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Walker, Rosyln A.

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Index

Rosyln A. Walker

The Arts of Africa: At the Dallas Museum of Art

Index

Author

Rosyln A. Walker

PublisherDallas Museum of Art

PublisherYale University Press

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-19803

Index

Abbreviations used here:

DMA: Dallas Museum of Art

DMFA: Dallas Museum of Fine Arts

DRC: Democratic Republic of the Congo

Abua (Nigeria), headdress, 23–24

Ada (Igbo, Nigeria), 126, 302

adze, Pende ceremonial, 84–85

Afonso I Mvemba Nzinga, 264

African American Museum, Dallas, Tex., 22

African Art Acquisition Fund, DMA, 24

African Art Acquisitions Endowment, DMA, 26

African Collection Fund, DMA, 24

afterlife, art for the, 179–213

Agbonbiofe of Effon-Alaiye, 24, 90, 90

Ajala (Yoruba deity), 62

Akan (Nigeria), miniature brass figures, 24

Alafin of Oyo (legendary king), 194

alafin (king), 110, 194

Alfred and Juanita K. Bromberg Collection, Dallas, Tex., 24

Allison, Philip, 32

altar, Yoruba copper, 24

altarpiece, Spanish 15th-cent., 29, 29

Amazigh (Berber), 226, 268, 300

marriage or ceremonial veil, 246–47

American Federation of Arts, New York, 17

American Museum of Natural History, New York, 20

Amma (Dogon: God), 222

ancestors

ceremonies for, 144, 150

as channeled by diviners, 282

Dogon primordial (nommo), 18, 220, 222

importance of, 66, 179

infants as reincarnations of, 179

masquerading and, 139, 142, 190

sculptures of. See figure

symbols of, 176

worship of, 198, 208, 272

animals

head (Cuanza River, Angola), 29–30, 31

symbolism of, 68, 78, 176, 219

anonymity, as issue in African art. See artists

Arabs, influence of, 261, 282

see also Islam; Muslim

Areogun. See Arowogun

Arhuanran, prince of Benin, 50, 52, 54

“ark,” Dogon, 19

Armstrong, Robert Plant, 20

Arowogun (Areogun) of Osi-Ilorin (c. 1880–1954), 19, 32, 35n.13, 142, 178n.3, 261, 276–77

art, African

Christianity and, 232, 233, 261, 264–66, 276, 302

dating, 13–14, 29–31, 31, 35n.9, 42

decorative, 219–57

European art and, 261–62, 262, 263, 290, 290

uses of, 29, 39, 42, 94, 101, 121, 139, 179, 219

see also sculpture

Art Center, La Jolla, Calif., 13

Art Museum League Travel Fund, DMA, 19

artists, African

anonymity of, as issue, 18, 27n.13, 31–32, 90, 178n.3

apprenticeship for, 32, 276

Asante (Ghana), 118, 300

comb, 19, 232–33

doll, 18, 19, 101, 118–19

kente, 18, 28 (det.), 294–95, 296n.43

Austin, Ramona, 22–23, 25

Axum kingdom, Christianity in, 21–22, 264, 306

Azevedo, Warren d’, 32

Baga (Guinea), 300

D’mba headdress, 18, 140–41

masks, 139

Bamana (Mali), 168, 222, 300

Bamgbose of Osi (Yoruba sculptor), 276

Bamileke (Cameroon), 300

elephant mask and hat, 70–73

Bamum (Cameroon), 300

prestige pipe, 94–95, 282

Barbier-Mueller, Ann, 25

Barbier-Mueller Museum, Geneva, 20, 164

Barnes, Edward Larrabee, 19

Bascom, William R., 32

Basden, G. T., 134

basketwork, 22, 60, 74–75, 78–79, 280, 281

Bassani, Ezio, 178n.21

Baule (Côte d’Ivoire), 68, 300

crown, 68–69

door, 219, 224–25

ointment pot, 19, 236, 236

seated figure, 20, 23, 104–105, 262

Belande (DRC), 164

bell, Lower Niger Bronze Industry, 18, 139, 144–45

Benin kingdom (Nigeria), 14, 25, 144, 264, 278, 301

figure of chief, 23, 52–55

plaque, bronze, single-figure, 2 (det.), 25, 44–46, 45, 54

four-figure, 44, 44, 278

waist pendant, 23, 30, 38 (det.), 48–51, 49, 261

see also Edo

Berber. See Amazigh; Tuareg

Bezalel Foundation, 18

Bini (Edo), Nigeria, 19, 286

Blondiau, Raoul, 15

Bobo (Burkina Faso and Mali), 121, 122, 300

Nwenka mask, 18, 19, 101, 121, 122–23, 139

Boma (DRC), 300, 302

standing figure, 15, 16, 33

Bonin, Cosima von, RORSCHACHTEST #4 (2006), 290, 292

Bonwit Teller and Co., New York, 290, 293

Borgatti, Jean, 32

Boti (Côte d’Ivoire), 35n.14

bowl

Grebo ceremonial rice, 242, 243

Yoruba lidded (opon igede), 19, 178n.3, 261, 276–77

Yoruba offering (olumeye)

