37, 253
Kopytoff, Igor, 123
Kotihar
inscription from, 254
Kotla Firuz Shah, 248
Krishna II, Rashtrakuta raja, 22
Kubler, George, 225
Kufic script, 50, 224, 225
foliated, 50, 51, 59
foliated vs. angular, 50
in pseudo-Arabic inscriptions, 69, 71
in Sind, 50, 55, 281n261
kulā, 92
Kumar, Sunil, 89, 93, 113, 116, 156, 238, 245
kumbha, 129, 196
Kumbharia, Gujarat
Jain temples at, 208
Mahavira Temple, 210, 211
Neminatha temple, 208
kun fayakūn, 100
kurta, 54, 64
Ladakh. See Alchi, Ladakh
Lahore, 41, 90
Lakshmi, 31, 39, 115, 116
lalāṭa, 163, 211, 212
Lalitaditya, raja of Kashmir, 157
Lalitavigraharāja, 109
Lambourn, Elizabeth, 25
lamp motif, 195, 200, 213, 214, 215, 217
language, 11, 25, 273n70, 279n210
and architecture, 182–83
and Arthashāstra, 112
of Hindu and Muslim kingship, 76
and ornamental motifs, 200, 202
and trade, 17
laqab, 94, 116
Larvand, 190
Masjid-i Sangi, 170, 203–8, 211–17, 218, 219, 225
āmalaka and finial, 204, 205
corbeled dome, 205
entrance carvings, 206, 207, 208, 210–11, 212
interior carvings, 213
lotus threshold, 208
mihrab, 213–15
north wall, 206
Lashkari Bazar
Friday Mosque of, 199
palace of, 67, 184, 190
South Palace, 220
stucco inscriptions from, 224
lashkar-i Islām, 106, 109
lashkar-i kuffār, 106, 109
Latour, Bruno, 8, 12, 265
lats, 179
Lawiks of Ghazni, 16, 276n105
law schools (madhhabs), 92, 96, 101, 102, 104, 127, 288n69, 289n74
Lefebvre, Henri, 238, 252–53
Lefevere, André, 299n153
Le Goff, Jacques, 253
Lehmann, Fritz, 185, 250
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 183
linga, 32, 38, 45, 149, 178, 240, 241, 277n125
lintels, 46, 137, 148, 157–58, 167, 172, 173, 211, 212, 233, 239
lions, 164, 169, 216, 231. See also kīrttimukha
Liu, Lydia, 182
liwā’, 92, 240
lizards, 168, 169
loot/booty, 20, 30, 121–35
architectural programs funded by, 105, 158
economic value of, 125, 129, 133
etymology of, 123
as gifts and tribute, 121
idols/icons as, 13, 28–31, 32, 241
inalienable possessions as, 133
and Islamic law, 28, 31, 127, 295n72
mosques as collection points for, 133
from Rajputs, 126–27, 135
and ṣafiyya, 28, 127
and theft, 123
See also fay’; ghanīma; mosque(s), reuse of materials in; ṣafiyya
looting
across cultural boundaries, 122–23
by Indian kings, 134
and Mahmud of Ghazni, 124
phenomenon of, 121
of religious icons, 125
of royal insignia, 122, 125
and signs of authority, 130
and sovereignty, 133
See also fay’
Lord of Horses (hayapati), 288n56
lotus motif, 173, 176, 177, 191, 195, 196, 199, 200, 204, 207, 208, 211, 213, 215, 219, 224, 225, 302n268
Ludden, David, 2
Lughat-i Hindavī, 81
lungi, 21
madhhabs. See law schools (madhhabs)
Madhumati Sugatipa, 21–22
madrasas, 96, 105, 154, 179
Magadhi, 109
Mahābhārata, 6, 251, 254, 272n36
Mahadeva, 42
Mahakal, stone linga of, 240
Maha-Lakshmi, 286n154
Maharasthtra, 23
Mahmud ibn ‘Abd al-Jabbar, 265
Mahmud of Ghazni, 19, 78, 107, 149, 286nn168, 169
coins of, 41, 241, 289n90
and elephants, 79
and Friday Mosque of Ghazni (See Ghazni, Friday Mosque) and Hasanak, 34
and icons/idols, 32, 36
and Isma‘ilis, 155
and Karramiya, 288n69
and loot, 124, 134, 293n34
marble cenotaph of, 303n292
and Mathura temple, 158–59
patronage of, 159
poem eulogizing, 263
and Raja of Kalinjar, 80, 81–82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 117
and Rayy, 34
and robe of honor, 34, 76
and Shafi‘is, 288n69
