Save
Save chapter to my Bookmarks
Cite
Cite this chapter
Print this chapter
Share
Share a link to this chapter
Free
Index
Kwang-chih Chang
Description: The Archaeology of Ancient China
The Archaeology of Ancient China
Index
Author
Kwang-chih Chang
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 1986, 1977, 1968, 1963 by Yale University
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-20266
View chapters with similar subject tags
Chapter images ()
Loading image navigation...
No image index could be found for this publication.
Close this Panel
Show previous images Show next images
Index
adz, 93, 106, 121, 130, 201, 206, 220, 230, 312
bronze, Ehr-li-t’ou, 312
stepped, 228, 254, 294, 393
agriculture: origins, 71, 79–81, 87, 199, 230–31
millet, 236
mixed, 173, 211, 282
technology, 362, 364, 411–12. See also cultivated plants
Aigner, Jean, 31
altar, 184, 322, 323
An-shan, Liaoning, 52, 64
An-t’u, Kirin, 52, 64
An-yang, Honan: Upper Paleolithic remains, 52, 60, 62
Neolithic remains, 132, 137–40, 267, 269–70
Shang remains, 317–31. See also Yin-hsü, Anyang
ancestors, 365, 414–15, 419
Andersson, J. G., 14–16, 41, 108–09, 138–40, 146, 149, 280–81, 376–77, 384
Ang-ang-hsi, 52, 64
animal: figures, 93, 95, 212, 220, 363
in art, 287, 313, 363–64, 412, 415, 417
mask, 251, 255, 261
shamanic intermediary, 415, 418, 421. See also t’ao-t’ieh
antiquarianism, Sung, 5, 8–12, 16–17
Ao (Hsiao), Shang capital, 317, 319, 335, 339
aquaculture, 194
archaeology, 5, 12–21
Marxism, 18–21
methodology, 15–21, 69–70, 242–44, 413
state-directed, 18–21
arrowheads, bone, 93, 100
Bronze Age, 312, 347, 349, 384, 396
microlithic, 83
Neolithic, 122, 160, 177, 181, 185, 191, 212, 250
round-headed, 114
wooden, 201
art, Paleolithic, 60
Lung-shan, 251, 255, 287
Ma-chia-yao, 150
political function, 411
Shang, 313, 317, 326, 331, 335, 363–64, 409
ax: clay, 208
Ch’ing-lien-kang, 157
early Neolithic, 91, 93, 94, 106
executioner’s, 365
Ho-mu-tu, 211
jade, 251, 254, 276, 312
Ma-chia-pang, 201
Northeast, 177, 180, 185
Pei-yin-yang-yin, 206
preceramic, 85–86
shouldered, 291, 292, 294, 387
socketed, 347
Shang, 365
Ta-hsi, 220
Ta-wen-k’ou, 160, 163
Yang-shao, 121, 130, 144
yüeh, 169
Aztecs, 419
balls: clay, 122, 385
stone, 39, 49, 68, 53, 58, 114, 385
bamboo tablets, 296–97
barbarians, 349, 361
basketwork, 64, 122, 128
bell, bronze, 277, 279, 312
Bennett, Wendell C., 242
bird: figurines, 254
on ritual jades, 255, 261, 287
Black, Davidson, 14
boats, 231, 254, 411
brick, sun-dried, 265, 267, 269–70
bronze metallurgy, 143, 363
alloy, 143, 250, 275, 277, 312, 381, 400
Chou, 345, 347, 349, 360
crucibles, 275, 395
foundries, 310, 323
Hu-shu, 395
molds, 312, 349, 363
Neolithic, 143–44, 250, 267, 274–75, 277, 287
political function, 366–67, 418
restricted use, 364, 365, 394, 411–12
bronze ritual vessels: classification, 9–12