by Agbonbiofe, 24, 90, 90

by Olowe, 24, 90–93 (det.), 91

Yoruba (or Edo) terracotta ritual, 19

bowl carrier (arugba Shango), 19, 112–13

box, Kuba pigment, 236, 237

see also headrest; pot, ointment

Bragaline, Edward A., 25

Brancusi, Constantin, 20

Brettel, Richard, 20

Brister, Bernard, 17

British Colonial Administrative Service, Nigeria, 148

British Empire Exhibition, 92

British Museum, London, 17, 46, 92, 111, 256n.40

British Punitive Expedition, 44, 46, 50, 305

Bromberg, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred L., 17

Bromberg, Anne, 22

Bromberg, Juanita K., 24

Brooklyn Institute Museum, New York, 290

Brooklyn Museum, New York, 17

Budja (DRC), bird-form headdress, 25

Buffalo Museum of Science, 20, 50, 256n.33

Buli Master, 35n.13

Bundu. See Sande society

Burton, Sir Richard, 82

Burundi, tambour drummers, 6

Bushoong (Kuba, DRC), 76, 188, 248, 248, 256n.40, 303

Bussel, Loed van, 178n.30

buttons, as decoration, 4–5, 78, 79, 190–93

Bwa (Burkina Faso), standing male figure, 19

Bwadi Bwa Kifwebe (Luba, Songye, and Tempe-Songye society), 172

Bwami (Lega society), 64, 66, 78, 303

Bywaters, Jerry, 14

Cameron, Verney Lovett, 82

Cameroon Grasslands, 24, 300

see also Bamileke; Bamum

camwood powder, 74, 114, 134, 156, 160, 194, 236, 254

cape, Ndebele linaga, 250–51

Carlebach Gallery, New York, 13, 15

Carroll, Father Kevin, 32, 178n.3

Cecil and Ida Green Foundation, DMA, 24

Center for African Art, New York, 20, 22

chair, 290

Chokwe traveling throne as, 80–81

see also stool

Cham/Mwona (Nigeria), 301

divination vessel, 148–49

children, 101, 110, 152–53, 179, 190

Chokwe (Angola, DRC, and Zambia), 15, 39, 94, 150, 282, 301, 304

comb, 232, 234–35

ritual container, 150–51

Christianity, 306

and African art, 232, 233, 261, 264–66, 276, 302

Coptic, 21–22, 264

City of Benin (engraving, 1668), 47

Clark and Frances Stillman Collection of Congo Sculpture, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20

clothing, 219

Kuba overskirt (ntshakakot), 7, 219, 248, 248, 249, 256n.39

Ndbele cape (linaga), 21, 250, 250, 251

Nigerian national dress (dandogo), 219, 252–53, 302

see also textiles

coffin, ancient Egyptian, 184–85

Cole, Herbert M., 18

colonialism, 261

Belgian, 14, 15, 158, 280, 304

British, 44, 46, 50, 148, 192, 264

French, 104, 176, 198, 272, 302

Portuguese, 303

color, symbolism of, 32, 130, 172

comb

Asante (duafe), 19, 232, 233

Chokwe/Lena, 232, 234–35

coming of age, ritual and, 121–37, 176, 220

conception and birth, art for, 101–119

costume, masquerade, 170, 174, 175, 186, 188

Yoruba, 142

Egungun, 4–5 (det.), 139, 190–93 (det.), 191

cross, Ethiopian processional, 7, 21–22, 264–66, 265

crown

Baule, 68–69

Yoruba royal (ade), 60, 60–61

cup

divination (agere Ifa), 106

Kuba handled, 238–39

Pende figural, 19, 238–40

Wongo figural, 238, 241, 256n.33

see also vessel

Dallas Arts Association, 14, 27n.1

Dallas Museum for Contemporary Arts, 19

Dallas Museum of Art (DMA), 18, 19

Dallas Museum of Art League, 24

Dallas Museum of Fine Arts (DMFA), 13, 19, 27n.3

see also exhibitions

Dan (Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, and Liberia), 32, 301

ceremonial bowls, 242

masks, 25, 121, 124–25

sculptors (glen ye meh), 124

dance, 6, 70, 70, 122, 170, 174, 176, 188, 188, 272, 272, 278

dance wand (Yoruba oshe Shango), 110–11, 276

Dapper, Olfert, 44

Dawu, Ghana, combs excavated at, 232

death. See afterlife; funeral

Delabano, Barney, 18

Derain, André, 262

divination

Cham or Mwona, 148

container for paraphernalia. See bowl, Yoruba lidded

display figures for, 102, 104, 106–109, 139, 268

Mbala, 116

Senufo, 102, 176, 186

tray, 94, 282

Yoruba (opon Ifa), 106–108, 107, 144

vessel for, 148–49

diviner, 104, 106, 160, 168, 194, 282

Djennenke/Soninke (Mali), 30, 42, 301

female figure, 18, 30, 35n.9, 42–43

D’mba (Baga headdress), 140–41, 290

Dogon, Mali, 42, 301

“ark,” 19

door, 24, 219, 220–21, 257 (det.)

door lock, 18, 219, 220, 222–23

nommo figure, 18

textiles, 290

see also pre-Dogon

doll (Asante akua’ba), 18, 19, 101, 118, 118–19

door, 219

Baule, 224, 225

Dogon granary, 24, 220–21, 257 (det.)

