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Index
Sarah Gordon
Description: Indecent Exposures: Eadweard Muybridge’s Animal Locomotion Nudes
Indecent Exposures: Eadweard Muybridge’s Animal Locomotion Nudes
Index
Author
Sarah Gordon
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2015 by Sarah Gordon
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-19995
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Index
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Abjection, 153n34
Abnormal motion: and evolutionary theory, 68
induced convulsions, 57, 144n56
and medical research, 57–58, 114
and neurological disorders, 57
in pathological subjects, 73, 74, 75, 75, 114. See also Grotesque bodies
Aborigines, 70
Academy of Natural Sciences, 66, 92, 95, 150n46
Adams, Charlotte, 40–41
Advertising, cigarette, 78, 86, 126
African American model, 68–70, 69
Agassiz, Elizabeth, 70
Agassiz, Louis, 63, 63, 65, 66, 147n102
Agnew, Hayes, 47–48, 93, 94
Alaska, Muybridge’s photographs of, 18, 139n6
Allen, Harrison, 8, 55, 57–58, 61, 66, 67, 95, 99, 150n46
Alma-Tadema, Lawrence, 29
American Anthropometric Society, 66
American Art Review, 45
American Philosophical Society, 92, 95, 150n46
Amigoni, David, 121
Amputees, images of, 114, 115, 117, 117–118
Analysis of the Life-Forms in Art, An (Allen), 95
Anatomy, comparative, 57–58, 66, 149n34. See also Human body
Angell, James Burrell, 150n62
Animal Locomotion project: censorship threat to, 11, 77, 81–83, 85–86, 89–90
chronophotography techniques in, 35–36
as collaboration, 2, 8–10, 32
contemporary artists influenced by, 4, 10, 131–137
critical reception of, 100
and evolutionary theory (See Evolutionary theory); financial losses from, 32–33
funding for, 30, 33
goals of, 36, 59
medical/scientific contribution of, 4, 10, 54–61, 131
Muybridge’s copyright in, 31
negatives of photographs, 139n15
nonmonetary gains of, 33
as objective study, 90, 92
oversight of (See Muybridge Commission)
production of plates, 32, 102
revolutionary nature of, 10–11, 37
scientific accuracy of, 61, 145n72
subscription sale of, 96–97
title page of publication, 31–32, 32
University of Pennsylvania sponsorship of, 30–31, 101–103
viewers of, 106, 122, 151n3. See also Animals in motion; Nudes in motion
Animals in motion: birds, 8, 9, 13, 35, 44, 105, 142n19, 143n22
chickens, 36
continuity between humans and, 66–68, 146n97
goats, 60
Muybridge’s lectures on, 29–30, 31
Paris exhibition of, 29
and productivity analysis, 60
types of, 1
wild animals, 35, 36. See also Horses in motion
Anshutz, Thomas, 32, 48, 94
Anthropology: biological, 63
physical, 62
Anthropometric photography, 62–65, 64, 65
Arcadia–themed photographs, of Eakins, 51, 51–52
Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania excavations, 101
Art: collaborative, 10
criticism of Eakins’ realist art, 48, 51–52, 54, 79
grotesque in, 121
Japanese, of birds in flight, 44, 142n19, 143n22
Muybridge’s influence on contemporary artists, 131–137
precedents for Muybridge’s work, 37, 38–39, 40, 40
Realist movement, 41, 44, 79
representation of motion debate, 41–44, 142n19. See also Nude in art
Art Exchange, 31
Art Institute of Chicago, 123, 126, 153n38
Ashcan School, 94
Athenaeum of Philadelphia, 92
Athletic images: censorship of, 81, 82, 148n21
