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Barringer, Tim; Forrester, Gillian; Martinez-Ruiz, Barbaro

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Tim Barringer, Gillian Forrester, Barbaro Martinez-Ruiz

Art and Emancipation in Jamaica: Isaac Mendes Belisario and His Worlds

Index

Author

Tim Barringer, Gillian Forrester, Barbaro Martinez-Ruiz

PublisherYale Center for British Art

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00018.021

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-18641

Index

A. J. See James, Abraham

Abakuá culture, 105, 112, 115, 480

Abbey, J. R., 71, 428

Abbott, Lemuel Francis, 278 (fig. i), 279

Abdu’Allah, Faisal, 184

Abolition of slavery, xviii, xix, 12–13, 37, 264, 270, 293, 312, 363, 503–17, 506 (cat. 210)

compensation for owners, xix, 37, 181, 363–64, 381–82, 381 (cat. 93), 542–55

Ellis on, 350

Emancipation of 1834, 363–64, 366, 366 (cat. 84), 369, 369 (cat. 85), 371–72, 371 (cat. 87), 503, 506

opposition to, 18, 277, 304, 308, 311, 312, 317, 332, 340, 343, 441

role of images in, 3. See also Abolitionists; Apprenticeship system; Slave trade

The Abolition of the Slave Trade (Cruikshank), 306, 306 (cat. 35)

Abolition of the Slave Trade Act (1807), xviii, 2, 294, 308

Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1807 (Collyer, after Moses), 308–09, 308 (cat. 37)

Abolition of Slavery in Jamaica (Picken), 366, 506, 506 (cat. 210)

Abolitionists, 9, 12–13, 14–15, 18, 21, 23, 43, 52–53, 263–64, 290, 291, 304, 305

“Am I not a Man and a Brother?” emblem, xix, 3, 48, 264, 281, 292, 295, 295 (cat. 23), 296–97, 296 (cat. 26), 299, 309

anti-slavery manifesto, 290

halfpenny token, 296–97, 296 (cat. 26)

seal, 295, 295 (cat. 24). See also Slave Medallion; Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade (SEAST); Sugar boycott in Britain

Aborigines, Australian, 538

Account books for sugar plantation, 323–25, 323 (cat. 44), 325 (cat. 45)

An Account of the Maroon Negroes in Jamaica and a History of the War in the West Indies (Edwards), 279

Account of a Shooting Excursion on the Mountains . . . In the Month of October 1824!!! (“Alfred”), 290

Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa (Falconbridge), 299

Ackermann, Rudolph, 80, 83, 398, 400, 405, 405 (cats. 113 & 114), 406, 454. See also Microcosm of London

Actor Boys, 78, 83, 98 (figs. 5.11 & 5.12), 99, 100, 103, 103 (fig. 6.1), 115–16, 126 (fig. 7.7), 127, 162, 171, 171 (figs. 10.10 & 10.11), 172, 172 (fig. 10.12), 181, 423, 429, 433 (cats. 139 & 140), 463, 478, 478 (fig. xxi), 484, 484 (fig. xxiii), 484–87

Adelgitha (Lewis), 172

“Adventures of Johnny Newcome” (Elmes), 338, 338 (cat. 66)

Advertisement of a Slave Sale by Alexandre Lindo, 29 March 1786, 10, 10 (cat. 10)

Aesthetic philosophy, 289

African Hospitality (Smith, after Morland), 48, 302 (cat. 32), 303

African origins of the enslaved, 28–31, 275

Afro-creole, 3, 122, 127, 129, 130, 132

Afro-Jamaican culture and art, 4, 103–17, 121–35, 179, 182

cultural performance elements in, 104

masquerade (Jonkonnu) form, 1, 103, 463

role of religion in, 89, 91, 103. See also “Actor Boys”

Jonkonnu/John Canoe/Jánkúnu

Masks and masquerades

Agency Committee, 293

Agoni culture and art, 104

Aja culture. See Fon culture

Ajanaku, Lawrence, 115, 478, 478 (cat. 182)

Akan culture, 28, 104, 116, 468

Akomfrah, John, 184

Akwete cloth (Igbo culture), 468, 468 (cat. 182)

Albemarle, 2nd Duke of (Christopher Monck), 269

Albert, Prince, 148

Aldridge, Ira, 413

“Alfred” (pseudonymous author), 290

Alliprandi, Thomas, 445

Alvares, Moses Levy, 157

Ambaka culture, 91

Ambuscade (ambush), 289

American Civil War, effect on Jamaica, 504–05

American Revolution, effect on Jamaica, xviii, 9

Amity Hall estate, 390

Ancestral spirits and worship, 92, 100, 106, 108, 115, 121, 122, 124–25, 130, 474, 476, 478, 484–85, 489

Andrews, Susannah (freed slave), 157

Anglo-Jamaican planter elite. See White society in Jamaica

Angola, 28, 275

Annancy narratives, 143–44

Antigua, 263, 314, 318 (cat. 41, plates i–x)

Anti-picturesque, 323

Anti-Sacharrites, or–John Bull and his Family leaving off the Use of Sugar (Gillray), 305, 305 (cat. 34)

Anti-Semitism, 151, 153, 167, 169, 400. See also Jews

Antislavery movement. See Abolitionists

Anti-Slavery Society, xix, 15, 23, 293, 309, 363, 369

Anti-State Church Convention (1844), 506, 513

Apprenticeship system, xix, 9, 13, 23, 121, 364, 366, 388–92, 417

ending of (1838), 270, 503, 505–06, 507, 507 (cat. 210), 509, 509 (cat. 212)

picturesque images during, 56–60

runaways and, 361

Sligo and, 371, 391

Araeen, Rasheed, 184

Argyle War (1823–24), xix, 312, 351

Arson, 354

Art manuals, 404

Ashanti culture, 104

Ashkenazic Jews, 157, 166, 398

Aston Hall, 333

Atiya dance (Nigeria), 110, 474 (cat. 177)

Atiya Traditional Dance (Galembo), 110, 111 (fig. 6.7), 462, 474, 474 (cat. 177)

Atlantic World, 34, 37, 38, 174

The Attack of the Rebels on Montpelier Old Works Estate (Duperly), 4, 55–56, 57 (fig. 3.16), 323, 353–54, 353 (cat. 76), 509–10

Attille, Martine, 184

Atwood, Thomas, 33

Auguiste, Reece, 184

Autobiographical travelogue, 307

Ayrton, Richard, 343

Bacon, John (the Elder), 366

Bahia, Brazil, 89

Bailey, David, 184

Bakongo culture, 99

“Band of the Jaw-Bone, or John-Canoe” (Belisario), 72, 73 (fig. 4.9), 122 (fig. 7.1), 170, 170 (fig. 10.9), 181, 432–33, 432 (cat. 138), 488, 488 (fig. xxiv)

Bands. See Music

“Baptist Chapel, St. Ann’s Bay, Jamaica” (Picken), 516 (cat. 215)

Baptist Missionary Society, 511, 514

Baptist War (1831–32). See Insurrections

Baptists, xviii, xix, 506, 511, 513–17, 513 (cat. 214), 516 (cat. 215). See also Missionaries; Religion

Barbados, 31, 32, 33, 263, 265, 267

Barbarities in the West Indies (Gillray), 304, 304 (cat. 33)

Barlin, Frederick Benjamin, 402

Barnett, Sheila, 109–10

Barracoons (slave warehouses), 275

Barrell, John, 48, 50, 303, 387, 455

Barrett, Edward (slave), 12, 23, 23 (fig. 1.10)

Barrett, George, 11

Barrett, Henry, 11

Barrett, Richard, 11, 544

Barrett, Samuel Goodin, 11

Barrett family, 9–14, 10 (fig. 1.1), 13 (fig. 1.3). See also surname of Moulton-Barrett

Barthes, Roland, 41

Bartholomew Fair (Bluck, after Pugin & Rowlandson), 456, 456 (cat. 161)

Bartolozzi, Francesco: An Indian Cacique of the Island of Cuba, addressing Columbus, 278 (cat. 12), 279

Baxter, George: The Ordinance of Baptism, 513 (cat. 214), 514

The Rev. William Knibb, 12 (fig. 1.2), 504, 513–15, 513 (cat. 213)

Bayly, C. A., 20

Bayly, Zachary, 278

Beards, 170

Beckford, Henry (freed slave), 23, 23 (fig. 1.11)

Beckford, Thomas, 276

Beckford, William (Beckford of Somerly), 4, 16, 41, 42–48, 54, 144, 279–80

Beckford, William (cousin of Beckford of Somerly), 42

Beckford, William (predecessor of Beckford of Somerly), 42, 137

Beckford monument (Moore), 42 (fig. 3.1)

Beckles, Hilary, 37

Beckwith, Martha Ellen, 130, 480

Beggars, 449–50. See also “Cries” genre

Belisario, Aaron de Jacob Mendes (great-grandfather of artist Isaac), 397

Belisario, Abraham Mendes (father of artist Isaac), 81, 395, 396, 401

A Report of the trial of Arthur Hodges, Esquire, 81, 401, 401 (cat. 109)

Belisario, Isaac Mendes, xviii, xix, 2, 58, 60, 93, 163–74, 275, 388–92

ancestry of, 104, 154, 395, 397

as stockbroker, 400

career as artist, 4, 406, 414

caricature by, 93

compensation for freed slaves, 544

cultural biases of, 28, 33, 123, 414, 426, 441

cultural identity of, 65, 71, 82–83, 100, 104, 163–77, 179

“drawing from nature” and artist’s observances, 76–81, 103, 434

emancipation of the enslaved and, 2, 81

family lawsuit against Lindo family and, 401, 414

Jonkonnu depictions of, 95, 100, 105–08, 123

Jewish identity of, 2, 5, 163, 179

life of, 9, 180, 395–96, 402, 414

masks and costumes drawn by, 93–100

on amusements of peasantry, 81–83

plantation and landscape paintings of, 365, 388, 404, 409, 414

public reception of work of, 83–85, 117

representations of public life, 5, 103–17

return from London to Jamaica in 1830s, 9, 16, 163

subscribers’ list for Sketches of Character, 70–71, 166, 166 (fig. 10.4), 428, 542–55

works of: “Band of the Jaw-Bone, or John-Canoe,” 72, 73 (fig. 4.9), 122 (fig. 7.1), 170, 170 (fig. 10.9), 181, 432–33, 432 (cat. 138), 488, 488 (fig. xxiv)

“Chimneysweeper,” 75 (fig. 4.11), 439 (cat. 145)

“Christmas Amusements,” 72–74, 81–82, 99, 425, 426

Cocoa Walk District, 28, 29 (fig. 2.1), 388 (cat. 102)

Cocoa Walk Estate, xii, 28, 58, 59 (fig. 3.18), 362, 388 (cat. 101)

“Creole Negroes,” 72, 74, 78, 425, 440–41, 440 (cat. 146), 510

“Cries of Kingston,” 5, 72, 74–76, 425, 426, 436, 442

Frances, Lady Rowe, 65, 66 (fig. 4.1), 394, 416–17, 416 (cat. 123)

“French Set-Girls,” 93, 97, 97 (fig. 5.10), 104, 181, 435, 435 (cat. 141)

Highgate, Jamaica, 388 (cat. 103), 391–92

House with Walled Garden, 84–85, 85 (fig. 4.19), 419, 419 (cat. 125)

Interior of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, London, 180, 397 (cat. 104)

“Jaw-Bone, or House John-Canoe,” 96 (fig. 5.9), 97, 112, 112 (fig. 6.8), 114, 120, 181, 432–33, 432 (cat. 137), 476 (fig. xx), 479

“Koo-Koo, or Actor-Boy,” 78, 98 (figs. 5.11 & 5.12), 99, 103, 103 (fig. 6.1), 115–16, 126 (fig. 7.7), 127, 162, 171, 171 (figs. 10.10 & 10.11), 172, 172 (fig. 10.12), 181, 423, 429, 433 (cats. 139 & 140), 463, 478, 478 (fig. xxi), 484, 484 (fig. xxiii), 487

Letters to John Linnell, 410 (cats. 119 & 120)

“Lovey,” 27, 74, 78, 78 (fig. 4.14), 81, 104, 436, 436 (cat. 142)

“Milkwoman,” 27, 75 (fig. 4.10), 80, 82, 438, 438 (cat. 144)

Miss E. Tree in the Character of Mrs Cregan in “Eily O’Connor,” 397, 413, 413 (cat. 121)

Portrait of Unknown Man, 417, 417 (cat. 124)

“Queen or ‘Maam’ of the Set-Girls,” 33, 72, 73 (fig. 4.8), 78, 81, 105–06, 106 (fig. 6.2), 109, 115, 123, 413, 417, 424, 429, 430 (cat. 135), 464 (fig. xvi), 465, 466, 468

“Red Set-Girls, and Jack-in-the-Green,” xx, 81, 106, 107 (fig. 6.4), 109, 115, 117, 181, 427 (cat. 132), 430–31, 430 (cat. 136), 464 (fig. xvi)

Road Scene with Cattle, 404, 406, 407, 407 (cat. 116), 409

Sketches of Character, 1, 2, 27, 31, 53, 65–87, 67 (figs. 4.3 & 4.4), 93, 103–17, 163–74, 166 (fig. 10.4), 180, 186, 332, 396, 404, 413, 425–29, 427 (cats. 130–132), 455

Sugar Works at Kelly’s Estate, 58, 388 (cats. 98 & 99), 390

View of Kelly’s Estate, 26, 28, 388–92, 388 (cat. 100)

“Water-Jar Sellers,” 27, 68 (fig. 4.5), 74, 170, 170 (fig. 10.8), 437, 437 (cat. 143)

views on slavery, 81. See also Duperly, Adolphe for collaborative works

Belisario, Isaac Mendes (grandfather of artist Isaac), 397

Belisario, Jacob Mendes (uncle of artist Isaac), 400, 401, 402, 410

Bell, Charles, 461

“Belle Vue, Residence near Kingston, Stoney Hill in the Distance” (Kidd), 526 (cat. 222), 529

Belle Vue estate, 526 (cat. 222), 529

Belmonte, Baron of, 153

Belmore, 2nd Earl of, xix, 357, 357 (cat. 80), 365

Belvedere estate, 353

Benin, 104, 275

Benjamin, Walter, 92

Benoist, Philippe (after Duperly), 531

“Holland Estate, St. Thomas in the East,” 531 (cat. 230), 533

“Market Falmouth,” 531 (cat. 229), 533

“A View of King Street,” 531 (cat. 228), 533

Benoit, Pierre, 169, 169 (fig. 10.6), 172

Bentham, Jeremy, 372

Bermingham, Ann, 45

Bernal, Isaac, 153

Berry, William: A New Map of the English Plantations in America, 266, 266 (cat. 2)

Berryman, William, xviii, 4, 52, 53, 72, 312, 314, 326–31, 448

“Costume of Jamaica, Watchman,” 53, 327 (fig. iv); Digging Corn holes

La Duchesse, 36 (fig. 2.7), 326 (cat. 57), 331

drawings including possible self-portrait, 53–54, 54 (fig. 3.13), 326 (cat. 50), 329

Driver, cold Morning, 32, 33 (fig. 2.5), 53, 326 (cat. 56), 330

Fishpot of Split Bamboo, 36 (fig. 2.8), 326 (cat. 58), 331

Man Stripping Cane, 310, 326 (cat. 55), 330

Maverly Works and Part of Liguanea Mountains (St Andrews), 318, 326 (cat. 52), 331

Negro Hut with Figures in Plantain Walk, 326 (cat. 48), 331

Piazza and Stairs at Four Paths (Clarendon), 326 (cat. 59), 329, 331

Plantain Walk, 326 (cat. 46), 331

Planting Corn; Old Driver; Planting Corn

House Negro Digging Corn Holes, 326 (cat. 50)

Sixteen drawings of slaves, 323, 326 (cat. 51)

Slave Carrying Plantains on Pole, 326 (cat. 53), 330

View of Lucky Valley Estate Buildings, Clarendon, 52, 52 (fig. 3.11)

View of Negro Village, 52, 53, 53 (fig. 3.12), 326 (cat. 47), 329

Woman beating Cassava, 35 (fig. 2.6), 326 (cat. 54), 330

Bevis Marks Synagogue, 180, 395, 397–98, 398 (cat. 104), 399 (cat. 105), 410

Bhabha, Homi K., 3

Bickell, Richard, 129, 169

Bigelow, John, 518

Bight of Benin, 31

Bight of Biafra, 31

Bilby, Kenneth, 3, 5, 82, 89, 92, 105, 121–35

fife and drum band of modern Jankunu, 127, 127 (fig. 7.8)

gumbay drum photographs, 122 (figs. 7.2 & 7.3)

lead dancer performing with Jankunu, 124, 124 (fig. 7.5), 125 (fig. 7.6)

maam (song leader) and myal woman (spirit medium) performing with Jankunu band, 123, 123 (fig. 7.4)

“Billy Waters” (Busby), 451 (cat. 155)

Birmingham, England, 274

Black, Clinton, 348

“Black Atlantic,” 2

Black Atlantic art, 163, 174

The Black Books (Boxer), 183 (fig. 11.3)