and Somnath, 32–33
tomb of, 89
majlis al-shurṭa, Baghdad, 31
Majmu‘ al-tawārīkh, 79
makaras, 55, 167, 172, 173, 293n3
Makran, 16, 64, 65
Malik ‘Abbas, Ghurid malik, 291n153
maliks, 93, 94, 117, 119, 203
mamluks, 112–13, 117, 119, 227, 296n97, 304n3
al-Ma’mun, ‘Abbasid caliph, 20, 30
Manning, Patrick, 12
manshūr, 242, 244
Mansura, 65, 72
and ‘Abbasid slogans, 74
amirs of, 19, 51, 52, 57, 64–65, 74
Arabic and Sindi as languages of, 59
bronzes from, 48–52, 58
and Chessman of Charlemagne, 52, 56
coins of, 39, 52
dār al-imāra of, 58
dress in, 52, 57, 59, 64–65
and elephants, 57
four gates of, 24
and ivory, 55
mosques of, 45–47
and Qamuhul, 275n62
self-representations of amirs of, 84
and trade, 16, 18, 19
Maqāmāt of al-Hariri, 22
maqṣūra, 127, 176, 293n38
Marasimha II, Ganga raja, 293n30
Maṛavars, 129
marble, 148, 177, 190, 208, 210, 235, 262
marble carvers, 218–24, 303n302
Marshall, Sir John, 15
Maru-Gurjara style, 199, 208, 211, 213, 218, 225
Marvazi, Sharaf al-Zaman, 27, 128
Mas‘ud I, Ghaznavid sultan, 4, 78, 89, 129, 191
Mas‘ud III, Ghaznavid sultan, 153
minaret of, 190
palace of, 190, 193, 194, 199
al-Mas‘udi, 19, 21, 28
Mas‘ud-i Sa’d-i Salman, 153
Mathura
temple of, 158–59
Mauss, Marcel, 74, 76, 85, 263
McKibben, William, 250
Mecca
Banu Shaibah Gate, 277n123
display of idols in, 28, 29, 241
ḥaram of, 32
Ka‘ba, 27, 133, 296n98
Zam-zam, 246
Mehmed, Ottoman sultan, 219
Meister, Michael, 173, 179, 183–84, 185, 299n130, 303n293
Melikian-Chirvani, Assadullah Souren, 219
melons, 126–27, 128, 131
memory, 151, 183, 240, 245, 250, 251, 252, 253
Menal Chittorgarh District
Mahanaladeva Temple, 301n227
merchants, 21, 59, 93, 104, 218, 291n179, 303n283. See also trade
Merida, 265
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 61
Merv, 30
metalwork, 48, 50, 91, 105, 169, 203, 218, 224, 303n291
Metcalf, Barbara, 12
métissage, 202
metonymy, 77, 125, 150, 229
mihrab(s), 148, 195, 196, 215, 242
arched, 47
of Arhai-din-ka-Jhompra Mosque, 141, 142, 148, 177, 178, 191, 196, 199, 213, 235
of Banbhore mosque, 47
carved concave, 144
of Chaurasi Khambha Mosque, 148, 175, 177, 200, 210, 215, 224, 245
and Gwalior fort, 23, 41
of Masjid-i Sangi, 213–15
and patrons, 296n17
of Qutb Mosque, 148
of Shahi Masjid, 142, 148, 177, 178, 191, 196, 199, 213, 235
mi‘mār, 97, 186, 187
minarets, 21, 144, 179, 248. See also Delhi, Qutb Minar; Jam
minbar, 144, 153, 176, 177, 178, 180, 242
Minhaj al-Din Juzjani. See Juzjani
minṭaqa, 63
Mirpur Khas, Brahma image from, 50
Mirrors for Princes genre, 34, 105, 111
misprision/méconnaisance, 86
Mitchell, W.J.T., 37
mithqāl, 28
Mitra, Sisir Kumar, 256
mi’zar, 59, 64
Mleccha, 3, 83, 108, 109, 156
Mongols, 15, 27, 63, 82, 90, 91, 96, 226, 227, 291n158, 304n3
mosaics, 219
mosque(s), 21, 23
access to, 244
and alterity, 137, 150
aniconic decorative vocabulary of, 48
Arabic script, 48
arcades, 144, 145
arches of, 47, 149, 158, 182, 184, 185, 191, 262
Ashokan pillars in, 169
carved concave mihrab, 144
colonnade, 148
conquest type, 150
conversion of pre-Islamic monuments to, 298n110
courtyard of, 44, 144
cross-cultural reception of, 178–84
as Gesamtkunstwerk, 159
Ghurid, 105
gold embellishment of, 37
Gujarati, 48
hierarchized space in, 172–73
Hindu material in, 150–51
and hybridity, 150, 151, 152, 182
hypostyle, 44, 47
ideal form of, 182
images in, 163–78