Yoruba, by Olowe, 92

door lock

Dogon (anuan), 18, 219, 220–23

Dogon bolt (ta koguru), 222

mechanism of, 222

Dozier, Otis, 16, 21

Dozier, Velma Davis, 17, 20–21

Dozier Foundation, 20

drum

Burundi tambour, 6

Senufo, 19, 139, 176, 176–77

Yoruba, 276

Dutch, influence of, in Africa, 264, 282

Dwo (Bobo deity), 122

dye. See camwood; henna; ikat

Edo, Nigeria, 19, 39, 44–46, 301

see also Benin kingdom; Bini

education, sub-Saharan traditional, 121

Egypt, ancient, 35n.4, 268, 306

bust of pharaoh, Seti I, 182–83

coffin, 184–85

combs found in, 232

limestone relief, 180, 180–81

Ekonda (DRC), 301

hat, as regalia, 74–75

Ekpe society, 304

Elefon. See Epa

Eleko, HRH Eshugbayi, 192

elephant

mask (Bamileke), 6, 70, 71

mask (Kuba), 188, 189

as symbol, 68, 78

elephant tail, as decoration, 78, 78

Emobo ceremony, 48, 50

Epa (Elephon), Yoruba festival, 142

Erinle (Yoruba hunter deity), 268

Eshu (Yoruba deity), 106, 108, 144, 268

Esigie, prince of Benin, 48, 52, 54

Espalargucs, studio of Pere, Altarpiece Section: Angels and Gabriel (15th. cent.), 29, 29

Ethiopia, 261, 306

processional crosses, 7, 21–22, 264–66, 265

The Eugene and Margaret McDermott Art Fund, Inc., 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26

Eugene McDermott Foundation, Dallas, 17, 20, 23

Europeans

influence of, on African art, 261, 304

as spirits of the dead, 272

as subject matter for African artists, 261, 272–76, 286, 287

Ewua, Nigeria, standing figure, 14, 14

exhibitions of African art, 13–24

passim, 35n.2, 219, 290

Ezana, king of Axum, 264

Fagg, William, 32, 111, 144, 178n.3

Fakeye, Akobi Ogun, of Ila Orangun, 19, 32, 112–13

Fakeye, Lamidi Olonade, 35n.16, 112

Fang (Cameroon and Gabon), 198, 301, 302

four-faced helmet mask, 20, 272–75, 273

ngil mask of, 272

reliquary figures, 8 (det.), 101, 198–99

Farr, Steve, 17

Fasan of Isare (Yoruba sculptor), 276

feathers, as decoration, 174, 178n.34, 188–89, 198, 280

fertility, 101, 140, 148, 158

figure

Akan miniature cast-brass, 24

Dogon nommo, 18

equestrian, 23, 102–103, 260 (det.), 262, 268–70

female

on Cham/Mwona divination vessel, 148, 149

Djennenke/Soninke, 18, 30, 35n.9, 42–43

Igbo

initiation, 18, 134–35

shrine, 19

Igede seated shrine, 146–47

Luba initiation, 33, 136–37

Lulua caryatid for headrest, 228, 230

Mbala fertility (pindi), 15, 116–17

Songye power (nkishi), 164–65

as symbolic, 121

Yanzi ritual (mbem), 156–57

Yombe, pfemba, 100 (det.), 114–15

ancestral (pfemba), 206–207

see also rhythm pounder

female and male, Yoruba twin (ere ibeji), 62, 194–95

guardian, 198–99

Kongo, of a religious, 266–67

Lega four-faced half (Sakimatwematwe), 20, 64–65

male

Baule seated, 20, 23, 104–105, 262

Benin kingdom, chief (iyase), 23, 52–55

Boma standing, 15, 16, 33

Bwa standing, 19

Chokwe ritual container as, 150–51

Ewua, Nigeria, 14, 14

Fang reliquary guardian, 8 (det.), 198–99

Hemba ancestor (singiti), 18, 33, 212–13

Ibibio ancestor (ekpu), 196–97

Igbo shrine (ikenga), 19

Kota Janus reliquary guardian, 25, 200–101

Luba shrine, 15, 154–55

Lulua protective (mbulenga), 19, 152–53

Mbala drumming (pindi), 116

Mboma seated funerary (ntadi), 210–11

Sango reliquary guardian (mbumba bwiti), 202–203

Senufo equestrian, 102–103

Sokoto, 23, 25, 26, 40–41

Songye power (nkishi), 164, 166–67

Tsogo reliquary guardian, 204–205

Yombe

kneeling ancestor, 208–209

power (nkisi), 23, 160–63, 178n.21

Yoruba horse-and-rider (elesin Shango), 23, 260 (det.), 268–71

maternity, 114, 115

miniature fertility, 19

Mumuye standing, 18

power, 23, 139, 160–67

reliquary, 8 (det.), 101, 179, 198–99, 201–205

shrine, 15, 19, 112, 139, 146–47, 154–55, 194, 268

Zande nazeze-type (yanda), 18, 158–59

Fischer, Eberhard and Barbara, 32

Fogelson, Mr. and Mrs. E. E., 17

Foundation for the Arts, DMA, 19, 23

Fowler Museum, University of California at Los Angeles, 108

Foxworth, Mr. and Mrs. Walter, 17

Friends of African and African-American

Art, DMA, 22

funeral, 76, 179, 180–81, 186, 188, 196, 214n.1, 228

Gao empire. See Songhai empire

Gates, Jay, 22

Ghana empire. See Wagadu empire

Giacometti, Alberto, 20

Golden Stool (Asante symbol), 232

Greaves, Donald W., 17

Grebo (Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia), 302

ceremonial bowls, 242–43

Greece, figure from funerary relief (c. 330 BC), 29, 29

Guerre, Léonce Pierre, Collection, Marseille, 214n.18

Guro (Côte d’Ivoire), 302

helmet mask, 22, 170–71, 178n.30

Gustave and Franyo Schindler Collection of African Sculpture, 17, 20, 25

Haile Selassie, emperor of Ethiopia, 21–22, 266

Hammer, Deborah Stokes, 111

Hammer, Jeffrey, 111

Hamon, Nancy, 25

Hampton University, Virginia, collection of African art at, 20, 256n.40

Hare, J. N., 148

harp, Zande (kundi), 19, 218 (det.), 244–45

hat

for Bamileke elephant mask, 6, 70–73, 97 (det.)