Black British diaspora artists, 181–82

Black Jokes, Being a Series of Laughable Caricatures (Tregear, publisher), 78, 79

Blackburn, John, 317

Blake, William, 306

“Flagellation of a Female Samboe Slave,” 307–08, 307 (fig. iii)

A Negro hung alive by the Ribs to a Gallow, 307–08, 307 (cat. 36)

Bleby, Henry, 354

Bluck, J.: Bartholomew Fair (after Pugin & Rowlandson), 456, 456 (cat. 161)

“Fire in London,” 84 (fig. 4.18)

Blue Mountains, 284

Boat with Figures (Odulate), 447, 447 (cat. 181)

Body language, symbolism of, 116–17

Bogle, Paul, 38, 510

Boucicault, Dion, 413

Boulton, Matthew, 297

Bourgoin, François-Jules: The Maroons in Ambush on the Dromilly Estate in the Parish of Trelawny, Jamaica (Merigot, after Bourgoin), 289, 289 (cat. 20)

Bowling, Frank, 181

Boxer, David: The Black Books, 183, 183 (fig. 11.3)

Boyce, Sonia, 183, 184

She Ain’t Holding Them Up, She’s Holding On (Some English Rose), 184, 185 (fig. 11.6)

Boydell, John, 279, 280, 281, 283, 308–09

Boydell, Josiah, 279, 280, 283

Brandon, Moses, 157

Brathwaite, Kamau, 3, 95, 148

Bravo, Alexandre, 58, 60, 166, 388, 390, 391, 545

Bravo, Moses, 157

Bravo, Sally (slave), 157

Brereton, William, 169

Breugel, Pieter the Elder, 323

“Bridge over the Rio Cobre, Spanish Town” (Cartwright, after Hakewill), 348, 348 (cat. 73)

Bridgens, Richard, xix, 78, 163, 312, 441

Protector of Slaves Office, 333, 333 (fig. v)

“Sunday Morning in Town,” 165 (fig. 10.3)

West India Scenery, 312, 333, 333 (cat. 61), 458, 460–61, 460 (cat. 165)

Bridges, Rev. George W., 20, 516–17

British army in Jamaica, 359, 359 (cat. 81), 432, 531 (cat. 226), 533

British Empire: domination of racial groups in, 27

in era of emancipation, 9–25, 505

industrial working class and, 332

ironworks and, 283

British Library, 327

British Metropole, 166

“British Mummer,” 109

British Museum, 269

British Windward Islands, 31

British-Jamaican relations: conquest and settlement of Jamaica, 15, 263, 266

in era of emancipation, 9–25

Broadsheet for sale of enslaved persons, 275, 275 (cat. 10)

Brodie, Alexander, 283

Brooks (slave ship), 264, 292, 299

Browne, Howe Peter. See Sligo, Marquess of

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 4, 9, 11, 14–15

Browning, Robert, 9

Bruckins’ Party, 464, 472 (cat. 173), 494 (cat. 202)

Brunias, Agostino, 27, 279, 458–59

Cudgelling Match between English and French Negroes in the Island of Domenica, 28, 30 (fig. 2.3), 31

A Negroes’ Dance in the Island of Domenica, 458 (cat. 164), 459

Pacification with the Maroon Negroes (Edwards, after Brunias), 286, 286 (fig. ii)

The West India Flower Girl, 458 (cat. 163), 459

Buckley, Roger, 335

Buckridge, Steeve O., 3, 441, 459

Bull, John, 305, 338

Burial practices: of Kumina, 489

of the enslaved, 122

of Yoruba, 480

Burke, Vanley, 184

Buru, 464, 475, 494 (cat. 204)

Buru Musicians, Heyes, 494 (cat. 204)

Burton, Richard D. E., 3

Busby, Thomas Lord, 168, 451

“Billy Waters,” 451 (cat. 155)

“Sweep,” 439 (fig. xv)

Bush, Barbara, 104

Bushy Park estate, 390

Butchers’ John Canoe party, 105

The Butter and Milk Man (Calyo), 452–53, 452 (cat. 156)

Buxton, Thomas Fowell, 363

Cabaritta River, 281, 281 (cat. 15)

Cacao production, 267

Calcutts Ironworks, 283

Calendar of Prisoners for Hanover, Special Slave Court, 360, 360 (cat. 82)

Calyo, Nicolino Vicomte, xix, 70, 83, 442, 522

The Butter and Milk Man, 452–53, 452 (cat. 156)

The Negro Banjo Player, 452–53, 453 (cat. 157)

The Negro Woman, 452–53, 453 (cat. 159)

The Patent Chimney-Sweep Cleaner, 70, 70 (fig. 4.7), 452–53, 452 (cat. 158)

Cameron, Julia Margaret: Edward John Eyre, xix, 536–38, 536 (cat. 232)

Cameroon, 104, 105, 480. See also specific cultures

Campbell, Alexander: Plan of the Hospital for Sick Slaves at Good Hope, 347, 378, 378 (cat. 90)

Campbell, Mavis C., 287

Campbell and Macintyre, 284, 348

Campbellsfield Penn, Jamaica (Duperly), 30 (fig. 2.4)

Camper, Petrus, 440

Canboulay, 181

Candelabrum commissioned to commemorate Sligo as emancipator, 371, 371 (cat. 87)

Canoes, 477, 477 (cat. 181), 480, 480 (cat. 184)

Canot, Pierre Charles: “A View of Charles Town, the Capital of South Carolina in North America” (after Mellish), 271, 271 (cat. 6)

Capitalism and Slavery (Williams), 291

Caribbean culture as multilayered system, 103–04

Caricature No. 1, The Contrast (Duperly), 370, 370 (cat. 86)

Caricatures, 3, 93, 163, 292, 304, 305

The Abolition of the Slave Trade (Cruikshank), 306, 306 (cat. 35)

Anti-Sacharrites, or–John Bull and his Family leaving off the Use of Sugar (Gillray), 305, 305 (cat. 34)

Barbarities in the West Indies (Gillray), 304, 304 (cat. 33)

Caricature No. 1, The Contrast (Duperly), 370, 370 (cat. 86)

Devotion in Duke’s Place or Contractors returning thanks for a Loan (unknown engraver), 153, 153 (fig. 9.2)

A Grand Jamaica Ball! (unknown engraver), 136, 140 (fig. 8.4), 336–37, 336 (cat. 63)

Johnny Newcome (unknown engraver), 72, 143, 143 (fig. 8.6), 334, 338, 338 (cats. 65 & 66)

Martial Law in Jamaica (cartoon series), 141–42, 142 (fig. 8.5)

No. 1, The Contrast (Duperly), 370 (cat. 86)

“The Portrait” from Black Jokes (Hunt, after Summers), 78, 79 (fig. 4.15)

Segar Smoking Society in Jamaica (unknown engraver), 336 (cat. 64)

The Torrid Zone, Or, the Blessings of Jamaica (unknown engraver), 335, 335 (cat. 62)

Carlyle, Thomas, 27, 38, 85, 505, 534

Carnival, 72, 454–57. See also Masks and masquerades

Carretta, Vincent, 65, 301

Cartwright, J.: “Bridge over the Rio Cobre, Spanish Town” (after Hakewill), 281, 348, 348 (cat. 73)

Cartwright, R.: “King Street Chapel, Falmouth, Jamaica,” 517, 517 (cat. 216)

Cascade of Terni (Landseer, after Turner & Hakewill), 345, 345 (cat. 70)

Cassidy, Frederic, 129

Catholic Association, 21

Catholic Emancipation Act (1829), 21

Cattle in Groups for the Embellishment of Landscape (Hills), 327, 402 (cat. 111), 404

Cavendish, Thomas, 264

Celebration of the 1st of August 1838 at Dawkins Caymanas near Spanish Town, Jamaica (Leighton, after Ramsay), 507–08, 507 (cat. 211)

Cemetery visits as part of Jonkonnu, 124, 132

Central Africa in the Caribbean (Warner-Lewis), 89

Central African cultures. See Kongo art and culture; specific cultures

Chambers, Eddie, 183, 190

“Charles McGee” (J. T. Smith), 436, 449 (cat. 154), 450

Charleston, South Carolina, 264, 271, 271 (cat. 6)

Charlotte Sophia, Queen, 309

Chiaroscuro, 281

Children born of slave and owner, 11, 157, 338

“Chimneysweeper” (Belisario), 75 (fig. 4.11), 439 (cat. 145)

Chimney sweeps, 74, 80, 170, 180, 439

Belisario depiction, 28, 75 (fig. 4.11), 170, 170 (fig. 10.7), 439, 439 (cat. 145)

Busby depiction, 439 (fig. xv)

Calyo depiction, 70, 70 (fig. 4.7), 452–53, 452 (cat. 158)

Craig depiction, 447, 447 (cat. 150)

Chippenham Park, 32, 374, 377, 383, 384

Chokwe culture, 105, 108, 109

Cholera epidemic, 518

Christianity, conversion of the enslaved to, 74, 82, 317, 506

Christmas festivities, 121–33, 127

Afro-creole traditions, 129–30

Euro-creole traditions, 129–30

in medieval England, 454

slave performances at “great houses,” 133. See also Jonkonnu/John Canoe/Jánkúnu

Christmas Rebellion (1831–32). See Insurrections

Chronology, xviii–xix

Church, Frederic Edwin: The Vale of St. Thomas, Jamaica, xix, 60–61, 61 (fig. 3.19)

“City of Kingston from the Commercial Rooms” (Kidd), 8, 69 (fig. 4.6), 414, 414 (cat. 122)

Clarendon parish, 285

Clark, William: Ten Views in the Island of Antigua, 313, 314, 318–21, 318 (cat. 41, plates i–x)

Clarkson, Thomas, 3, 292, 293, 294, 295, 299, 300, 305

Class distinctions: emancipation and, 37–38

in England, 21

in Jamaica, 20, 167, 171, 179, 311

Clay, Edward W., 78

Cloth and clothing, African, 468, 468 (cat. 182), 487

Clothing of the enslaved. See Enslaved

Clytus, Radiclani, 78, 81, 82, 439, 441, 461

Coalbrookdale in Shropshire, 48, 50, 279, 283

“Coastal chart,” 294

“Cockpits,” 284, 352

Cocoa plantations, 32

Cocoa Walk, 28, 29 (fig. 2.1), 58, 59 (fig. 3.18), 60, 365, 388, 388 (cats. 101 & 102), 390–91

Cocoa Walk District (Belisario), 28, 29 (fig. 2.1), 388 (cat. 102)

Cocoa Walk Estate (Belisario), xii, 28, 58, 59 (fig. 3.18), 362, 388 (cat. 101)

Codrington Estates (Barbados), 32

Coffee plantations, 32

Cole, Thomas, 60

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 294

Collars, 300, 300 (cat. 28)

“The Collier” (Havell, after G. Walker), 332 (cat. 60)

Collins, William: The Slave Trade: A Poem Written in the year 1788, 303

Collyer, Joseph: Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1807 (after Moses), 308–09, 308 (cat. 37)

Colnaghi & Co., 445

Colonial period and government, 9–25, 61, 179, 505–06, 519

Colors: in Himid’s work, 186

use in African culture, 89, 97, 116

Columbus, xviii, 180, 278 (cat. 12)

Commemorative of the Extinction of Slavery in Jamaica, on the First of August 1838 (Duperly), 509, 509 (cat. 212)

Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 291–92, 294, 295, 299

Committee of the West India Planters and Merchants, 18

Committee on the State of Mendicity in the Metropolis, 449

Conder, James, 296

“Conder tokens,” 296

Consolidated Slave Act (1792), xviii, 33–34

Consolidation Law of 1788, 318

Constable, John, 369

Cooke, William Bernard, 341, 411

“Plymouth Dock from Mount Edgecumbe” (after Turner), 343–44, 343 (cat. 69)

Cooper, Clement, 184

Coromantees, 28, 351

Coromanti Rebellion, 151, 154

Costello, John Anderson, 172

Costume books, 332, 448, 451

Costume of Great Britain (Pyne), 53, 448

“Costume of Jamaica” (Berryman), 312, 327, 332

“Costume of Jamaica, Watchman” (Berryman), 53, 327 (fig. iv)

Costume of the Lower Orders of the Metropolis (Busby), 451

The Costume of Yorkshire (G. Walker), 327, 332 (cat. 60), 427 (fig. xii), 448

Costumes: Ajanaku, Lawrence (Nigeria, Ibo cultural group), 115, 478 (cat. 182)

banana-leaf costume, 474, 474 (cat. 178)

inle eleri (“house on your head”) costume, 112

Nganga with minkisi (unknown artist), 110, 115, 471 (cat. 171)

symbolism of, 108–16. See also Jonkonnu/John Canoe/Jánkúnu; Masks and masquerades

Cotman, John Sell, 330

Cotton, General Willoughby, 354

Cotton plantations, 32, 267

Council of Protection, 318

“Country Fair” (Pyne), 404, 454 (cat. 160)

Court system, 318

African tribal, 477, 478. See also Slave Court

Cousins, Samuel, 417

Covey plantation, 374

Craig, William Marshall, 74, 168, 442, 447

“Milk Below,” 447, 447 (cat. 149)

“Old Clothes!,” 168, 168 (fig. 10.5), 447, 447 (cat. 151)

“Slippers!,” 447, 447 (cat. 152)

“Sweep Soot O,” 447, 447 (cat. 150)

Craton, Michael, 1, 32, 285, 352, 360

Creole(s), 3, 19, 28, 33, 163, 166

“Creole Negroes” (Belisario), 72, 74, 78, 425, 440–41, 440 (cat. 146), 458, 510

“French Set-Girls” (Belisario), 93, 97, 97 (fig. 5.10), 104, 181, 435, 435 (cat. 141)

“Creole Negroes” (Belisario), 72, 74, 78, 425, 440–41, 440 (cat. 146), 458, 510

Creolization process, 103–04, 122, 130, 277, 433

Cribb, Robert, 289

“Cries” genre, 5, 72, 74–76, 163, 166, 168, 170, 180, 436–39, 442–53, 459. See also Street vendors; specific types of street criers

Cringle, Tom, 141

Cromwell, Oliver, 151, 266, 397

Crop-Over (holiday), 31, 142

Cross River (Nigeria), 480, 487

Crostick, Thomas (after Turner): Fonthill, 42, 43 (fig. 3.2)

Cruger, Elizabeth, 274

Cruger, Henry, 274

Cruikshank, Isaac, 292, 305, 338

The Abolition of the Slave Trade, 306, 306 (cat. 35)

The cryes of the city of London drawne after the life, (Laroon), 442–43, 442 (cat. 147)

Cuba, 89, 105, 484

Cudgelling Match between English and French Negroes in the Island of Domenica (Brunias), 28, 30 (fig. 2.3), 31

Cudjoe, 284–85, 285 (cat. 18)

Cultural identity and Belisario, 65, 71, 82–83, 100, 104, 163–77

Curaçao, 274

Curtin, Philip, 28, 89, 91

Cyrus (slave), 154

Dacosta, A. R., 166, 546

Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mandé, 530

Daguerreotype photographs, 504, 530–35

Daguerrian Excursions (Duperly), 530–31, 531–33 (cats. 226–230)

Dahomey, 116, 476

Daily Gleaner: advertisement for “John Canoe” competition, 128 (fig. 7.10)

editorial article on “John Canoe” folklore, 128 (fig. 7.9), 129

Jonkonnu festival organized by (1952), 492, 492 (cat. 198–201)

Dallas, Robert Charles, 285

Dalling, Sir John, 392

Dancers and dancing: body language in, 116

“Don’t Cry Too Much,” dancing tune, 144

in Jonkonnu, 89, 93, 95, 121–25

myal dance, 91, 123, 125 (fig. 7.5)

popularity of balls, 142, 143

Sloane description of, 269

waltzing, 142, 144

depictions of: Atiya Traditional Dance (Galembo), 110, 111 (fig. 6.7), 462, 474 (cat. 177)

“French Set-Girls” (Belisario), 93, 97, 97 (fig. 5.10), 181, 435, 435 (cat. 141)

A Grand Jamaica Ball! (unknown engraver), 136, 140 (fig. 8.4), 336–37, 336 (cat. 63)

Kikumbi society members performing (unknown photographer), 88, 91 (fig. 5.4)

lead dancer performing with Jankunu (Bilby), 89, 124, 124, 125 (fig. 7.5)

A Negroes’ Dance in the Island of Domenica (Brunias), 458 (cat. 164)

Daniell, Thomas, 273

Daniell, William, 343

West India Dock, 273, 273 (cat. 7)

Dapper, Olifert (Olfert): De stadt van Louango (The City of Louango), 116, 471, 471 (cat. 170)

untitled engraving, 471, 471 (fig. xviii)

D’Aquin, Charles, 392

Darby, Abraham, 283, 284

David Lyon (ship), 13

Dawkins Caymanas estate, 507–08, 507 (cat. 507)

Dawkins family, 507

Dayes, Edward: Trelawney Town, the chief residence of the Maroons (Stover, after Dayes), 287, 287 (cat. 19)