decoration, 255, 335, 374
earliest fragment, 274, 276
inscriptions, 18, 19, 297–98, 300, 302, 346, 348, 352–53, 364
burial forms: casket, 144, 146, 169, 206, 249
chamber, 162, 164, 327
coffin, 147, 162, 276
cruciform pit, 326–27, 371
dismembered, 120, 270–71, 274–75, 331, 374, 395
second-level ledge, 120, 162, 249, 273–74, 311, 359, 363, 371
secondary, 146, 147, 180–81, 255, 385
slab graves, 184
urn, 116, 119–20, 131, 137, 226, 267, 385
burial offerings: cinnabar, 276, 294, 309, 311, 363
deer teeth, 164, 206
dog, 311, 371
hematite, 63
meat, 164,
musical instruments, 276
ochre, 102
oracle bones, 284
pig, 276
pig heads, 162, 164
pig mandibles, 169, 206, 249, 276–77, 284
rice grains, 294. See also jade
burials, Bronze Age: Ehr-li-t’ou, 310–12, 314
Yin-hsü, 322, 326–31
Su-fu-t’un, 371
Chou, 345–46, 353, 359
burials, Neolithic: Ch’i-chia, 284–85
Ch’ü-chia-ling, 226
early Neolithic, 90–91, 93, 94, 102, 103, 105
Ehr-li-t’ou, 310–12
Hung-shan, 184–85, 188
Hsin-k’ai-liu, 180–81
Liang-chu, 254–55
Lung-shan, 261, 267, 273–74, 276–79
Ma-chia-pang, 197, 199, 203
Ma-chia-yao, 142, 144
Ma-ch’ang, 147
Sung-tse, 203, 205–06
Shih-hsia, 294
Ta-ho-ts’un, 131–32, 137
Ta-hsi, 217
Ta-wen-k’ou, 162–65
Yang-shao, 119–21
burials, Paleolithic, 61
burins, 57, 59, 84
Caldwell, Joseph R., 241–42
calendar, 317, 356
capitals, Chou, 341, 342, 343–46, 349, 357, 358, 360
capitals, Hsia, 315–16, 319
capitals, Shang, 315–16, 317, 319, 335, 339
cattle, 59, 113, 160, 217, 267, 270, 279, 282, 394
caves, limestone, 30, 96, 100–05, 236
celt, stone, 112
Central Plains, 192–93, 368–69, 371, 377
Culture, 407
chariot, 363, 385
Shang, 317, 322, 323
Chou, 345
chicken, 93, 102, 160, 260
chiefdom, 244, 314
Childe, V. G., 15–16
“Chinese,” 234, 242
Chinese cotradition, 286, 412
chisel: bronze, 312
stone, 93, 100, 122, 160, 201, 206, 211, 220
chopper-chopping tools: Lower Paleolithic, 39, 49, 50, 65
Lower Pleistocene, 35–36
Middle Paleolithic, 53
Neolithic, 177, 236
South China, 65, 86, 87, 100, 236
Upper Paleolithic, 55, 59, 61
city: Chou, 353, 357
political center, 362–63, 409
sacred, 336, 352
Shang, 335, 339
trade center, 409
civilization, 288, 295, 409, 414, 418–22
climatic change, Pleistocene, 23–30
in Chouk’ou-tien sequence, 42
Holocene, 71–79
Neolithic optimum, 112, 160, 172–73, 192, 194, 211–12
coal, 176–78
comb-impressions, 174, 178, 180, 181, 186, 191, 236
communication: cultural, 63, 156, 177–78, 236–38, 243–44, 285, 287
spiritual, 287, 365–67, 411–12, 414–21
copper: Ch’i-chia, 282
Lung-shan, 250
Ma-Ch’iao, 400
mines, 367
Corded Ware stratum, 293
cosmology, 71, 287, 366, 415, 418, 419–21
cowries, 312, 331, 363, 371, 378, 386
motif, 396
craft specialization, 287
cultivated plants, 3, 80, 92, 103–05, 112, 194, 199, 210, 254, 362
Cultural Revolution, 20–21
Chang Cheng-hsiang, 195
