Index

Four Horsemen of, 126–27, 164–65, 222, 280nn. 129, 130, 144. See also Abingdon Apocalypse; Berengaudus, gloss of; Cambridge Apocalypse; Eton College Apocalypse; Gulbenkian Apocalypse; Lambeth Apocalypse; Tanner Apocalypse; Well-come Apocalypse

Apocalypse, Alexander’s commentary on. See Cambridge Apocalypse

Apollo, 166, 179

apostasy, 282n.227

Apple-Sniffers, 44, 53, 54, 200, 203

Aquinas, Thomas, 37, 122

Aquitaine, 160

Arabs, 177, 179

archery, 57–58, 87–88, 137, 195

Argoille, 160

Aristotle, 30, 36, 37

Arius, 165

ark, Noah’s, 49, 113

of the covenant, 146, 171–72

armor, 179–81, 186, 188, 195–97, 208, 237, 288n.75, 289n.110

arms. See weapons

Artibatirae, 187

Ashenden, John, 31

astrology, 31–33, 258n.24

attitudes, Christian: toward non-Christians, 12–13, 20, 41, 200, 211–12, 231, 239, 241

toward Ethiopians, 84

toward Jews, 97, 101, 109, 114, 132, 155, 158, 162, 184, 200, 211–12, 232, 239

toward Mongols, 194, 200, 204–7, 211

toward Muslims, 159, 165, 174, 184, 200, 204–6, 211, 226

audience, medieval, 13, 105, 107, 115–16

Augustine of Hippo, 33, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 99, 109, 138, 168, 239, 252. See also City of God

Augustinians, 139–40, 188, 212

Aureol, Peter, 237

Autun, St-Lazare: 55, 67, 68, 72–73, 93, 124, 265n.146

Babylon, 187, 213

Bacon, Roger, 30

badge, Jewish, 110, 133, 215

Baligant, King, 182

Balthassar, 249

baptism, 56, 144, 148, 204, 265n.156

barbarians, 157, 183, 239

Classical definitions of, 17, 39–41, 42–45, 133

barbarity, 39–40, 42–46, 48, 55, 64, 88–89, 113, 133, 134, 136, 159, 187–88, 194, 203, 227, 242–43, 251. See also Ethiopians; Jews; Muhammed; Saracens; Tartars

Bartholomew the Englishman, 30, 31, 38–39

Bartlett, Robert, 16, 42

basilisk, 56

battles, pictorial, 179–86, 188, 195–98, 204–6, 208–9

Batu Khan, 193, 196

beard, 77–78, 161, 164, 180, 250

of Devil, 75

of Jews, 98, 102, 108, 110, 111, 114, 123, 134, 138, 145–46, 148, 163, 187, 213–15, 221, 235

of Saracens, 184, 186, 187–88, 192

of Tartars, 194, 203, 207

beasts, apocalyptic, 130, 211, 214–15, 220, 222–24, 297n.57

Beatus of Liébana, 158

Beaulieu abbey, 160–61, 164, 187

Beelzebub, 171, 220

Benedictines, 84, 104, 151

Benedict the Pole, 293n.181

Beowulf, 49, 88

Berengaudus, gloss of, 100, 130–31, 149–51, 220–21, 275n.23

Bernard of Clairvaux, 101, 159, 161, 162, 285n.27

Bestiaire, 147–48, 296n.37

bestiary, 52, 65, 78, 120, 137, 147–48, 149, 151, 153–54, 163–64, 201, 270n.89, 272n.145, 289n.113, 296n.37

and Monstrous Races, 55–57, 265n.148. See also Bestiaire; Bodley 764; Cambridge Bestiary; Douce 88; Getty Bestiary; Harley 4751; Westminster Abbey Bestiary

Bibles moralisées, 53, 65–66, 77, 109, 126, 140–43, 146–47, 148–49, 154, 171–73, 215–18, 222, 296nn. 28, 32, 40

Biblia pauperum, 265n.156

black, Christian meanings of, 68–69, 83–86, 88

pictorial significance of, 172, 249–50

Black Death, 233

Blacks. See Africans, black

blasphemy, 128, 140, 162, 213, 217

Blemmyai, 44, 47–48, 56, 82, 137, 148, 186, 203, 219–20, 227, 236, 265n.154

blood-letting, 31

blood libel, 119, 138

blue, pictorial significance of, 75, 83, 178, 268n.73, 272n.142

boar, 45, 181, 289n.113

Bodley 264: 202–3, 208–9, 293nn. 188, 190

Bodley 764: 136

body. See beard; ears; eyes; faces, multiple; form, physical; genitals; gestures; grimace; hair; head; heads, multiple; heart; horns; lips; mouth; nose; nudity; skin; tail; teeth; tongue; wings

Book of Kells, 80, 244

Bosch, Hieronymus, 238, 301n.18

Bourdichon, Jean, 247–48

Breviary of Marguerite de Bar, 152–53

Bridport, Giles de, 100

Britons, 37

brown, pictorial significance of, 83, 270n.83

Burton-on-Trent, 151

Bury Bible, 106

Bury St. Edmunds, 102–4, 276nn. 47, 48, 278n.96

Caedmon Manuscript, 69

Caiaphas, 102–4, 111, 114–15, 275n.38, 277n.85

Cain, 49–50, 85, 114–15, 141, 162, 211–12, 222, 231, 232

Caius, 280n.129

Caleb, 56, 148–49, 265n.156

Calf, Golden. See Golden Calf

Cambridge Apocalypse, 126–27, 131–33, 140, 164–65, 223–24, 246–47, 280nn. 129, 130, 144, 297n.57

Cambridge Bestiary, 163–64

Camille, Michael, 16, 56, 168, 182, 265n.154, 269n.73

Canaan, 56, 126, 148, 184

candlesticks, 90–93

cannibalism, 13, 40, 45, 94, 159, 193–94, 198–200, 204, 229, 230–31, 232, 245–46

Canterbury Psalter, 80–81

Carmelites, 212

Carmen ad honorem Augusti, 80

Carthage, 260n.72

Cartmel Priory, 213, 218, 220, 296n.33

Cassiodorus, 138, 266n.160

Catalani, Jordan, 85

Cathars, 102, 172–73, 179

cave, iconographical significance of, 44, 159, 200, 247, 248, 251

centaurs, 7–8, 42, 219

Cerberus, 243, 301n.5

chansons de geste, 159, 166, 168, 173, 179, 182, 183, 188–89, 237, 289n.111, 291n.145. See also Song of Roland

Chanticleer, 283n.220

Charlemagne, 169–71, 207, 287n.73

Charles V, 169–71, 179

Chartres, Notre Dame, 161

Chazan, Robert, 158

children: climatic effects on, 34

in medicine, 269n.69

of Wild Folk, 248

Chorozaim, 213

Christ: and Antichrist, 13

and Devil, 74–77

betrayal of, 113–16, 142, 251–52

crucifixion of, 99, 104, 107, 108, 110–13, 120, 149, 163, 167, 277n.86

flight into Egypt of, 168

physical form of, 39, 72, 74–77, 78, 252

resurrection of, 120, 147

Second Coming of, 99–101, 212

symbols of, 164, 246–47

temptation of, 63–64, 74–77, 268n.40

torments of, 82–83, 111–14, 146, 277n.85, 286n.32, 289n.97. See also Passion, images of

