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List of illustrations

  • Map of Rome, detail of the Trastevere
  • St. Augustine Leaving Rome
  • Palazzo Venezia, garden
  • Palace of San Marco, Palazzetto, exterior
  • Della Rovere Palace, court
  • Belvedere Court, Vatican Palace
  • Belvedere Court with Naumachia
  • Garden of Paul III, Vatican Palace
  • Corridor between Garden of Paul III and Garden of Clement VII, Vatican Palace
  • Belvedere Court, under construction
  • Garden of Paul III, gateway, Vatican Palace
  • Garden in the Casa Galli, with Michelangelo's statue of Bacchus
  • Laocoön Group, Belvedere Statue Court, Vatican Palace
  • Sculpture garden, Della Valle Palace
  • Sculpture Garden of Cardinal Cesi
  • Cesarini Garden, Rome, plan
  • Map of Rome, detail of Vigna Carpi and Vigna Carafa (area of Quirinal Hill)
  • Grotto of Egeria
  • Grotto of Egeria, plan
  • Pedestal fountain
  • Ariadne, Belvedere Statue Court, Vatican Palace
  • Fountain of the Sleeping Nymph, Colocci Garden, Rome
  • Fountain of the Elephant, Villa Madama, Rome
  • Nymphaeum, Villa Madama, Rome
  • Sleeping Nymph, Nymphaeum, Villa Carpi, Rome
  • Nymphaeum, Villa Giulia
  • Grotto, Villa d'Este, Rome
  • Fountain of Tivoli, Villa d'Este
  • Pegasus, Fountain of Tivoli, Villa d'Este
  • Fountain of Rome,Villa d'Este, Tivoli
  • Fountain of Nature (water organ), Villa d'Este
  • Fountain of the Owl, Villa d'Este, Tivoli
  • Fountain of the Dragons, Villa d'Este
  • Villa Medici, Rome
  • Villa Medici, Rome
  • Water theater, Villa Aldobrandini, Frascati
  • Water theater, Villa Borghese, Frascati
  • Room of Apollo, Villa Aldobrandini, Frascati
  • Water theater, Villa Mondragone, Frascati
  • Fountain of Tivoli, Villa d'Este
  • Fountain of the Birds
  • Fountain of the Beaker, Villa d'Este
  • Fountain of Nature and Cascade, Villa d'Este, Tivoli
  • Belvedere Court, Vatican Palace, Rome
  • Villa Madama, Rome, plan
  • Vila Madama, Rome, plan of entrance stairs
  • Villa Trivulziana, Salone, plan
  • Vigna Silvestri, Rome
  • Map of Rome, detail with Vigna Silvestri
  • Soderini Garden, Rome
  • Map of Rome, detail with Du Bellay Gardens
  • Du Bellay Gardens, Rome
  • Farnese Gardens, Rome
  • Map of Rome, detail of Farnese Gardens
  • Map of Rome, detail of Farnese Gardens
  • Farnese Gardens, Rome, plan
  • Farnese Gardens, entrance portal
  • Cryptoporticus, Farnese Gardens
  • View from Farnese Gardens
  • Del Bufalo Garden Casino, Rome
  • Villa Giulia, court
  • Nymphaeum, Villa Giulia, Rome
  • Ville d'Este, Gardens, Quirinal, plan
  • Quirinal, Papal Villa, Rome
  • Map of Tivoli
  • Villa d'Este, Tivoli
  • Villa d'Este Gardens, Salotto, Villa d'Este, Tivoli
  • Fountain of the Dragons, Villa d'Este, Tivoli
  • Frontispiece
  • Villa Lante, Bagnaia
  • Fountain of Pegasus, Villa Lante
  • Fountain of the Dolphins, Villa Lante, Bagnaia
  • Catena d'acqua, Villa Lante
  • Cardinal's Table, Villa Lante
  • Villa Lante
  • Villa Mattei, Rome
  • Villa Montalto, Rome
  • Fishpool with Neptune, Villa Montalto, Rome
  • Garden plan
  • Bomarzo, plan
  • Tempietto
  • Casa Pendente
  • Casa Pendente, upper entrance
  • Nymphaeum
  • Fountain of Venus
  • Grotto
  • Fountain of Pegasus
  • Fountain of Pegasus, Bomarzo
  • Fountain of the Tortoise
  • Fountain of the Tortoise, Bomarzo
  • Orlando and the Woodcutter
  • Orsini Mask
  • River God
  • Demeter
  • Dragon and Lions
  • Elephant and Dead Soldier
  • Hell's Mask
  • Hell's Mask, Bomarzo
  • Xystus, Bomarzo
  • Xystus
  • Bench
  • Cerberus
  • Bomarzo, tempietto plan
  • Fragment of imitation Etruscan tomb
  • Term with head of Pan
  • Belvedere
  • Bench
  • Plan of garden
  • Orsini Garden, Rome, first project
  • Orsini Garden, Rome, second project
  • Orsini Garden, Rome, final project
  • Aldobrandini Garden
  • Map of Rome, detail with Aldobrandini Garden
  • Portal of Parioli Hills, Villa Giulia
  • Portal of Vigna Panzani, Museo delle Terme
  • Acqua Felice and Vigna Panzani, Library of Sixtus V, Vatican Palace, Rome