De Cordova, Joshua, 427, 546

De la Beche, Henry Thomas, 317

De Lion, Don. See Drummond, Don

De Loutherbourg, Philippe Jacques, 44

The Falls of the Rhine at Schaffhausen, 44, 44 (fig. 3.3)

Demerara insurrection, 15, 351

Denton, William: Olaudah Equiano (Orme, after Denton), 301, 301 (cat. 30)

Depestre, René, 37

Depeuille, François, 303

Description of a Slave Ship, 299, 299 (cat. 27)

Descriptive Account of the Island of Jamaica (Beckford), 43, 279, 280

The Destruction of Roehamton Estate in the Parish of St James’s (Duperly), 355, 355 (cat. 77)

Devotion in Duke’s Place or Contractors returning thanks for a Loan (unknown engraver), 153 (fig. 9.2)

A Diagram of the Burnt District of the City of Kingston (Muguet), 519 (cat. 217), 521

Diamond pattern, 109, 468

Diasporic perspective, 174, 179–95, 436

Dickens, Charles, 372

Diecutter, 296

Dikenga (diamond-form Kongo cosmogram), 99

Digging Corn holes; La Duchesse (Berryman), 36 (fig. 2.7), 326 (cat. 57), 331

Dirt eating, 333, 381

Diviners, masks of, 484–85

Dixon, Roger: antislavery halfpenny token, 296–97, 296 (cat. 26)

D’Oench, Ellen, 303

Dolben, Sir William, 293

Domestic labor, 32–33, 313

Dominica, 33, 458

Donowell, John: An Elevation, Plan, and History of the Royal Exchange of London (Walker, after Donowell), 400, 400 (cat. 107)

Double naming of enslaved persons, 186, 190

Drake, Sir Francis, 264

Dress of enslaved persons, 53, 109, 324, 329, 441, 459

Driver, cold Morning (Berryman), 32, 33 (fig. 2.5), 53, 326 (cat. 56), 330

Drivers, role of, 313, 331

“Droggers,” 270

Drummond, Don, 92

Drums and drumming, 72, 83, 89, 97, 99, 123, 148

Abakuá drum in Cuba, 112

bass drums, 131 (fig. 7.12), 488–89, 488 (cat. 192)

drum sticks, 489, 489 (cat. 196)

gumbay drums, 122 (figs. 7.2 & 7.3), 123, 124, 129, 131 (fig. 7.12), 488, 488 (cat. 191)

Kumina drums, 489, 489 (cats. 193 & 194), 494, 494 (cat. 203)

rattler drums, 489, 489 (cat. 195)

repeater drums, 489

Ducôte, Alfred (after Bridgens): Negro and Indian Characters, 460–61, 460 (cat. 165)

“Negro Heads with Punishments,” 333, 333 (cat. 61)

Dughet, Gaspard, 280

Dunn, Richard, 151

Dunning, Tertius, 401

Duperly, Adolphe, xix, 4, 27, 65, 70, 78, 81, 83, 312, 396, 414, 420–21, 428, 429, 539

daguerreotypes by, 530–35

portrait of (Meucci), 420–21, 420 (cat. 126)

works: The Attack of the Rebels on Montpelier Old Works Estate, 4, 55–56, 57 (fig. 3.16), 323, 353–54, 353 (cat. 76), 509–10

Campbellsfield Penn, Jamaica, 30 (fig. 2.4)

Caricature No. 1, The Contrast, 370, 370 (cat. 86)

Commemorative of the Extinction of Slavery in Jamaica, on the First of August 1838, 509, 509 (cat. 212)

The Destruction of Roehamton Estate in the Parish of St James’s, 355, 355 (cat. 77)

The Effect of the Fire from the Parade, Kingston (after Belisario), 64 (cat. 220), 83, 84 (fig. 4.17), 504, 519–22, 519 (cat. 220)

Encampment of Regulars at Shettlewood Penn, 323, 359, 359 (cat. 81)

James Foundry, & Messrs DaCosta & Maxwell’s Steam Sawing-Mills, Kingston, Jamaica (after Belisario), 519–22, 519 (cat. 218)

Past, Present, and Future State of Jamaica, 81

Pathey portrait (with Belisario), 421, 421 (cat. 127)

A Run away negro. Jamaica, 361 (cat. 83)

The Theatre, Kingston, 423, 423 (cat. 129)

The Trinity Church in Kingston Jamaica, Destroyed by fire on 26 of August 1843 (after Belisario), 504, 519–22, 519 (cat. 219)

A View of Montego-Bay, Taken from Reading Hill, The Rebels Destroying the Road

and Reading Wharf in Flames, 356–57, 356 (cat. 78)

Duperly & Sons, A.: George William Gordon, 502 (cat. 233), 539, 539 (cat. 233)

Duppy spirit, 476, 488

East Indians, xix, 519

Ebo culture and art. See Igbo culture and art

Edelmann, Jean Frédéric, 141

Education and schools, 146

Edwards, Bryan, xviii, 15, 43, 48, 81, 278, 278 (fig. i), 287, 289, 459

Edwards, Edward, 445

The Effect of the Fire from the Parade, Kingston (Duperly, after Belisario), 64 (cat. 220), 83, 84 (fig. 4.17), 504, 519–22, 519 (cat. 220)

Efik culture and art, 104, 480

Egan, Francis, 83, 141, 428

Egan, Pierce, 451

Egerton, D. T.: “King’s Square, St. Jago de la Vega” (after Hakewill), 366, 367 (fig. ix)

“Monument of the Late Thomas Hibbert Esq.,” 18 (fig. 1.7)

Egungun, 1, 106, 110, 465

Eily O’Connor (Wilks play), 413

Ejagham culture and art, 487

Ekpe (Leopard Society), 105, 112, 114, 480

Ekpo culture, 106

An Elevation, Plan, and History of the Royal Exchange of London (Walker, after Donowell), 400, 400 (cat. 107)

Elford, William, 299

Elijah (Mendelssohn), 148

Eliot, George, 137

Ellis, Charles Rose, 311, 323, 350, 363

Ellis, John, 350

Ellis, Whitehall (black driver), 34

Elmes, William, 338, 338 (cat. 66)

Eltis, David, 28, 31

Emancipation, 3, 503–17

Emancipation Act (1833), xix, 175, n.1, 353, 372

Emancipation Day, 148, 364

end of apprenticeship (1838), 270, 503, 505–06, 507, 507 (cat. 210), 509, 509 (cat. 212)

of Jews in Jamaica, 159, 163, 390, 414

manumission of individuals, 311, 323. See also Abolition of slavery

Emancipation (Scharf), 371, 371 (cat. 87)

The Emancipator on Abolitionist medal, 297

Encampment of Regulars at Shettlewood Penn (Duperly), 323, 359, 359 (cat. 81)

English art world of eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, 405. See also Royal Academy

English industrial imagery, 281

Enlightenment (British), 314

Enslaved, the, 27–39, 315

amelioration of conditions of, 350, 363

burial practices of, 122

clothing of, 53, 109, 324, 329, 441, 459

domestic labor, 32–33, 313

double naming of, 186, 190

emancipation of, 9, 81, 82

ethnic origins of, 28–31

field labor, 313–33

food of, 331

gender of, 31, 32, 33

houses of, 317

inventory of, 323–24, 323 (cat. 44)

life of, 31–32, 264, 313–33, 361

masquerades of, 72–74, 81

medical treatment for, 347, 378, 378 (cat. 90)

number in Jamaica, 104, 263, 264

picturesque images of, 41–63

shackles and collar, iron, 300, 300 (cat. 28 & 29)

“slave code” restrictions, 155, 363, 513

suicide of, 333, 381

depictions of: Cudgelling Match between English and French Negroes in the Island of Domenica (Brunias), 28, 30 (fig. 2.3), 31

Maverly Works and Part of Liguanea Mountains (St Andrews) (Berryman), 318, 326 (cat. 52), 331

Negro and Indian characters (Ducôte, after Bridgens), 460–61, 460 (cat. 165)

Negro Hut with Figures in Plantain Walk (Berryman), 326 (cat. 48), 331; Planting Corn; Old Driver; Planting Corn

House Negro Digging Corn Holes (Berryman), 326 (cat. 50)

Sixteen Drawings of Slaves (Berryman), 323, 326 (cat. 51)

Slave Carrying Plantains on Pole (Berryman), 326 (cat. 53), 330

“View of Negro Village” (Berryman), 53 (fig. 3.12), 326 (cat. 47), 329. See also Insurrections; Slave punishment; Slave ships; Slave trade

Equal treatment of religions in Britain, 20–21, 151

Equiano, Olaudah, 275, 291

portrait by Orme (after Denton), 301, 301 (cat. 30)

“Essaka” (Nigeria), 301

Essay on the Impolicy of the African Slave Trade (Clarkson), 294

Essays on Physiognomy (Lavater), 440, 458

Etchings of Rustic Figures (Pyne), 402 (cat. 112)

Ethnicity of Belisario’s characters, 28–31

Ethnographic studies, 52–54, 163, 180, 194, 312, 332–33, 440, 458–61, 466

Euro-creole, defined, 3, 129

European conquest and colonization, 27

European presence in Jamaican culture, 103, 179

Evening, Bayswater (Linnell), 408, 410–11, 410 (cat. 118)

Ewe-Fon culture and art, 104

Execrable Human Traffick (Morland), 45, 292

“Exhibition Room, Somerset House” (Hill, after Pugin), 405 (cat. 113), 406

“Exhibition of Water Coloured Drawings, Old Bond Street” (Stadler, after Pugin & Rowlandson), 405 (cat. 114), 406

Eyre, Edward John, xix, 60–61, 505, 534, 536–38, 536 (cat. 126), 540

“Fair” trade or commerce, 172, 174

Fairclough, William, 374

Fairs and festivities, 454–57

Bartholomew Fair (Bluck, after Pugin & Rowlandson), 456, 456 (cat. 161)

Panoramic view round the Regent’s Park, London (Morris), 457, 457 (cat. 162). See also Christmas festivities; Jonkonnu/John Canoe/Jánkúnu; May Day festivities

Falconbridge, Alexander, 299

Falmouth (Jamaican port), 11, 517, 517 (cat. 216), 531 (cat. 229), 533

Falmouth Post: advertisements of Thomas Kidd for dry-goods, 384

on Christmas observances, 74

on Jews in society, 167

on Kidd paintings, 384

on Kingston fire (1843), 521

on post-emancipation Jamaica, 83

on William Tharp, 387

Fans, 116, 484, 484 (cat. 188)

Fanti culture, 104

Farm workers: Etchings of Rustic Figures for the Embellishment of landscape (Pyne), 402 (cat. 112)

Studies of Haymakers (Hills), 327, 402 (cat. 110), 404. See also Plantation system; Sugar plantations

Feathers, symbolism of, 115, 417, 451, 471, 480, 484

Felsted, Samuel, 137–138

Female Society for Birmingham for the Relief of British Negro Slaves, 23, 309

Fémy, Henri, 141

Ferguson, James, 92

Ferguson, John, 417, 547

Fiddlers, 143

Fielding, Theodor Henry Adolpus: “Montpelier Estates, St. James” (after Hakewill), 16, 55, 56 (fig. 3.15), 314, 343, 350, 350 (cat. 75)

Fife-and-drum bands, 122, 123, 127, 129, 130

Figure eight, symbolism of, 116–17

Figure from Grange Hill Jonkonnu Troupe (Galembo), 496 (cats. 206 & 208)

Figure from Spanish Town Road Jonkonnu Troupe (Galembo), 496 (cat. 209)

Figure from Steer Town Jonkonnu Troupe (Galembo), 496 (cat. 207)

Finley, Cheryl, 299

The First of August, 1834 (Lucas, after Rippingille), 369, 369 (cat. 85)

Fishpot of Split Bamboo (Berryman), 36 (fig. 2.8), 326 (cat. 58), 331

Fittler, James: A View of the Iron Bridge (after Robertson), 282 (cat. 16), 283–84

“Flagellation of a Female Samboe Slave” (Blake), 307 (fig. iii)

Flags, symbolism of, 116

Flower girls, 458 (cat. 163), 459

Folk culture, 129, 179, 183, 482

Fon culture, 82, 104.

Fonthill Abbey (England), 42, 43 (fig. 3.2)

Forcible Appeal for the Abolition of the Slave Trade (Newton), 308

Fores, Samuel, 306

Four Paths plantation, 326 (cat. 59), 329, 331

Frances, Lady Rowe (Belisario), 65, 66 (fig. 4.1), 394, 416–17, 416 (cat. 123)

Francis, Armet, 184

Francis, Sir Philip, 304

Franklin, Benjamin, 295

Free people of color: manumitted, 311

in militia, 353

number in Jamaica, 104

in regimental band, 141

rights granted to, 352

in schools, 146

socio-economic struggle of, 159

work, organization for, 114

“French Set-Girls” (Belisario), 93, 97, 97 (fig. 5.10), 104, 181, 435, 435 (cat. 141)

Friendship Estate (Kidd), 384, 384 (cat. 97)

Froude, James Anthony, 27

Fu-Kiau, K. Kia Bunseki, 89, 95

Fuller, John “Jack,” 4, 53, 311, 340

Fuller, John, 340, 340 (cat. 67)

Fuller, Rose, 340

Gainsborough, Thomas, 44, 45, 50

The Watering Place, 44, 47 (fig. 3.6), 281

Galembo, Phyllis: Atiya Traditional Dance, 110, 111 (fig. 6.7), 462, 474, 474 (cat. 177)

Jonkonnu performances (1999), 496, 497–501 (cats. 205–209)

Ngar Ball Traditional Masquerade, 487, 487 (cat. 190)

Pailles De Banane, 110, 474, 474 (cat. 178)

Portrait of Okao Aiwerioghen, 116, 466, 466 (cat. 166)

Ganga (Cuban slaves), 89

Gardner, Daniel: Sir John Taylor, His Wife Elizabeth, His Brother Simon Taylor, and Four of Their Six Children, 65, 66 (fig. 4.2), 346, 417

Garland, R., 13

Gates, Henry Louis, 179

Geography Rectified (Morden), 266

George III, 278, 305

George Hibbert and Company, 381

Georges, William Payne, 401

Gesture languages, 117

Ghana, 104. See also Gold Coast; specific cultures

Gillray, James, 292, 338

Anti-Sacharrites, or–John Bull and his Family leaving off the Use of Sugar, 305, 305 (cat. 34)

Barbarities in the West Indies, 304, 304 (cat. 33)

Gilman, Sander, 169

Gilpin, Rev. William, 342

Gilroy, Paul, 2

Gimber, Stephen, 369

The Gleaner competitions for Jonkonnu, 472, 472 (cat. 173)

Glenelg, Lord, 372, 391

Glissant, Edouard, 179

Glover, John: Hilly Landscape with River and Cattle, 408, 409 (cat. 117)

Goffe, John, 270

Gold Coast, 28, 31, 275

“Golden Grove Estate, St. Thomas in the East” (Muller, after Duperly), 531 (cat. 231), 533

Gomez, Michael, 104

Good Hope (Kidd), 58, 59 (fig. 3.17), 180, 365, 374, 375, 384, 384 (cat. 95), 386, 524, 529

Good Hope estate, 321, 374–81, 383

claim for compensation for freed slaves, 181, 382 (cat. 93)

estate inventory, 321, 381, 381 (cats. 91 & 92)

Kidd painting of, 58, 59 (fig. 3.17), 180, 365, 374, 375, 384, 384 (cat. 95), 386, 529

plan of (Schroeter), 377, 377 (cat. 89), 387

plan of hospital for sick slaves (Campbell), 347, 378, 378 (cat. 90), 387

Gordon, George William, xix, 504, 510, 538, 539, 539 (cat. 233), 540

Government Mountain estate, 392

Graham-Clarke, Mary, 11

A Grand Jamaica Ball! (James), 336–37, 336 (cat. 63)

Grant, Sir Robert, 21

Gray, C., 454, 455

Great Exhibition (England, 1851), 148

Green, William, 374

Green & Ward, 371

Greenwich estate, 353

Gregory, Joy, 184

Autoportrait photo series, 186, 187 (figs. 11.7 & 11.8)

Griffin, Gerald, 413

Grignon, Colonel William Sanford, 352, 353–54

Grosley, Pierre John, 439

Gumbay. See Drums and drumming

Guthrie, Colonel John, 285

Hackwood, William, 297

Abolitionist seal, 295, 295 (cat. 24)

ivory and metal bracelet, 295 (cat. 25)

medallion produced for the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 48, 49 (fig. 3.8), 295–96, 295 (cat. 23)

Haiti. See Saint-Domingue. See also Saint-Domingue revolution

Hakewill, James, xix, 27, 41, 54–55, 56, 155, 157, 180, 281, 284, 311, 322–23, 342–43, 344, 375, 414

“Bridge over the Rio Cobre, Spanish Town” (Cartwright, after Hakewill), 348, 348 (cat. 73)

Cascade of Terni (Landseer, after Turner & Hakewill), 345, 345 (cat. 70)