Christ and Satan, 63, 68

Christianization: of Monstrous Races tradition, 52–59

of physiognomical theory, 52–53, 65, 108

of zodiac, 33

Christopher, Saint, 245–46, 301n.7

Chronica majora, 190, 191, 193–94, 195–96, 200, 236, 283n.203, 291nn. 151, 158; 300n.108

Chrysostom, John, 95, 99, 108, 122, 128, 132, 274n.13

circumcision, 133, 165

Cistercians, 277n.69

city: iconographical significance of, 44, 45, 234–35, 247, 248

ideological significance of, 40, 42, 133, 195

suitable site for, 37

City of God, 48, 239, 260n.72

civilization, signs of, 39–40, 42, 44, 72

Cleopatra, 85

clerics, 56, 66, 139, 142, 149–51, 173

Clerk of Enghien, 7–8

Clermont, Council of, 167, 177

climate, theory of, 30–31, 33–37, 41–42, 85, 177–79, 195, 231

Cloisters Cross, 13, 102–4, 105, 275n.39

club, as attribute, 74, 89, 113, 120, 159, 169, 183, 206, 215, 219, 248

Cluniacs, 165–66, 190

cock, 149–51, 283n.220

code, pictorial, 16, 30, 59, 71–72, 110, 158, 173, 241–54. See also color, meanings of; conflation, pictorial; gestures; opposition, visual; positioning; size

Codex Gisle, 120–22, 151

coin-clipping, 143, 282n.196

Coleman, Jonathan, 42

Cologne Cathedral, 289n.97

color, meanings of, 75, 77, 83–86, 172, 177, 243, 250–51, 269n.73. See also names of individual colors

conflation, pictorial, 108–12, 117–22, 126, 146–48, 170–73, 184–86, 202–3

Conques, Ste.-Foy, 67, 124

conspiracy, Christian accusations of, 192, 211, 233, 236, 238, 299n.91

Constantine the Great, 269n.69

Constantinople, 186

Constantius, 226

context, artistic, 106, 242

conversion, 158

of Ethiopians, 87

of Jews, 99–101, 104, 124, 143–51, 161, 164, 168, 226, 238, 284n.227

of Muslims, 87, 161, 168, 226, 238

of Mongols, 87, 204, 238

Corbie Epistles, 90–93, 272n.142

crane, 52, 90, 265nn. 140, 146

crow, 84, 270n.89

crucifixion. See Christ

crusaders, 11–12, 83, 159, 172–73, 238, 239

and Jews, 161–65, 221, 285nn. 27, 30

and Muslims, 161–63, 166, 169, 182–84, 188–89, 207, 208, 222, 287n.68

and Mongols, 207, 208, 242

crusades, 9, 17, 143, 157–65, 169–73, 180–86, 188–89

chronicles of, 166–68, 169, 182–84, 188–89, 198, 226, 290n.130. See also First Crusade; Second Crusade; Third Crusade; Fifth Crusade

Cursor Mundi, 237

Cyclopes, 186, 203

Cynocephali. See Dogheads

Cynomolgi, 153

Dagon, 171–72

Daniel, Norman, 286n.41

Dante. See Divine Comedy

Darius, 160

darkness vs. lightness, 69–71, 73, 74, 84, 93, 137, 169

David, 97, 147, 172, 252, 265n.141

debates, Christian-Jewish, 101–4, 139–40, 145, 151–52, 154, 155

De Brades Psalter, 69–71

Decretum Gratiani, 288n.92

De generatione Machumet, 190

demoniacs, Gadarene, 81

demons, 59, 61–78, 80–84

darkness of, 68–71, 73, 74, 173

and Ethiopians, 80–84, 85–86, 87, 179, 219

in heraldry, 82

and Jews, 77–78, 93, 109, 123–26, 154, 213, 217, 219

nudity of, 64–65, 67, 128

physical form of, 61–73, 67, 75; 77–78, 170, 219, 246, 270n.83

and Saracens, 122, 169–72, 177, 191, 215–16

sexuality of, 64, 71, 72, 73, 78

and Tartars, 192, 198, 202

as torturers, 67, 68

utterances of, 68, 72. See also Angingnart; Beelzebub; imps; Ragnell

desert, iconographical significance of, 44

Devil, 61–64, 66, 72, 77, 238, 239

and Antichrist, 82, 213, 217, 220, 251

and Christ, 74–77

disguises of, 73, 80

and Ethiopians, 58, 80, 83

and Jews, 115, 122–23, 127–28, 136, 141, 154, 169, 218

and Monstrous Races, 186

physical form of, 74–77, 80–81, 266n.8, 268n.42

and Saracens, 168–70, 171–72, 178, 242

symbols of, 134–36, 181, 226, 289n.113

and Tartars, 195

and Wild Folk, 74. See also Lucifer; Satan

devils. See demons; imps

Devisse, Jean, 16, 79, 227–28

Didascalia Apolostorum, 119

Didymus the Blind, 80, 84

diet, barbaric, 40, 42, 133, 195

Divine Comedy, 165, 189

Doeg, 252–54

Dogheads, 7, 42–43, 44, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 219, 245–46, 297n.57, 301n.7