Cameroon Grasslands, 24

Ekonda tiered (botolo), 22, 74–75

Kuba prestige (kalyeem; mpaan), 76–77

Lega regalia (mukuba; sawamazembe), 78–79

Pende regalia, 280

Yaka/Suku regalia (misango mayaki), 22, 280–81

see also headdress; skullcap

Hausa (Cameroon, Ghana, and Niger), 302

man’s robe, 252–53, 262

Hawley, Henry W. III, 19

head, Yoruba “inner”

house of (ile ori), 24, 62–63, 110, 112, 262, 307 (det.)

ibori, as symbolic soul, 24, 62, 62

ori, 108

headdress, 18

Baga D’mba, 18, 140–41

Bamileke feathered, 70–73, 97 (det.)

Benin iyase, 52

Budja bird-form, 25

Cham/Mwona divination figure, 148, 149

Egyptian royal (nemes), 182, 183

Igbo masquerade, 18, 126, 126

Ijo water-spirit, 25

Luba diviner’s beaded, 256n.16

Yombe ancestor figure, 206, 207

Yoruba Epa, 25, 142–43, 178n.3, 268, 276

see also hat; mask

headrest (African “pillow”), 219, 256n.13

Luba, 19, 219, 228–29

Lulua, 228, 230

Pende, 228, 256n.17

Shona (Wanoe), 231

Zande, with storage box, 228, 231

Heeramaneck Collection, New York, 13

Hemba (DRC), 302, 304

male ancestor figure, 18, 33, 212–13

henna, as textile dye, 246, 247

Henrique Kinu a Mvemba (Kongo prince), 264

High Museum of Art, Atlanta, 20

Himmelheber, Hans and Ulrike, 31

Holland, Edwin, 92

Holo (DRC), 305

Hondt, Gustave de (d. 1952), 15

Horankh (25th Dynasty Egyptian), coffin of, 184, 185

horn

animal, 130, 131, 144, 168, 169, 170, 171, 238, 280

and ritual medicine, 142, 164, 176, 276

Mende side-blown, 23, 86–89 (det.), 87

horses, in West Africa, 102, 268, 276

Ibibio (Nigeria), 304

iconography

Bamileke elephant mask, 72

Baule ointment pot, 236

Benin kingdom, 48, 144

Luba, 82

Yoruba, 56–59, 106, 144

Ida ou Nadif, 246, 300

Ida ou Zeddoute, 246, 300

Idoma (Nigeria), 178n.6, 302

Ifa ritual, 106, 144, 194

Ife, Nigeria, 34, 58, 305

Igbo (Nigeria), 144, 302

figure

female initiation, 18, 134–35

female shrine, 19

male shrine (ikenga), 19

headdress, 18

mask (igri), 24, 126–27

Igede (Nigeria), 146, 178n.6, 302

shrine figure, 146–47

Ijebu kingdom (Yoruba), 56

Ijo (Nigeria), water-spirit headdress, 25

ikat (dyeing technique), 252, 252

Ile-Ife, Nigeria, 34, 54, 60, 144

infanticide, 194

infertility, 102, 104, 108

ritual objects to alleviate, 101, 139, 156

initiation. See coming of age

installations, DMA, 13, 15, 18–19, 22, 23

Institute des Musées Nationaux du Zaire, 210

instruments, musical, 219, 276, 305

see also drum; harp; horn Islam

and African art, 262, 268, 270, 302

spread of, 42, 222, 252, 261, 268, 300, 306

ivory

Afro-Portuguese, 86, 88, 286

Kuba kingdom and, 303

sculpture of, 23, 48–51, 86, 106, 108, 109, 228, 232, 254, 268–71

as status symbol, 188, 232, 268

Jacks, Mr. and Mrs. James H. W., 24

Jenne (Jenne-Jeno; Old Jenne), 42

jewelry, 219

João I, king of the Kongo kingdom, 264

Junior Associates, DMA, 24

Kagoro clan (Soninke), 42

Kamali, Norma, 290

Kan, Michael, 17

Kanyok (DRC), 302

water pipe, 15, 282, 284 (det.), 285

Kelland, Private William, 50

Kelly, Patrick, 294

kente. See textiles

kingship, 39, 48, 56, 60, 154, 282, 303

Klee, Paul, 20

Kom, Cameroon, 300

Komo association (Bamana), 168

Kongo (DRC), 302, 305

figure of a religious, 266–67

see also Mboma; Yombe

Kongo kingdom, 264, 302, 304, 305

Kongolo, king of the Luba, 303

Kota (Gabon and Congo), 302, 304

reliquary figures, 25, 101, 198, 200–201

Kuba (DRC), 31, 39, 188, 303, 305

ceremonial cup, 238–39

funeral mask, 24, 188–89

Itul ceremony, 7, 248

king, 188, 256n.40

overskirt, 7, 19–20, 219, 248–49, 256n.40

pigment box, 236–37

prestige hat, 76–77

textiles, 290, 293, 293

cut-pile embroidered raffia, 19–20, 290–91, 297 (det.)