Haughton Court, Hanover, Jamaica, 323, 346 (fig. vii)

Holland Estate, St. Thomas in the East, 180, 346–47, 346 (fig. vi)

Holland Estate, St. Thomas in the East, View from the Change of Air House, 180, 346–47, 347 (cat. 71)

“King’s Square, St. Jago de la Vega” (Egerton, after Hakewill), 366, 367 (fig. ix)

Llanrummy Estate St Mary’s Jamaica, 319, 322 (cat. 42)

Lyssons Estate, St. Thomas in the East, Jamaica, 346–47, 346 (cat. 72)

Mill Yard, Holland Estate, 55, 322–23, 322 (cat. 43)

“Montego Bay from Reading Hill” (Sutherland, after Hakewill), 356–57, 356 (cat. 79)

“Montpelier Estates, St. James” (Fielding, after Hakewill), 343, 350, 350 (cat. 75)

“Rose-Hall,” 54, 55 (fig. 3.14)

“Waterfall on the Windward Road” (Sutherland, after Hakewill), 345, 349, 349 (cat. 74). See also Picturesque Tour of Italy; Picturesque Tour of the Island of Jamaica

Hall, Douglas, 518

Halse, Francis Sadler, 317

Halse, Thomas, 317

Halse estate, 32, 317, 317 (cat. 40), 323

Halse Hall, 317, 317 (cat. 40)

Hanover (Jamaica), 323, 346 (fig. vii)

“Harbour Street, Kingston” (Sutherland, after Hakewill), 19 (fig. 1.8), 150 (fig. 9.3), 155

Harewood, John, 374, 387

Hart, Daniel, 82, 167, 168, 174, 549

Harvey, Thomas, 13, 390

Hassell, John, 303

Haughton Court, Hanover, Jamaica (Hakewill), 323, 346 (fig. vii)

Havell, Daniel, 398

“The Collier,” 327, 332, 332 (cat. 60)

Interior of Bevis Marks Synagogue, London (after Belisario), 151, 152 (fig. 9.1), 397 (cat. 105), 398

Havell, Robert: “The Collier,” 332, 332 (cat. 60)

Hawkers, 167–68, 168 (fig. 10.5). See also “Cries” genre

Hawkins, John, 190

Haydon, Benjamin Robert: The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840, 22 (fig. 1.9), 23

Haynes, Benjamin, 52

Lucky Valley Estate in the Parish of Clarendon, 50, 51 (fig. 3.10)

Headdresses, 5, 99, 123, 130, 434, 471, 474. See also Jonkonnu/John Canoe/Jánkúnu

Head wraps, 441

Heath, Charles: engraving, from The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (after Stothard), 411, 411 (fig. x)

Henige, David, 27

Henriques, David, 157, 550

Henriques, M. Q., 78, 171, 434, 550

Hewitt, William, 32

Heyrick, Elizabeth: Immediate, not Gradual Abolition, 296, 309, 309 (cat. 38)

Heywood Hall plantation, 351

Hibbert, George, 16, 17 (fig. 1.6), 18, 58, 381, 384

Hibbert, Robert, 18

Highgate estate, 388 (cat. 103), 391–92

Highgate, Jamaica (Belisario), 388 (cat. 103), 391–92

Higman, Barry W., 1, 16, 27, 28, 32, 323, 325, 350, 353, 377

Hill, Errol, 72, 74, 83, 141

Hill, John: “Exhibition Room, Somerset House” (after Pugin & Rowlandson), 405 (cat. 113), 406

Hills, Robert, 2, 54, 58, 71, 78, 327, 395, 396, 404, 406, 407–08, 419

Cattle in Groups for the Embellishment of Landscape, 327, 402 (cat. 111), 404

Scene on the River Mole, with Cattle, 407, 407 (cat. 115)

Studies of Haymakers, 327, 402 (cat. 110), 404

Hilly Landscape with River and Cattle (Glover), 408, 409 (cat. 117)

Himid, Lubaina, 183, 186

Naming the Money, 178 (fig. 11.10), 186, 188 (fig. 11.9), 189 (fig. 11.10)

Hinton, J.: “A Representation of the Sugar Cane and the Art of Making Sugar,” 314–15, 314 (cat. 39)

Hispaniola, 266

An historical survey of the French colony in the island of St. Domingo . . . to the end of 1794 (Edwards), 287, 287 (cat. 19)

Histories of Jamaica, 27

History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies (Edwards), 43, 48, 278, 459

History of Jamaica (Long), 43, 105, 167, 276–77

History of the . . . Abolition of the African Slave-trade (Clarkson), 341

History of the Maroons, from their origin . . . (Dallas), 285–86, 286 (cat. 18)

History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-trade by the British Pariliament (Clarkson), 294, 294 (cat. 22)

Hodge, Arthur, 81, 401, 401 (cat. 109)

Hodges, William, 45, 342

Hogarth, William 186

Hogsheads, 321, 508

Holidays for the enslaved, 31

Holland, William, 141, 335, 338

Holland estate, 55, 322 (cat. 43), 346–47, 346 (cat. 71), 531 (cat. 230), 533

“Holland Estate, St. Thomas in the East” (Benoist, after Hakewill), 531 (cat. 230), 533

Holland Estate, St. Thomas in the East, Jamaica (Hakewill), 180, 346–47, 346 (fig. vi)

Holland Estate, St. Thomas in the East, View from the Change of Air House (Hakewill), 180, 346–47, 347 (cat. 71)

Holloway, Thomas (after Abbott): Bryan Edwards, 278, 278 (fig. i), 279

Holt, Thomas C., 1, 146

Hone, William, 430–31

Honour, Hugh, 289

Hope End, 12, 13 (fig. 1.3)

Hope River estate, 275

“The Hordley Estate, Morant Bay, Jamaica, 1865,” 540 (cat. 234)

Horowitz, Elliott, 170

Horse heads: Jonkonnu costume (unknown maker), 475, 475 (cat. 179)

from Lacovia, St. Elizabeth, Jamaica, 475, 475 (fig. xix)

Horsehead from Hayes Burru Band (Galembo), 496 (cat. 205)

House of Assembly. See Jamaica Assembly

House Jonkonnu, Coker (Saint Elizabeth) Jonkonnu Group, 482 (cat. 186)

House Jonkonnu, Edna Manly School Jonkonnu Group, 482 (cat. 187)

House with Walled Garden (Belisario), 84–85, 85 (fig. 4.19), 419, 419 (cat. 125)

Houseboat iconography in Jonkonnu, 112–15, 476, 479

House-on-the-head. See Jonkonnu/John Canoe/Jánkúnu

Humboldt, Alexander von, 60

Humphrey, Hannah, 304

Hunt: “The Portrait,” 78, 79 (fig. 4.15)

Hurston, Zora Neale, 89

Hyman, Matthew, 428, 550

Ibibio culture and art, 104, 477

Ibo culture and art, 104, 478, 478 (cat. 182)

Iconography of slave martyrdom, 308

Igbo culture and art, 28, 31, 93, 104, 130, 181, 301, 468, 468 (cat. 169)

Ijo culture and art, 104, 468, 477

Illustrated London News on Morant Bay insurrection, 540, 540 (cat. 234)

Immediate, not Gradual Abolition (Heyrick), 296, 309, 309 (cat. 38)

An Indian Cacique of the Island of Cuba, addressing Columbus (Bartolozzi), 278 (cat. 12), 279

Imogen Kennedy (Queen Queenie) (Morrison), 105, 106 (fig. 6.3), 472 (cat. 172)

Indian Mutiny-Rebellion of 1857–58, 540

Initiation rites and societies, African, 467, 468, 477, 487, 489

Inle eleri (“house on your head”)

costume, 112, 476

Institute of Jamaica, 473

Insurrections, 3, 15–16, 34, 37

Argyle War (1823–24), xix, 312, 351

Coromanti Rebellion (1760), 151, 154

Maroon Rebellion (1733), 154

Maroons (1795–96), xviii, 285, 287, 289

Morant Bay (1865), xix, 27, 38, 60, 505, 506, 536–41, 540 (cat. 234)

Native Baptists’ uprising, 12

Proclamation of Governor Belmore Requesting That Negroes Surrender, 3 February 1832 (Broadsheet), 357, 357 (cat. 80), 359

Rebellion of 1831–32 (Baptist War or Christmas Rebellion), xix, 12, 23, 34, 55–56, 71, 121, 312, 351–61, 353 (cat. 76), 355 (cat. 77), 356 (cat. 78), 363, 509, 517

Takyi Rebellion (1760), xviii, 34, 351

depictions of: The Attack of the Rebels on Montpelier Old Works Estate (Duperly), 312, 323, 353–54, 353 (cat. 76), 509–10

The Destruction of Roehamton Estate in the Parish of St James’s (Duperly), 312, 355, 355 (cat. 77)

The Maroons in Ambush on the Dromilly Estate in the Parish of Trelawny, Jamaica (Merigot), 289, 289 (cat. 20)

“Montego Bay from Reading Hill” (Sutherland), 323

Trelawney Town, the chief residence of the Maroons (Storerl, after Dayes), 287, 287 (cat. 19)

A View of Montego-Bay, Taken from Reading Hill, The Rebels Destroying the Road and Reading Wharf in Flames (Duperly), 312, 323, 356–57, 356 (cat. 78)

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (autobiography), 301

Interior of Bevis Marks Synagogue, London (Havell, after Belisario), 151, 152 (fig. 9.1), 397 (cat. 105), 398

Interior of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, London (Belisario), 180, 397 (cat. 104)

An Interior View of a Jamaica House of Correction (Tilt), 364, 372–73, 372 (cat. 88)

Interracial sexual relations, 155, 157, 169, 540

abuse of the enslaved, 34, 48, 334

custom of concubinage, 331, 338

Ireland, 21

An Iron Work for Casting of Cannon (Lowry, after Robertson), 282 (cat. 17), 283

Ironworks. See Metalworking

Islam, 99

“The Island of Jamaica” (Moll), xvi–xvii, 267, 267 (cat. 3)

Itinerant Traders of London in Their Ordinary Costume (Craig), 447

The Itinerate Trades of London (Wheatley), 445

Jack Pudding (John Canoe), 105

Jack-in-the-Green figure, 1, 430–31, 430 (fig. xiii), 465. See also Belisario, Isaac Mendes; Pitchy Patchy

Jacottet, Louis Julien (after Duperly): “A View of the Court-House (taken on the day of an Election),” 531 (cat. 227), 533

“A View of the Ordnance Yard (taken from the Wharf),” 531 (cat. 226), 533

Jamaica: Its Past and Present State (Phillippo), 366, 372, 373, 504, 506

Jamaica Assembly: xviii, xix, after Emancipation, 506

on Jews in society, 167

planters’ control of, 334

on roads, 348

Jamaica Baptist Association, xix, 511

Jamaica Courant announcing Kingston Theatre concert, 137, 138, 138 (fig. 8.1), 139 (fig. 8.3)

Jamaica Cultural Development Commission (JCDC), 114, 482

Jamaica Despatch and New Courant: ad for Duperly work, 81, 510

ad for Kidd work, 524

on Belisario’s work, 71

Jamaica Gazette ad for Belisario’s work, 71

Jamaica Herald and Commercial Advertiser announcing Belisario’s Rowe portraits, 416–17

Jamaica Surveyed (Higman), 377

Jamaica Times on Kingston fire (1843), 519–20

The Jamaican Stage (Hill), 72, 74

James, Abraham (“A. J.”): A Grand Jamaica Ball!, 336–37, 336 (cat. 63)

Segar Smoking Society in Jamaica, 336–37, 336 (cat. 64)

The Torrid Zone, Or, the Blessings of Jamaica, 335, 335 (cat. 62)

James Foundry, & Messrs DaCosta & Maxwell’s Steam Sawing-Mills, Kingston, Jamaica (Duperly, after Belisario), 519–22, 519 (cat. 218)

Jankunu. See Jonkonnu/John Canoe/Jánkúnu

“Jaw-Bone, or House John-Canoe” (Belisario), 96 (fig. 5.9), 97, 105, 112, 112 (fig. 6.8), 114, 120, 181, 432–33, 432 (cat. 137), 476 (fig. xx), 479

Jekyll, Walter, 143

Jessop, William, 273

Jewelry promoting abolition of slavery, 295–96, 295 (cat. 25)

Jewish Emancipation Act (1831), 414

[Jewish mendicant] (J. T. Smith), 436, 436 (fig. xiv)

Jewish militia company, 151, 154, 167

Jews: as artists, 402, 404

Ashkenazi, 157, 166, 398

assimilation in America, 167

contraband trade and, 153

emancipation in Jamaica, 159, 163, 390, 414

emancipation of the enslaved and, 154–55

enfranchisement and, xix, 20, 154

in England, 21, 151, 397, 400

in Jamaica, 20, 414

in Jamaican society, 5, 163–77

national loyalty questioned, 153–54, 153 (fig. 9.2)

participation in the slave system, 154, 155–57, 159

political context of, 151–59

racial caste system and, 151

religious exercise restrictions in Jamaica, 152–53

Sephardim, 163, 169, 395, 397

social norms and treatment of, 151

socio-economic struggle of, 159

as sub-scribers to Sketches of Character, 166

in theater, 413. See also Synagogues

Jews and Blacks in the Early Modern World (Schorsch), 174

Joanna (slave), 307–08

John Canoe. See Jonkonnu/John Canoe/Jánkúnu

John the Baptist (Moody), 181, 182 (fig. 11.1)

“Johnny Newcome in Love in the West Indies,” 338, 338 (cat. 65). See also Caricatures

Johnson, Claudette, 183

Johnson, Joseph, 308, 450, 479, 479 (cat. 183)

Jonah (Felsted), 137–38

Jonkonnu/John Canoe/Jánkúnu, 72, 74, 83, 89, 100, 105–08, 121–33, 277, 463–501

ban of, 129, 148

Belisario depictions of, 1, 93, 97, 180, 425, 432–33, 463

“Big Yard” as site of, 122, 124

cemetery visits as part of, 124, 132

competitions, 128 (fig. 7.10), 129, 472

conch shell summons to, 122, 124

costumes, symbolism of, 118–15

destruction of house, 125

development of as public art form, 104–05

house worn on character’s head, 5, 476–83

houseboat iconography in, 112–15, 476, 479

Maam female song leader in, 122, 123

military band’s role in, 141

music of, 122, 124, 127, 132, 146–48, 488–501

origins of, 132, 277

preparations for, 121–23

present-day depictions of, 472 (cats. 172–174), 473 (cats. 175–176)

rebellion at time of, 352

secular vs. religious nature of, 125, 130, 463

spiritual dimension of, 5, 125, 127

subversiveness of, 432–33

table of primary characters organized by region and functional category, 108

Western dollhouse influence on, 95

“cowhead” with cane and horned headdress and “Devil” with trident (Afro-Jamaican Jánkúnu maskers), 90 (fig. 5.1)

depictions of: “Band of the Jaw-Bone, or John-Canoe” (Belisario), 72, 73 (fig. 4.9), 122 (fig. 7.1), 170, 170 (fig. 10.9), 432–33, 432 (cat. 138), 488 (fig. xxiv)

Coker (St. Elizabeth) Jonkonnu Group (2001), 482, 482 (cat. 186)

Edna Manly School Jonkonnu Group (2001), 482, 482 (cat. 187)

Horse-Head Jonkonnu costume (unknown maker), 475, 475 (cat. 179)

“Jaw-Bone, or House John-Canoe” (Belisario), 96 (fig. 5.9), 97, 112, 112 (fig. 6.8), 121, 181, 432–33, 432 (cat. 137), 476 (fig. xx), 479

Jonkonnu House, 129–30, 130 (fig. 7.11)

Jonkonnu House (1921), 480, 481 (fig. xxii)

Jonkonnu House made for Christmas Fear Festival, Jamaica, 114, 114 (fig. 6.10), 481 (cat. 185)

photographs from 1952 Daily Gleaner festival, 102, 110, 492 (cats. 198–201)

photographs from 1999 performances (Galembo), 496, 496 (cats. 205–209)

Rhythm Rushers Bahamian Jánkúnu group, 94 (fig. 5.7). See also Pitchy Patchy

Jonkonnu Band and Musical Instruments, 492 (cat. 201)

Jonkonnu Group in Spanish Town, 492 (cat. 200)

Jonson, Ben, 456

Jordán, Manuel, 108

Pwo (Pwevo) masks, 109, 109 (fig. 6.5)

“Joseph Johnson” (J. T. Smith), 114, 450, 479, 479 (cat. 183)

Journal of a West India Proprietor (Lewis), 81, 105, 172, 430

Juba (slave), 155, 157, 159

Julien, Isaac, 184

Katz, Alex, 186

Kean, Edmund, 413

Keith, Sir Basil, 138

Kelly, Denis, 390

Kelly, Franklin, 60

Kelly’s Estate, 26, 28, 58, 362, 365, 388–92, 388 (cats. 98–100), 390

Kempadoo, Roshini, 184, 191–94

Ghosting, 191–92, 191 (figs. 11.12 & 11.13)

Sweetness and Light: Great House People (no. 4), 192 (fig. 11.14)