Chang Shen-shui, 45–47
Chang-chia-p’o, Ch’ang-an, 277, 345–47, 349
Chang-chia-shan, Chiang-ling, 406
Chang-chia-t’ai, Ch’ing-t’ai, 146
Chang-chia-tsui, Yüng-ching, 379
Chang-chia-yuan, Chi-hsien, 375
Chang-ling-shan, Wu-hsien, 197, 198, 205–06, 253–55, 260
Chao Ch’ing-fang, 17
Chao-chia-hu, Tang-yang, 406, 407
Chao-ch’eng, Kung-hsien, 88
Chen-yuan, Kansu, 52, 58
Cheng-chia-p’o, Wu-kung, 360–61
Cheng-chou: phase, 309, 335
Shang remains, 331–38, 332–34, 335
glaze, 392
Chi-chia-ch’uan, Lin-hsia, 378, 379
chia tripod, 261, 271, 276, 280, 312
Chia, Lan-po, 30–31, 68
Chiang-chai, Lin-t’ung, 110, 111, 112, 116–119, 277
burial, 120
pottery marks, 122
stratigraphy, 112, 277
Chiang-chia-p’ing, Yung-teng, 141, 142, 144
Chiang-hsi-ts’un, Fu-feng, 124
Chieh, Hsia king, 317
Chieh-tuan-ying, Tz’u-hsien, 132
Chien-kou, Han-tan, 267, 270–71, 287
Chien-p’ing, Liaoning, 52, 64
Chien-shih, Hupei, 50
Chien-teh, Chekiang, 52, 64–65
Chih-chu-shan, Ch’ih-feng, 181, 375
Chin-niu-shan, Ying-k’ou, 48
upper stratum, 64
Ching-chih, An-ch’iu, 158
Ching-ch’uan, Kansu, 52, 58
Ching-ts’un, Wan-ch’üan, 110, 114
Chou: chronology, 346–47
civilization, 277, 339–61
Dynasty, 305–06, 341
predynastic, 346, 349, 357–61
Proto-Chou, 359–61
state, 357
Shang influence on, 360
Chou Pen-hsiung, 162
Chou Yuan, 349–357
bronzes, 351–53
chronology, 353, 357
Chou-k’ou-tien, 14, 22, 41–47
fauna, 29, 38
palynology, 30
stratigraphy, 26–27
time-span, 50. See also Upper Cave
Chu-wa-chieh, P’eng-hsien, 407
chüeh cup, 312, 314, 337, 338, 339
chüeh, slit ring, 292
Chung-ting, Shang king, 335–36, 339
Chung-yüan, 192–93, 368. See also Central Plains
Ch’ang-chou, 206
Ch’ang-hsing, Chekiang, 396, 397, 400
Ch’ang-pin, Taiwan, 87
Ch’ang-shan, Chen-yuan, 285
Ch’ang-she-ling, Hsin-chou, 52, 65, 66
Ch’ang-wu, Shensi, 52, 58
Ch’ang-yang, Hupei, 52, 54
Ch’ao-an, Hai-feng, 232
Ch’ao-hsien, Anhui, 52, 54
Ch’en-chia-wo. See Lan-t’ien
Ch’eng, Chou capital, 341
Ch’eng Wang, Chou king, 347, 366, 401
Ch’eng-kung, Yunnan, 52, 66–67
Ch’eng-tzu, Chu-ch’eng, 158, 162–63, 166, 167, 169, 240, 247–53
Ch’eng-tzu-yai, 156, 245–46, 248–49, 265
Ch’i, Chou capital, 349, 357, 358, 360
Ch’i Shan, 339–40, 350, 351, 358
Ch’i-chia Culture, 138, 234, 280–85
origin of, 285
Ch’i-chia-p’ing, Kuang-ho, 280
Ch’i-chia-ts’un, Fu-feng, 353, 356
Ch’i-hsia-shan, Nanking, 387
Ch’i-lin-shan, Lai-pin, 82, 86
Ch’iang people, 385
ch’iang vessel, 11
Ch’iao-ts’un, Ling-t’ai, 282
Ch’ien Mu, 7
Ch’ien-hsi, Kweichou, 52, 66, 67
Ch’ien-hsien, Shensi, 52, 58
Ch’ien-shan-yang, Wu-hsing, 195, 198, 253–55, 399
Ch’in unification, 409, 410
Ch’in Ling ( = Tsinling) Mountains, 2, 36, 85
Ch’in-shui, Shansi, 52, 60
Ch’in-wang-chai, Hsing-yang, 123, 138
Ch’in-wei-chia, Yung-ching, 282
Ch’ing-kang-ch’a, Lan-chou, 142, 146
Ch’ing-ku-tuei, Liang-shan, 246–47
Ch’ing-lien-kang, Huai-an, 157, 196