inscriptions in, 50, 222, 243–44
as lieu de mémoire, 157, 240, 254
lintels, 148
and local idioms and workshop practices, 46, 137–38, 148
marble, 144
materials of, 137
mihrabs of, 47, 148
and minority Muslim communities, 26, 42, 43, 148, 149
and monotheism, 153
organization of labor for, 186–87
Ottoman, 185–86
as palace (qaṣr) of righteous, 253
and patrons, 184–89
Persianate elements in, 184
pillars, 148
rectangular projecting entrance, 144
as Rehamāṇa-Prāsāda, 178
as replacing idol temples, 153
reuse of materials in, 141, 144, 148, 149–52, 155, 157–59, 163–78, 183, 184, 207, 217
sacrality of, 246
sectarian destruction of, 154, 155
and sectarian strife, 245–46
and security, 153–54
sequence of construction of, 187–88
Sindi, 38, 44–48, 47
siting of, 153
and temples, 45, 46, 150, 158, 159, 164–65, 167, 169, 172, 173, 176, 177–78, 179
trabeate structure of, 45, 46, 144, 145
tradition vs. innovation in, 152, 158
and translation, 178, 179
and urban space, 172
vaulted, 152, 162, 180
See also mihrab(s); prayer halls; qibla; royal chamber (mulūk khāna)
Mount Abu, 110, 217, 218
Jain relief, 195
Jain temples, 299n133
Vimala-Vasahi Temple marble ceiling panel, 199
Mu‘awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, Umyyad caliph, 20, 27–28
Mughals, 2, 152
Muhammad Bahalim, 107
Muhammad Ghori. See Ghurid maliks and sultans, Mu‘izz al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam
Muhammad ibn ‘Abdallah ‘Arabi, 63
Muhammad ibn Abi Shawarib, 280n253
Muhammad ibn Karram, 96
Muhammad ibn Qasim, 3, 18, 38, 278n171
Muhammad ibn Sam Shansabani. See Ghurid maliks and sultans
Muhammad ibn Shahriyar, 4
Muhammad ibn Suri. See Ghurid maliks and sultans
Muhammad ibn Tahir ibn ‘Abdallah, 31
Muhammad ibn Tughluq, 244
Muhammad, the Prophet, 16, 27, 42, 63, 109, 131, 307n109
as avatar, 41, 42, 58, 262
cloak (burda) of, 78, 133
and display of Golden Book of the Zoroastrians in Ka‘ba, 29
and dress, 64
tribe of, 65
muhandisān, 187, 243
Mu‘in al-Din Chishti, 294n57, 297n49
al-Mu‘izz, Fatimid caliph, 30, 42, 43
Mu‘izz al-Din, Ghurid sultan. See Ghurid maliks and sultans, Mu‘izz al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam
Mu‘izz al-Din Bahram, 254
Mu‘izz al-Din Qaysarshah, 259
Mu‘iẓẓī mamluks, 113, 228
mujassima, 96
Mujeeb, Muhammad, 160, 236
al-Muktafi, ‘Abbasid caliph, 295n74
mūlaprāsāda, 211
Mularaja II, Chalukya raja, 218, 256
Mullah Omar, 78
Multan, 186, 283n34
amirs of, 19, 39, 52, 57–58, 65
Arabic name for, 42
coins of, 38, 39, 202
congregational mosque of, 65
coppersmiths of, 50, 55
dress in, 59, 64
elephants used by amirs of, 57, 65
Friday Mosque, 137–38, 155
Isma‘ili Shi‘ism in, 51, 107, 155
ivory production in, 52, 55
palace of amirs of, 65
piety of inhabitants of, 42
Sun Temple, 19, 30, 42, 43, 55, 155
Surya Temple, 38, 39
Tomb of Shaykh Sadan Shahid, 138, 200, 201
and trade, 16, 18
use of Arabic and Persian at, 59
mulūk khāna. See royal chamber (mulūk khāna)
al-Muqaddasi, 15, 23, 42, 282n9
muqarnas vaulting, 219, 236
al-Muqtadir Billah, ‘Abbasid caliph, 26, 72, 73
mūrti, 165
Musa ibn ‘Umar ibn ‘Abd al‘Aziz, Habbarid amir, 31, 280n240
Musalamāna, 3
mushrikūn, 101, 104, 154
al-Mustadi’, ‘Abbasid caliph, 91
al-Mustansir, ‘Abbasid caliph, 286n9, 296n97
mustaqimān, 243
al-Mu‘tadid, ‘Abbasid caliph, 31, 32
al-Mu‘tamid, ‘Abbasid caliph, 31, 33, 52