Sweetness and Light: Head People (no. 3), 193 (fig. 11.15)

Kensington Pen, 352

Kidd, Joseph Bartholomew, xix, 27, 28, 56, 58, 71, 180, 365, 375, 382, 384–87, 414, 504, 514, 524–29

“Belle Vue, Residence near Kingston, Stoney Hill in the Distance,” 526 (cat. 222), 529

“City of Kingston from the Commercial Rooms,” 8, 69 (fig. 4.6), 414, 414 (cat. 122)

Friendship Estate, 384, 384 (cat. 97)

Good Hope, 58, 59 (fig. 3.17), 180, 365, 374, 375, 384, 384 (cat. 95), 386, 524, 529

“Lethé Estate on Great River, St James and Hanover,” 525 (cat. 221), 529

“Montego Bay from Upton Hill,” 529, 529 (cat. 225)

“Mountain Cottage Scene, Cocoa Nut Trees in the Fore Ground,” 526 (cat. 223), 529

“The Parade and Upper Part of Kingston,” 172, 173 (fig. 10.13), 423, 423 (cat. 128)

“Stewart Castle Estate,” 529, 529 (cat. 224)

West Indian Scenery: Illustrations of Jamaica, 71, 524–29

Weston Favel Estate, 180, 384 (cat. 96)

“The Windward Falls, near Kingston,” 524, 524 (fig. xxvi)

Kidd, Thomas P., 384

Kidd, William J., 384

Kimber, Captain John, 306

King’s House (governor’s mansion), 277, 336, 390

“King’s Square, St. Jago de la Vega” (Egerton, after Hakewill), 366, 367 (fig. ix)

“King Street Chapel, Falmouth, Jamaica” (Cartwright), 517, 517 (cat. 216)

Kingston, 19–20, 133, 137, 270, 414

Athenaeum, 83, 166

Belisario’s depiction of, 65–87, 180

commerce in, 170, 518

establishment of, 270

fire in (1843), xix, 64, 83, 84 (fig. 4.17), 157, 158 (fig. 9.5), 504, 518, 519–23, 519 (cats. 217–220)

foundry and steam sawing-mills, 519–22, 521 (cat. 218)

Harbour Street, 19 (fig. 1.8), 150 (fig. 9.3), 155, 156 (fig. 9.3), 518

house with walled garden, 84–85, 85 (fig. 4.19), 419, 419 (cat. 125)

Kidd landscape, 8, 69 (fig. 4.6), 172, 173 (fig. 10.13), 414 (cat. 122), 423 (cat. 128), 524 (fig. xxvi), 526 (cat. 222)

King Street, 531 (cat. 228), 533

libraries and cultural organizations in, 83

named capital, 519

Parade, 172, 173 (fig. 10.13), 423, 423 (cat. 128)

population in early nineteenth century, 19, 137

during post-emancipation years, 518–23

racecourse, 510

Sutherland landscape, 155, 156 (fig. 9.4)

Kingston Chronicle on Jewish actors, 172

“Kingston Cries,” 72, 74–76, 163, 166, 425, 426, 436, 442. See also “Cries” genre

“Kingston, Jamaica with Newcastle in the Distance,” 540 (cat. 234)

Kingston Literary Association, 83

Kingston Philharmonic Society, 141

“Kingston & Port Royal from Windsor Farm” (Sutherland, after Hakewill), 155, 156 (fig. 9.4)

Kingston Theatre, 138 (fig. 8.1), 172, 423, 423 (cat. 129)

Klein, Herbert, 104

Knibb, Rev. William, xix, 12, 12 (fig. 1.2), 14, 23, 504, 506, 511, 512–13, 513 (cat. 213), 517

Kongo art and culture, 5, 28, 89–101, 100 (fig. 5.14), 104–05, 109–11, 115, 116–17, 130–33, 434, 465, 471, 484–85. See also specific cultures

“Koo-Koo, or Actor-Boy” (Belisario), 78, 98 (figs. 5.11 & 5.12), 99, 103, 103 (fig. 6.1), 115–16, 126 (fig. 7.7), 127, 162, 171, 171 (figs. 10.10 & 10.11), 172, 172 (fig. 10.12), 181, 423, 429, 433 (cats. 139 & 140), 463, 478, 478 (fig. xxi), 484, 484 (fig. xxiii)

Koromantis. See Coromantees

Krumen culture, 104

Kumanti religion, 89

Kumina at Manchioneal, Portland, 494 (cat. 203)

Kumina religion, 105, 132–33, 464, 466, 488, 489, 494

Lacovia, St. Elizabeth, Jamaica: fife from, 488 (fig. xxv)

horse heads from, 475, 475 (fig. xix)

Jonkonnu houseboat from, 480

Lagos, 275

Landscapes of Jamaica, 5, 41–63, 311, 326–31, 342–50, 365, 388, 404, 409, 524–29. See also Picturesque

Landseer, John: Cascade of Terni (after Turner & Hakewill), 345, 345 (cat. 70)

Laocoön, 307

Laroon, Marcellus, 74, 80–81, 438, 442–43, 442 (cat. 147)

Lascelles family, 341

Lauters, Paulus: illustration from Voyage à Surinam, 169, 169 (fig. 10.6)

Lavater, J. C., 440, 458

Lawrence, Philip, 167, 550

Lawrence, Thomas: George Hibbert, 17 (fig. 1.6), 18

Sarah Barrett Moulton: Pinkie, 10 (fig. 1.1), 11

Lazarus, Solomon, 166, 551

Le Clerc, [Sebastien]: “Svcerie,” 163, 164 (fig. 10.1)

Leeward Islands, 263, 538

Leighton, R. A.: Celebration of the 1st of August 1838 at Dawkins Caymanas near Spanish Town, Jamaica (after Ramsay), 507–08, 507 (cat. 211)

Lerpinière, Daniel: A View in the Island of Jamaica of the Bridge crossing Cabaritta River on the Estate of William Beckford Esqr. (after Robertson), 281, 281 (cat. 15), 282, 342

Leslie, Charles, 27

Lethé estate, 525 (cat. 221), 529

“Lethé Estate on Great River, St James and Hanover” (Kidd), 525 (cat. 221), 529

Levy, Judah Philip, 155, 157, 159

Lewin, Olive, 144, 144 (fig. 8.7), 147, 147 (fig. 8.11)

Lewis, Dave, 184

Lewis, Matthew Gregory, 20, 81, 105, 172, 174, 423, 430, 432

Lewis, “Monk,” 147

Libraries in Kingston, 83

The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (Heath illustration, after Stothard), 411, 411 (fig. x)

Life in London (Egan), 451

Life in Philadelphia (Clay), 78

Ligon, Richard, 275

Lindo, Abraham, 401, 414

Lindo, Alexandre, 81, 153, 166, 275, 395, 396, 401

Lindo, Esther (mother of artist Isaac Mendes Belisario), 395, 401

Lindo family, 400, 401

Linnell, John: Evening, Bayswater, 408, 410–11, 410 (cat. 118)

Lithographs, 70, 428, 530. See also Belisario, Isaac Mendes; Duperly, Adolphe

Liverpool, 436

Livestock: cattle used in sugar production, 314

pens, 31, 32, 33–34, 267, 319

depictions of: Cattle in Groups for the Embellishment of Landscape (Hills), 327, 402 (cat. 111), 404

Hilly Landscape with River and Cattle (Glover), 408, 409 (cat. 117)

Road Scene with Cattle (Belisario), 404, 406, 407, 407 (cat. 116), 409

Scene on the River Mole, with Cattle (Hills), 407, 407 (cat. 115)

Llanrumny estate, 319, 322 (cat. 42)

Llanrumny Estate St Mary’s Jamaica (Hakewill), 319, 322 (cat. 42)

Loango City (Kongo), 116, 471, 471 (cat. 170)

Locke, Donald, 181

Locke, Huw: The Prize, 2006 from The Rivington Place portfolio, 184, 184 (fig. 11.5)

London: Bartholomew Fair, 454, 456, 456 (cat. 161)

port of, 16, 273

Regent’s Park, 457, 457 (cat. 162)

slave trade, 264

London Committee (abolitionist), 292, 295, 299

London Cries. See “Cries” genre

London Missionary Society, 514

Long, Edward, xviii, 27, 43, 50, 52, 81, 105, 130, 151, 154, 167, 270, 276–77, 284, 289, 327, 336

Long, Edward Beeston, 327

Longville plantation, 276, 327

Lorrain, Claude, 41, 44, 279, 280, 342, 386

L’Ouverture, Toussaint, 338

“Lovey” (Belisario), 27, 74, 78, 78 (fig. 4.14), 81, 104, 436, 436 (cat. 142)

Lowry, Wilson: An Iron Work for Casting of Cannon (after Robertson), 282 (cat. 17), 283

Lucas, David: The First of August, 1834 (after Rippingille), 369, 369 (cat. 85)

Lucky Valley estate, 50, 51 (fig. 3.10), 52, 52 (fig. 3.11), 276, 327

Lunar Society of Birmingham, 314

Lutwyche, William, 296, 296 (cat. 26)

Luvale mask and masquerade costume, 109, 109 (fig. 6.5), 468, 468 (cat. 168)

Lyon, Isaac, 157

Lyssons estate, 346, 346 (cat. 72)

Lyssons Estate, St. Thomas in the East, Jamaica (Hakewill), 346–47, 346 (cat. 72)

Maam (female song leader), 122, 123

Mabiales, 97, 435

Macaulay, Zachary, 15, 18

Madden, R. R., 146

Madden, Richard, 174

Maidment, Brian, 83

Mail service between Britain and Caribbean, 18

Man Stripping Cane (Berryman), 310, 326 (cat. 55), 330

Manchester, Duke of, xviii, 365

Manchioneal Bruckins’ Party Band, 494 (cat. 202)

Mande culture and art, 89, 93, 99, 467, 467 (cat. 167)

Mandingo culture, 28, 104

Manley, Edna: Negro Aroused, 181, 182 (fig. 11.2)

Manley, Normal, 181

Mansfield, Chief Justice Lord, 277

Manumission, 311, 323

Maps: Abolition movement, 294, 294 (cat. 22)

English plantations in America (Morden), 266, 266 (cat. 2)

Good Hope estate (Schroeter), 377, 377 (cat. 89), 387

Jamaica (Edwards), xvi–xvii

Jamaica (Moll), 267, 267 (cat. 3)

Loango City (Africa), 116, 471, 471 (cat. 170)

Lucky Valley estate (Haynes), 50, 51 (fig. 3.10)

plantations, 50, 377

Spanish Town, Kingston, and surroundings, 139 (fig. 8.2)

world map (Speed), 264, 264 (cat. 1)

Marbial Valley, Haiti, 97, 100, 435

Marimba (musical instrument), 112

Mariwo, 110

“Market Falmouth” (Benoist, after Hakewill), 531 (cat. 229), 533

Marly (novelistic travelogue), 142, 146

Maroon War of 1795, 287, 289

Maroons, xviii, xix, 15, 89, 92, 129, 263, 307

music of, 92, 488

origins of, 263, 284, 351

resistance of, 284–85, 287, 289

socio-economic struggle of, 27

treaty with, 284–85, 287, 323

depictions of: The Maroons in Ambush on the Dromilly Estate in the Parish of Trelawny, Jamaica (Merigot, after Bourgoin), 289, 289 (cat. 20)

“Old Cudjoe making Peace” (Smith, Josiah), 285, 285 (cat. 18), 323

Pacification with the Maroon Negroes (unknown engraver), 286 (fig. ii)

Trelawney Town, the chief residence of the Maroons (Storerl, after Dayes), 287, 287 (cat. 19)

The Maroons in Ambush on the Dromilly Estate in the Parish of Trelawny, Jamaica (Merigot, after Bourgoin), 289, 289 (cat. 20)

Marronage, 37, 284–90. See also Insurrections

Martin, John, 411

Martineau, David, 274

Masks and masquerades, 104–05, 181

African roots of, 5, 93–100, 104, 463

Afro-creole performances, 129–30

animal headdresses, 130

Atiya mask, 474, 474 (cat. 177)

British, 454–57

bush cow mask Face of the Do society, 89, 90 (fig. 5.2)

“cowhead” headdress, 90 (fig. 5.1), 130

destruction of after performances, 125

Euro-creole performances, 129–30

fan for the Goddess Osun, 116, 484, 484 (cat. 188)

horse heads, 475, 475 (cat. 179), 475 (fig. xix)

Ibo mask (Ajanaku), 478, 478 (cat. 182)

ndunga mask, 110

Ngar Ball Traditional Masquerade (Galembo), 487, 487 (cat. 190)

Ogoni mask of man with a “House” mask, 112, 113 (fig. 6.9), 477, 477 (cat. 180)

Pailles De Banane (Galembo), 110, 474 (cat. 178)

Pwo-type mask (Luvale culture, Zambia), 109, 109 (fig. 6.5), 468, 468 (cat. 168)

role of in Jamaica, 31, 72–74, 81, 104–05

Sowei-type mask, 467, 467 (cat. 167)

white ancestor mask (Kongo and Yombe cultures), 115, 484–85, 484 (cat. 189)

Yaka, surmounted by a miniature house, 95, 96 (fig. 5.8)

Yoruba Egungun masker, 93 (fig. 5.5). See also Dancers and dancing; Drums and drumming; Jonkonnu/John Canoe/Jánkúnu; May Day festivities; Pitchy Patchy

Maurin, Antoine, 421

Maurin, Nicholas Eustace, 421

Maurin (after Belisario): The Revd Isaac Lopez, 421, 421 (fig. xi)

Maverly Works and Part of Liguanea Mountains (St Andrews) (Berryman), 318, 326 (cat. 52), 331

Maverly Works plantation, 318, 326 (cat. 52), 329, 331

May Day festivities, 76, 430–31, 438, 443, 457

May Day in London (Blake), 77 (fig. 4.13)

“May-Day: A Street Strolling Clown” (Smith, John Thomas), 74, 76, 76 (fig. 4.12)

Mazell, P.: View of the Roaring River Cascade (after John Milton), 276 (cat. 11), 277

McGee, Charles (J. T. Smith portrait), 436, 449 (cat. 154), 450

McGregor, Gregor, 400

McQueen, James, 18

Medallion produced for the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade (Hackwood and Wedgwood), 295, 295 (cat. 23)

Meldola, Raphael, 398

Mellish, Thomas: “A View of Charles Town, the Capital of South Carolina in North America,” 271, 271 (cat. 6)

Mende culture, 105

Mendelssohn, Felix, 137, 148

Mendes, Jacob Pereira, 157

Mendes, Samuel Pereira, 157

Mercer, Kobena, 179

Merchants: hawkers vs., 167

Jewish, 153, 154, 171–72, 400

ties with planters, 16

Merigot, J.: The Maroons in Ambush on the Dromilly Estate in the Parish of Trelawny, Jamaica (after Bourgoin), 289, 289 (cat. 20)

Metalworking: “Bridge over the Rio Cobre, Spanish Town” (Cartwright, after Hakewill), 348, 348 (cat. 73)

Calcutts Ironworks, 283

Campbell and Macintyre, 348

Fuller family interests, 340

An Iron Work for Casting of Cannon (Lowry), 279, 282 (cat. 17), 283

A View of the Iron Bridge (Fittler, after Robertson), 279, 282 (cat. 16), 283–84

Meucci, Antonio: Portrait of Adolphe Duperly, 420–21, 420 (cat. 126)

Microcosm (Pyne), 80, 404, 406, 437, 454, 454 (cat. 160)

Microcosm of London (Ackermann), 80, 83, 398, 400, 405, 406, 454, 456

Middle Passage, 2, 4, 31, 263, 275, 293, 299, 306, 341

Middlemarch (Eliot), 137

Militia, 359, 359 (cat. 81), 517

band, 141–42, 142 (fig. 8.5), 488

service of Jews, 153, 154, 167

“Milk Below” (Craig), 447, 447 (cat. 149)

“Milk Woman” (Pyne), 448, 448 (cat. 153)

Milksellers and milkmaids, as part of cries genre, 74, 75 (fig. 4.10), 80, 82, 438, 438 (cat. 144), 445, 445 (cat. 148), 447, 447 (cat. 149), 448 (cat. 153), 452–53, 452 (cat. 156)

“Milk Below Maids” (Schiavonetti after Wheatley), 445, 445 (cat. 148)

“Milkwoman” (Belisario), 27, 75 (fig. 4.10), 80, 82, 438, 438 (cat. 144)

Mill, John Stuart, 15, 538

Mill Yard, Holland Estate (Hakewill), 55, 322–23, 322 (cat. 43)

Miller, Herbie, 92

Miller, Joseph, 104

Mills, Charles, 37

Mills on sugar plantations, 321, 322, 322 (cat. 43), 323

Milton, John: View of the Roaring River Cascade, 276 (cat. 11), 277

Minkisi (Kongo religious objects), 89, 471. See also Nkisi

Mintz, Sidney, 503

Mirzoeff, Nicholas, 174

Miss E. Tree in the Character of Mrs Cregan in “Eily O’Connor” (Belisario), 397, 413, 413 (cat. 121)