Culture, 157, 195–96. See also Ta-wen-k’ou
Ch’ing-lung-ch’üan, Yün-hsien, 222, 285
Ch’ing-lung-ch’üan III Culture, 234, 285–86, 401
Ch’ing-shui-t’an, Yi-ch’ang, 214
Ch’ing-t’an-yü, Weng-yuan, 100, 101
Ch’ing-tun, Hai-an, 197–99, 207–08
Ch’ing-yang, Kansu, 22, 52, 58
Ch’iu-ch’eng, 198, 199
Ch’iu-pei, Yunnan, 82, 86
Ch’iu-wan, Hsü-chou, 371, 373–74
Ch’u, 307, 400–02, 407–08
Ch’u Tz’u, 303, 400, 412
Ch’ü-chia-ling, Ching-shan, 214, 222
Culture, 108, 155, 214, 221, 222, 226–28, 239, 241, 285–86, 401
Ch’üeh-mu-ch’iao, Chia-hsing, 253, 255
Ch’üan-hu-ts’un, Hua-hsien, 258
dating methods, 21, 26–27, 87–88
deer, 93, 102, 160, 201, 211, 279, 290
deforestation, 74
dentition, 38
Peking Man, 44, 47
shovel-shaped incisors, 47, 55
tooth extraction, 162, 164
Yuan-mou, 39–40
digging stick, 100, 102–06, 112
disc, stone, 58
bronze, 312, 359
divination, 298, 364, 415
Djalainor, Hei-lung-chiang, 52, 64
dog, 79, 93, 113, 201, 211, 226, 254, 260, 270, 279, 282
Dryopithecus, 34
“Eastern” features: chopper-chopping complex, 46–47
Siberian Upper Paleolithic, 56
Eh-kou, Mi-hsien, 88, 91, 92, 93, 97
elephant, 79, 201, 211, 290
Engels, Frederick, 20
engravers, 54, 58, 60, 83, 93
Erh-li-kang, Cheng-chou, 309
Erh-li-t’ou, Yen-shih, 309–14, 318
stratigraphy, 309–10, 316
Yang-shao remains, 132
Erh-li-t’ou Culture, 309–16
and Lung-shan, 314–15
and Shang, 309, 315–16, 317
ethnicity, 304–05, 362
ethnocentrism, 7–8, 368
fabric, 199, 226, 399
impression, 282
Fang-tuei-ts’un, Hung-tung, 355
fauna, Chou-k’ou-tien, 42, 44–45, 49–50
Holocene, 78–79
K’o-ho, 48
modern, 81
Pleistocene, 26, 29–36, 38, 71, 85
Shih-yü, 58–59
Sjara-osso-gol, 60
Upper Cave, 61–63, 85
Fei-chia-ho, Yüeh-yang, 407
Fen River, 110, 131
Feng, Chou capital, 341, 344, 349
Chou remains, 344–46
Feng-chuang, Chung-mou, 88
Feng-ch’u, Ch’i-shan, 353–56
Feng-hsia, Pei-p’iao, 375
Feng-huang-ling, Lin-yi, 81
Feng-k’ai, Kwangtung, 52, 65
Feng-pi-t’ou, Kao-hsiung, 230, 291, 292
Culture, 108, 235, 239, 291
Fenho River, 109–11, 152, 154
fish, 160
motif, 114, 115
fishhooks, 114, 122, 181, 191, 279
bronze, 312, 395
fishing, 63, 79, 102, 114, 173, 177, 180–81, 186, 211, 279
deep-sea, 231
forest, 3–4, 74, 76–79
fossils, human: Chin-niu-shan, 48, 64
Chou-k’ou-tien, 41–45, 47
Hupei, 50, 54
Hsing-hua-shan, 49
Hsü-chia-yao, 53–54
Lan-t’ien, 36, 38–39
Ling-ching, 84–85
Li-chiang, 68
Liu-chiang, 68
Lung-t’an-tung, 49
Ma-pa, 54
neanderthaloid, 54
Ordosian, 55
Ta-li, 51, 53
Ting-ts’un, 53–54
Tzu-yang, 68
Upper Cave, 61, 63–64
foundation platforms: Chou, 345, 353, 354–56
Ehr-li-t’ou, 310–11
Lung-shan, 273
Shang 321–25, 331
Fu Hao, 331
Fu Ssu-nien, 304
Fu-ch’üan-shan, Shanghai, 199, 253, 255, 261
Fu-ho Culture, 107, 175, 188, 190–91
Fu-ho-kou-men, Pa-lin Left Banner, 175, 188, 190–91
Fu-kuo-tun, Quemoy, 231–32
Fu-lin, Han-yuan, 52, 66–67