al-Mutawakkil, ‘Abbasid caliph, 19
mutawallī, 186, 187
al-Muti‘lillah, ‘Abbasid caliph, 26
al-Muwaffaq, ‘Abbasid caliph, 276n74
mūza, 92
nabob, 151
Nadir Shah, 218
nafal, 28
Nagara temples, 47, 152
nagari script. See devnagari script
Nagarkot, fort of, 124
Nagaur fort, Rasjasthan, 107, 138
tombstone, 148
Nahrwara, ruler of, 65
Najm al-Din Razi, 105, 130
nakṣatra, 157
Nanda, 80
Nandi, 25, 108, 115
Napier, Lord, 151
naqqāra-khāna, 294n57
Narayanpur
raja of, 79
al-Nasa’i, 307n109
al-Nasir, ‘Abbasid caliph, 91, 101
Nasir al-Din Mahmud, 254
Nasir al-Din Qubacha, 227, 228, 236, 240
Nasir-i Khusrau, 21
naskh script, 220, 224, 244
Nasr Allah Munshi, 7
naubat, 129, 240, 243, 294nn57, 63
nāyaka, 256
nāyaṃkara, 114
networks, 8
al-Nisaburi, ‘Ali ibn Ibrahim, 97
nisba, 54, 186
Nishapur, 90, 97
Nizam al-Din Awliya, 303n283, 307n106
Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad, 113
Nizami ‘Arudi, 286n169
Nora, Pierre, 253
Normans, 71, 74, 114, 219
Nur al-Din Zangi, 284n103
Oman, 21
Orenstein, Henry, 89
Oriental despotism, 123
orthodoxy, 35
and architectural patronage, 138
and Ghurids, 105, 107
and Iltutmish, 247
and sectarian strife, 245
See also heterodoxy
Osian, Rajasthan
Sacciyamata Temple, 215
Otnes, Per, 1
Ottomans, 185–86, 219, 296n100
padmajāla (lotus chain), 191. See also lotus motif
padmalatā (lotus vine), 173, 191, 204
padmashilā (lotus ceiling), 173, 176, 177
Pal, Pratapaditya Pal, 71
Palam, Sanskrit foundation text, 254, 256
Pala rulers, 115
Palestine, 50, 91
palidhvaja, 133
palmettes, 173, 184, 200, 224
Panchatantra, 6, 7, 8, 20
Pandavas, 6, 251, 254
Pandua, Bengal
royal mosque at, 162
Pandyas, 129, 293nn29, 30
Panjab, 71, 90, 98
Panjim, 23
Pārasīka, 3, 22, 83
parasol. See chatr (parasol)
Parihars, 110, 111
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale
Chessman of Charlemagne, 52–56
Parmaldeva, Chandella raja, 87
Parry, Jonathan, 76–77
Pashupata Shaivites, 37
Patan, 107, 210, 218. See also Anahilavad (Patan)
patent of investiture (manshūr or farmān), 240, 244
patrons, 137, 184–89, 203, 212, 218, 261
dependence on Indian stonemasons, 181
Ghurid, 105
Hindu, 165
Jain, 165
memorialization of, 157
of mihrabs, 296n17
of mosques and shrines, 138
preferences of, 148
rivalry among, 228
as spoilers of art, 150
and stonemasons, 148, 225
and translation, 262
peqīd, 93
Persepolis, Achaemenid palace, 131
Persian Gulf, 16, 19, 21, 23
Persian language, 42, 239
pillars, 247–51. See also columns
pīshkash, 294n45
pīshṭāq, 126, 294n57
Pollock, Sheldon, 5, 8, 75, 93, 264, 266, 272n52
polyglossia, 42
polytheism, 27, 34, 38, 96
postcolonial studies, 72, 75, 82, 202
potlatch, 28, 34
pradakshinā, 43
pramatha, 165, 188
praśasti, 109, 256–57
Prasad, Pushpa, 203
Pratiharas. See Gurjara-Pratiharas
prayer halls, 44, 144, 145, 149, 150, 161, 169, 174, 203, 224, 231, 232, 235, 297n21
prestigious imitation, 74, 75, 102, 263
Prithviraja II, Chauhan raja, 109
Prithviraja III, Chauhan raja, 108–9, 110–11, 117, 127, 128, 154
coins of, 118
Prithvīrājavijaya, 109, 119, 256, 272n21, 288n56
Psellus, Michael, 86
pūrṇaghaṭa capitals, 190, 193, 195, 196, 202, 224
qabā’, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73–74, 84, 92, 290n117
qāḍī, 23, 102, 187, 203
al-Qadir Billah, ‘Abbasid caliph, 34, 77, 78
qal‘a, 97
qalansuwa, 63, 67
al-Qalqashandi, 76, 83
qamīṣ, 65, 66, 67
Qamuhul, 275n62