and Saracens, 159–60, 193, 200, 203–6, 215, 223–24

dogs, 159–60, 191, 204–6, 223–24, 285nn. 15, 21. See also Cerberus

Dominicans, 51, 86–87, 100, 128, 144, 195, 212, 291n.143

Domitian, 127

Domus conversorum, 144, 283n.203

Donestre, 46

Douce 88: 52, 265n.148

Douglas, Mary, 48

dragon, 90–93, 118–19, 128–30, 177, 181, 184, 206, 208, 251, 265n.142, 272n.145

apocalyptic, 130, 216–17, 218, 222, 225–26, 237, 296n.40, 297n.63

drama, medieval, 12, 68, 83, 102, 104, 105, 107, 115, 128, 154, 275n.34, 296n.45

Chester cycle, 220, 296nn. 41, 42, 45

Coventry cycle, 115

Croxton Play, 117, 278n.96

Jour du Jugement, 213, 217

and medieval art, 117, 122, 218, 220, 267n.39, 278n.88, 295n.18

N-Town cycle, 105, 267n.24

Play of Antichrist, 101, 214, 220, 278n.88, 295n.18

York cycle, 74, 115, 267nn. 24, 39, 276n.67, 277n.86. See also masks

dress, 40, 42, 72, 105, 133, 248

of Jews, 105, 109–10, 116–20, 133

of Saracens, 89, 174–77, 179–81, 183–84, 288n.75, 289n.111

of Tartars, 194, 195, 198–200, 202–3, 207. See also headgear

Dressler, Rachel, 165

Durendal, 180

dwellings, 40, 42–44, 133. See alsocave; city; desert; forest; mountains

ears: bags of, 196, 292n.170

iconographical significance of, 75, 86

and moral character, 38, 85

symbolic significance of, 47–48

Ecclesia, 98, 106, 136, 163, 172, 220–21, 226

Edward I, 252–54

Edward III, 170

Egypt, 87, 168, 172, 188, 225, 287n.57

Egyptians, 38, 82, 88

elements, four, 30

elephant, 45, 163–64

Elias, 214, 220

Elisha, 146

Elucidarius, 262n.107

End of Time. See eschatology

English (people), 36–37

Enoch, 214, 220

Epiphagi, 47–48, 53, 54

Epistle of Barnabus, 83

epistles, Pauline, 90–93, 145, 272n.142

eschatology, 17, 82, 209–39

and Jews, 99–101, 130–31, 143–44, 160–61, 164, 209

and Mongols, 238

and Muslims, 160–61, 221–22, 238

and Saracens, 209, 211, 215–16, 221–26, 237–38

and Tartars, 198–99, 207, 209, 211, 236–37, 238, 300n.108

Espina, Alfonso de, 236

Essedones, 200, 231

Estoire d’Eracles, 167

Ethiopia, 41, 86–87, 271nn. 111, 120

Prester John in, 87, 209, 249–50

Ethiopians, 79–93

and Antichrist, 82, 227–28, 236, 238

barbarity of, 88, 89–90

blameless, 12, 87, 242

in Classical art, 79

Classical views of, 79, 83, 85, 87–88, 93

climatic effects on, 36, 45, 46, 178

conversion of, 87

and demons, 80–84, 85–86, 87, 179, 219

and Devil, 58, 80, 83

dual view of, 12, 87–88, 242

eschatological roles of, 226–27

in heraldry, 82, 179, 180–82, 218–19, 228

and Jews, 93

in marginalia, 57, 58, 81–82

and Melancholia, 35–36, 84, 250

and Monstrous Races, 8–9, 45, 57–58, 87–93, 227–28, 272n.127

non-black, 88–89, 251

nudity of, 82, 85, 88, 89–93, 251

physical form of, 38, 45, 79, 82–83, 85–86, 88–93, 169, 173, 250–51, 268n.59, 269n.73, 270n.89

and Saracens, 89, 169, 173, 182–83, 225–26

as torturers, 68, 82–83, 113, 176

and Wild Folk, 89–90, 183. See also attitudes, Christian

Ethiopians, Four-Eyed, 53, 87–88

ethnicity, 260n.64

ethnocentricity, 39–41

Eton College Apocalypse, 213

Eucharist, doctrine of, 102, 116–17, 155

symbols of, 132, 138, 148, 246–47

Eulogius of Cordoba, 159, 169, 285n.15

evangelists, 244–45, 255

Eve, 64, 238, 261n.87, 277n.77

evil, signs of, 59–60, 73, 74, 78, 83, 90–93, 183, 192, 200, 226, 246–47, 277n.80

Exchequer, Roll of (1233), 78, 154

executioner: Ethiopian, 82

Saracen, 174

exempla, 12, 52, 54–55, 73, 80, 104, 116, 124, 281n.154

exoticism, 83, 89–92, 180, 200, 201, 249–50

expulsion. See Jews

eyes: bulging, 234

large, 79, 83, 85–86, 134, 170, 213

and moral character, 38, 85, 86

symbolic significance of, 47–48

faces, multiple, 42, 61, 71, 74, 75–77, 134, 137, 213, 218–20, 296n.32

Felix, 67. See also Life of Saint Guthlac

Fetternear Banner, 108, 143

Fierabras, 159

Fifth Crusade, 165, 207, 222

First Crusade, 162, 166, 167, 169, 287n.68

fleur-des-lis, 170, 221, 288n.76

fools, 134, 138–40, 282n.176

forest, iconographical significance of, 39, 44, 136

form, physical: change of, 68–69, 75–77. 87, 169, 209, 249–50, 301n.19

climatic effects on, 34, 35–37, 42, 85

and moral character, 7–8, 17, 20, 29–59, 65–66, 77, 85, 194, 243–45, 251, 254

as sign of sin, 49–50, 52–53, 54–59, 215

as sign of virtue, 53, 72, 248

symbolic meanings of, 46–48. See also Antichrist; Christ; demons; Devil; Ethiopians; Jews; Monstrous Races; Saracens; Tartars

Four Conditions of Society, 247–48

fox, 149–51, 232, 283nn. 220, 221

Francis, Saint, 226

Franciscans, 86, 100, 126, 144, 151, 194, 211, 212, 224, 226, 238

Frederick Barbarossa, 294n.208

Freedman, Paul, 84–85

Friedman, John Block, 16

Fulcher of Chartres, 166, 169

Gabriel, 285n.15

Galen, 30, 33

Gascony, 252, 302n.26

Gates, Caspian. See Alexander’s Gate

genitals, iconographical significance of, 71, 80, 149

Gerald of Wales, 36–37, 178–79, 291n.145

Germans, 36–37

Gesta romanorum, 52–53, 55, 88, 90, 187

gestures, 139, 145, 173, 174

insulting, 120–22, 177, 268n.53

Getty Bestiary, 265n.148

Ghenghis Khan, 207, 208

Ghent, Joos van, 301n.18

Giants, 42, 52, 55, 134, 159, 186, 219, 230, 231–32, 246, 260n.72, 262n.106, 265n.141. See also Og; Ysore

Gifford, D. J., 282n.176

Gislebertus, 55

Glaber, Raoul, 299n.91

Glossa ordinaria, 148–49

Gloucester Candlestick, 90–93, 272n.146

goat, 66, 78, 134–36, 137, 227, 265n.140

Godfrey of Bouillon, 288n.79

Gog and Magog, 225, 228–39, 299n.87, 300nn. 113, 117

gold (color), pictorial significance of, 111

Golden Calf, 106, 108, 109–10, 147–48, 166, 202, 204, 235

Golden Legend, 80, 152, 246, 269n.63

Golgotha, 207

Gosman, Martin, 203

Gospel of Nicodemus, 104

Gow, Andrew, 16, 212, 218, 232–33

Grandes chroniques de France, 169–71, 179–80, 288nn. 79, 95

Grass-Eaters, 53

Gratian. See Decretum Gratiani

Great Bookham Church, 289n.97

Greek, 39–40, 260n.62, 275n.38

green, pictorial significance of, 75, 83, 270n.83

Gregory the Great, 80, 84, 90

Gregory IX, 140, 198

griffin, 206, 208

grimace, as sign of barbarity, 62, 68, 72, 74, 75, in, 113, 119, 123, 136, 164, 171, 179, 192, 194, 230, 252