fantasy/desire stimulated by, 127, 127, 129
of physical mastery, 68–70, 129
Atlantic Monthly, 79
Attitudes of Animals in Motion (Muybridge), 5, 29
Audubon, John James, Birds of America, 102
Azoulay, Ariella, 136–137
Babylonian expedition, 101, 102
Bacon, Francis, 133–134
Crucifixion, 134
Paralytic Child Walking on All Fours, 134, 135
Triptych, 134
Two Figures, 133, 134
Baigell, Matthew, 14, 16
Bailey, Ben, 68, 69, 133
Baldessari, John, 132
Ball, Edward, 13, 138n1
Barker, George F., 8, 93, 94
Barlow, Paul, 121
Barnard, George, 116, 150n57
Barthes, Roland, 105, 121, 151n15
Bayard, Hippolyte, 21
Beaux, Cecilia, 93–94, 149n37
Becker, Howard, 10
Beisel, Nicola, 150n55
Bell, William, 116, 152n24
Bergson, Henri, 108–109
Berthaud, Michel, Jean, and G., 13
Biddle, Craig, 96
Biddle, Nicholas, 79
Bierstadt, Albert, 17–18, 18, 140n15–17
Biological anthropology, 63
Birds in flight, 8, 9, 13, 44, 105, 142n19, 143n22
Blashfield, Edwin, 95
Bochner, Mel, 132
Body. See Human body
Bonaventure, Edmund F., 95
Bonheur, Rosa, 37
Bonnat, Léon, 29
Bontecou, Reed Brockway, 116, 116, 152n24
Boston Post, 41
Boundary objects, 10
Bourne and Shepherd, 63
Boxing matches, images of, 69, 147n105
Braddock, Alan, 146n88
Bradley and Rulofson Studio, 24, 140n24
Brady, Matthew, 116
Brandt, L., 5
Braun, Marta, 2, 9, 40, 69, 144n51, 145n72, 152n21
Bregler, Charles, 48
Broun, Elizabeth, 132–133
Brown, Arthur, 141n39
Brown, Barbara, 132
Brown, Elspeth, 2, 69, 146n88
Brown (R. C.) and Company, 78
Bureau of American Ethnology, 146n89
Burk, Jesse, 32
Burns, Sarah, 118
Cabanel, Alexandre, 29
Camera-in-the-round technique, 131
Campbell, George, 64
Camper, Petrus, 62
Cartwright, Lisa, 54
Cassatt, Mary, 93–94, 149n37
Censorship, antivice: in advertising, 78
Animal Locomotion project protected from, 11, 77, 81–83, 92, 106
and Eakins’ nude paintings, 83–85, 84
elite resistance to, 95–96, 99
of medical photography, 80–81
of nude photography, 80–83
and obscenity law, 78
opponents of, 150n54
Chase, William Merritt, 95
Chavannes, Pierre Puvis de, 96
Cheese maggots, Muybridge’s taste for, 6, 7
Child, Theodore, 43
Childs, George, 94
Christenberry, William, Red Building in Forest, Hale County, Alabama, 132
Chronophotography, 35–36
Cigarette advertising, 78, 86, 126
Cigarette smoking, in nude photographs, 86, 87, 124, 124–127, 125, 129
Civil War medical photographs, 80, 116, 116–117, 150n57, 152n23–24
Claretie, Jules, 29
Class. See Social class
Clayson, Hollis, 149n27
Clegg, Brian, 138n1
Cloud studies, 23
Coates, Edward H., 9, 31, 33, 51, 52, 77, 89–90
Collaboration: Animal Locomotion project as, 2, 8–10, 32
in art world, 10
on horse in motion project, 27, 141n39
College of Physicians, 95
Collodion wet plate process, 25
Collotypes, 26, 36
Comstock, Anthony, 78, 81–82, 95, 96
Comstock Act of 1873, 78, 150n54
Conceptual art, 131
Connelly, Frances S., 121, 153n33
Contortionism, images of, 118, 119, 120, 120–121, 122
Convulsions, induced, 57, 144n56
Corcoran Gallery of Art, 97
Cosmopolitan Gallery of Photographic Arts, 26
Cox, Kenyon, 95
Crocker, Edwin, 24
Crowell, Ben, 51
Cumming, Robert, 131
Currier and Ives, 140n25
Cutout frames, of nudes, 123, 123–124, 126, 153n38
Cyanotypes, 113, 139n15
Darwin, Charles, 43, 61–62, 63, 64, 66, 68
Darwin, Erasmus, 61