see also Bushoong

Kuosi (Kwosi) (Bamileke society), 70

Kweni. See Guro

Kwosi. See Kuosi

LaGamma, Alisa, 178n.21

Lalibela, king of the Axum, 264

Lamb, Venice and Alastair, Collection, United Kingdom, 252, 256n.45

Lamp, Frederick, 140

Lane, John R., 24

Leakey, Dr. Louis, and Mary, 31

Ledbetter, Huddie “Leadbelly,” 33, 33

Ledbetter, Mr. and Mrs. James, 17

Leff, Jay C., 13

Lega (DRC), 39, 64, 78, 303

four-faced half figure, 20, 64–65

hat, as regalia, 78–79

mask, insignia, 66–67

ritual among, 66, 66, 78

Legrain, Pierre-Emile, 290

Lobi, Ghana, 18

lock. See door lock

Lower Niger Bronze Industry, bell, 18, 144–45

Luba (DRC), 302, 303, 304

figure

female initiation, 33, 136–37

male, shrine, 15, 154–55

headdress, 256n.16

headrest, 19, 228–29

masks, 12 (det.), 172–75, 215 (det.)

stool, 82–83

Lulua (DRC), 303

headrest, 228, 230

protective figure, 19, 152–53

Lunda empire, 280, 305

Lunsford, John, 14, 15, 18

Luwe (Eastern Luba hunting spirit), 154

Luyties, Frederic A., III, 24

Lwena (DRC and Angola), comb, 232, 234–35

Lydenburg, South Africa, terracotta heads, 29, 31

Lynch, Cristina, 24, 25

Lynch, Peter Hanszen, 24

Makonde (Mozambique and Tanzania), 121, 128, 303

helmet mask, 24, 128–29

Mali empire, 42, 268, 286

Malinke (West Africa), 300

Mande (West Africa), 300

Mangbetu (DRC), 303, 305

vessel, palm wine, 286, 288–89, 296n.37

Mani society (Zande), 158

manilla (bracelet as currency), 278

Manowulo (Mende sculptor, act. 1935–1960), 25, 32, 121, 130–33, 262

mantle, Teke, 20

map, of Africa, 298–99

Marcus, Billie, 13, 17, 18

Marcus, Linda, 19, 22

Marcus, Stanley, 13, 17, 18, 19, 22

Margaret McDermott Curator of African Art Endowment Fund, DMA, 27n.26

Marks, Mr. and Mrs. Richard K., 17

mask, 25, 139, 170

Bamileke elephant (mbap mteng), 6, 70–72, 71

Bamum, 94

Bobo Nwenka, 18, 19, 101, 121, 122–23, 139

Chokwe Cihongo, 80

crown as, 60–61

Dan face, 25, 124–25

Fang four-faced helmet (ñgontang), 20, 272–75, 273

Fang ngil, 272

Guro helmet

gye, 22, 170–71, 178n.30

yu, 170

Igbo face (igri), 24, 126–27

Kuba Mukenga Muykeem, 24, 188–89

Lega insignia (lukwakongo), 66–67

Lwena, 234, 234

Makonde helmet (muti wa lipiko), 24, 128–29

Mende

gbini, 86, 88

helmet (sowei), 25, 32, 130–33, 131, 262

Pende

miniature pendant (gikhokho), 219, 254–55

village (mbuyu), 238

Senufo helmet (komo), 23, 27n.28, 168–69

Songye/Luba helmet (kifwebe), 172–74, 173, 215 (det.)

Tempe-Songye helmet (kifwebe), 12 (det.), 172, 172 (det.), 174, 174, 175

Vagala, 18

Yaka horned, 280

Yoruba Epa, 142–43, 178n.3

see also headdress

Master of the Owu Shrine (c. 1850–c. 1925), 110–11, 111

Mbala (DRC), 303

figures (pindi), 15, 116–17

oil vessel, 256n.29

Mbidi Kiluwe (17th-cent. Luba ruler), 82, 154, 155

Mboma (Angola and DRC), 302, 303

seated funerary figure (ntadi), 210–11

Mbra (Baule deity), 104

McDermott, Eugene, 14, 17, 18

McDermott, Margaret (Mrs. Eugene McDermott), 14, 17, 18, 25, 25, 27n.26

McDermott Fund. See Eugene and Margaret McDermott Art Fund, Inc.