al-Qazwini, 130
qibla, 162, 171–72, 173, 176, 178, 187–88, 231, 235
al-Qiqan in Sind, 20
qiṣāṣ, 96
Qiwam al-Mulk Rukn al-Din Hamza, 109
Qubacha. See Nasir al-Din Qubacha
Qur’an, 19, 243
as forbidding hoarding of gold and silver, 35
Ghurid (584/1189), 94–96, 97, 100
on Ghurid coins, 103, 104
gilding of, 36
gold in, 36
and inscriptions, 100, 222, 245
and Karramiya, 96
and lamp motif, 214
and Mansura bronzes, 52
and Minaret of Jam, 98–101, 243
and monumental inscriptions, 98–100, 244–45
and Qutb Minar, 245
and Qutb Mosque, 231, 241, 245
and sectarian strife, 245
Surat Maryam, 98–100, 243
Surat al-Mulk, 243
and tomb of Iltutmish, 243
Quraysh, 65
Qusayr ‘Amra
royal bathhouse at, 18
quṭb, 247
Qutb al-Din Aybek, 254, 256
authority of, 227
and Baha’ al-Din Tughril, 245
and Gahadavalas, 149
and Gwalior, 111
and Indian vassals, 111, 113
and loot, 127, 130
and Parmaldeva, 87
as patron, 218, 228
and Qutb Mosque, 139, 186, 229–30, 241, 243, 252
use of color red by, 234
victory celebration of, 235
Quṭbī mamluks, 227–28
rāīs, 112
Rai Vikramajit, metal icon of, 240, 252
Raja Giri, Swat
Ghaznavid mosque, 296n17
Rajasthan, 19, 128, 130, 139, 141, 144, 210
Maha-Maru architectural styles of, 208
and marble carving, 190
Muslims in before Ghurid conquest, 148–49
Naugar fort, 138
Surya cult, 44
temples of, 196
Rājatarangiṇī, 85, 157, 256
rājaturuṣka, 155, 156
Rajendra Chola, 246
Rajputs, 90, 108–9, 258, 294n51
chiefs of, 83
as clients and vassals of Ghaznavids and Ghurids, 79, 111–13, 135, 228
defeat of, 110
dynasties of, 25
kingdoms of, 13
and land assignments, 113
Muslims in, 148
rākśasas, 109
Ramāyāna, 7
Ramisht, 21
Ramiyan/Ramayan, 278n169
Rana Kumbha, 258, 295n89
Rana of Mewar, 257
rānās, 111, 112, 113, 117, 291n167
Ranthambhor, 111, 128, 257, 294n51
Rashid al-Din, 290n134
Rashtrakuta rajas
Amoghavarsha, 286n154
Indra III, 22, 281n260
Krishna II, 22
Rashtrakutas, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23, 38, 65, 85, 133, 246, 283n34, 293n30
coastal cities of, 23
copper-plate inscriptions, 21–22, 279n188, 286n154
and dress, 64
and Kadamba rajas, 21
and mosques, 26
ports, 23
and Qamuhul, 275n62
ratna designs, 171, 193, 200, 211, 212, 213, 302n264
rāutagān, 113
Rayy, 34, 124
Redford, Scott, 234, 253
Red Sea, 16, 19, 51
red stone, 144, 175, 234–35, 242, 253
Rehamāṇa-Prāsāda, 178–79
ribāṭs, 154
Richards, J. F., 124, 125
ridā’, 65
ring(s)
inscribed with the sultan’s name, 84, 117
signet, 117
riwāq, 144, 188, 242
robes
gifting of, 11–12, 13, 75, 77, 83, 284n95
See also khil‘a (robe of honor)
Roman emperors, 28
Rowan, Diana, 56
royal chamber (mulūk khāna)
Chaurasi Khambha Mosque, 160, 163–64, 164, 165, 167, 172, 176, 177, 228
Qutb Mosque, 160–63, 172, 196, 228, 231, 297n21
Rubiés, Joan-Pau, 86, 267
Rukn al-Din Firuz, Delhi sultan, 254
Śaka kings, 254
sadd-i Sikandar, 251
Sadid al-Din ‘Awfi, 135
Jawāmi‘ al-Ḥikāyāt, 242–43, 253
Safavids, 285n144
Saffarids, 13, 16, 25, 27, 28, 31, 34, 52, 57, 78, 134, 155, 277n114
‘Amr ibn Layth al-Saffar, 13, 28, 31–34
Ya‘qub ibn Layth al-Saffar, 13, 31, 33
ṣafiyya, 28, 31, 127
Ṣafwat al-Adhhān (The Cream of Intellect), 20
ṣāhib al-Sind, 31
Sāhī Rāj, 257
Said, Edward, 266
Sa‘id al-Andalusi, 7 śākhās, 204
Salah al-Din Ayyub (Saladin), 74, 91, 103, 104, 264, 284n103
sālār-i Hindūyān, 78, 155, 265
Salt Range, 47, 48
Samanids, 289n89