Daston, Lorraine, 151n70
Davis, Keith F., 150n57
Davis, Whitney, 148n21
Dawson, Andrew, 93
Degas, Edgar, 42, 111, 141n42
Dercum, Francis X., 6, 9, 36, 55, 56–57, 61, 66, 73, 93, 99
Descent of Man, The (Darwin), 61–62
Desires/fantasies, stimulated by nude photographs, 124–129, 153n39
Detaille, Édouard, 29
Dewey, Orville, 99
Dickson, Samuel, 9, 33
Dry plate technique, 25
Duders, John and Joseph, 80
Duhousset, Émile, 29, 140n24
Dumas, Alexandre (fils), 29
Dürer, Albrecht, 62
Dwight, Thomas, 121
Eakins, Susan Macdowell, 48
Eakins, Thomas C., 9, 30, 31, 35
anatomical studies of, 46–47, 95, 117, 143n24
censorship of nude paintings of, 83–85, 84
characterized, 149n40
criticism of nudes and realist art of, 48, 51–52, 54, 79
engagement in photography, 44, 143n36
horse paintings of, 44–46
nude models of, 71
nude paintings of, 51–52, 52
nude photographs of, 48, 48–49, 51, 51, 52, 52, 54, 89–90
perspective studies of, 46, 143n29
photography as model for Muybridge, 49, 51
portraits of social elite, 94
resignation from Pennsylvania Academy, 52, 79, 89
surgical paintings of, 46, 47, 47–48
and Walt Whitman, 94
Eakins, Thomas C., works: Arcadia, 51, 52
A May Morning in the Park, 44–46, 45, 112
Naked Series: Female with Dark Mask, 48, 48
The Pair-Oared Shell, 46
Portrait of Dr. Hayes Agnew, 47, 47–48, 81, 94
Portrait of Dr. Samuel D. Gross, 46, 47, 81, 94
Portrait of Professor Henry A. Rowland, 46
Swimming, 51–52, 51
William Rush Carving His Allegorical Figure of the Schuykill River, 83–84, 84
The Wrestlers, 129
Early Popular Visual Culture, 138n1
Eastman (George) House, 32
Edinburgh, Duke of, 29
Edison, Thomas, 96
Element 79
Partners, 131
Eliot, Charles William, 150n62
Epler, Blanche, 49, 59
Erholtz, Johann Sigismund, 145n78
Eroticism, elimination of, 58–59
Ethnological Society of London, 64, 66
Ethnology, 62
Eugenics, 62, 145n75
Evening Telegraph, 6
Evolutionary theory: anthropometric photography projects, 62–65, 64, 65
continuity among species, 66–68
development of, 61–62
failures/regressions, 73–74
and gender, 68, 70–73
Muybridge Commission members as proponents of, 65–66
Muybridge’s knowledge of, 66, 67
and physical fitness, 68–70
Excised frames, of nudes, 123, 123–124, 126, 153n38
Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, The (Rejlander), 62
Faber, Edwin, 139n15
Facial expressions, 62
Faller, Marion, Sixteen Studies from Vegetable Locomotion, 131
Fantasy/desire, stimulated by nude photographs, 124–129, 153n39
Farallon Islands, Muybridge’s photographs of, 16, 18
Fast-action photography, 131
Fast shutters, 1
Fidelity of photographs, 80
Le Figaro, 42
Fox, Benjamin, 51
Frampton, Hollis, 152n17
Sixteen Studies from Vegetable Locomotion, 131
Franklin Institute, 31, 92, 95, 150n46
Freudian analysis, 2
Fryers, A. B., 70
Gaeta, John, 131
Galison, Peter, 151n70
Galton, Francis, 62, 66
Gardner, Alexander, 116
Gender. See Women
Géricault, Théodore, 43
Gérôme, Jean-Léon, 29, 42, 142n9
Gervex, Henri, Rolla, 85, 86
Gilbreth, Frank and Lillian, 60
Gillem, Alvan Cummem, 14
Gilmore, William, 78
Glackens, William, 94, 149n37
Gladstone, William, 29
Glass plate negatives, 14
Godley, Jesse, 51
Greek art, as precedent for Muybridge’s nudes, 37, 38–39, 40, 40
Gridded backgrounds, 59, 69, 92, 105, 131–132