Grosseteste, Robert, 33

Grünberg, Conrad, 218

grylli, 56, 89, 137, 148, 184

Guillaume le Clerc. See Bestiaire

Gulbenkian Apocalypse, 130, 213

Guthlac, Saint. See Life of Saint Guthlac

Güyük Khan, 194, 204, 207, 293n.202

Gymnosophists, 44

Hahn, Cynthia, 174

hair, 38–39, 224

red, 88, 235, 251

shaggy, 61, 74, 89, 248

smooth, 72

wild, 47, 230, 231

woolly, 45, 79, 82, 85–86, 89

Hall, Edith, 40

Ham (Cham), 84–85, 270n.99

Hamilton, Bernard, 294n.208

Harley 4751: 153–54

hats, Jewish, 56, 83, 98, 102, 105–6, 110, 114–15, 119–20, 123–26, 128–29, 130–32, 134–37, 139, 141, 142, 145–48, 161, 163–64, 177, 187, 192, 213, 214, 217, 218, 219, 221, 228, 232, 234, 273n.6, 276n.40, 280n.130, 296n.36

head, 131, 262n.96

symbolic meanings of, 46–48. See also heads, multiple

headgear, 72, 89, 105–6, 130–31, 148, 161, 173–74, 180, 182, 192, 198–200, 202–3, 207, 214–15, 224, 226, 228, 268n.42, 273n.6, 276n.40, 277n.85, 296n.36. See also hats, Jewish; tortil turban

heads, multiple, 216–17, 219–20, 222, 225–26, 243–44, 255, 296n.40, 297n.57, 301n.5

heart, symbolic significance of, 47

heaven, 100–101, 124, 164, 220–21, 223–24, 230

Hebrew, 40, 133, 136, 232, 275n.38

Hedroït, 163, 286n.32

Hedwig Codex, 196–98, 208

Heliodorus, 88

hell, 66–68, 123–24, 220

inhabitants of, 72, 123–27, 137, 142–43. See also hellmouth; Tartarus

hellmouth, 69–71, 81–82, 123–27

Henry of Cossey, 211, 222, 238

Henry II, 196–98

Henry III, 144

heraldry, fictive, 82, 163, 177, 179, 180–82, 186, 189, 190, 196, 218–19, 228, 289n.113

Hereford Gospels, 244–34

Hereford Map, 41, 49, 87, 158, 166, 186–88, 198–200, 230–31, 232, 263n.130, 271nn. 111, 120

heresy, 140, 142, 149–51, 165, 238

heretics, 8, 9, 66, 97, 102, 126, 165, 172–73, 177, 178–79, 218, 238, 283n.221, 300n.120

Hermaphrodites, 44, 187–88, 203

Herod, 222, 226

Herodotus, 88

Herzog Ernst, 46, 157

Higden, Randall, 296n.41

Hildegard of Bingen. See Scivias

Hilton, Walter, 267n.23

Himan topodes, 187

Hippocrates, 37

Hippocratics, 31, 33, 34

Historia Tartarorum, 195, 200, 292n.165

History of the Outremer, 180–81

Holy Land, 145, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162–63, 166, 170, 182, 184, 188, 239, 288n.92

Holy Sepulcher, 163, 167, 299n.91

Holy War, 157, 161, 165

Homer, 87

homosexuals, 9

horns, 130, 215, 246–47

of demons, 61–62, 69, 73, 75, 128, 170, 219, 246

of Jews, 106, 133, 134–36

of Moses, 106, 148

horse, 179, 180, 181, 194, 291n.158

Hortus Deliciarum, 123–24, 279n.120

Hospitallers, 182

host, desecration of, 116–17, 134, 155, 278nn. 90, 94

Hourihane, Colum, 276n.44

humanity, gauges of, 40, 48, 50–52, 131

humors, 35–37

Huntingfield Psalter, 75–77, 78

hybrids, 41, 128–30, 137, 148, 173, 184–85, 190, 200

hyena, 147–48, H3–54

Ibn Khaldün, 178

Ichthyophagi, 272n.127

idolatry, 152–53, 155

and Jews, 106, 108–9, 141–42, 148, 152–53, 155, 165–66, 168

and Monstrous Races, 204, 245

and Saracens, 165–68, 171–72

and Tartars, 202–4

idols, 106, 108, 109–10, 147–48, 166–68, 171–72, 202–4, 235, 287nn. 57, 61

imps, 80–81, 227

India, 37, 38, 85, 86, 206, 235

Innocent III, 153, 207, 222

Innocent IV, 144, 194, 204, 207, 282n.179

Innocents, massacre of, 161

Isaac, 165

Isaac of Norwich, 78–79, 105, 122, 154, 218

Ishmael, 165

Isidore of Seville, 31, 52, 54, 85, 200, 265n.148, 272n.127, 302n.30

Islam, 158, 165, 188, 189, 191, 211, 222, 223, 226, 237, 239, 291n.143

Israel, Ten Lost Tribes of, 207, 232–33, 239, 299n.87

Itinerarium peregrinorum, 169

Ivo of Narbonne, 193

Jacob, 126

Jacobus de Voragine. See Golden Legend

Jacques de Vitry, 165, 207

Jerome, Saint, 84

Jerusalem, 83, 157, 158, 159, 164–65, 167, 188–89, 238, 288n.79

Heavenly, 100–101, 151, 161, 207, 222, 225

Jesse. See Tree of Jesse

Jews, 12, 95–155

accusations made of, 95, 98–99, 104, 107, 108, 116–17, 119, 123, 133–34, 136, 138, 141, 143, 155, 221, 233, 238, 278n.94, 281n.155, 282n.196, 299n.91

and Antichrist, 130, 141, 154, 212–21, 222, 228, 232, 238, 295n.8

barbarity of, 133, 154, 242

as “Christ-killers,” 99, 107, 115, 119, 133, 163, 212, 220, 238, 242, 255

conversion of, 99–101, 104, 124, 143–51, 161, 164, 168, 226, 238, 284n.227

and demons, 77–78, 93, 109, 123–26, 154, 217, 219

and Devil, 115, 122–23, 127–28, 136, 141, 154, 169, 218

dress of, 105, 109–10, 116–20, 133

dual view of, 12, 101, 242

in England, 96–97, 107, 116, 130, 133, 142–44, 166, 276nn. 47, 48; 282n.196, 296n.42

eschatological roles of, 99–101, 130–31, 143–44, 160–61, 164, 209

and Ethiopians, 93

expulsion of, 104, 105, m, 117, 142, 153, 166, 252–54, 278n.94, 296n.42, 302n.26

as fools, 134, 138–40

in France, 142–43, 153, 299n.91

in Germany, 117, 285n.27

as Gog and Magog, 232–36

guilt of, 99, 104, 107, 115–16, 116–17

in hell, 123–27, 137, 142–43

idolatry of, 106, 108–9, 141–42, 148, 152–53, 155, 165–66, 168

massacres of, 105, 107, 117, 140, 145, 162–64, 236, 282n.183, 285n.30

and monarchy, 143, 146–47, 154–55

and Mongols, 195, 200

monstrosity of, 111, 129–30, 133–37, 219–20, 241

and Monstrous Races, 7–8, 52, 56, 93, 137, 148, 160, 186–87, 204, 232, 235–36

and Muhammed, 165

neutral images of, 252–53

nudity of, 123, 134, 149, 187, 221

physical form of, 77–78, 106, 108, no-11, 113–14, 115, 123, 133–36, 138–39, 165–66, 173, 180, 213, 214, 221, 234, 252, 268n.53

positive images of, 97–98, 106–7, 188

and Saracens, 148, 166, 173–74, 177, 186–87, 192

sexuality of, 78, 133, 147–48, 154, 281n.154

as signs of Christian angst, 95–96, 111, 152, 155, 239

symbols of, 56, 120, 132, 134–37, 147–48, 153–54, 163

and Tartars, 193, 194, 195, 200, 203, 236

as torturers, 68, 110–16, 174–76

usury of, 124, 140–43, 154, 166

and Wild Folk, 113. See also Antichrist; attitudes, Christian; crusaders; debates, Christian-Jewish; hats, Jewish; Red Jews; stereotypes, medieval; Synagoga; synagogue