McKinney, Alma L., 24

Meadows, Mr. and Mrs. Algur H., 18

Meadows Foundation Inc., Dallas, 18

medicine, ritual, 130, 136, 139, 142, 150, 152, 158, 160–64 passim, 176, 198, 206, 276

men

art objects made by, 31

clothing for, 252

masquerade and, 121, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 172, 174, 272

Mende (Sierra Leone), 32, 130, 132–33, 303

gbini mask, 86, 88

helmet mask, by Manowulo, 25, 32, 121, 130–33, 131, 262

side-blown horn, 23, 86–89 (det.), 87

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 27n.7, 256nn.3, 9

Milwaukee Art Museum, 20

Moba, Ghana, 18

Modigliani, Amedeo, 20, 262

Moore, William, 13

Mosier, Madelon, 17

Muba, Voania (Voanya; d. 1928), 18, 261, 286–88, 305

Mukenga society (Kuba), 188

Mumuye, Nigeria, standing figure, 18

Murray, Kenneth C., Archives, Lagos, Nigeria, 111

Musée de l’Homme, Paris, 17

Musée Dynamique à Dakar, Senegal, 22

Museum of Cultural History, University of California at Los Angeles, 18

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 22

Museum of Modern Art, New York, 15, 20, 219

Museum of Primitive Art, New York, 13, 17, 27n.7

Museum Rietberg, Zurich, 110

music. See instruments, musical

Muslim

holy men (mori), 130

horsemen, 42, 102, 268, 276

jihads, 176

Mwona (Nigeria), 178n.8

divination vessel, 148–49 see also Cham/Mwona

Nafana, Ghana, 18

Nasher, Mr. and Mrs. Raymond D., 17

National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 35n.2, 206, 214n.37