Grier, Thomas G., 6, 128–139n8
Griesemer, James R., 10
Gross, Samuel, 46, 93, 94
Grotesque bodies: characterized, 121–122, 152n31
in Civil War medical photographs, 116, 116–117
contortionist, 118, 119, 120, 120–121, 122
with infantile paralysis, 118, 118
limbless, 114, 115, 117, 117–118
obese woman, 118, 119
viewers’ response to, 122
Grove, Kathy, The Other Series: After Muybridge, 134–135, 136
Gsell, Paul, 43
Guatemala, Muybridge’s photographs of, 14, 18, 19, 19–20
Guillaume, Eugène, 29, 42
Gull, William, 13
Haas, Robert Bartlett, 138n1
Hacker, Morris, 68
Halleck, Henry W., 14
Harper’s magazine, 43
Harrison, Charles, 9, 33, 36
Harvard University, 97, 150n62
Haupt, Lewis M., 8, 55, 60–61, 93, 150n46
Hayes, Rutherford B., 96
Heiman, Michal, Subjects Unknown #1, Woman on One Knee Spanking Child, 136–137, 137
Hendricks, Gordon, 138n1
Henri, Robert, 48, 94, 149n37
Hills, Patricia, 143n33
Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 92
Hittell, John, 17
Hodges, James C., 80–81
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 80, 121
Homoerotic response, to wrestling images, 129
Hopkins, Mark, 14
Horse in Motion, The (Stillman), 27–28, 30, 141n46, 146n91
Horses in motion, 36
artistic renderings of, 140n25
as collaborative effort, 27, 141n39
in debate over representation of motion, 42–44
and deficiencies of artists’ renderings, 37
Eakins influenced by, 44–45
instantaneous technique, 145n66
lawsuit over, 27–29
Muybridge’s book of, 5, 29
for productivity analysis, 59–60
Stanford’s commission of Muybridge, 23–25, 25, 27
Stillman’s book of, 27–28, 30
successive viewing of, 109
suspended perspective in, 112–113
Houseworth’s Gallery, 26
Huebler, Douglas, Location Piece #28, 131
Huidekoper, Ruth Shippen, 8, 55, 60, 93, 97–98, 150n46
Human body: African American, 69, 147n106
anthropometric analysis of, 62–65, 64, 65
and comparative anatomy, 57–58, 66, 149n34
Eakins’ study of, 46–47
as machine, 59
measurement of, 145–146n79
objectification of, 55, 58–59, 61
productivity and efficiency of, 60–61. See also Abnormal motion; Grotesque bodies
Hunnawell, Walter, 63, 63
Huxley, Thomas, 29, 43, 64–65, 66, 70, 96, 153n38
L’Illustration, 29
Infantile paralysis, images of, 118, 118, 134, 135
Ingersoll, Robert, 84
Instantaneous photography, Muybridge’s technique for, 145n66
Interruptant/punctum, in photographic series, 105–106
Isaacs, John, 141n39
Jackson, William Henry, 17, 22
Jacobs, Joseph, 62
James, William, 63, 70, 108
Jameson, John A., 149n26
Japanese art, birds in flight, 44, 142n19, 143n22
Jefferson, Thomas, 54, 92
John of Bologna, Mercury, 37
Johns Hopkins University, 97
Johnson, Eastman, 95
Jordan, David Starr, 28
Kayser, Wolfgang, 152n31
Keen, William Williams, 47, 117
Keller, Corey, 151n9
Kelsey, Robin, 105
Kerr, Kevin, 128n5
Key to the Art of Drawing the Human Figure, A (Smith), 62–63
Kilbreth, James T., 95
Knoedler, Roland, 95
Knoedler & Company, 84, 95
Koehler, Sylvester, 45
Kristeva, Julie, 153n34
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 61
Lamprey, John, 64, 64, 65, 66
Lankester, E. Ray, 43–44, 67
Larkyns, Harry, 8
Leeds, Josiah H., 78, 79, 96
Leidy, Joseph, 8, 54, 66, 93, 94, 149n40
Leidy, Joseph, II, 94
Leighton, Frederick, 29, 55
Leja, Michael, 143n24
LeWitt, Sol, Muybridge I and Muybridge II, 132–133, 133