Fu-nan, Shou-hsien, 371, 374
funnel, 163
gardening, 102
gathering, 112, 114, 199
Geological Survey of China, 13–15, 22, 47
geology, influence of, 12–15
Pleistocene, 23–34 passim
geometric pottery, 195, 290, 387–89, 404
hard, 293, 388
pre-hard, 292
soft, 291, 293, 388
Geometric Pottery stratum, 292–93, 336, 387–400
distribution, 388–89
influenced by Chou, 397–99
influenced by Shang, 389, 392, 394, 395–96
glaze, 391–92, 393
goat, 113, 384
Gorman, Chester, 103
Grabau, A. W., 14
grinding stones, 100, 112, 122, 130, 144, 160, 176
Hailar, Hei-lung-chiang, 82, 85
hairpin, 93, 160, 276, 349
halberd, 312, 363, 385–86, 387
stone, 396
Han Chinese, 242
Han Fei Tzu, 4
Han K’ang-hsin, 163
Han River, 89. See also Hanshui River
Han-yuan, Szechwan, 52, 66–67
hand-ax, 39–40, 46, 86
hang-t’u. See stamped earth
Hanshui River, 87–90, 154–56, 213, 226, 262, 402–04
Hao, Chou capital, 341, 343–44, 349
Chou remains, 346
harpoon, 93, 100, 114, 160, 181
Hei-ching-lung, Ch’iu-pei, 82, 86
Hei-ku-tui, Yung-ch’eng, 262
hemp, 80, 113–14, 143, 282
Heng-chen-ts’un, Hua-yin, 110, 120, 258, 261, 277
burials, 123, 280
herding, 69, 79, 282
historical records, 302–08, 317, 320, 412
historiography, 4–12, 302, 412–13
Ho Chieh-chün, 223–24
ho vessel, 163, 169, 203, 207, 271, 312
Ho-chia-wan, 111, 156
Ho-mu-tu, Yü-yao, 198, 208–20
Culture, 107, 108, 208–12, 228, 235, 236, 239
Ho-t’ao-chuang, Min-ho, 141, 142, 144
hoe, 93, 112, 121–22, 144
Ehr-li-t’ou, 312
jade, 163
Hung-shan, 185
Hsin-lo, 177
Pei-yin-yang-yin, 206
of scapulae, 201, 212–14
Ta-lung-t’an, 233
Ta-wen-k’ou, 160, 163
hominoids, 34–50
Homo erectus, 34, 36–50, 68–69
Lan-t’ien, 36–39
Lung-t’an-tung, 49
Yuan-mou, 39–41
Homo sapiens, 29, 50–54, 61, 63–64, 67–69, 86
transitional, 48, 51–54
Honan: East Honan Lung-shan, 234, 262–67
North Honan Lung-shan, 234, 264, 267–70
West Honan Lung-shan, 234, 264, 270–75
Hopei plain: deposition, 74
geography, 1
pollen, 76
horse, 58, 282, 317, 358, 363, 385
fittings, 398
Hou-chia-chuang, An-yang, 322
Hou-kang: An-yang, 132, 137–38, 156, 267, 269–70
Hou-kang I phase, 137, 139
Hou-kang II phase, 267, 269–70
houses: An-yang, 320–26, 324–25
Chou, 345
Ch’i-chia, 282, 284
early Neolithic, 90, 93
Ehr-li-t’ou, 310–11
Fu-ho, 191
Ho-mu-tu, pile, 208–11
Hsin-lo, 176–77
Hsing-lung-wa, 181
Hung-shan, 184
Hu-shu, 394
Kansu Yang-shao, 142–43
Liang-chu, 254
long-house, 116
Lung-shan, 265–67, 269–70, 273–74, 277, 279
Ma-chia-pang, 197, 200
Ma-ch’ang, 147
North Chinese, 236
Pan-shan, 146
Shantung Lung-shan, 248–49
Ta-ho-ts’un, 126–30, 133–35
Ta-hsi 215, 217
Ta-wen-k’ou, 162–63
timber, 405–06
Wu-ch’eng, 389
Yang-shao, 116–19
hu vessel, 11
Hu-shu, Chiang-ning, 394
Culture, 195, 394–95, 400
Hu-t’ou-kou, Fu-hsin, 183–85, 189
Hu-t’ou-liang, Yang-yuan, 52, 58, 60
Hua-chai-tzu, Lan-chou, 146
Hua-ch’eng-kang, An-hsiang, 214, 217, 223, 226