Joachim of Fiore, 99–101, 130, 143, 224–26, 237

Jocelin of Brakelond, 276n.48

Johannes (artist), 202

John, Duke of Berry, 198, 237

John of Foxton, 35, 84

John of Plano Carpini, 194–95, 198, 200, 207, 293n.181

John of Roquetaillade, 238, 300n.120

John of Salisbury. See Policraticus

John the Baptist, Saint, 248, 255

John the Fearless, 198

Jordan, William Chester, 252

Josephus, 164–65

Joshua, 56, 148–49, 265n.156

Judah, 141

Judaism, 12, 151–54, 158, 165, 284n.227

Judas, 108, 128, 132, 142, 143, 146, 222, 252

Jude, Saint, 269n.63

Judensau, 120, 163

Julian, Saint, 269n.63

Khan, Great, 206, 236, 237. See also Batu Khan; Ghenghis Khan; Güyük Khan; Khubilai Khan

Khludov Psalter, 160

Khubilai Khan, 201–2, 204

King of Tars, 169

kingship, 170–71

Knee-Walkers, Eight-Toed, 203

knights, 123–24, 144–46, 162–63, 169–71, 173, 179–82, 186, 188, 196–98, 204, 207, 218, 242, 289n.110

Knights Templar, 164

Kyng Alisaunder, 160

Lactantius Placidus, 87

Lacy, Edmund de, 57

lamb, apocalyptic, 149–51, 246–47

paschal, 117–22, 146, 151

Lambeth Apocalypse, 82–83

Langland, William. See Piers Plowman

language, 39–40, 42, 44, 48, 67, 165, 195, 243. See also Greek; Hebrew; Latin

Larner, John, 201

Last Judgment, 67, 72, 120–21, 160–61, 214

Last World Emperor, 207

Lateran Council, Fourth, 105, 116–17, 153, 288n.92

Latin, 243, 275n.38

Lausanne Cathedral, 53–54, 88, 263n.129, 264n.132

Leignitz, battle of, 196–98

lepers, 9, 233, 269n.69

Leviticus, Book of, 65–66, 77

Lewis, Suzanne, 16, 130

Libellus de Antichristo, 213

Liber figurarum, 224–26, 297n.63, 298n.75

Liber floridus, 85

Liber monstrorum, 41, 88, 241

Libri Carolini, 287n.61

Libyans, 82, 298n.79

Life of Saint Guthlac, 66–67, 68, 72, 136

Lincoln, 107

Lincoln Cathedral, 67, 104

lion, 120, 149–51

lips: everted, 79, 82–83, 89–90

fleshy, 139, 234

large, 85–86

Lipton, Sara, 16, 126, 141

Little Book of Physiognomy, 77

Livre de la vigne de Nostre Seigneur, 64–65, 67–68, 71, 73, 78

Livre des merveilles, 44–45, 198–99, 237

Longinus, 277n.81

Loomis, Richard, 269n.77

Louis VII, 162

Louis VIII, 218

Louis IX, 140, 170, 282n.179, 291n.151

Lovell Lectionary, 116–17

Lucifer, 68–69, 220, 222

Lucy, Saint, 152

Ludger of Braunschweig, 235

lust, as sign of barbarity, 38, 78, 85, 179, 188, 261n.87

Luttrell, Geoffrey, 182–83, 189

Luttrell Psalter, 13, 81–82, 89–90, 179, 182–83, 189, 190, 269n.73

Macrobius, 30

macrocosm: Classical concept of, 30–35

in medieval art, 53–54

Madame Marie’s Book of Images, 111–13, 174–77, 277nn. 80–81

Magdalene, Saint Mary, 248–49, 255

magi, 122–23, 238, 249, 301n.18

Malchus, 114, 252

Man, Two-Faced, 42

Mandeville, John. See Travels of Sir John Mandeville

manhout, 163–64

manticore, 136

Manuel I Comnenus, 206

mappae mundi, 138, 158, 163, 237, 249–50, 270n.99, 271n.111

Ethiopians on, 87

Monstrous Races on, 41–42, 53, 54

Prester John on, 87, 249–50

maps: Beatus, 158, 271n.111

Macrobian, 42

maps, world. See mappae mundi

Marcial, Saint, 269n.63

marginalia, 56–59, 81–82, 89–93, 116–17, 128–30, 134–37, 219–20, 265n.140, 283n.220

Mark, Saint, 244–45

Marrow, James, 160

Marsile, King, 179–80

Martini, Raymond, 128

Marvels, Book of. See Livre des merveilles

Marvels of the East, 41, 42–43, 88–89, 201, 203, 246, 251

masks, 107, 115, 214, 220, 267n.39, 277n.87, 295n.18, 296n.45

Matthew of Ajello, 80

Maurice, Saint, 301n.19

Melancholia, 35–36, 84, 250, 270n.89

Mellinkoff, Ruth, 16, 106, 108

mendicants, 108, 143, 158. See also Carmelites; Dominicans; Franciscans

menstruation, male, 281n.154

Men with Six Hands, 7

Mesemothus, 225, 226

Messina, 225

Michael the Archangel, Saint, 214, 220

microcosm: Classical concept of, 34–39

in medieval art, 53–54

misericords, 41, 56, 148, 184, 213, 218, 220, 265n.154, 296n.33

mission, Christian, 50–51, 56, 59, 158, 161, 207

missionaries, 83, 86, 155, 158, 195, 200, 204, 226

Moissac abbey, 165

Mollat, Michel, 16, 79, 228

moneybag, as attribute, 108, 123, 124, 140–43, 215, 221

moneylending, 140–43, 276n.48, 277n.69

Mongolia, 194

Mongols, 12, 158, 192–94

accusations made of, 238

barbarity of, 242

conversion of, 87, 204, 238

dual view of, 12, 201

eschatological roles of, 238

invasions of, 192–93, 195–98, 237

and Jews, 195, 200

monstrosity of, 241

and Monstrous Races, 8–9

and Muslims, 193–94, 195, 200

positive views of, 201–3

Western views of, 200, 201. See also attitudes, Christian; crusaders; stereotypes, medieval; Tartars

monks, 123–24, 143, 159, 243

monsters, 128–30, 243–54

disguised, 250–54

functions of, 254–55

positive, 243–50. See also monstrosity; Monstrous Races

Monsters, Book of. See Liber monstrorum

monstrosity, 8, 17, 52, 241–55, 302n.30

and barbarity, 42–46, 136, 187

signs of, 47, 128–30, 136, 206, 219–20, 255. See also Jews; Mongols; Monstrous Races; Muhammed; Muslims; Saracens; Tartars