Library of Congress, 97
Lighthouse Board, U.S., 14, 26
Limbless men, images of, 114, 115, 117, 117–118
Lippincott, J. B., 9, 31, 93, 94, 95, 99, 149n38
Lippincott’s Magazine, 94
Living Age, The, 121
Lloyd, James Hendrie, 57
MacCrellish, Frederick, 24
MacDonnell, Kevin, 138n1
Macfadden, Bernarr, 81
Makart, Hans, The Entry of Charles V into Antwerp, 78
Marable, Darwin, 2
Marey, Étienne-Jules, 29, 31, 35, 42, 140n24
Marks, William D., 8, 93, 94, 99
Matrix, The, 131
McCosh, James, 150n62
McPherson, Heather, 153n33
Medical photography, 2, 145n60
censorship of, 80–81
Civil War, 80, 116, 116–117, 150n57, 152n23–24
objectification of body in, 58–59
Medical science: and abnormal locomotion, 57–58, 114
and amputation, 117
Muybridge’s contribution to, 131
Philadelphia as center for, 93
professionalization of, 97–98
shift to objective evaluation, 54–55, 58, 61
therapeutic model of, 55–56
veterinary, 60, 93, 98, 101
Meigs, J. Aitken, 66
Meissonier, Jean-Louis Ernest, 29, 37, 42, 44
Metzker, Roy, 132
Mexico, Muybridge’s photographs of, 14, 18
Michals, Duane, 131
Michelangelo, 37, 100, 133
Mileaf, Janine, 2, 142n9
Miles, Walter, 6, 138n6
Mills, Charles K., 57
Minimalist art, 131
Myron, Discobolus, 37, 38
Mitchell, Silas Weir, 9, 55, 57, 93, 95, 117, 149–150n45
Montague, S., 141n39
Moonlight effect, 23
Moran, Thomas, 17, 149n37
Morgan, Jayne, 2
Morgan, John, 55
Morton, Henry J., 80
Motion studies, photographic, 60
Muldoon, William, 81
Muller, August, 95
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 79
Musgrave, A., 70
Musset, Alfred de, 149n28
Muybridge, Eadweard: Alaska photographs of, 18, 139n6
biographies of, 138n1, n2
birth of, 5
Central American photographs of, 14, 18–21, 19, 20, 21
comparison with landscape painters, 17–18
comparison with Watkins, 16–17
copyrights of, 31–32
corporate/government commissions of, 14, 26–27
as Darwinian, 66, 67
death of, 131
eccentric behavior of, 6–7, 9
and horses in motion collaboration, 27, 141n39
and horses in motion commission, 23–25, 25, 27
introduction to photography, 13
lawsuit against Stanford, 27–29, 141n46
in lawsuits, 32, 141n33
lectures of, 29–30, 31, 109, 142n61
legacy of, 131–137
marketing efforts of, 26
murder trial of, 7–8, 10, 14, 22
name/identity shifts by, 5
patents of, 27, 140n29
personality and appearance of, 6, 7, 7, 128n8
pseudonym of, 13–14
San Francisco panoramas of, 14, 24, 25, 112, 139n5
self-portraiture of, 4, 5, 5–6, 21–22, 22, 23, 40, 41, 48–49, 142n10
sky and cloud effects of, 22–23
in stagecoach accident, 13, 141n33
stylistic ingenuity of, 14–15
technical innovations of, 1–2, 25–26, 35–36, 131
web sources for, 138n1
Yosemite photographs of, 14, 15, 15–16, 22, 23, 112
Muybridge, Eadweard, works: “Abe Eddington,” Trotting at a 2:24 Gait, 24, 25
Albert Bierstadt’s Studio, 17, 18
Art Gallery at Woodward’s Gardens, 21–22, 22, 23
Bringing in the Day’s Coffee Picking, San Isidro, 20–21, 21
Contemplation Rock, Glacier Point, 22, 23;
Falls of the Yosemite, 15, 15–16
Lake Atitlan, Guatemala, 18, 19
Laundry at Quezaltenango, Guatemala, 19, 19–20
Loya, the Sentinel Reflected, 16, 17
North Point Dock, 21, 22
Picking Coffee at Las Nubes, 19, 20, 20–21
Picking Coffee at San Isidro, 19, 21
Various Poses, 49, 50, 51