Hua-t’ing-ts’un, Hsin-yi, 158–60
Hua-wo, Ch’i-hsien, 88, 91, 96
Huai River: environment, 162, 208, 262
geography, 3, 157, 196, 371
Huan River, 317
Huan-hsien, Kansu, 52, 58
Huang Ho valley: alluvial deposition, 72–74
focus of archaeology, 173
geography, 1–2
Kansu Neolithic, 138
wetlands, 107, 162, 236
Yang-shao, 150
Huang-lung, Shensi, 52, 58
Huang-niang-niang-t’ai, Wu-wei, 282
Huang-yen-tung, Feng-k’ai, 52, 65
Huei-hsien, Honan, 335
Huei-hsing-kou, San-men-hsia, 49
Huhehot, Inner Mongolia, 52, 64
human figures, 124, 150, 152–53, 156, 185, 187, 203, 212, 220, 254, 363
“venus,” 185
Hung-hua-t’ao, Yi-tu, 214, 222
Hung-shan Culture, 107, 108, 175, 181–89, 191, 374
and Hou-kang, 186–87
isolation, 411
and Lung-shan, 288
and Yang-shao, 181, 186–87, 237–38
Hung-shan-hou, Ch’ih-feng, 181, 183
Hung-tse, Lake, 3
hunting, 63, 70, 79, 102, 114, 173, 177, 180–81, 185–86, 211, 236, 279
Hupei Lung-shan, 285
Hsi Po, Shang capital, 315–16, 317
Hsi-chiao-shan, Nan-hai, 82, 86, 106, 230, 232, 293
Culture, 291–92
Hsi-chiao-ts’un, Tung-hsing, 82, 86
Hsi-ch’ou, Yunnan, 52, 68
Hsi-hou-tu, Jui-ch’eng, 35–36
Hsi-hsia-hou, Ch’ü-fu, 158, 167, 169
Hsi-pa-chien-fang, Ling-yuan, 52, 64
Hsi-pei-kang, An-yang, 322, 326
Hsi-shui-ch’üan, Ch’ih-feng, 183, 184, 187, 188, 189
Hsi-t’ou, Fukien, 233, 290, 292
Culture, 239
Hsi-t’u-chiao, Hsin-cheng, 88
Hsi-wang-ts’un, Jui-ch’eng, 110, 131
phase, 111, 131, 151–52, 258
Hsi-yin-ts’un, Hsia-hsien, 110, 113
Li Chi exc, 17
Hsia Dynasty, 305–07
archaeology of, 307–16
Hsia Nai, 17, 384–85
Hsia-chia-tien, Ch’ih-feng, 374, 375
Hsia-ch’uan, Shansi, 60, 61
Hsia-p’an-wang, Tz’u-hsien, 132, 267
Hsia-wang-kang, Hsi-ch’uan, 404
Hsiang-fen, Shansi, 52, 53–54
Hsiao-chu-shan, Ch’ang-hai, 176, 179, 180
Hsiao-ch’ang-liang, Yang-yuan, 35
Hsiao-ch’iao-p’an. See Sjara-osso-gol
Hsiao-ho-yen, Ao-han Banner, 183, 184, 187–88
Hsiao-hui-tung, Shui-ch’eng, 52, 66
Hsiao-k’ung-shan, Nan-chao, 49
Hsiao-min-t’un, An-yang, 322
Hsiao-nan-hai, An-yang, 52, 60, 62
Hsiao-p’an-kou, Meng-chin, 273
Hsiao-t’un, An-yang, 317
hsien steamer, 11, 251, 262, 268
Hsien-jen-tung, An-shan, 64
Hsien-jen-tung, Wan-nien, 100–03, 230, 237
Hsin-chai, Mi-hsien, 315
Hsin-chou, Kwangsi, 52, 65, 66
Hsin-k’ai-liu, 175, 176, 180–82
Culture, 175
Hsin-lo, Shenyang, 175, 176
Culture, 107, 108, 175, 176–80, 235, 236
Hsin-pa-erh-hu, 82, 85
Hsin-tien Culture, 140, 147, 377–84
Hsin-t’ai, Shantung, Paleolithic, 52, 64–65
hsing, agnatic clan, 303
Hsing-hua-shan, Nan-chao, 49
Hsing-lung-wa, Ao-han Banner, 176, 180
Hsing-yi, Kweichou, 52, 66
Hsü Hsü-sheng (Hsü Ping-ch’ang), 304–05, 308–09, 342
Hsü-chi-yao, Yang-kao, 52, 53–55
Hsü-chia-nien, Chuang-lang, 385
Hsüeh-chia-kang, Ch’ien-shan, 199, 207–08, 239
Hsüeh-kuan, P’u-hsien, 60, 81–83
ideology, 20–21
implements, Choukoutienian characterized, 45–46
Paleolithic, 49