Monstrous Races, 7–8, 41–59, 134, 157–58, 180, 232, 238, 246, 255, 262n.107, 265n.148, 272n.127, 296n.33

and Antichrist, 82, 219, 227–28, 231, 236

barbarity of, 42–46

belief in, 51

and bestiaries, 55–57, 265n.148

Christianization of, 52–59

in Classical art, 41, 42

climatic effects on, 44–45

conversion of, 50–51, 56, 59

and Devil, 186

dual view of, 53, 242

eschatological roles of, 82, 227, 231

and Ethiopians, 8–9, 87–93, 2, 27–28, 272n.127

function of, 59

humanity of, 50–52, 53, 159, 301n.7

idolatry of, 204, 245

and Jews, 8–9, 52, 56, 93, 134, 137, 148, 160, 186–87, 204, 232, 235–36

locations of, 41–45, 53, 59, 86, 87, 159

in marginalia, 56–59

and Mongols, 8–9

and Muslims, 8–9, 137, 227–28

nudity of, 44–45, 55, 203–4, 227

origins of, 48–50, 54, 85

physical form of, 41–59, 255

and Saracens, 159–60, 186–88, 204, 223–24, 288n.95

sexuality of, 46

as signs of sin, 49–50, 52–53, 54–59

as signs of virtue, 52, 53, 55, 56, 255

symbolic meanings of, 46–59

and Tartars, 193, 198–201, 203–6, 293n.181. See also Acephali; Amazons; Amyctyrae; Anthropophagi; Antipodes; Apple-Sniffers; Artibatirae; Blemmyai; centaurs; Cyclopes; Cynomolgi, Dog-heads; Donestre; Epiphagi; Essedones; Ethiopians; Ethiopians, Four-Eyed; Giants; Grass-Eaters; Gymnosophists; Hermaphrodites; Elimantopodes; Ichthyophagi; Knee-Walkers, Eight-Toed; Man, Two-Faced; Men with Six Hands; Pamphagi; Panotii; Psylli; Pygmies; Sciopods; Sciritae; Speechless Men; Straw-Drinkers; Titans; Troglodytes; Woman, Bearded

Moors, 82, 225

Moralia in Job, 84, 90–93

Morgan, Nigel, 277n.85

Moses, 65–66, 106, 119, 130, 148

mosque, 169, 172

mountains: Caspian, 229, 232, 235, 236, 251, 300nn. 108, 113

iconographical significance of, 234–35, 237

ideological significance of, 37, 221, 231

mouth: iconographical significance of, 68, 71, 82, 86, 113, 119, 170, 191

symbolic significance of, 47–48. See also hellmouth

Muhammed, 159, 166, 189–92

and Antichrist, 165, 169, 191, 217, 222, 225, 226, 237

barbarity of, 166, 190–91

death of, 181, 190–91, 285n.15, 291n.143

as demon, 169, 179, 191

as heretic, 165

in heraldry, 179, 189, 190, 196

as idol, 166, 168

and Jews, 165

lives of, 189–90, 290n.140, 291n.143

monstrosity of, 189–90, 223–24, 225–26

Mundill, Robin, 282n.196, 302n.26

murder, ritual, 104, 134, 136, 155

Muslims, 12, 157–61, 288n.89

barbarity of, 159, 183, 242

conversion of, 87, 161, 168, 226, 238

dual view of, 12, 242

eschatological roles of, 160–61, 221–22

as heretics, 177

idolatry of, 165–69, 171–72

and Jews, 200

and Mongols, 193–94, 195, 200

monstrosity of, 184, 241

and Monstrous Races, 8–9, 137, 227–28

sexuality of, 188. See also Arabs; attitudes, Christian; crusaders; Islam; Libyans; Moors; Saracens; stereotypes, medieval; Turks

Nabal, 172

Nablus, Council of (1120), 288n.92

Les Narbonnais, 159

Nebuchadnezzar, 187

Nero, 226, 280n.129

Nestorians, 202

New World, 208

Nicholas III, 144

Nicobar Islands, 203–4

Nile, 41, 87, 187

Noah, 49, 84–85, 113, 270n.99, 280n.149

Norwich, 78, 105, 107, 136

Norwich Cathedral, 104

nose, 66, 77, 180, 230, 277n.87

of demons, 62, 72, 170

of Devil, 75–76

of Ethiopians, 79, 82–83, 85–86, 89–90

of Jews, 77–78, 106, 110–11, 113, 114, 123, 134, 138, 139, 166, 213, 221, 234, 268n.53

of Saracens, 181, 192

of Tartars, 194

Nubia, 249

Nubians, 86–87

nudity, 55, 134, 194, 249, 261n.87, 266nn. 8, 9

of demons, 64–65, 67, 128

of Ethiopians, 82, 85–86, 88, 89–93, 251

of Jews, 123, 134, 149, 187, 221

of Monstrous Races, 44–45, 55, 186–87, 203–4, 227

of Saracens, 159, 187–88

Nuremberg, St. Lawrence Church, 109–10

Og, 49, 262n.106

Olivi, Peter, 222

On the Instruction of Princes, 178–79

opposition, visual, 71–73, 74, 84, 113, 190, 230, 242, 243

Orleans, 299n.91

Orvieto Cathedral, 64

Oscott Psalter, 113–15, 149–51, 177, 184–85, 277n.85

ostrich, 56

Otto of Freising, 206

oven, Jewish boy in, 124–26

owl, 56, 137, 237

Oxford Bible, 215–17, 222

pagans, 126, 157, 165, 189, 225–26, 238

Palestine, 166, 225

Palmer, Barbara, 73

Pamphagi, 272n.127

Panotii, 51, 52, 53, 57, 159, 160, 203

Paris, Matthew, 84, 193, 195, 196, 200, 283n.203, 291n.202. See also Chronica majora

Parthenay-le-Vieux, 160

partridge, 55, 93, 265n.146

Parzival, 262n.107

Paschasius, 152

Passion, images of, 82–83, 107, 111–16, 134, 136, 137, 160, 163, 177, 184, 238–39, 286n.32, 289n.97