Woodward’s Gardens, San Francisco by “Moonlight,” 23. See also Animal Locomotion project
Muybridge Commission: censorship resistance of, 77, 92, 96–97, 99
Darwinian leanings of, 66–67
Eakins on, 44, 52
formation of, 31
medical/scientific connections of, 54, 56, 57, 60, 66, 93, 150n46
membership of, 8–9
reasons for forming, 9–10
social status of, 33, 94–95, 97, 99
Muybridge Work at the University of Pennsylvania, The, 56
Naef, Weston, 13, 16
Nahl’s Gallery, 26
Nation, 44, 108
National Academy of Design, 97
National Liberal League, 96
Natural selection, 61
La Nature, 29, 42
Nead, Lynda, 82, 86
Nero’s Golden House, 121
New York Daily Tribune, 47
New York Photogravure Company, 32–33
New York Times, 45, 47, 84, 108, 109, 111
Nitzsche, George, 6, 138n8
Nochlin, Linda, 41
Nude in art: censorship of Eakins’ work, 83–85, 84
Eakins’ realist paintings, 51–52, 51, 52
obscenity threat against, 11, 48, 78–81, 133
public display of, 79–80
thefts of, 153n38
Nude models: with bodily afflictions, 73, 74, 75, 75
collaborative attitude of, 70
female, 71–73
Muybridge’s self-portraiture, 4, 5, 5–6, 21–22, 22, 23, 40, 41, 48–49, 142n10
older men and women, 40–41
physically fit/athletic men, 56, 68–70, 69
recognizable, 51, 52
and social class, 70. See also Abnormal motion; Grotesque bodies
Nude photography: advertising images, 78
anthropometric, 62–65, 64, 65
in athletics context, 81, 82
and censorship, 78, 8083
of Eakins, 48, 48–49, 49, 52, 52, 54
Muybridge’s Central American work, 20–21, 21
objectification of body in, 58–59
pornographic, 86, 89. See also Nudes in motion
Nudes in motion: accidental additions/departures from norm in, 105–106
artistic precedents emulated in, 37, 38–39, 40, 40
chaste viewing of, 124
cigarette smoking images, 86, 87, 124, 124–127, 125, 129
continuity between animals and, 66–68, 146n97
daily activities depicted by, 1, 3, 56, 68
direct gaze in, 152n30
dressing and undressing, 85–86, 86
Eakins’ photographs as influence on, 49, 50, 51
eroticism eliminated in, 58–59
excised frames, 123, 123–124, 126, 153n38
fantasies/desires stimulated by, 124–129, 153n39
female genitalia displayed in, 88, 89
gendered depiction of, 68
gridded layout of, 59, 69, 92, 105, 131–132
influence on Bacon, 133–134
influence on Grove, 134–135, 136
influence on Heiman, 136–137, 137
influence on LeWitt, 132–133
physical fitness of, 68–70
Polataiko’s single frame based on, x, 1, 2, 285
studies of, 2
successive viewing of, 106, 107, 108–109, 111
suspended perspective in, 110, 111–114, 112, 113. See also Abnormal motion; Grotesque bodies; Nude models
Obese woman, images of, 118, 119
Objectification of human body, 55, 58–59, 61
Obscenity: and Comstock Act, 78, 89
defined, 121–122
and nude images, 11, 48, 78–81, 133
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 61, 62, 63
Osgood, James R., 28, 146n91
O’Sullivan, Timothy, 116, 152n24
Outlines of Comparative Anatomy and Medical Zoology, 146n93
Pacific Mail Steamship Company, 14, 18, 26
Panama, Muybridge’s photographs of, 14, 18
Pancoast, Joseph, 46
Panzer, Mary, 143n28
Paris Salon of 1878, 84
Parrish, Maxfield, 94, 149n37
Patents, 27, 140n29
Peale, Charles Willson, 54, 93
Pendegast, William Wirt, 8, 22
Pennell, Joseph, 45
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 9, 30, 31, 92