sāmantas, 57, 111, 112, 113, 116, 118
Samarqand, 28, 218, 219
Samarra, 33, 44
ṣanam, 30, 31, 36, 153
Sanjan (Samyana), Maharashtra, 21, 22, 279n188, 286n154
Sanjar, Seljuq sultan, 125
Sankaravarman, raja of Kashmir, 85
śaṇkh, 299n133
Sanskrit, 11, 75, 109, 115
on coins, 25, 26, 39, 41, 44, 59, 115, 116, 118, 228
Sanskrit epics, 155
Sanskrit Vidya, 80
Śāradā script, 41
satī, 78
Sauerländer, Willibald, 152
Saurashtra, 257
Sayf al-Dawla Mahmud, Ghaznavid prince, 84
Sayf al-Din Muhammad ibn Husayn, Ghurid malik, 288n39
Saymur (Ceymulya), 21, 59
Sayyod, palace at, 169
scorpions, 169
script, 137, 236, 262. See also brahmi script; devnagari script; Kufic script; naskh script; Śāradā script; ṭughrā script
Seidel, Linda, 273n78
self-fashioning, 7, 61, 64, 72, 264
self-representation, 75, 103, 266
Seljuqs of Iran, 86, 89, 90, 105, 125, 155
architecture of, 137, 181, 234, 245
coins of, 104, 108, 118, 289n89
and dress, 66
mosques of, 162, 176, 204
names of, 259
and Shāhnāma (Book of Kings), 253
Tughril Beg, 86, 155
Seljuqs of Rum
‘Ala’ al-Din Kayqubad, 303n296
Kilij Arslan II, 259
and Konya, 236–37, 253
Qaysarshah, 259
semantics vs. pragmatics, 200
Sepoy Revolt, 123, 150
Shafi‘is, 101, 102, 105, 127, 288n69, 289n74
madrasas of, 105
Shahis, 62
Shāhnāma (Book of Kings), 6, 7, 92, 106, 251, 253, 254
Shaivites, 149, 155
Shajara-i ansāb, 127
Shakambhari, 108
Shams al-Din Iltutmish. See Itutmish, Shams al-Din
Shams-i Siraj ‘Afif, 248
Shansabanids. See Ghurids
sharbūsh, 74
Shari‘a, 23, 24, 25, 187. See also Islam
Sharma, S. D., 151
shāstra, 37, 112, 172
Shi‘is, 19, 30, 42, 43, 50, 91, 96, 107
Shikarpur District of Karnataka, memorial stela, 286n154
shilpīs, 184, 187
shirk, 27
Shir of Bamiyan, 16, 33, 277n128
Shiva, 25, 42, 108, 178, 240
linga of, 32, 38, 45, 149
temples of, 68–69, 178, 189
shugl, 32, 37
Shunyarūpa, 178
Sibt ibn al-‘Ajami, 242
Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, 82, 84
Sicily, 27, 114, 219, 305n41
Sikandar al-thānī, 106, 251. See also Alexander the Great
śikhara, 129, 130, 179, 278n171
sikka, 76, 116. See also coins
simha, 50, 58
simhamukha, 167
simurgh, 131
Sind, 48, 144
Arab amirates of, 13, 59, 111
and caliphal control, 52
coins of, 39–41
conquest of, 2
as distinct entity, 24–25
economy of, 19
frontier of, 24
and idols, 27–28
ivory in, 55
mercantile emporia of, 37
mosques, 149
religiously heterogeneous population of, 38
stupas and temples of, 38, 50
and trade, 16, 17, 19
Sinha, Ajay, 152, 179
Siraf, 4, 16, 21, 148
Friday Mosque, 44, 280n221
Siri
Friday Mosque, 188
Sistan, 16, 17, 34, 155
snakes, 168, 169
Solanki rajas. See Chalukya rajas
Somnath
Gates of, 189
linga, 32, 241, 277n125, 278n153
temple of, 43, 130, 294n53, 306n65
Sonepat, Sanskrit foundation text, 254
Soucek, Priscilla, 71
sovereignty, 122, 129, 130, 133
Spiti Valley, 283n52
spolia, 47, 133, 150, 173, 179, 184, 207, 208, 234, 236, 250
śrī, 116–18
Sri Lanka, 293n29
funerary inscriptions, 51
Sri Rangapattan, 131
Stallybrass, Peter, 64, 84
stambha, 179, 248
statecraft, manuals on, 114
Stein, Aurel, 69
Stewart, Susan, 121
Stewart, Tony, 178, 258
sthāpaka, 187
stirrups, 53, 114, 219
stone, medium of, 149, 186
stone carving, 41, 134, 137, 159, 164, 189–203, 190, 224, 236
and Masjid-i Sangi, 203–8, 211–17, 218, 219
reuse of, 166
Sanskrit plays written in, 149
stonemasons, 134, 150, 181, 208, 225