National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, 50

Ndebele, South Africa, 304

cape (linaga), 21, 250–51

New York World’s Fair (1939), 15

Niger, Lower, 306

see also Lower Niger Bronze Industry

Nigeria

ancient. See Niger, Lower

horses in, 268

national dress in, 252–53, 256n.45, 302

see also Benin kingdom

Nigerian National Museum, Lagos, 50, 111

Njoro, Kenya, vessel (c. 850 BC), 29, 31

Nkrumah, Kwame, 294

Nok (Nigeria), sculpture from, 29, 30, 40, 306

North Sotho (Ndebele), Zimbabwe, 304

Ntumu (Fang, Gabon), 272

Nubia, ancient, 184

Ny-Ank-Nesut (Egyptian official), decoration from tomb of, 180, 180–81

Oba Akenzua II (1933–1978), 48, 51

Oba Eleko, 192

Oba Erediauwa, 46

Oba Esigie, 50

Oba Ovonramwen, 48

Oba Ozolua, 52

Oba William Adetona Ayeni, 60

oba (king), 42, 46, 47, 48, 52, 54, 60, 108, 192, 264, 268

Obatala (Yoruba deity), 62

Oduduwa, the Supreme Being (Yoruba), 34, 60

Odum, Rev. Elzie, Jr., 294

offerings

containers for, 19, 24, 90–93 (det.), 112–13

Egyptian funerary, 180, 180–81

for masks, 170

for yanda figures, 158

Ogboni society (Yoruba), 56

Ogoga of Ikere, 92

Ogun (Yoruba deity), 56, 268, 276

oil, use of, on wooden sculptures, 42, 76, 136

Olbrechts, Frans (1899–1958), 15, 27n.13, 31, 35n.13

Old Jenne. See Jenne

Olodumare or Olorun (Yoruba Creator God), 62, 106

Oloko (Yoruba ancestor figure), 142

Olokun (Benin kingdom and Yoruba deity), 52, 54, 60

Olorun. See Olodumare

Olosanyin (Yoruba ancestor priest), 142, 178n.3

Olowe of Ise (c. 1875–c. 1938), 24, 32, 90–93, 106, 262, 276

Oni of Ife (Yoruba king), 56

Opoku Ware I, king, Ghana, 294

Orisha-oko (Yoruba deity), 268

Oron (Nigeria), 304

ancestor figures, 196–97

Orunmila (Yoruba deity), 106, 108

Osanyin (Yoruba deity), 142, 276

Osei Tutu, first Asante king, 232

Oshamuko of Osi (act. c. 1920–c. 1950), 32, 142–43

Oshugbo society (Yoruba), 24, 58

Oshun (Benin and Yoruba deity), 144

Osiris (Egyptian deity), 182, 184

Otis and Velma Davis Dozier Fund, 20, 22

Ovimbundu, Angola, 304

figural pipe, 18, 282–83

Owen, Michael G., Leadbelly (1943), 33, 33

Owo kingdom, Nigeria, 34, 270

Owsley, David T., 23

Oyo (king), 110

Oyo, Nigeria, 60

Oyo Yoruba empire, 110, 194, 268

Pailes, Isaac, 104, 262

Palmer, Wells, 190, 192

pangolin

imagery of, 52, 219

pattern (nkaka) derived from, 228, 229, 256n.16

Parker, Harry S. III, 17, 18, 19

parrot, African gray, feathers of, 70, 72, 73, 97 (det.), 152, 188, 188, 189

Pelrine, Diane, 23

Pemberton, John, 178n.3

pendant, ivory waist (Benin kingdom), 23, 30, 38 (det.), 48–51, 49, 261

Pende (DRC), 219, 280, 303, 304, 305

ceremonial adze, 84–85

ceremonial palm-wine cups, 19, 238–40

headrest, 256n.17

masks, 25

miniature pendant, 254–55

village, 238

Pereira, Duarte Pacheco, 44

Perutz, Mr. and Mrs. George, 17, 24

Phillips, Ruth B., 132

Picasso, Pablo, 20, 25, 262

Bust (1907–1908), 290, 290

pillow. See headrest pipe

Bamum prestige, 94–95, 282

Kanyok water, 15, 282, 284 (det.), 285

Ovimbundu figural, 18, 282–83

water, described, 296n.31

Pitman, Bonnie, 24

plaque, bronze

four-figure, 44, 44, 278

single-figure, 2 (det.), 44–46, 45, 54

Poro (secret society), 130, 168, 176, 186, 301, 303, 304

Portugal

influence of, 44, 261, 264, 278, 282, 301, 302

ivories commissioned by, 86, 88, 286

pot, ointment, Baule, 19, 236, 236

praise poem, Yoruba (oriki), 32, 268, 270

pre-Dogon culture, Mali, 18, 30, 42

Redden, Hebe, 21

Redden, Kenneth, 21–22, 266

regalia, 68–69, 74–75, 78–79, 84–86, 88, 136, 144, 280, 280

relics, customs pertaining to, 101, 179, 198, 198, 200, 200, 202

relief

Benin bronze, 44–46

Egyptian funerary, 180, 180–81

Greek funerary, 29, 29

rhythm pounder (Senufo), 18, 186–87, 214n.7

ring, Yoruba ritual sacrifice, 24, 56–59 (det.), 57

Robbins, Carol, 19, 21, 26

robe, Hausa man’s (dandogo), 252–53, 262

Robinson, Judith, 17

Robinson, Linda, 17

Rose, Deedie, 27n.26

Ross, Doran H., 18

Roy, Christopher D., 22

Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium, 14, 15, 17, 228, 256n.39

Rubin, Ida and Jerry, 14

Sabean culture, 306

saltcellar, Portuguese ivory, 86, 88

Sande (Bundu) society (Mende), 86, 130, 132–33, 303

Sandogo (Senufo society of women diviners), 176, 186, 304

Sango (Gabon), 198, 304

reliquary guardian figure, 200–203

Sapi (Sierra Leone), as ivory carvers, 86, 286

Schindler, Gustave and Franyo, 17–18, 19

sculptor(s)

advertising by, 224, 236

Dan glen ye meh, 124

of reliquary figures (Ntem River, Gabon, act. c. 1800–1860), 198, 214n.18

see also Arowogun; Buli Master; Manowulo; Master of the Owu Shrine; Muba; Olowe; Oshamuko; Semangoy

sculpture

conventions of African, 32–33, 62, 104, 194

imoju-mora (imagination) in, 142

as influence on European art, 262

naturalism in, 34, 124, 304

see also art; figure; mask

Seattle Art Museum, 214n.18

Semangoy of Zokolunga, reliquary figure by, 32, 200–201

Senufo (Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, and Mali), 300, 304

divination among, 102, 176

drum, 19, 139, 176, 176–77

equestrian figure, 102–103

mask, helmet, 23, 27n.28, 168–69

rhythm pounder, 18, 186–87, 214n.7

Seti I, Egyptian pharaoh, bust of, 182–83

Sewa-Mende. See Mende

Shango (Yoruba deity), 110, 112, 194, 268, 269, 270, 271, 276

Sheppard, William H., 219, 256n.40

Sherbro (Sierra Leone), 86

Shona (Wanoe), Zimbabwe, headrest, 231

Shoowa (Kuba, DRC), 20

shrine, as memorial, 179, 194, 206, 206, 208, 210

see also figure, shrine

Shyaam-a-Mbul Ngwoong (Kuba king), 76

Sieber, Roy (1923–2001), 35n.2, 219

silk, 256n.45, 294, 295

Singleterry, Mr. and Mrs. Lee M., 19

skullcap, pineapple fiber (mpu), 162, 163, 208, 209, 210, 211

slave trade, 261, 264, 302

Slye, Jonathan, 178n.8

snake, imagery of, 44, 52, 54, 144, 176

Sokoto culture, Nigeria, 30, 306

male figure, 23, 26, 40–41

Songhai (Gao) empire, 42, 268

Songye (DRC), 19, 304

masks, 172–75, 178n.34

power figures, 164–67, 178nn.21, 22

Songye-Tempe (DRC), masks, 12 (det.), 172–73

Soninke. See Djennenke

Sotho. See North Sotho

St. Mary’s University, San Antonio, Tex., 22

staff, Yoruba ritual (opa orere), 142, 143

status, art as symbol of, 39, 94, 232, 238

Stillman, Clark, 14, 15, 18, 27n.6, 35n.13

Stillman, Frances, 14, 15, 35n.13

Stillman Collection. See Clark and Frances Stillman Collection of Congo Sculpture

Stolper Galleries of Primitive Art, New York and Los Angeles, 13

stool

Asante symbolism of, 232

Baule, 104

Kanyok chief’s, for divination, 282

Luba throne (kipona), 82–83

as regalia figure, 64, 82, 82, 232

for shrine figure, 146, 147

see also chair; Golden Stool

Stout, Renée, Fetish #2 (1988), 262, 263

Suku, DRC, 304, 305

regalia hat, 280–81

sword hilt (10th-cent. bronze), 268

Tada, Nigeria, sculpture from, 34

Tanning, Dorothea, Pincushion to Serve as Fetish (1979), 262, 262

tapper, Yoruba divination (iro Ifa), 19, 106, 108, 109

Tayewo (Yoruba master sculptor), 112

Teke (DRC), 20, 305

Temne (Sierra Leone), harp, 86

Tempe. See Songye-Tempe

tent, Tuareg (ehen), 226

tent post, Tuareg (ehel), 219, 226–27

Tetela (DRC), 172, 178n.31

Textile Fund, The, DMA, 26

textiles, 219, 252, 262

Asante kente, 25–26, 28 (det.), 294–95, 296n.43

as currency, 248, 290

Dogon bologon, 290

East African kikoi, 290

European, for masquerade costume, 190–93

Kuba cut-pile and embroidered raffia, 19–20, 290–93, 291, 297 (det.)