anatomy lectures at, 46, 47, 117
and censorship of nude images, 52, 77, 89–90
criticism of Eakins’ nudes and realist art, 48, 51–52, 54, 79
Eakins’ resignation from, 52, 79, 89
school of, 93–94
Pennsylvanian, 6, 100, 102
People of India, the, 63
Pepper, William: in art world, 95
and censorship resistance, 77, 79, 96
and Darwinism, 66
as doctor, 54, 55, 57, 97
on professionalism, 98–99
provostship of university, 81, 93, 100–101
and sponsorship of Muybridge project, 8, 31, 33, 101–103
Perry, Enoch Wood, Jr., 112
Perspective, suspended, 110, 111–114, 112, 113
Peters, John Punnett, 101
Phantom limb syndrome, 117
Philadelphia: art world in, 93–94, 149n37
censorship of nude art in, 78, 80, 96
Centennial International Exhibition in, 47, 117
as center of Enlightenment, 54
critical reception of Animal Locomotion project, 99
nude art displays in, 79–89
publishing in, 94
scientific institutions in, 92–93
transportation development in, 60–61. See also Animal Locomotion project; Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts; University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia North American, 8
Philadelphia Press, 45
Philadelphia Public Ledger, 36, 44, 100, 109, 151n73
Philadelphia Times, 36, 73, 109
Philadelphia Zoological Garden, 35, 36
Philadelphia Zoological Society, 8
Photographic albums, 150n57
Photographic News, 27
Physical anthropology, 62
Physical fitness. See Athletic images
Polataiko, Taras, single frame based on Animal Locomotion, x, 1, 2, 2
Polykleitos, Spear Bearer, 37, 38
Pornography, 86, 89
Powell, J. W., 146n89
Powers, Hiram, The Greek Slave, 99, 99
Press, 6
Princeton University, 150n62
Prizefighters, 69, 147n105
Prodger, Phillip, 145n72
Productivity/efficiency of human body, 59–61
Professionalism, culture of, 97–99
Prostitution: implied in nude painting, 84–85, 85
linked to nude models, 71
Racial classification, and anthropometric photography, 63–65, 64, 65
Railroads: efficiency of, 60–61
train locomotion, 145n70
Raphael, 37, 100, 121
Realist art, 41, 44, 79
Reichert, Edward T., 6, 7
Rejlander, Oscar, 62
Religion, and nude art, 99
Reynolds, George, 51
Reynolds, Jock, 133
Rimmer, William, 143n38
Rodin, Auguste, 42
Rogers, Fairman, 30, 31, 55, 59, 94, 95
Roman art, as precedent for Muybridge’s nudes, 37, 38–39, 40, 40
Royal Society of London, 30, 62
Rulofson, William, 140n24
Rush, Benjamin, 93
Rush, William, 93
Ruskin, John, 96
Russett, Cynthia, 68, 75
Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 95
Sandow, Eugen, 81, 82
San Francisco: galleries and dealers in, 26
Muybridge’s panoramas of, 14, 24, 25, 112, 139n5
Muybridge’s self-portraiture in, 21–22, 22
nude art display in, 79
Scharf, Aaron, 111
Schell, Henry S., 49, 68
School of Industrial Arts, Philadelphia, 95
Science: defined, 145n65
in Philadelphia, 92–93
University of Pennsylvania support for, 101. See also Medical science
Scientific management, 60
Scribner’s Magazine, 121
Seiler, Paul, 141n39
Self-Portrait as a Drowned Man (Bayard), 21
Self-portraiture, 4, 5, 5–6, 21–22, 22, 23, 40, 41, 48–49, 142n10
Selleck, Silas, 26
Seltzer, Mark, 145n70
Serial technique, 1, 24, 25, 30
Sheehan, Tanya, 145n60
Shelley, 121
Shutter, electronic, 25–26
Sky and cloud effects, 22–23
Sloan, John, 94
Slow-motion film technique, 131