Ta-li, 53
indirect percussion, 83
inscriptions, importance of Yin-hsü, 18
interaction sphere, 234–45
defined, 241–44
in emergence of civilization, 361, 409–10
Lung-shan period, 286–89, 410
river communication, 411
iron, 364, 409
trace, 143
ivory, 365
Ta-wen-k’ou, 163, 170
Ho-mu-tu, 212
Ta-hsi, 223
jade, 83, 122, 163–64, 178, 201, 206, 223, 358, 365
animal figurines, 184–85
axes, 312
burial offering, 363
Hung-shan, 184–85
knives, 312
Lake T’ai source, 255
Liang-chu, 255, 260, 261
rings, 185, 201, 206, 255, 260, 276, 287, 294
Yin-hsü, 330, 331
yüeh ax, 169
Java Man, 38
Jih-chao, Shantung, Paleolithic, 52, 64–65
Kang-shang-ts’un, T’eng-hsien, 157
Kao Ch’ü-hsün, 17
Kao Huang-miao, Hsü-chou, 371
keel-scraper, 65, 83
kiln: Geometric stratum, 389
Hung-shan, 184
Lung-shan, 261–62, 267
Ma-chia-yao, 142
Ta-hsi, 217, 223
Ta-wen-k’ou, 162, 164
T’ao-ssu, 275
Yang-shao, 116, 118, 122
Yin-hsü, 326
knife, 160, 201, 206, 207
bronze, 143, 247, 249, 312, 314, 347, 349, 378, 385–86, 392–93, 395
clay, 122, 393
handles, 191
jade, 312
rectangular stone, 122, 254
semilunar, 112, 228, 254, 260
shell, 185
ko, 363, 384, 392, 407. See also halberd
Ko-tzu-tung, K’o-tso, 64
Koenigswald, G. H. R. von, 50
Korea, 176
ku cup, 163, 165, 169, 312, 313
Ku-hsiang-t’un, 82, 85
Ku-tang, Hang-chou, 195
Kuan-miao-shan, Chih-chiang, 214, 215, 221–24
Kuan-yin-tung, Ch’ien-hsi, 52, 66, 67
Kuang-she Culture, 361
kuei container, 276, 332
kuei pitcher, 11, 163, 167, 169, 237, 251, 255, 268, 271
bronze, 275n, 276
Kuei-hua-shu, Sung-tzu, 214
Kuei-lin, Kwangsi, 52, 65
Kung-wang-ling. See Lan-t’ien
kuo, state, 303
Kuo-chia-ts’un, Ta-lien, 178, 288
Kuo Mo-jo, 14, 18–19
K’ang Wang, Chou king, 347
K’ao-ku-t’u, 5, 8
K’o-ho, Jui-ch’eng, 48–49, 68
K’o-hsing-chuang, Ch’ang-an, 277, 279–80, 342–46, 349
K’o-hsing-chuang II phase, 262, 277
ancestral to Chou, 349, 359
K’o-tso, Liaoning, 52, 64, 376
K’un-ming, Yunnan, 52, 68
La-yi-hai, Chinghai, 82, 85
labor, public, 248, 327, 331, 411
lacquer, 212, 363, 365
Ehr-li-t’ou, 311, 313, 316
Lai-pin, Kwangsi, 52, 82, 86
Lan-t’ien, Shensi, 30
Kung-wang-ling and Ch’en-chia-wo, 36–39
language, 242
Lao-kuan-t’ai, Hua-hsien, 89–90
Culture, 143, 224
lead, 143, 250
legitimation, 366
lei, cultivating tool, 260
lei-wen, 10
Li Chi, 12–14, 16–18, 20, 327, 331
Li Huei-lin, 79–81, 194
Li Yang-sung, 267–68
Li-chia-ts’un, Hsi-hsiang, 89, 90, 91, 155–56
Culture, 90, 95, 155, 224, 236
ties surrounding phases, 410
Li-chiang, Yunnan, 52, 66–68
Li-shih loess, 26, 32, 38
Li-yü-tsui, Liu-chou, 100–02, 104
Liang Ssu-yung, 17, 246
Liang-chu, Hang-chou, 195, 198, 253, 258
Culture, 195, 241, 253–61, 399
phase, 195, 197
Liang-ch’eng-chen, Jih-chao, 245–46, 254, 255
Liao River, 3, 107, 169, 172–74, 176, 183, 288, 374
isolated, 411
Licent, Emile, 22, 34
Lin-chia, Tung-hsiang, 141, 142–43