Missionaries, xviii, xix, 4, 12, 20, 23, 60, 129, 159, 317, 513 (cat. 214), 514

emancipation, role in, 506, 511–17

music and, 146, 148

opposition to their presence, 346, 512, 516–17

Rebellion of 1831–32 and, xix, 351

Mitchel, Hector, 83, 553

Mixed-race children. See Children born of slave and owner

Moll, Herman: “The Island of Jamaica,” xvi–xvii, 267, 267 (cat. 3)

Monck, Christopher, 269

Montego Bay, 28, 29 (fig. 2.2), 270, 270 (cat. 5), 356–57, 356 (cats. 78 & 79), 529 (cat. 225)

“Montego Bay from Reading Hill” (Sutherland, after Hakewill), 356–57, 356 (cat. 79)

“Montego Bay from Upton Hill” (Kidd), 529, 529 (cat. 225)

Montego Bay Gazette, 290

Monteith, Archibald, 31

Monteith, Kathleen E. A., 325

“Montpelier Estates, St. James” (Fielding, after Hakewill), 343, 350, 350 (cat. 75)

Montpelier estates, 55, 282, 311, 323, 329

account book, 55, 323–24, 323 (cat. 44)

Fielding (after Hakewill) landscape, 16, 55, 56 (fig. 3.15), 314, 323, 343, 350 (cat. 75)

history of, 323, 350

insurrections and, 55–56, 57 (fig. 3.16), 323, 352, 353–54, 353 (cat. 76), 509–10

Montserrat, 263

Monuments: Beckford monument (Moore), 42 (fig. 3.1)

“Monument of the Late Thomas Hibbert Esq.” (Egerton), 18 (fig. 1.7)

National Heroes’ Park (also known as “The Racecourse”), 510, 539

Rodney Memorial, 366, 506

Moody, Ronald: Johanaan, l’Évangeliste, 181, 182 (fig. 11.1)

Moon, Sir Francis Graham, 369

Moore, John Francis: Monument to William Beckford, 42 (fig. 3.1)

Moore Town, 92, 285

Morant Bay Rebellion (1865). See Insurrections

“Morant Bay, the Scene of the Negro Insurrection,” 540 (cat. 234)

Morden, Robert: A New Map of the English Plantations in America, 266, 266 (cat. 2)

Morland, George, 48, 292, 303

African Hospitality (J. R. Smith, after Morland), 48, 302 (cat. 32), 303

The Slave Trade (J. R. Smith, after Morland), 292, 302 (cat. 31), 303

Morris, Richard: Panoramic view round the Regent’s Park, London, 457, 457 (cat. 162)

Morrison, Keith: Imogen Kennedy (Queen Queenie), 105, 106 (fig. 6.3), 472 (cat. 172)

Moses, Henry: Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1807 (Collyer, after Moses), 308–09, 308 (cat. 37)

Moher Lundeh (Lumbe), Whole-a-Horse and Buru Band, 492 (cat. 199)

Moulton-Barrett, Arabella: Image of Hope End Mansion, 12, 13 (fig. 1.3)

Moulton-Barrett, “Bro” (son of Edward), 13, 14

Moulton-Barrett, Charles “Stormie” (son of Edward), 13, 14

Moulton-Barrett, Edward Barrett, 11–12, 13

Moulton-Barrett, Elizabeth (daughter of Edward). See Browning, Elizabeth Barrett

Moulton-Barrett, Henrietta (daughter of Edward), 14

Moulton-Barrett, Sam (son of Edward), 13, 14, 19

Moulton-Barrett, Samuel Barrett (brother of Edward), 11, 13

Mount, William Sidney, 143

“Mountain Cottage Scene, Cocoa Nut Trees in the Fore Ground” (Kidd), 526 (cat. 223), 529

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 141

“Mr. Paul Pride costumed as Pitchy Patchy,” 472 (cat. 174)

Muguet, G.: A Diagram of the Burnt District of the City of Kingston, 519 (cat. 217), 521

Mulattoes, 167, 307

Mulgrave, Earl of (Constantine Henry Phipps), xix, 365, 370

Mulinda, Habi Bunganza, 110

Muller, G.: “Golden Grove Estate, St. Thomas in the East” (after Duperly), 533, 533 (cat. 231)

Mundele-Ndombe, 92

Muñones (feathers), 115

Music, 28, 72, 89–101, 127, 129, 137–49

acculturation of, 143–44

Buru Musicians, Heyes, Clarendon (unknown photographer), 494 (cat. 204)

conch shells, 124

contemporary music, 133

fiddlers, 143

fife from Lacovia, St. Elizabeth, Jamaica, 488 (fig. xxv)

“Jawbone” music of Maroons, 129

Jonkonnu celebration and, 122, 124, 127, 127 (fig. 7.8), 132, 146–48, 488–501

Kikumbi society members performing (unknown photographer), 88, 91 (fig. 5.4)

maam (song leader) and myal woman (spirit medium) performing with Jankunu band (Bilby), 91, 123, 123 (fig. 7.4)

military band, 141–43, 142 (fig. 8.5)

The Negro Banjo Player (Calyo), 452–53, 452 (cat. 157)

reggae music, 92, 133

sacred music, 137–38, 146

secular music, 138–39

shaka (rattle), 97

Sloane description of, 269

musical pieces: “Banyan Tree” (Jamaican folk song, transcribed by Olive Lewin), 144, 144 (fig. 8.7)

“Bell a Ring a Yard” (Jonkonnu song, transcribed by Olive Lewin), 147, 147 (fig. 8.11)

“Dandy Shandy” (Jamaican folk song), 144, 145 (fig. 8.9)

“Oh Samwel Oh!” (modal digging song), 145 (fig. 8.10)

Sechs Ländler (Schubert), 144 (fig. 8.7). See also Dancers and dancing; Drums and drumming

Myal, 105, 122, 123, 123 (fig. 7.4), 124, 125, 132, 464, 476, 488, 489

Myela ritual in Kongo, 91–92

Nago music and culture, 28, 116

Nanny (Maroon figure), 284, 510

Nanny Town, 284

Napoleon and Napoleonic wars, 293, 343, 420–21

Narrative of a five years’ expedition, against the revolted Negroes of Surinam (Stedman), 307–08

A Narrative of Events since the First of August, 1834, by an Apprenticed Labourer in Jamaica (Williams), 364, 372, 373

Narrative of a five years’ expedition, . . . with an account of the Indians of Guiana, & Negroes of Guiana (Stedman), 307–08, 307 (cat. 36)

Nassau and maskers, 95

Native Baptists’ uprising. See Insurrections

Ndoki (evil spirit), 115, 476

Ndundu (female secret society), 110, 465

Neagle, John: “A Man and a Woman of Oonalashka” (after Alexander), 163, 164 (fig. 10.2)

“Negro,” use of term, 361

The Negro Banjo Player (Calyo), 452–53, 452 (cat. 157)

The Negro Woman (Calyo), 452–53, 452 (cat. 159)

“Negro Heads with Punishments” (Ducôte, after Bridgens), 333 (cat. 61)

A Negro hung alive by the Ribs to a Gallow (Blake), 307 (cat. 36)

Negro Hut with Figures in Plantain Walk (Berryman), 326 (cat. 48), 331

A Negroes’ Dance in the Island of Domenica (Brunias), 458 (cat. 164), 459

Nettleford, Rex, 3

Nevis, 263

“A New and Accurat Map of the World” (Speed), 264–65, 265 (cat. 1)

A New Map of the English Plantations in America (Morden), 266, 266 (cat. 2)

New World: discovery of, 180

presence in Jamaican culture, 179

Newcome, Johnny. See Caricatures

Newspapers, 20. See also specific newspaper by name

Newton, John, 309

Newton, Richard, 308

Nganga (priest), 171, 471, 485

Ngar Ball Traditional Masquerade (Galembo), 487, 487 (cat. 190)

Nichols, Samuel, 517

Nigeria, 104, 105, 106, 112, 113 (fig. 6.9), 115, 116, 275, 477 (cat. 180), 484, 484 (cat. 188). See also specific cultures

Nkisi, 99, 471. See also Minkisi

“No. 1, 2, 5 & 6, Negro, 3 & 4, Indian Characters” (Ducôte, after Bridgens), 460 (cat. 165)

Nomanby, Marquess of. See Mulgrave, Earl of (Constantine Henry Phipps)

Notes on the Present condition of the Negroes in Jamaica (De la Beche), 317

Nugent, Lady Maria, 138, 141, 142, 143, 151, 154, 335, 337, 346

Nzambi a Mpungo (God), 109

Obeah (spiritual power), 105, 464

An Occasional Discourse on the Nigger Question (Carlyle), 38

O’Connell, Daniel, 21

Odulate, Thomas Ona: Boat with Figures, 477, 477 (cat. 181)

Ofili, Chris, 184

Ogoni culture and art, 112, 113 (fig. 6.9), 477, 477 (cat. 180)

Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African (Orme, after Denton), 301 (cat. 30)

“Old Clothes!” (Craig), 168, 168 (fig. 10.5), 447, 447 (cat. 151)

Old Montpelier estate. See Montpelier estates

Oldfield, John, 292, 294

Oliver Twist (Dickens), 372

Olsen, Victoria, 536

The Ordinance of Baptism (Baxter, after Kidd), 513 (cat. 214), 514

Oriental Scenery (Daniell), 273

Orme, Daniel: Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African (after Denton), 301, 301 (cat. 30)

Osun in Yoruba culture, 115, 116, 484, 484 (cat. 188)

Othello (Shakespeare), 82–83, 413

Overseers on plantations, 314–15, 318, 321, 323

Pacification with the Maroon Negroes (Edwards, after Brunias), 286, 286 (fig. ii)

Pailles De Banane (Galembo), 110, 474, 474 (cat. 178)

Pan-Afrikan Connection, 183

Panoramic view round the Regent’s Park, London (Morris), 457, 457 (cat. 162)

Papaw culture, 28, 130

“The Parade and Upper Part of Kingston” (Kidd), 172, 173 (fig. 10.13), 423, 423 (cat. 128)

Paramaribo, Suriname, 169

Pascal, Michael, 301

Past, Present, and Future State of Jamaica (Duperly), 81

The Patent Chimney-Sweep Cleaner (Calyo), 70, 70 (fig. 4.7), 452–53, 452 (cat. 158)

Paternity acknowledgment of children of enslaved mothers, 157

Paterson, Thomas, 378

Pathey, Benjamin Caractacus, 421

portrait of (Duperly with Belisario), 421 (cat. 127)

Patwa (Jamaican creole vocabulary), 132

Pearsall, Sarah, 383

Peasant economy of Jamaica, 503, 518

Pechon, John B., 325

Peltz, Lucy, 82, 450

Penn, William, 11, 266

Pepys, Samuel, 443

Peters, Elissa, 11

Petterson, Orlando, 41

Phillippo, James M., xix, 60, 82, 146, 366, 372, 373, 391, 392, 504, 505, 506, 507, 511–12, 513

Phillips, James, 292, 299

Phillips, William, 447

Phipps, Constantine Henry. See Mulgrave, Earl of

Photography, invention of, 504. See also Daguerreotype photographs

Piazza and Stairs at Four Paths (Clarendon) (Berryman), 326 (cat. 59), 329, 331

Pibbah (slave housekeeper), 34

Picasso, Pablo, 186

Picken, Thomas: Abolition of Slavery in Jamaica, 366, 506, 506 (cat. 210)

“Baptist Chapel, St. Ann’s Bay, Jamaica,” 516 (cat. 215)

Picturesque, 4, 5, 279, 329, 332, 342–50

fairs and festivals as subjects of, 454

images of slavery and apprenticeship era, 41–63, 388–92

“prospect view” of Great Houses and, 334. See also Landscapes of Jamaica

Picturesque Tour of Italy (Hakewill), 342, 345, 346, 349

Picturesque Tour of the Island of Jamaica (Hakewill), 54–55, 55 (fig. 3.14), 56 (fig. 3.15), 332, 343, 346, 348, 349, 355, 366, 367 (fig. ix)

Piper, Keith, 183, 190

A Ship Called Jesus, 190, 190 (fig. 11.11)

Pitchy Patchy, 1, 109–10, 430, 465, 467, 472 (cat. 174), 473 (cats. 175–176)

Pitt, William, 293

Pitzhanger Gallery (London), 192

Pizaro, 433–34

A Plan of Good Hope Estate (Schroeter), 377, 377 (cat. 89), 387

Plan of the Hospital for Sick Slaves at Good Hope (Campbell), 347, 378, 378 (cat. 90)

Plantain Walk (Berryman), 326 (cat. 46), 331

Plantation system, 4, 32, 167–68, 264, 334–41

absentee owners, 33, 311, 335, 350

culture of, 333

demise of, 364

Great Houses, 334

maps of, 50, 377

types of labor, 323–24. See also Sugar plantations

Planters and plantocracy. See Plantation system; Sugar plantations

Planting Corn; Old Driver; Planting Corn; House Negro Digging Corn Holes (Berryman), 326 (cat. 50)

Plymouth, England, 343–44, 343 (cat. 69)

Plymouth Committee of the SEAST, xviii, 299

“Plymouth Dock from Mount Edgecumbe” (Cooke, after Turner), 343–44, 343 (cat. 69)

Pollard, Ingrid, 184

Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, 364, 373

Popo culture and art, 93

Port Royal, 151, 155, 156 (fig. 9.4), 270

Portraits, 65

Aiwerioghen, Okao (Galembo), 116, 466, 466 (cat. 166)

Auto-portrait photo series (Gregory), 186, 187 (figs. 11.7 & 11.8)

Berryman’s possible self-portrait, 53–54, 54 (fig. 3.13), 326 (cat. 50), 329

Duperly, Adolphe (Meucci), 420–21, 420 (cat. 126)

Edwards, Bryan (Holloway, after Abbott), 279

Equiano, Olaudah (or Gustavus Vassa) (Orme), 301, 301 (cat. 30)

Eyre, Edward John (Cameron), 536–38, 536 (cat. 126)

Frances, Lady Rowe (Belisario), 65, 66 (fig. 4.1), 394, 416–17, 416 (cat. 123)

Fuller, John (Turner, after Singleton), 340, 340 (cat. 67)

Gordon, George William (Duperly & Sons, A.), 502, 539, 539 (cat. 233)

Hibbert, George (Lawrence), 17 (fig. 1.6), 18

Johnson, Joseph (Smith), 450, 479 (cat. 183)

Knibb, Rev. William (Baxter), 12 (fig. 1.2), 504, 513 (cat. 213)

Lopez, Revd Isaac (Maurin, after Belisario), 421, 421 (fig. xi)

McGee, Charles (J. T. Smith), 436, 449 (cat. 154), 450

Moulton, Sarah Barrett (Lawrence), 10 (fig. 1.1), 11

Okao Aiwerioghen (Galembo), 116, 466, 466 (cat. 166)

Pathey, Benjamin Caractacus (Belisario & Duperly), 421, 421 (cat. 127)

Robertson, George (Rigaud), 45 (fig. 3.4)

Taylor family (John with wife Elizabeth, his brother Simon, and four of their six children) (Gardner), 65, 66 (fig. 4.2), 417

unknown man (Belisario), 417, 417 (cat. 124)

Portuguese slave trade, 468

Post-emancipation Jamaica, 83–85

Potosi estate, 374

Poupeye, Veerle, 1, 181

Poussin, Gaspard, 44

Poyais scheme for investment in Mosquito Coast, 400

Pratt, Mary Louise, 3, 179, 180, 347

Prichard, James Cowles, 440–41, 458

Prince, Mary, 15

Prison. See Punishment

Pritchard, Thomas Farnolls, 284

Proclamation of Governor Belmore Requesting That Negroes Surrender, 3 February 1832, 357, 357 (cat. 80)

Proslavery polemics, 277, 308, 312, 343, 441

Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World (Speed), 264

Prostitution, 34

Protector of Slaves Office (Bridgens), 333, 333 (fig. v)

Protestant Constitution (1688), 21

Protestant doctrine of labor, 313

Provision grounds for the enslaved, 4, 33–34, 313, 317, 318, 329

Public art forms as ideology, 104–05

Pugin, Auguste Charles, 406

Bartholomew Fair (Bluck, after Pugin & Rowlandson), 456, 456 (cat. 161)

Duke’s Place, Houndsditch (Sutherland, after Pugin & Rowlandson), 397 (cat. 106), 398

“Exhibition Room, Somerset House” (Hill, after Pugin & Rowlandson), 405 (cat. 113), 406

Punishment, 417, 505

Jamaica House of Correction (Tilt), 364, 372–73, 372 (cat. 88)

of rebels in Christmas Rebellion, 360, 360 (cat. 82). See also Slave punishment

Puritan revolution, 266

Pwo-type mask and masquerade costume, 109, 109 (fig. 6.5), 468, 468 (cat. 168)

Pyne, William Henry, 53, 71, 76, 80, 396, 404, 406, 437, 454, 456

Costume of Great Britain, 53, 448

“Country Fair,” 404, 454 (cat. 160)

Etchings of Rustic Figures, 402 (cat. 112)