circulation of, 261, 265
and inscriptions, 225
labor of, 187
in Larvand, 217–18
mobility of, 220
negotiation of forms by, 152
and patrons, 148
See also craftsmen/artisans
stucco, 137, 220, 224, 236
stupas, 38, 50, 54, 167
stūpika, 129
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 310n38
Sufis/Sufism, 43, 101–2, 245–46
ṣulḥ, 79
ṣulḥan, 154
Summers, David, 11
Sunan of Abu Da’ud, 61, 63
Sunni Revival, 91–92
Sunnis, 19, 31, 43, 65
civil strife among, 101
and coins, 104
and heresy, 124
law schools of, 92, 96, 101, 102, 104
and mosques, 138
orthodoxy of, 78
royal rhetoric of, 96
and self-fashioning, 107
and Shi‘is, 91
al-Surabadi, Abu Bakr ‘Atiq ibn Muhammad, 96, 100
suratrāṇa, 183, 256, 258, 259
Surya, 39, 44, 178
bronze image of, 38
icon of, 279n198
temples of, 38, 40, 178
Sūrya Purāṇā, 263
sūtradhāra, 184, 185, 187, 188
Swat, 208, 297n17
syncretism, 4, 5, 42, 42, 179, 258
Syria, 63, 91, 103
Ṭabaqāt-i Nāṣirī, 126, 134. See also Juzjani
Tabo Monastery, 283n52
tafsīr, 44, 96
Taj al-Din Yildiz, 227, 228
Tājika, 3, 21, 22, 23, 256
Tāj al-Ma’āthir, 109, 111, 127, 242
talismans, 169. See also amulets tamgha, 234
Tang-i Azao, Judeo-Persian rock inscription, 93
tankas, 41, 240, 241
tāq, 127, 242, 243, 293n40
Ta’rīkh al-Yamīnī of al-‘Utbi, 161. See also al-‘Utbi
tawḥīd, 100
taxes, 23
jizya (poll tax), 20, 31, 38, 79, 81, 114, 121, 127, 241, 290nn144, 145
kharāj (land tax), 79, 111, 113, 127, 241, 290n144
Turk tax (Turuṣkadaṇḍa), 114
Tāyika, 23
temples, 21
aesthetic values shared with mosques, 158
architecture of, 153
baluster columns in, 192–93
bell chains in, 173
and booty, 130
brick, 190
Buddhist, 47
conversion into mosques, 153
destruction of, 154–56
Hindu, 38, 43, 55, 178, 244
icon chamber of, 173, 176
images in, 167
Jain, 148, 178, 208
and mosques, 46, 137, 153, 158, 159, 164–65, 167, 169, 172, 173, 176, 177–78, 179
and political authority, 153
of Rajasthan, 196
roof ornaments of Hindu, 204
and sacral kingship, 153
of Salt Range, 55
śikharas (spires) of, 129, 130, 179, 278n171
and twisted columns, 195–96, 197
Vesara, 152, 179, 202
Termez
lion face on stucco ornament from, 169
textiles, 11, 65, 76, 83, 93, 235, 285n141
thagr/thughūr, 24, 28
Thakkura Pheru, 254
thākur, 117
thākurān, 113
Thambo Wari (Thuman Jo), mosque of, 45–47
Thanesar, 32
Thomas, Nicholas, 122–23, 131
throne, 30
Tilak, 4, 78, 129, 218, 264, 266
tiles, 71, 165, 219
Timur, 218, 292n22
Tipu Sultan
jeweled humā bird from throne of, 131, 132
ṭirāz, 67–68, 72, 74
tīrthankara, 32, 212
Tochi Valley, Waziristan, foundation text dated 243/857, 42
Tod, James, 150–51, 158
tolas, 157
Tomars, 25, 108, 149, 254, 258
tombs, 190
tombstones, 51, 52. See also funerary stelae
Tonelli, Anna, 132
torāṇa, 173, 191, 192, 195, 196, 199, 200, 224
trabeate structures, 45, 46, 137, 144, 145, 149
trade, 17–19, 21, 25, 38, 61, 107, 123
and Ghurids, 93, 118
in idols, 27–28
and Jewish merchants, 93
and Ladakh, 65
and sculptural motifs, 208, 209
See also merchants
transculturation, 4, 5, 7, 36, 78, 84, 87, 264
and coins, 39
and mosque imagery, 169
and mosques and temples, 179
and names, 258, 259
and royal ceremonial, 246
as transformation, 9
translation, 3, 6, 7, 9, 299n153, 301n213
and ‘Abbasids, 20
and accommodation, 258
between architectural forms, 180–82
of booty, 131
and circulation, 12
and coins, 38–39, 178