Passover, 119, 278n.99

Paul, Saint, 145, 161

Paulinus of Nola, 84

Le Pelerinage de Charlemagne, 287n.73

Pernes-les-Fontaines, Tour Ferrande, 288n.95

Persians, 40

Peter, Saint, 114, 149, 252

Peter des Roches, 204

Peter of Eboli, 80

Peter the Venerable, 52, 80, 84, 98, 162, 165

Petrus Comestor, 299n.87

Philip, Lotte Brand, 117

Philip Augustus, 159

Philistines, 146, 171–72

phoenix, 206

physiognomy: Christianization of, 52–53, 65, 77

theory of, 37–39, 52–53

Physio logus, 65

Pictor in Carmine, 278n.102, 280n.149, 283n.221

Piers Plowman, 222

pig, 181, 191. See also Judensau

Pilate, Pontius, 99, 102–4, 113, 114, 128, 131, 222, 268n.53, 275n.38, 276nn. 40, 44; 277n.85

pilgrimage, 155, 181, 215, 287n.73

Plato, 189

plays, mystery. See drama, medieval

Pliny, 30, 54, 87–88

poisoning, 95, 190, 233, 238

Poitiers, Notre-Dame-le-Grand, 285n.21

Poland, 193, 196

Polemo of Laodicea, 37–38

Polesworth, 151

Policraticus, 47–48

Polo, Marco, 43–44, 86, 159–60, 192–93, 201–3, 208–9, 293nn. 188, 190

polygamy, 179, 191, 194–95

positioning, 72

dorsal, 110

frontal, 173

left, 102, 177, 181, 189, 216–17, 277n.80

profile, 78, 83, 102, in-12, 114–15, 136, 138, 139, 148, 151, 177, 180, 189, 194, 195, 202, 213, 215, 216–17, 223, 231, 234

relative, 45, 124, 179–80, 213, 230

right, 180, 228, 277n.80

Prester John, 87, 206–9, 249–50, 255, 293n.202, 294nn. 208, 209

Priscillian, 33, 258n.23

propaganda, medieval, 13, 42, 96, 104–5, 154, 218, 224, 242

Prophet, The. See Muhammed

prostitutes, 9

Psalter of Bonne of Luxembourg, 134, 138

Psalter of Stephen of Derby, 139–40

Pseudo-Aristotle, 37–38, 85

Pseudo-Augustine, 102, 275n.34

Pseudo-Dionyisus, 71, 72, 80

Pseudo-Jerome, 57, 138

Pseudo-Matthew, 168, 287n.57

Pseudo-Methodius, 229, 294n.210, 295n.8

Psylli, 46

Ptolemy, 30

purple, pictorial significance of, 83

Pygmies, 44, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 160, 260n.72, 265nn. 140–42; 272n.141

and Ethiopians, 90–93

and Jews, 134–36

and Tartars, 200, 207

Quilichinus of Spoleto, 237

Ragnell, 220

Randall, Lilian, 273n.7, 283n.220

Ratramnus of Corbie, 50–51, 301n.7

red, pictorial significance of, 75, 98, 136, 172, 177, 213, 226, 227, 234, 299n.101

Red Jews, 232–36, 239, 299nn. 87, 101

Reinfrid von Braunschweig, 235, 236

René of Anjou, 44

Reprobus, 245–46

Revel-Neher, Elisabeth, 276n.65

Reynard the Fox, 283n.220

Richard Coeur de Lion, 160, 178, 269n.77

Richard the Lionheart, 82, 159, 179, 189, 225–26, 269n.77, 297n.65

Ricold of Monte Croce (Ricold de Monte Croix), 237, 292n.176

Ripon Cathedral, 56

Rivers of Paradise, 53–54, 263n.130

Robert the Monk, 287n.68

Roger of Howden, 297n.65

Rohan Hours, 65

Romance of Alexander, 184–86, 229–30, 293n.190, 299n.105

Roman de Godefroi, 189–82

Romans, 99, 104, 131, 147, 157, 252

Rome, 213, 238

Roncevaux, battle of, 179–80, 288n.95

Rothschild Canticles, 262n.107, 265n.140

Rubin, Miri, 16

Russell, Jeffrey Burton, 62

Rutland Psalter, 57–59, 88, 90, 128–30, 134–36, 137

Said, Edward, 20

Saint-Denis, royal abbey of, 170

Saint-Parize-le-Châtel, 56, 265n.149

saints, 128, 155, 190, 215–16, 220, 229, 248

physical form of, 39, 72, 244–45, 248–49

torments of, 66–67, 80, 174–77. See also names of individual saints

Saladin, 82, 179, 188–89, 190, 191, 222, 225, 226, 242, 269n.77, 297n.65

Salvin Hours, in

Saracens, 157–89, 286n.41

and Antichrist 216, 221–26, 228, 236, 238

barbarity of, 159, 183, 242

climatic effects on, 177–79

and demons, 122, 169–72, 177, 191, 215–16

and Devil, 168–70, 171–72, 178, 218, 242

dress of, 89, 174–77, 179–81, 183–84, 288n.75, 289n.111

dual view of, 173, 189, 242

eschatological roles of, 160–61, 209, 211, 215–16, 221–26, 237–38

and Ethiopians, 89, 169, 173, 182–83, 223–26

idolatry of, 165–68, 171–72, 203

and Jews, 148, 166, 173–74, 177, 186–87, 192

in marginalia, 137

monstrosity of, 137, 148, 184, 241

and Monstrous Races, 8–9, 137, 159–60, 186–88, 204, 223–24, 227–28, 288n.95

nudity of, 159, 187–88

physical form of, 168–70, 173–84, 188–89, 192, 269n.77, 288nn. 89, 95

sexuality of, 179, 188, 189, 194, 290n.130

as signs of Christian angst, 168, 239

and Tartars, 196, 200, 203, 206, 207

as torturers, 174–77

as virtuous, 188–89

and Wild Folk, 89–90, 183–84

Satan, 68, 123, 128, 165, 169, 218, 220

satyr, 53

Sauvigny, 265n.149

scimitar, 177, 181, 184, 186, 208

Sciopods, 7, 44, 53, 54, 56, 57–59, 134, 200, 203, 219, 265n.149

Sciritae, 51, 160

Scivias, 106

scorpion, 177

Scotland, 108, 143, 277n.69

Scots, 31

Scythia, 198

Second Crusade, 158, 161, 189

Secreta secretorum, 38, 77, 259n.49

Semur-en-Auxois, 89

Sens Cathedral, 56, 265n.149

Sergius IV, 165

sexuality, laws against, 153–54, 174, 243, 288n.92

of barbarians, 42

of demons, 64, 71, 72, 73, 78

of Jews, 78, 133, 147–48, 154, 281n.154

of monsters, 7–8

of Monstrous Races, 46

of Saracens, 179, 188, 189, 194, 290n.130

of Tartars, 194, 195

Sibyl, Tiburtine, 294n.210, 295n.8

Signorelli, Luca, 64, 266n.10

Simon, Saint, 269n.63

Simon Magus, 222

Simon of Saint-Quentin. See Historia Tartarorum

sin, 20, 45, 49

signs of, 49–50, 52–53, 54–59, 64, 65–66, 67, 68–70, 77, 84, 85

sirens, 56, 219, 261n.87

size, 52, 74, 90, 110

skin, 38–39, 75

dark, 34, 38, 45, 47, 62, 79, 83–86, 88–91, 110–11, 168–70, 172, 173, 177, 179–83, 189, 202–3, 227–28, 249–50, 252, 268n.59, 269n.73, 277n.87