“Milk Woman,” 448, 448 (cat. 153). See also Microcosm (Pyne)

Quakers, 263, 291, 301, 309, 511

“Queen or ‘Maam’ of the Set-Girls” (Belisario), 33, 72, 78, 81, 105–06, 106 (fig. 6.2), 109, 115, 123, 413, 417, 424, 429, 430 (cat. 135), 464 (fig. xvi), 465, 466, 468

Queen Mothers in African traditions, 105, 467

Quilley, Geoff, 1, 45, 48, 283

Ra, K. Khalfani: The Vicissitudes of Memory, 183, 183 (fig. 11.4)

“Raceboys,” 34

Racism, 38, 41, 132–33, 277, 440–41, 505, 510, 534, 536. See also Anti-Semitism

Radnor estate, 325, 325 (cat. 45)

Ramsay, William, 392, 506, 508

Celebration of the 1st of August 1838 at Dawkins Caymanas near Spanish Town, Jamaica (Leighton, after Ramsay), 507–08, 507 (cat. 211)

Rastafari, 488

Rath, Richard, 72, 143

Rebellions. See Insurrections

Recovery (slave ship), 306

Red, use of color in Kongo culture, 89, 97

Red roses, significance of, 109

“Red Set-Girls, and Jack-in-the-Green” (Belisario), xx, 81, 106, 107 (fig. 6.4), 109, 115, 117, 181, 427 (cat. 132), 430–31, 430 (cat. 136), 464 (fig. xvi)

Reform Act of 1832, 21, 363

Reggae music, 92, 133

Religion: African religious objects, 471, 487

Afro-Jamaicans and, 89, 91, 103

Anglican Church, 20, 138, 146, 511

Baptists, 373, 511, 513–17, 513 (cat. 214), 516 (cat. 215)

black Baptist church, 146, 351, 512, 539

Christianity, conversion of the enslaved to, 74, 82, 317, 506

equal treatment in Britain, 20–21, 151

Jamaican folk culture and, 5, 181

Kumanti, 89

Kumina, 105, 132–33, 464, 466, 488, 489

political discontent and, 352

rhythmic breathing in, 92

sacred music, 137–38, 146

Santería, 484. See also Ancestral spirits and worship Jews

Missionaries Report from the Select Committee on Negro Apprenticeship in the Colonies, 74, 81, 417

A Report of the trial of Arthur Hodges, Esquire (A. M. Belisario), 81, 401, 401 (cat. 109)

“A Representation of the Sugar Cane and the Art of Making Sugar” (Hinton), 314–15, 314 (cat. 39)

Resistance by the slaved. See Insurrections

Retreat Pen, 377

Retrieve Pen, 353

Revival, 489

Rhymer, G.: “Jack in the Green or the 1st of May,” 430 (fig. xiii)

Rhythmic breathing, 92

Rigaud, John Francis: Portrait of George Robertson, 44, 45 (fig. 3.4)

Rippingille, Alexander Villiers: The First of August, 1834 (Lucas, after Rippingille), 369, 369 (cat. 85)

Rippingille, Edward Villiers, 369

Roach, Joseph, 2

Road Scene with Cattle (Belisario), 404, 406, 407, 407 (cat. 116), 409

Roaring River, 31, 32, 40, 44, 45, 46 (fig. 3.5), 48, 49 (fig. 3.9), 50, 276 (cat. 11), 277, 280–81, 280 (cat. 13), 281 (cat. 14), 342

Roberts, Helen, 130

Roberts, Samuel, 439

Robertson, George, xviii, 5, 31, 41, 43–48, 54, 78, 180, 311, 323, 342

portrait of (Rigaud & Robertson), 44, 45 (fig. 3.4)

The Spring Head of Roaring River, 40, 44, 45, 46 (fig. 3.5), 50, 279, 280, 280 (cat. 13)

A View in the Island of Jamaica of Roaring River Estate (Vivares, after Robertson), 31, 48, 49 (fig. 3.9), 50, 281, 281 (cat. 14), 342

A View in the Island of Jamaica of the Bridge crossing Cabaritta River (Lerpinière, after Robertson), 281, 281 (cat. 15), 342

A View of the Iron Bridge (Fittler, after Robertson), 282 (cat. 16), 283–84

Rodney, Captain George, 153

Rodney, Donald, 183

Rodney, Walter, 37

Rodon Hall estate, 53, 326 (cat. 47), 327, 329

Rogers, Franklyn, 184

Role-switching, 92

Rollet, la Cit[oye]nne, 303

Romanticism in music, 144

Rosa, Salvator, 41, 44, 280, 342, 529

Rose, Fulke, 340

Rose, Robert (slave), 360

Rose Hill estate, 340–41, 340 (cat. 68)

“Rose-Hall” (Sutherland, after Hakewill), 54, 55 (fig. 3.14)

Rosehill (Stadler, after Turner), 340–41, 340 (cat. 68)

Rouget, Gilbert, 92

Roughley, Thomas, 330

Rowe, Lady Frances (Belisario portrait), 65, 66 (fig. 4.1), 394, 416–17, 416 (cat. 123)

Rowe, Sir Joshua, 416–17

Rowlandson, Thomas, 406

Bartholomew Fair (Bluck, after Pugin & Rowlandson), 456, 456 (cat. 161)

Synagogue, Duke’s Place, Houndsditch (Sutherland, after Pugin & Rowlandson), 397 (cat. 106), 398

“Exhibition Room, Somerset House” (Hill, after Pugin & Rowlandson), 405 (cat. 113), 406

Royal Academy of Arts, xviii, 303, 308, 395, 396, 405, 406

“Exhibition Room, Somerset House” (Hill), 405 (cat. 113), 406

Royal African Company, 31, 270, 275

Royal Exchange. See Stock Exchange

Royal Gazette ad requesting colorists, 429

Rubens, Peter Paul, 281

Rum, production of, 321

A Run away negro, Jamaica (Duperly), 361 (cat. 83)

“The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point” (poem by E. Barrett-Browning), 14

Runaways, 361, 361 (cat. 83). See also Maroons

Russian clothing, 163, 164 (fig. 10.2)

Ryan, Elizabeth, 373

Ryan, Veronica, 183

Ryman, Cheryl, 105, 112

Saar, Betty, 299

“The Sable Venus: An Ode” (Teale), 48

Sable Venus voyage, 48, 49 (fig. 3.7)

Santiago de la Vega. See Spanish Town

St. Andrew’s Church, 138

St. Ann’s Bay (Jamaica), 516–17

St. Catherine parish, 489

St. Croix, 274

St. Elizabeth parish, 488. See also Lacovia, St. Elizabeth, Jamaica

St. Eustatia, 153

St. Jago de la Vega. See Spanish Town

St. Kitts, 263

St. Mary parish, 278, 489

St. Thomas parish, 489

The Vale of St. Thomas, Jamaica (Church), 60–61, 61 (fig. 3.19)

St. Thomas-in-the-East, 91, 536

St. Vincent, 279, 286, 538

Saint-Domingue, xviii 9, 38, 97, 99–100, 338, 474

Vèvè (Haitian sacred ground blazon), 99, 99 (fig. 5.13)

Saint-Domingue revolution, xviii, 1, 123, 293, 432, 435

Sam Sharpe Rebellion (1831–32). See Insurrections

San Domingo, Hispaniola, 266

San Domingue. See Saint-Domingue

Sancho, Ignatius, 291

Sande culture, 106

Sansom, Philip, 292, 295

Santería, 132, 484

Sasportas, Isaac Jeshurun, 153

Satirical prints. See Caricatures

Saturnalia, 454–57

Savagery vs. civilization imagery, 82

Scene on the River Mole, with Cattle (Hills), 407, 407 (cat. 115)

Scharf, George: Emancipation, 364, 371–72, 371 (cat. 87)

Schematized scenes, 163

Schiavonetti, Luigi: “Milk Below Maids” (after Wheatley), 445, 445 (cat. 148)

Schloss, S., 166, 554

Schorsch, Jonathan, 174

Schroeter, John Henry: A Plan of Good Hope Estate, 377, 377 (cat. 89), 387

Schubert: Sechs Ländler, 144, 144 (fig. 8.7)

“Scientific racism,” 38

Scott, Michael, 72, 74, 76, 105, 435

Scott, Robert, 330

Scotton, Carol Myers, 92

Sculptures: Boat with Figures (Odulate), 477, 477 (cat. 181)

carved Afro-Jamaican image of a standing woman in red, 89, 90 (fig. 5.3)

Johanaan, l’Évangeliste (Moody), 181, 182 (fig. 11.1)

Negro Aroused (Manley), 181, 182 (fig. 11.2)

Seaford, Lord. See Ellis, Charles Rose

SEAST. See Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade

Second Maroon War, 289

Secret societies, 105, 106, 110, 114–15

Segar Smoking Society in Jamaica (James), 336–37, 336 (cat. 64)

Senegalese, 28

Senegambia, 31

Senior, Bernard, 56, 168

Sephardim, 163, 169, 395, 397

“Set-Girls,” xx, 1. See also “Queen or ‘Maam’ of the Set-Girls”; “Red Set-Girls, and Jack-in-the-Green”

Sexual mores, 117, 511. See also Interracial sexual relations

Shackles, 300, 300 (cat. 28)

Shakespeare, 82–83, 99, 127, 172, 174, 433

Shand, William, 374

Sharp, Granville, 291, 292

Sharpe, Sam (or Samuel), xix, 34, 351, 510, 512

Shebbaz, Menelik, 184

Sheridan, Richard, 1, 32, 378, 433

Shesgreen, Sean, 80, 166, 442, 445

Shettlewood Pen, 323, 359

Shonibare, Yinka, 184

Sierra Leone, 31, 106, 287, 297, 301

“Signifyin’,” 179, 181

Simbi spirit, 109

Singleton, Henry: John Fuller (Turner, after Singeton), 340, 340 (cat. 67)

Sixteen drawings of slaves (Berryman), 323, 326 (cat. 51)

Ska music, 92

Sketches of Character (Belisario), 65–87, 425–41

advertisements for, 71, 428

Belisario’s conservatism, 82

Belisario’s limitations as observer as evidenced by, 125

Belisario’s motives for creating series, 65, 426

as blueprint for post-emancipation Jamaica, 65–87

as central focus of present book, 1

“Christmas Amusements,” 72–74, civic improvement described in, 80, 437

civilizationist rhetoric in, 80, 82

claim to have been “drawn from nature,” 76–77

in context of “Cries” tradition, 5, 80-81, 168, 180, 142, 437, 438, 439, 440–53

“Cries of Kingston,” 72, 74–76, 166, 425, 426, 436, 442; 81–82, 99, 425, 426, 434, 435

critical reception of, 83

epigraph, 413

erasure of Jewish figures in, 167–74

hand-coloring, 71, 429

as icons of Jamaican national identity, 117, 129, 132, 426

letterpress, 81–82, 104, 427

military dress in, 432

as portrait of Jamaica in the 1830s, 2, 103

as representing cultural life of the enslaved, 27, 31, 72, 93, 103–19, 123, 125, 425

plates: “Band of the Jaw-Bone, or John-Canoe,” 72, 73 (fig. 4.9), 122 (fig. 7.1), 170, 170 (fig. 10.9), 181, 432–33, 432 (cat. 138), 488, 488 (fig. xxiv)

“Chimneysweeper,” 75 (fig. 4.11), 439 (cat. 145)

“Creole Negroes,” 72, 74, 78, 425, 440–41, 440 (cat. 146), 510

“French Set-Girls,” 93, 97, 97 (fig. 5.10), 104, 181, 435, 435 (cat. 141)

“Jaw-Bone, or House John-Canoe,” 96 (fig. 5.9), 97, 105, 112, 112 (fig. 6.8), 114, 120, 181, 432–33, 432 (cat. 137), 476 (fig. xx), 479

“Koo-Koo, or Actor-Boy,” 78, 98 (figs. 5.11 & 5.12), 99, 103, 103 (fig. 6.1), 115–16, 126 (fig. 7.7), 127, 162, 171, 171 (figs. 10.10 & 10.11), 172, 172 (fig. 10.12), 181, 423, 429, 433 (cats. 139 & 140), 463, 478, 478 (fig. xxi), 484, 484 (fig. xxiii)

“Lovey,” 27, 74, 78, 78 (fig. 4.14), 81, 104, 436, 436 (cat. 142)

“Milkwoman,” 27, 75 (fig. 4.10), 80, 82, 438, 438 (cat. 144)

“Queen or ‘Maam’ of the Set-Girls,” 33, 72, 78, 81, 105–06, 106 (fig. 6.2), 109, 115, 123, 413, 417, 424, 429, 430 (cat. 135), 464 (fig. xvi), 465, 466, 468

“Red Set-Girls, and Jack-in-the-Green,” xx, 81, 106, 107 (fig. 6.4), 109, 115, 117, 181, 427 (cat. 132), 430–31, 430 (cat. 136), 464 (fig. xvi)

“Water-Jar Sellers,” 27, 68 (fig. 4.5), 74, 170, 170 (fig. 10.8), 437, 437 (cat. 143)

relationship with African masquerade tradition, 31, 89–101, 103–19, 129–33, 430, 431, 433–34, 435, 463–71, 474, 476–79, 484–87

relationship with British carnivalesque tradition, 74–76, 104, 430–33, 454–57

relationship with caricature, 78–79

relationship with costume books, 53, 332, 448

relationship with drawing manuals, 404, 437, 454–55

relationship with ethnological publications, 332, 440–41, 458–61

relationship with work of Nicolino Vicomte Calyo, 70, 442, 452–53

significance as representations of creolization, 180

social and racial stere-otypes and, 163

subscribers’ list, 70–71, 166, 166 (fig. 10.4), 427–29, 542–56

as “text of the city,” 166. See also Belisario, Isaac Mendes

Slave Carrying Plantains on Pole (Berryman), 326 (cat. 53), 330

Slave Code of 1825 (Jamaica), 155, 363, 513

Slave Court: case for not allowing slave self-support, 155, 157, 159

punishment of rebels in Christmas Rebellion, 360, 360 (cat. 82)

Slave Limitation (Middle Passage) Bill (1788), 293

Slave Medallion (Hackwood & Wedgwood), 48, 49 (fig. 3.8), 295–96, 295 (cat. 23), 303, 309

Slave punishment: The Abolition of the Slave Trade (Cruikshank), 306, 306 (cat. 35)

Barbarities in the West Indies (Gillray), 304, 304 (cat. 33)

based on nature of crime, 318

“Flagellation of a Female Samboe Slave” (Blake), 307 (fig. iii)

images of in abolition campaign, 3

Hodge trial for, 81, 401, 401 (cat. 109)

“Negro Heads with Punishments” (Ducôte, after Bridgens), 312, 333, 333 (cat. 61)

A Negro hung alive by the Ribs to a Gallow (Blake), 307–08, 307 (cat. 36)

Protector of Slaves Office (Bridgens), 333, 333 (fig. v)

shackles and collar, iron, 300, 300 (cats. 28 & 29)

“slave code” and, 155, 363, 513

Slave ships, 264, 291, 292, 294, 299, 299 (cat. 27), 306

Slave trade, 263, 264–78, 292, 302 (cat. 31), 303

advertisement of sale by Alexandre Lindo, 275, 275 (cat. 10)

British abolition of, 11, 15, 291, 293, 294, 308–09, 308 (cat. 37), 311

campaign against, 294, 304, 306

establishment of, 15

flourishing of, 27, 270, 291

Portuguese trading with Akan people, 468

statistics on, 31

in U.S., 271. See also Abolitionists; Middle Passage

The Slave Trade (Smith, after Morland), 292, 302 (cat. 31), 303

The Slave Trade: A Poem Written in the year 1788 (Collins), 303

Slaves. See Enslaved. See also Insurrections; Slave punishment; Slave ships; Slave trade

Sligo, Marquess of (Howe Peter Browne), xix, 58, 60, 81, 129, 167, 174, 180, 365–66, 370, 371, 372, 388, 390, 391–92, 428, 437, 554

Sligo Water Company, 437

Sligoville, founding of, 392

“Slippers!” (Craig), 447, 447 (cat. 152)

Sloane, Sir Hans, 72

A Voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbados, . . . and Jamaica, 269

“Fidicula Indorum & Nigritarum,” 268 (cat. 4)

Sloane, Sir John, 192

Smith, Adam, 48, 291, 314

Smith, Greg, 405

Smith, John Raphael, 45, 292

African Hospitality (after Morland), 48, 302 (cat. 32), 303

The Slave Trade (after Morland), 292, 302 (cat. 31), 303

Smith, John Thomas, 74, 76, 80, 82, 168, 436, 442, 449–450

“Charles McGee,” 436, 449 (cat. 154), 450

“Joseph Johnson,” 114, 450, 479, 479 (cat. 183)

“May-Day: A Street Strolling Clown,” 76 (fig. 4.12)

untitled [Jewish mendicant], 436, 436 (fig. xiv)

Vagabondia, 76, 80, 82, 450, 451, 479 (cat. 183)