and culture, 5, 8–9
as dialogic, 183
and dress, 63
and figural carving, 217
and history, 14
and identity, 267
and inscriptions, 222
Jakobson, Roman on, 189
and modernity, 12
and mosques, 178, 179, 188–89
of Qur’an, 96
and reinscription of artifacts, 250
and religious beliefs, 42
strategies of, 262
as transformation, 182, 303n303
treaties, 79, 81
tribute, 20, 31, 79, 82, 87, 127, 154, 294n45. See also taxes
triśūl, 26, 108, 190
tropaion, 131
Tughluqid sultans, 246, 305n44
ṭughrā script, 242, 244–45
Tughril Beg, Seljuq sultan, 86, 155
Turner, Victor, 93
Turuṣka, 3, 66–68, 109, 155, 156, 256, 308n122
Turuṣkadaṇḍa, 114
Turuṣkadeśa, 68, 189
al-Uballa, 26
Uchch, 98, 112, 236
udumbara, 173, 207, 208, 211
Ujain, 107
icons from, 240, 241, 247, 248, 252
‘ulamā’, 37, 186, 245, 262, 274n23
‘Umar, Umayyad caliph, Code of, 63
al-‘Umari, 242
‘Umar ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, Habbarid amir, 52–53, 54
Umayyad caliphs
Hisham, Umayyad caliph, 20
Mu‘awiya b. Abi Sufyan, 20, 27–28
‘Umar, 63
Umayyads, 15, 20, 31, 65
umma, 1, 30, 158, 229, 247
Unstra, inscription from, 257
upavita, 63
urban centers, 23, 24, 25, 139
Usama ibn Lu‘ayy ibn Ghalib, 19, 278n183
al-‘Utbi, 36, 80, 107, 161, 186
uttaranga (lintel), 211, 212
Uttar Pradesh, 80
Vaghelas, 34, 256
Vaishnavites, 38, 155
temples of, 149
Vajrasana
temple of, 34
Vallabha-rāja, 20, 85
valli, 207
vandal, 150
Varaha, 39
Vasantagadh in Rajasthan
Hindu temples in, 149
vase, overflowing. See pūrṇaghaṭa
vāstu-shāstras, 178–79
Vasudeva, 42
vaulting, 152, 162, 180, 219, 236
vēdikā railings, 180
vegetal motifs, 137, 165, 200, 201, 236, 244, 262
Venuti, Lawrence, 225
Veraval, 256
foundation text from mosque at, 34, 178, 256
Vesara temples, 152, 179, 202
victory missives (fatḥnāmas), 244
Vidyadhara, Chandella raja of Kalinjar, 80, 84, 87
Vigraharaja IV, Chauhan raja, 108, 109, 248, 250, 295n68, 308n122
vihāra, 179
Vijayanagara, 61, 72, 73, 74, 86, 87, 285n141
vine motifs, 173, 200, 210–11, 220, 224, 235. See also creeper motifs; padmalatā (lotus vine)
Virarajendra, Chola raja, 124
Visala Deva, Chauhan raja. See Vigraharaja IV Vishnu, 39, 40, 41, 42, 131, 155, 157, 178, 281n260
temples of, 178, 295n89
Vishnu Cakraswamin, bronze idol of, 32
Vishvakarma, 184
Viswanathan, Gauri, 266
Vrkṣārṇava, 178
Wagoner, Phillip, 8, 61, 87, 114, 264, 304n305
wakīl, 93
Wall of Alexander, 80
waqf, 34, 96, 138
Warangal, 292n199
Kakatiya rajas of, 292n199
Tughluqid Friday Mosque, 188
Wasserstein, David, 58
al-Wathiq, ‘Abbasid caliph, 50
Welch, Anthony, 181
White, Allon, 15
William of Tyre, 86
Windsor Castle
jeweled humā bird, 131
Wink, André, 30
Wrigley, Richard, 300n168
Yadavas, 114, 115, 255, 256
Yahya ibn Khalid al-Barmaki, 7, 20–21
Yahya ibn Rabi‘, 289n74
Yama, 279n209
Ya‘qub ibn Layth al-Saffar, 13, 33
Yasser Tabbaa, 31
Yavana, 3, 256
Yemen, 21
Young, Robert, 267
Yusuf al-Bahili, 54, 58
Zabul, 16
Zabulistan, 17, 26
Zahak, 92, 106
Zamindawar, 16, 28, 31
zamīn-i zar, 128
Zamzama, 121, 125, 128
Zangids, 284n103
Zarang, 16, 34, 59
Friday Mosque of, 155
zenāna, 161
Zhun, 26
Zij al-Sindhind, 21
Ziya’ al-Din, Ghurid sultan, 122
Ziya’ al-Din Barani, 119
ziyy, 64, 67
zoomorphism, 48, 58, 163, 165, 169, 190, 216–17
Zoroastrianism, 29, 63, 178, 279n206
Zunbil of Zamindawar, 16
zunnār, 63
Virtually everywhere one looks, the processes of human movement and