  • Map of Rome, detail of Giardino a Ripa
  • Aldobrandini Giardino a Ripa
  • Villa Giulia, Rome, site plan
  • Villa Giulia, plan of Vigna Poggio
  • Villa Montalto, Rome
  • Villa Montalto, Rome, view of casino
  • Villa Borghese, Rome
  • Villa Ludovisi, Rome
  • Villa Ludovisi, Rome
  • Villa Ludovisi, Rome, view of casino
  • Villa Pamphili, Rome
  • Villa Pamphili, Rome
  • Villa Pamphili, Rome, entrance portal
  • Villa Pamphili, Rome, view of casino
  • House and garden plan, manuscript treatise of 1644
  • Project for Chigi Palace
  • Alternate project for Chigi Palace
  • Villa Pamphili, Rome
  • Riario Palace and Garden, Rome
  • Map of Rome, detail with Villa Albani
  • Villa Albani, Rome, plan
  • Villa Albani, view of parterre
  • Map of Rome, detail of Villa Valenti Gonzaga
  • Map of Rome, detail with Colonna Garden
  • Colonna Garden, Rome
  • Barberini Palace Gardens, Rome
  • Square parterre
  • Circular parterre
  • Irregular parterre
  • Sermoneta Garden, Cisterna, plan
  • Ghinucci Garden, Rome, plan of cross pergola
  • Ghinucci Garden, Rome, cross pergola and parapets
  • Villa Belpoggio, Frascati, detail
  • Labyrinth
  • Labryinth, Villa Altieri, Rome
  • Villa Aldobrandini, Frascati, plan
  • Casino Pio, Vatican, Rome
  • Farnese Gardens, Rome, plan and section of hothouse
  • Farnese Gardens, Rome, perspective view of hothouse
  • Cardinal Pio's Garden, Rome, winter protective cover
  • Villa Aldobrandini, Frascati, hothouse interior
  • Villa Aldobrandini, Frascati
  • Villa d'Este, Rome, garden pavilion, view and section
  • House of the Muses, Villa Lante
  • Casino of Aurora, Villa Borghese-Pallavicini
  • Villa Mondragone, portico
  • Quirinal Palace, coffeehouse
  • Reception of King Carlo III of Naples by Pope Benedict XIV
  • Villa d'Este, Tivoli, drawing for compartments of giardino segreto
  • Farnese Palace, Villa Lante, Caprarola, Bagnaia
  • Barco at Caprarola, Villa Lante, Bagnaia
  • Elm Alley in the Forum, Rome
  • Capitoline Piazza with Fig Tree, Rome
  • Villa Rufina, Frascati, detail
  • Botanical garden, Rome
  • Tools
  • La Villa, water level
  • Gallic rake
  • Extractor trowel
  • Transplanter
  • Grafting knives
  • Loggia with tools
  • Villa Borghese, Rome
  • Villa Medici, Rome
  • Villa Chigi at the Four Fountains, Rome, woodland setting for feast
  • Villa Chigi at the Four Fountains, Rome, dining setting
  • Villa Chigi at the Four Fountains, Rome, banquet
  • Castel S. Angelo, Rome
  • Arcadian Academy, Farnese Gardens, Rome
  • Arcadian Academy, Ginnasi Gardens, Aventine Hill, Rome
  • Arcadian Academy, Rome, project
  • Arcadian Academy, Rome, plan
  • Lex Hortorum, nymphaeum, Villa Giuilia, Rome
  • Villa Medici, gateway
  • Villa Medici, Trebbio
  • Vigna Carpi, Rome, portal
  • Catena d'acqua, Villa Lante
Free
Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
Contents
PublisherPrinceton University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.001
Free
Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
Illustrations
PublisherPrinceton University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.002
Free
Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
~This study is to parallel my previous work on Roman villas, but to carry the material to the late eighteenth century, when the English mode of gardening replaced the previous principles of classical gardening and often destroyed Italianate gardens. The study is meant to attempt to consider every aspect of the classical garden in Rome and, therefore, is...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.003
Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
For the Renaissance Italian, the garden was primarily an outdoor room, where the enjoyment of the colors and fragrances of flowers, the cool shade of trees, and the melodious splash and murmur of water...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.3-16
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.004