Smith, Josiah: “Old Cudjoe making Peace,” 285, 285 (cat. 18), 323

Smith, Sir Lionel, xix, 129, 391, 428, 507, 554

Smith, Marlene, 183

Snakes, symbolism of, 112

Society. See Class distinctions; White society in Jamaica

Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade (SEAST), xviii, 43, 48, 264, 292, 296–97, 299

Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery. See Anti-Slavery Society

Society of Artists, 280, 303, 405

Society of Friends. See Quakers

Society of Painters in Oils and Water-Colours, xviii, xix, 396, 404, 406, 407

Society of Painters in Water-Colours (SPWC), 404, 405 (cat. 114), 406, 409

Soho Manufactory, 297

Somerset, James, 277, 291

Somerset House, 405

Songs. See Music

Soumaine, Simeon: sugar bowl, 274, 274 (cat. 8)

Southey, Robert, 305

Sowei-type mask (Mande cultural group), 467 (cat. 167)

Spanish and Portuguese Jews’ Congregation, Kingston, 421

Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, London. See Bevis Marks Synagogue

Spanish in West Indies, xviii, 263, 266, 284, 351

Spanish Town (capital of Jamaica), 137, 146–47, 270, 336

bridge over Rio Cobre, 281, 348, 348 (cat. 73)

Emancipation Day celebration (1838), 507–08, 507 (cat. 211)

King’s Square, 366, 367 (fig. ix)

map of, 139 (fig. 8.2)

Rodney Memorial, 366

water supply for, 437

Speculum oris, 300

Speed, John: “A New and Accurat Map of the World,” 264, 264 (cat. 1)

Spilsbury, John: A View of the Town and Harbour of Montego Bay (after Spilsbury), 28, 29 (fig. 2.2), 270, 270 (cat. 5)

Sports and Pastimes of the People of England (Strutt), 76

The Spring Head of Roaring River (Robertson), 40, 44, 45, 46 (fig. 3.5), 50, 279, 280, 280 (cat. 13)

SPWC. See Society of Painters in Water-Colours

Stadler, Joseph Constantine: “Exhibition of Water Coloured Drawings, Old Bond Street” (after Pugin & Rowlandson), 405 (cat. 114), 406

Rosehill (after Turner), 340–41, 340 (cat. 68)

“Stock Exchange,” 400, 400 (cat. 108)

De stadt van Louango (The City of Louango) (Dapper), 116, 471, 471 (cat. 170)

Staffs and sticks, symbolism of, 116, 489. See also Drums and drumming

Stallybrass, Peter, 170

Stanley, Edward, 363

Stedman, John Gabriel, Narrative of a five years’ expedition, . . . with an account of the Indians of Guiana, & Negroes of Guiana, 307–08, 307 (cat. 36)

Stepan, Nancy, 440

Stephen, James, 505

Sterne, Henry, 372

Stewart, James, 19

“Stewart Castle Estate” (Kidd), 529, 529 (cat. 224)

Stewart Town, 384, 414, 524

Stock Exchange (London), 400, 400 (cats. 107 & 108)

Jewish financiers and, 400

“Stock Exchange” (Stadler), 400, 400 (cat. 108)

Storerl, James Sargent: Trelawney Town, the chief residence of the Maroons (after Dayes), 287, 287 (cat. 19)

Stothard, Thomas, 411

The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (Heath illustration, after Stothard), 411, 411 (fig. x)

“The Voyage of the Sable Venus, from Angola to the West Indies,” 48, 49 (fig. 3.7)

Stover, James Sargent, Trelawney Town, the chief residence of the Maroons (after Dayes), 287 (cat. 19)

Street vendors, 74, 76, 82. See also “Cries” genre; specific types

Strutt, Joseph, 76

Studies of Haymakers (Hills), 327, 402 (cat. 110), 404

Sturge, Joseph, 13, 371, 372, 390

Sugar bowl (Soumaine), 274, 274 (cat. 8)

Sugar boycott in Britain, 15, 21, 305, 305 (cat. 34), 309

Sugar Duty Act (1846), 503

Sugar nipper (Wynn, W. & C.), 274, 274 (cat. 9)

Sugar plantations, 15–16, 31, 264, 281, 311

account books for, 323–25, 323 (cat. 44), 325 (cat. 45)

Barrett holdings, 9–14

boiling process for sugar, 321

domestic labor, 33, 313

establishment of, 263

ethnographic studies of, 52–54, 180

field labor, 310 (cat. 55), 313–333, 326 (cat. 55), 361

growing and cutting sugar, 319

history of production, 279

landscape paintings of, 5, 48–52, 180, 283, 342–50, 365, 533–34

major landowning families, 311, 346

management of, 263

mills on, 321, 322, 322 (cat. 43), 323

political influence of in Britain, 334–35

structures on, 50, 52, 53

sugarcane and the art of making sugar, 314 (cat. 39). See also Plantation system; specific estates by name

Sugar trade, 263, 267, 273, 274, 279, 311, 321, 392, 503, 505

Sugar Works at Kelly’s Estate (Belisario), 58, 388 (cats. 98 & 99), 390

Suicide of the enslaved, 333, 381

Sulter, Maud, 183

Summers, W., 78, 79 (fig. 4.15)

“Sunday Morning in Town” (Bridgens), 165 (fig. 10.3)

Suriname, 89, 307

Susu culture, 104

Sutherland, Thomas: “Harbour Street, Kingston” (after Hakewill), 19 (fig. 1.8), 150 (fig. 9.3), 155

“Kingston & Port Royal from Windsor Farm” (after Hakewill), 155, 156 (fig. 9.4)

“Montego Bay from Reading Hill” (after Hakewill), 356–57, 356 (cat. 79)

“Rose-Hall,” 54, 55 (fig. 3.14)

Synagogue, Duke’s Place, Houndsditch (after Pugin & Rowlandson), 397 (cat. 106), 398

“Waterfall on the Windward Road” (after Hakewill), 345, 349, 349 (cat. 74)

Swiney, Sam, 513

“Sweep” (Busby), 439 (fig. xv)

“Sweep Soot O” (Craig), 447, 447 (cat. 150)

Synagogue, Duke’s Place, Houndsditch (Sutherland after Pugin & Rowlandson), 397 (cat. 106), 398

Synagogues: Bevis Marks Synagogue, London (Havell, after Belisario), 151, 152 (fig. 9.1), 395, 397, 397 (cat. 105), 398

Duke’s Place, Houndsditch (Sutherland, after Pugin & Rowlandson), 397 (cat. 106), 398

Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, London (Belisario), 180, 395, 397 (cat. 104), 398

Tacky’s Revolt (1760). See Takyi Rebellion

Takyi Rebellion (1760), xviii, 34, 351

Tankard “presented by the Jewish community to Moses Delgado in gratitude for his role in the campaign for Jewish emancipation in Jamaica,” 159, 159 (fig. 9.6)

Tate, Henry, 274

Tawadros, Gilane, 184, 186

Taxonomic representations, 163

Taylor, George Watson, 55, 322, 346

Taylor, Isaac, 277

Taylor, Simon, 137, 346

Teale, Isaac, 48

Tegg, Thomas, 72, 338

Tempest, Pierce, 442–43

“London Curtezan,” 80 (fig. 4.16), 443

“The Merry Milk Maid” (after Laroon), 442, 442 (cat. 147)

Ten Views in the Island of Antigua (Clark), 313, 314, 318–21, 318 (cat. 41, plates i–x)

Test and Corporations Act (1828), repeal of, 20

Tharp, John, 58, 321, 331, 335, 374, 377, 378, 381–82, 383

claim for compensation for freed slaves, 181, 382 (cat. 93)

Tharp, John (grandson), 387

Tharp, William, 58, 382, 384, 386, 387

Tharp family crest, 321, 383, 383 (cat. 94)

Theater: Miss E. Tree in the Character of Mrs Cregan in “Eily O’Connor” (Belisario), 397, 413, 413 (cat. 121)

performances, 171–74, 413. See also Kingston Theatre

The Theatre, Kingston (Duperly), 423, 423 (cat. 129)

Thistlewood, Thomas, 31, 34, 331, 333, 334

Thomson, William, 308

Thumbscrew, 300

Tilt, Charles: An Interior View of a Jamaica House of Correction, 364, 372–73, 372 (cat. 88)

Titus, Autun, 114

Tobin, Beth Fowkes, 459

Tom Cringle’s Log (Scott), 74, 76, 105

Tomich, Dale, 33

Topham, F. W., 13

Topographical landscape views, 163, 342

The Torrid Zone, Or, the Blessings of Jamaica (James), 335, 335 (cat. 62)

Tortoise cloth, 468

Tortola (British Virgin Islands), 401

Tourism, 342, 477

Trade with West Indies colonies, 15

Transculturation process, 3, 179–95

Trash houses, 50, 52

Tree, Ellen, 397, 413, 413 (cat. 121)

Tregear, Gabriel Shire, 78

Trelawny, Edward, xviii, 284

Trelawny Maroons, 287, 289

Trelawny Town, 287, 513

Trelawney Town, the chief residence of the Maroons (Stover, after Dayes), 287, 287 (cat. 19)

Triangle designs, 110, 112

Triangular trade, xviii, 2, 264, 274

Trinidad, 31, 163, 312, 333, 363

The Trinity Church in Kingston Jamaica, Destroyed by fire on 26 of August 1843 (Duperly, after Belisario), 504, 519–22, 519 (cat. 219)

Trollope, Anthony, 27

Turner, Charles: John Fuller (after Singleton), 340–41, 340 (cat. 67)

Turner, J. M. W., 42, 43, 54, 60, 341, 342, 343–44, 346, 349, 408, 411

Cascade of Terni (Landseer, after Turner & Hakewill), 345, 345 (cat. 70)

Fonthill, 42, 43 (fig. 3.2)

“Plymouth Dock from Mount Edgecumbe” (Cooke, after Turner), 343–44, 343 (cat. 69), 346

“Richmond Terrace, Surrey” (Willmore, after Turner), 529, 529 (fig. xxvii)

Rosehill (Stadler, after Turner), 42, 340, 340 (cat. 68)

Turner, Mary, 512

A Twelvemonth’s Residence in the West

Indies (Madden), 174

Two Cow Heads and Shepherd with Goat, 492 (cat. 198)

Typological images, 163

Umbrellas, symbolism of, 116

“Unhomeliness,” 3, 65, 85

Uprisings. See Insurrections

Vagabondia (J. T. Smith), 76, 80, 82, 450, 451, 479 (cat. 183)

Vai culture, 104

Van der Noort, Oliverus, 264–65

Vassa, Gustavus. See Equiano, Olaudah

Venables, Colonel Robert, 11, 266

Victoria and Victorian England, 137, 504, 510, 536

A View in the Island of Jamaica of the Bridge crossing Cabaritta River on the Estate of William Beckford Esqr. (Lerpinière, after Robertson), 281, 281 (cat. 15), 282, 342

A View in the Island of Jamaica of Roaring River Estate (Vivares, after Robertson), 31, 48, 49 (fig. 3.9), 50, 281, 281 (cat. 14)

Views in Sussex (Turner), 341

“A View of Charles Town, the Capital of South Carolina in North America” (Canot, after Mellish), 271, 271 (cat. 6)

“A View of the Court-House (taken on the day of an Election)” (Jacottet, after Duperly), 531 (cat. 227), 533

A View of the Iron Bridge (Fittler, after Robertson), 282 (cat. 16), 283–84

View of Kelly’s Estate (Belisario), 26, 28, 388–92, 388 (cat. 100)

“A View of King Street” (Benoist, after Hakewill), 531 (cat. 228), 533

View of Lucky Valley Estate Buildings, Clarendon (Berryman), 52, 52 (fig. 3.11)

A View of Montego-Bay, Taken from Reading Hill, The Rebels Destroying the Road

and Reading Wharf in Flames (Duperly), 356–57, 356 (cat. 78)

View of Negro Village (Berryman), 52, 53, 53 (fig. 3.12), 326 (cat. 47), 329

“A View of the Ordnance Yard (taken from the Wharf)” (Jacottet, after Duperly), 531 (cat. 226), 533

View of the Roaring River Cascade (Mazell, after Milton), 276 (cat. 11), 277

A View of the Town and Harbour of Montego Bay (after Spilsbury), 28, 29 (fig. 2.2), 270, 270 (cat. 5)

Villamil, Felipe García, 112

Vivares, Thomas: A View in the Island of Jamaica of Roaring River Estate (after Robertson), 31, 48, 49 (fig. 3.9), 50, 281, 281 (cat. 14)

Vodou (voodoo), 99, 116, 474

A Voyage to the islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers, and Jamaica (Sloane), 269

Waddell, Hope Masterson, 12, 19

“Wage slaves” of British industry, 312, 332

Walker, Anthony: An Elevation, Plan, and History of the Royal Exchange of London (after Donowell), 400, 400 (cat. 107)

Walker, George: Costume of Yorkshire, 327, 332 (cat. 60), 427 (fig. xii), 448

Walker, Maxine, 184

Walker, Ralph, 273

Wallace, James, 76, 83, 428

Walpole, George, 289

Warner-Lewis, Maureen, 89

Watchman on accusations against Jews, 154–55

Watercolors: of estates, 55, 58, 342, 346

portraits in, 416

treatment of painters in England, 405–06. See also Society of Painters in Water-Colours (SPWC)

“Waterfall on the Windward Road” (Sutherland, after Hakewill), 345, 349, 349 (cat. 74)

Waterhouse, Joseph, 514

“Water-Jar Sellers” (Belisario), 27, 68 (fig. 4.5), 74, 170, 170 (fig. 10.8), 437 (cat. 143)

Waters, Billy, 451

“We No Sen’, You No Come,” xix, 285, 290, 290 (cat. 21)

The Wealth of Nations (Smith), 48

Webb, Daniel, 303

Webber, John, 45

Wedderburn, James, 34

Wedderburn, Robert, 34

Wedgwood, Josiah: Abolitionist medallions, 295–96, 295 (cat. 23), 297, 303, 309

Wellington, Duke of, 21

Wesleyan Missionary Society, 514

West, Benjamin, 138, 278 (cat. 12), 279

West African cultural groups, 104

gods or divinities of, 132. See also specific cultures

West Central Africa, 31, 104, 132. See also specific countries and cultures

West India Committee, 18

West India Dock (Daniell), 273, 273 (cat. 7)

West India Dock Company, xviii, 16, 273

West India docks, 13, 13 (fig. 1.4), 273, 273 (cat. 7)

The West India Flower Girl (Brunias), 458 (cat. 163), 459

West India Scenery, See Bridgens, Richard

Kidd, Joseph Bartholomew

Western Design, 266

Westmoreland, Jamaica, 281

Weston Favel Estate (Kidd), 180, 384 (cat. 96)

Wheatley, Francis, 74, 81, 445, 445 (cat. 148)

White, Allon, 170

White ancestor mask, 484 (cat. 189)

White saturnalia, 454–57

White society in Jamaica, 18–20, 155, 159, 167, 334, 511–12. See also Plantation system; Sugar plantations

Whydaw (Ouidah), 28, 275

Wilberforce, William, 3, 292, 293, 294, 299, 304, 305, 306, 340, 417

Wilks, John Thomas, 413

Williams, Aubrey, 181

Williams, Cynric, 34

Williams, Eric, 27, 291

Williams, James, 364, 372, 373

Williams, James (slave), 361

Williams, Lyneise, 106

Williams, Colonel Thomas, 374

Willimott, Mr., 407, 409

Willmore, James T.: “Richmond Terrace, Surrey” (after Turner), 529, 529 (fig. xxvii)

Wilmot, Swithin, 83, 167

Wilson, Kathleen, 174

Wilson, Richard, 41, 387

“The Windward Falls, near Kingston” (Kidd), 524, 524 (fig. xxvi)

Windward Maroons, 285

Woman beating Cassava (Berryman), 35 (fig. 2.6), 326 (cat. 54), 330

Women: in abolition movement, 14, 23, 309

in African cultures, 106, 110, 466, 467

centrality of in black community, 184

female secret societies, 106, 110, 465

in Jamaican post-slavery economy, 504

in Jonkunnu celebrations, 123, 123 (fig. 7.4)

as street vendors, 445

Women slaves, 31–32, 33, 34, 331. See also Interracial sexual relations

Wonder, Pieter Christoffel: “Patrons and Lovers of Art,” 346, 347 (fig. viii)

Wood, Marcus, 190, 294, 299

Woods, Joseph, 295

West India Dock, 13, 13 (fig. 1.4)

Woolery, Edward, 279

Worthy Park estate, 32

Wyatt, James, 333

Wyeth, James, 42

Yaka culture and art, 91, 95, 96 (fig. 5.8)

Yellow fever, 335

Yemaya (goddess of the sea), 484

Yoruba culture and art, 93, 93 (figs. 5.5 & 5.6), 95, 104–05, 106, 110, 115, 116, 181, 434, 465, 466, 476, 480, 484

Young, Arthur, 283

Young, Sir William, 279, 458

Zangúkunu, 89, 95, 132. See also Jonkonnu/John Canoe/Jánkúnu

Zong (slave ship), 291

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