Smith, John Rubens, 62–63
Smithsonian Institution, 97
Smithsonian National Museum of American History, 124, 132–133, 139n15, 151n4
Smithson, Robert, 132
Social Art Club, 95
Social class: and censorship resistance, 95–96, 99, 150n55
and gender, 70–71
Muybridge Commission as elite, 33, 94–95, 97, 99
and professionalism, 97–99
Social Darwinism, 146n88
Social Purity Alliance, 79
Society for the Suppression of Vice in New York City, 78
Solnit, Rebecca, 16, 23, 139n19, 140n26
Spectatorship, 151n9
Spencer, Herbert, 62, 143n28
Stanford, Leland: collaboration with Muybridge, 27, 141n39
commission of horses in motion, 23–25, 25, 27
Meissonier’s portrait of, 29
Muybridge’s lawsuit against, 27–29, 141n46
railroad development of, 60
Star, Susan Leigh, 10
Steiner, Ralph, 132
Stereographic views, 25
Stillman, J. D. B., 27, 28, 30, 66, 146n91
Stone, Flora Shallcross, 8
Stream of consciousness, 108
Successive viewing, 106, 107, 108–109, 111
Suspended perspectives, 110, 111–114, 112, 113
Sylvester, David, 133
Tadd, J. Liberty, 71–72, 129
Tadd, Margaret, 72
Tanner, Henry Ossawa, 149n37
Taylor, Frederick, 60
Technical innovations, 1–2, 25–26, 35–36, 131
Tennyson, Alfred, 29
Thayer, Nathaniel, Jr., 63
Thayer Expedition, 63
Therapeutic model of medicine, 55–56
Thomas, A. R., 46
Tiffany, Louis Comfort, 96
Tintoretto, 37, 100
Tissandier, Gaston, 29
Trodd, Colin, 121
Tucker, Jennifer, 14–15, 80
Tyndall, John, 29
Universities: athletics in, 81, 129
expansion of, 150–151n62
University of Michigan, 150n62
University of Pennsylvania, 2, 6, 8
athletics at, 81
expansion of, 97, 100–101
Museum of Archaeology, 101
Muybridge’s studio at, 7, 7
professionalization of, 97–99
science and medicine at, 55, 93, 101
sponsorship of Animal Locomotion project, 30–31, 101–103
Veterinary Department, 60, 93, 98, 101. See also Muybridge Commission
U2, 131
Valéry, Paul, 111
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 97
Van Rensselaer, Mariana Griswold, 45
Van Zandt, Thomas Kirby, 140n25
Venus Pudica, 37, 40, 40, 142n9
Véron, Eugène, 42
Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, 61
Veterinary medicine, 60, 93, 98, 101
Vonnoh, Robert, 149n37
Wallace, J. Laurie, 32, 51
Ward, Edward J., 116, 152n24
Ward, Henry Galbraith, 33
Watkins, Carleton, 26
comparison with Muybridge, 16–17
Mirror View of Sentinel Rock, Yosemite, 16, 17
Weir, J. Alden, 95
Wet plate technique, 14, 25, 152n23
Whitcombe, Elizabeth, 2
Whitman, Walt, 94
Williams, Linda, 2
Williams, Sophia Wells Royce, 94
Williams, Talcott, 37, 44, 51, 94
Wit, Jacob de, 62
Wolff, Janet, 151–152n15
Women: cigarette smoking images of, 86, 87, 124, 124–127, 125
daily activity images of, 55–56, 126
dressing/undressing images of, 85–86, 86
evolutionary bias against, 68, 70
nude models, 71–73
obese images of, 118, 119
pornographic images of, 89
response to female body, 47–48, 143n33, 144n51
and social inequality, 70–71
Wood, H. C., 57
Wrestling matches, images of, 127, 127, 129
Yale University, 97
Yosemite: Muybridge’s photographs of, 14, 15, 15–16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 112
Watkins’ photographs of, 16, 17
Yosemite, Its Wonders and Its Beauties (Hittell), 17
Young, Albah, 114, 114, 116
Zabel, Craig, 146n88
Zealy, Joseph T., 63
Zoopraxiscope, 25, 29, 33, 109