light, 39, 173, 248, 251, 288n.89

ruddy, 234, 251, 299n.101

Smithfield Decretals, 219

snake, 46, 191, 229, 232

Socrates, 29, 39, 189

Solinus, 54, 200, 231, 263n.126

Somme le Roy, 106

Song of Roland, 86, 157, 160, 166, 179–80, 182, 271n.115

sorcery, 123, 195

soul, 47, 131, 198

Spain, 170, 172, 222

Speculum Historiale, 195, 201

Speculum humanae salvationis, 119–20

Speechless Men, 44

kneeless, 200

sponge-bearer, 111–13, 277nn. 80, 81

stereotypes, medieval: of Black Africans, 79, 83, 86, 93

of Jews, 40, 77–78, 82–83, 95–96, 105, 111–15, 133, 137, 141–42, 165, 252, 276n.65

of Mongols, 193, 195

of Muslims, 40, 165

regional, 34, 35–37, 38–39

Strasbourg Cathedral, 163, 286n.32

Straw-Drinkers 44, 200, 203

Südan, 178

Sullivan, Margaret, 251

Synagoga, 98, 102, 106, 141, 163, 214, 278n.88, 295n.18

synagogue, 122, 128, 212

Syria, 166, 188, 225

tail: of demons, 61–62, 69, 73

of Jews, 106, 133

Talmud, 140, 282n.179

Tanner Apocalypse, 71, 73

Tartars, 157, 158, 192–209, 291n.151, 300n.108

barbarity of, 242

cannibalism of, 193–94, 198–200

climatic effects on, 195

and demons, 192, 198, 202

and Devil, 195

dress of, 194, 195, 198–200, 202–3, 207

dual view of, 201, 242

eschatological roles of, 198–99, 207, 209, 211, 236–37, 238, 300n.108

as Gog and Magog, 237–39

idolatry of, 202–4

and Jews, 193, 194, 195, 200, 203, 236

location of, 200

military might of, 195–98, 206, 208

monstrosity of, 241

and Monstrous Races, 193, 198–201, 203–6, 293n.181

physical form of, 193–95, 202–3, 208, 292n.165

and Saracens, 196, 200, 203, 206, 207

sexuality of, 194, 195

as signs of Christian angst, 239

usury of, 195

and Wild Folk, 200

Tartarus, 192, 198, 291n.151

teeth, bared: 230, 234–35

buck, 179, 250

large, 90

multiple rows of, 136

pointy, 113, 170

Temple, 166

Ten Lost Tribes. See Israel, Ten Lost Tribes of Tergavant, 166

Theophilus, legend of, 122–23, 124–26, 279n.116

Third Crusade, 159, 169, 188–89, 225, 226

Thomas, Saint, 235

Thomas of Cantimpré, 51, 54

Titans, 272n.127

Titus, 131–32, 146, 164, 280n.129, 289n.113

toad, 72–73, 232

tongue, protruding, 68, 73, 90, 128, 177, 219

tortil, 161, 177, 181–86, 192

torturers: demons as, 66–68

Ethiopians as, 68, 82–83, 113, 176

Jews as, 68, no-16, 174–76

Saracens as, 174–77

translation, visual, 201–3

transubstantiation. See Eucharist, doctrine of

Travels of Sir John Mandeville, 37, 157–58, 201, 203–7, 232, 236, 293n.181

Tree of Jesse, 98, 114

Trinity, 218, 243–44, 255, 296n.33, 301n.3

Troglodytes, 203, 272n.127

Troyes Cathedral, 63, 75

turban, 106, 137, 148, 168, 174–77, 180, 182, 184, 187–88, 203, 215, 224, 228

Turks, 157, 169, 178, 184, 186, 225, 238, 239

Tyre, 182, 289n.115

man from, 89, 182, 189

Uebel, Michael, 211, 254

Uffenbachsches Wappenbuch, 233–35

ugliness: iconographical significance of, 113, 154, 173

and moral character, 17, 29, 195, 254, 292n.165

Urban II, 167, 169, 177, 287n.68

Us vs. Them, 8, 39–41

usury, 124, 140–43, 154, 166, 195

utopia, 201

Valerie, Saint, 174

Valerie chasse, 174, 177

Vegetius, 37

Vespasian, 131–32, 146, 165, 289n.113

Vézelay, La Madeleine, 13, 48, 51, 56, 159

vice, personifications of, 69–70

Vienna Bible, 65–66, 141–42, 146–47, 148–49, 171–73, 296nn. 28, 32

Vienna 1179: 218

Vienna Genesis, 49, 53, 85, 262n.107

Vincent, Saint, 177

Vincent of Beauvais, 30, 88. See also Speculum Historiale

Vindicta Salvatoris, 131–32

Virgin Mary, 124–25, 217, 226

as idol, 168, 203

miracles of, 122–23, 124–26

physical form of, 39

virtue: personifications of, 71

signs of, 39, 52–53, 72, 174, 248, 255

Vitruvius, 37

weapons, 130, 137, 163–64, 173, 178, 183, 186, 195, 196, 206, 226, 233, 238

primitive, 113, 169, 194, 206, 248

staff, 69, 120, 147, 148, 186, 196. See also archery; club; scimitar

Wellcome Apocalypse, 214–15, 300n.113

Welsh (people), 36–37

Westminster Abbey Bestiary, 134, 219, 265nn. 141, 148; 296n.36, 301n.5

Wheel of Fortune, 296n.36

Wiardel, William, 104, 276n.47

Wild Folk, 44, 134, 219, 232, 247–49

and Devil, 74

and Ethiopians, 89–90, 183

and Jews, 113

and Saracens, 89–90, 183–84

and Tartars, 200

wildness, 44, 85, 89–90, 247–49

William, Saint, 104, 136

William of Malmesbury, 177–78

William of Newburgh, 188, 189, 282n.183

William of Orange, 288n.95

William of Rubruck, 159, 200, 201, 207, 208

William of Tripoli, 291n.143

William of Tyre, 169, 180

Williams, David, 255

Winchester Psalter, 82, 113

Windmill Psalter, 251–54

winds: Christianization of, 33

and physical form, 34

wings, iconographical significance of, 61–64, 72, 75, 81, 244, 268n.42

witness, doctrine of, 99, 252

Woman, Bearded, 7, 42

women: climatic effects on, 34

and Jews, 153, 277n.77, 281n.154

as patrons, 136, 281n.160

and Saracens, 160, 174

as symbols, 226

and Tartars, 194, 292n.165

yellow, pictorial significance of, 98, 110, 172, 215, 234–35

York, 107, 140, 282n.183

Ysore, 288n.95

Zanzibar, inhabitants of, 86

zodiac, 31–33, 53

Zodiac Man, 31–33

zones, climatic, 30

Zorn von Plobsheim (family of), 183

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