see also clothing; mantle; veil

Thompson, Robert Farris, 32

throne. See chair

tobacco, use of, in Africa, 94, 282, 296n.31

tomb, Egyptian, 180, 180–81, 182

tongs, Yoruba Oshugbo ritual, 24

tools, for sculpture, 32, 32

torque (Yoruba), 278–79

trade beads, 20–21, 21

tray, Yoruba divination (opon Ifa), 106–108, 107, 144

Tsogo (Gabon), 198, 304

reliquary guardian figure, 204–205

Tuareg, 304

tent posts, 219, 226–27

Tutankhamun, nesting coffin of, 184

twins (Yoruba: ibeji), 110

figures of (ere ibeji), 194–95

patron saint of, 110, 194

sculpture of primordial, as ritual objects, 102

Tyekpa (Senufo women’s society), 176

Udo (Benin, Nigeria), 50, 52

Ungaro, Emmanuel, 290

University of Arizona, 35n.9, 96n.3

University of Pennsylvania Museum, 228

University of Virginia, 22

Vagala (Ghana), mask, 18

Vandenhoute, P. J. L., 32

veil, Amazigh (Berber), marriage/ceremonial, 246, 246, 247

vessel

Baule water, 236

Cham/Mwona divination (itinate), 148–49

drinking, 219

Longuda ritual (kwandalowa), 178n.8

Mangbetu palm wine, 286, 288, 289, 296n.37

Mwona healing, 178n.8

Njoro, Kenya, 29, 31

Woyo effigy, 18, 261, 286–87

see also bowl; bowl carrier; cup

Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, 20

Vlaminck, Maurice de, 262

Vogel, Susan Mullin, 20–21, 32

Vurungura clan, Zande, 158

Wagadu (Ghana) empire, 42, 268

Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, 14

Walschot, Jeanne (1896–1977), 15

wand. See dance wand

Wanoe. See Shona

Wardlaw, Alvia, 20

We (Côte d’Ivoire), ceremonial bowls, 242

weaving. See textiles

well-being, art to promote, 139–76

wheel, form of, as imagery, 86–89

Williams, Mr. and Mrs. Dan, 17, 19

Wingert, Paul S., 13

women

ancestor figures of, 196, 206, 207

art objects made by, 20, 31, 94

authority figures for, 156

clothing for, 20, 246–51

combs for, 232

dances of, 176

divination and, 108, 176, 186, 282

initiation for, 128, 130, 134–36

as makers of ritual vessels, 178n.8

masquerade and, 121, 126, 130–33, 172, 174, 303

matrilineal society and, 116, 118, 302, 304, 305

mental health of, 139, 176

regalia for, 76, 77

status of, in Luba society, 303

as symbol, 82

Wongo (DRC), 305

ceremonial cup, 238, 241, 256n.33

wood, for sculpture, 30, 32, 42, 64, 178n.22

oiled, 42, 136, 140

World Festival of Negro Arts (Dakar, Senegal, 1967), 22

Woyo (Angola, DRC, Republic of the Congo), 302, 305

effigy vessel, 18, 261, 286–88, 287, 305

writing, Bamum, 300

Wunderman, Lester, 18

Wuro (Bobo Creator God), 122

x-ray, of Yombe power figure, 160, 178n.22

Yaka (DRC), 304, 305

mask, horned, 280

regalia hat, 22, 280–81

Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Conn., 206

Yanzi (DRC), 305

ritual figure, 156–57

Yombe (DRC and Republic of the Congo), 206, 302, 305

ancestor figure

kneeling, 208–209

maternal, 206–207

headdress, ancestor figure, 206, 207

pfemba, fertility cult, 100 (det.), 114–15

power figures, 23, 160–63, 178n.21

Yoruba (Nigeria), 39, 60, 62, 179, 282, 305

ancient kingdom of, 54, 144

bowl

lidded, by Arowogun, 19, 178n.3, 261, 276–77

offering

by Agbonbiofe, 24, 90, 90

by Olowe, 24, 90–93 (det.), 91

terracotta ritual, 19

copper altar, 24

crown, 60–61

dance wand, 110–11, 276

divination tapper, 19, 106, 108–109

divination trays, 94, 106–108, 107, 144

door, by Olowe, 92

Egungun festival costume, 4–5 (det.), 139, 190–93 (det.), 191

Epa headdress, 25, 142–43, 178n.3

festivals, 142, 190

figures

horse-and-rider, 23, 260 (det.), 268–70, 269

twin, 194–95

head, “inner,” as symbolic soul, 24, 62, 62

house for, 24, 62–63, 110, 112, 262, 307 (det.)

masks, 139

Epa, 142, 143, 178n.3

Oloko, 142

Olosanyin, 142–43

ring, ritual sacrifice, 24, 56–59 (det.), 57

staff, ritual, 142, 143

tongs, ritual, 24

torque, 278, 279

Zande (Central African Republic, DRC, and Sudan), 305

harp, 19, 218 (det.), 244–45

headrest-box, 228, 231

nazeze-type figure, 18, 158–59

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