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Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
~Many of the mediaeval vigne or vineyards and courtyards of Rome contained as accidental decoration fragments of ancient statues, architectural pieces, or...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.17-27
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.005

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Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
~Pirro Ligorio, archaeologist, architect, and garden designer, expatiated in the middle of the sixteenth century in obscure philosophical terms on the importance of water, for “fountains...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.28-57
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.006

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Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
~The Renaissance or revival of classicism began to pervade the arts and culture of Rome in the middle of the fifteenth century. Humanists like the famous writer and architect Leon Battista Alberti were often social reformers who wished to perfect all aspects of their society on the model of classical antiquity, as Alberti’s numerous writings demonstrate....
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.58-75
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.007

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Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
~The practice of exhibiting ancient Roman statues, sarcophagi, and reliefs in their gardens presumably promoted the idea among Renaissance Romans to organize iconographical programs, primarily based on classical mythology, for the decoration and classicizing of their gardens. The earliest example of such a program, however, was not concerned with sculpture and it...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.76-102
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.008

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Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
~The fifteenth-century humanist and architect Leon Battista Alberti reasserted the dependence of the arts on nature, just as classical antiquity had done. In his treatise on...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.103-125
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.009

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Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
~Whereas the monks had their cloistered gardens as a location for contemplative retreat, the secular population had their urban horticultural retreats. These urban gardens were...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.126-138
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.010

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Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
On September 11, 1550, Pope Julius III (1550–1555) with several cardinals and his elder brother, Balduino del Monte, went to dine at the villa of the papal treasurer...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.139-158
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.011

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Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
~On October 9, 1664, Cardinal Flavio Chigi returned to Rome from France where he...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.159-172
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.012

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Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
~During the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance several treatises, including Crescenzi’s Libri Ruralium Commodorum, written in the early fourteenth century but first published in...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.173-194
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.013

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Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
~The architecture of old gardens—the terraces, stairs, and walls—preserves their basic structure, as the carved pieces of fountains and statuary, if still in place, may conserve some of the charms of the setting, but the essence of a garden was its horticulture, its living plants, which gave color, form, and fragrance to it. Unfortunately the existence...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.195-214
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.014

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Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
~In May 1585, after Pope Sixtus V, formerly Cardinal Montalto, had ceremoniously taken “possesso” of the ancient basilica of S. Giovanni in Laterano, he immediately proceeded to the villa on the Esquiline Hill that he had begun as a cardinal and there relaxed from the ceremonies before...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.215-226
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.015

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Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
~In January 1519 the Ferrarese representative at Rome, Alfonso Paolucci, wrote the duchess of Ferrara a brief...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.227-243
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.016

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Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
~On May 12, 1885, Prince Marcantonio Borghese ordered the gates of the park of his villa at Rome to be closed to the public, which had been accustomed to ride or walk freely in the grounds.Among the wealth of documentation regarding the nineteenth-century...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.244-256
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.017

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Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
~In May 1792 Francesco Bettini, who was the first to introduce the English naturalistic mode of gardening to Rome, wrote his patron Cardinal Giuseppe Doria-Pamphili that this gardening style was not favored at Rome “because the Roman lords are taken by regularity...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.258-259
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.018

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Free
Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
Appendix One
PublisherPrinceton University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.019
Free
Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
Appendix Two
PublisherPrinceton University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.020
Free
Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
Appendix Three
PublisherPrinceton University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.021
Free
Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
Appendix Four
PublisherPrinceton University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.022
Free
Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
Bibliography
PublisherPrinceton University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.023
Free
Description: Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
Index
PublisherPrinceton University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00055.024
Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome
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