lineage: emblems, 297
social organization, 119, 121, 249, 288, 364–65, 411
Ling-ching, Hsü-ch’ang, 81, 82, 84–85
Ling-shan, 52, 230
Ling-yuan, Liaoning, 52, 64
lithic technology, 45–47, 50–51, 53, 56
bipolar technique, 39, 51, 59
blades, 53, 54, 60
boring, 163, 220
flake tools, 35, 39, 45, 53, 55, 68
microlithic, 83
polishing, 93, 163, 165
pressure-flaking, 83
specialized tools, 57
Liu Tung-sheng, 31
Liu-chia, Fu-feng, 360–61
Liu-chia-ho, P’ing-ku, 376
Liu-chiang, 52, 64, 67–68
Liu-li-ho, Fang-shan, 375
Liu-lin, P’i-hsien, 158, 165, 169
Liu-wan, Lo-tu, 142, 146, 150–51, 153, 282
Lo River, 89, 256, 270, 309, 314
Lo Chen-yü, 317
Lo-chia-chiao, T’ung-hsiang, 196, 198, 199, 200 202–03
Lo-chia-kou, T’ien-shui, 144
Lo-ta-miao, Cheng-chou, 309, 318
Loehr, Max, 333, 335
loess highlands: deposition, 26, 33
early Neolithic, 90
geography, 1, 72, 74
redeposited, 74–76
Yang-shao, 150–51, 156
Lower Hsia-chia-tien Culture, 181, 374
isolated, 411
Lu-chai, Huang-ch’uan, 88
Lu-t’ai-shan, Huang-p’i, 404
Lung-shan Culture, 156–57, 173
stratigraphy, 137, 139, 156–57, 277
type site, see Ch’eng-tzu-yai
Lung-shan Cultures and phases, 234–80
East Honan, 262–67
ecologically distinct, 286
North Honan, 264, 267–270
Hupei, see Ch’ing-lung-ch’üan
middle Yellow River Valley, 256, 258, 260–80
Shansi, 264, 275–77
Shantung, 245–52
Shensi, see K’o-hsing-chuang II phase
West and Central Honan, 264, 270–75, 315
Lung-t’an-tung, Ho-hsien, 49
Lungshanoid, 238–39, 288–94
movement, 294
Lushan glaciation, 23–33
Ma-chia-pang, Chia-hsing, 197–99
Culture, 107, 108, 196, 208
phase, 196–203, 212, 235, 237, 239
Ma-chia-wan, Yung-ching, 147
Ma-chia-yao, Lin-t’ao, 142, 144
phase, 138–46
Ma-ch’ang, phase, 138, 140–41, 143, 144, 146–47, 149–50
type site, 146
Ma-ch’iao, Shanghai, 253, 399–400
Culture, 395, 399–400
Ma-lang-ch’uan-shan, Tung-hsing, 82, 86
Ma-liang-kou, Mi-hsien, 88, 91
Ma-pa, Kwangtung, 52, 54
Ma-wang-ts’un, Ch’ang-an, 345
Malan Loess, 26, 32
Manchuria: Bronze Age, 374–76
geography, 3–4
microlithic horizon, 83, 85
Neolithic, 169, 172–91
Paleolithic, 48, 64
Mao, Chairman, 19–20
Mao-chia-shan, Chiang-ling, 214, 224
Mao-mao-tung, Hsing-yi, 52, 66
Marxism, 18–21, 422
Matsumoto Nobuhiro, 195
matting, as shroud, 120
impressions on pots, 122
bamboo, 197
Maya-China continuum, 419–22
mealing stones, 122
Mei-shan, Lin-ju, 270, 273–75
Mei-yen, 198, 202–03
melon, 254
Meng Wen-t’ung, 304–05
Meng-ko-chuang, San-ho, 187
Mesoamerican civilizations, 366, 419
Mesopotamia, 421
Miao-hou-shan, Pen-hsi, 48
Miao-p’u-pei-ti, An-yang, 322
Miao-ti-kou, Shan-hsien, 110, 114, 256, 260–64
Miao-ti-kou phase, 111, 130, 152, 155–56
and Kansu Yang-shao, 140–41, 143, 144
Miao-ti-kou II Culture, 256, 260–64
Microlithic Culture, 173–74
microliths, 58, 81–85, 87
early Neolithic, 93
Liao-ho River valley, 174, 176–77, 181, 185, 191
Lung-shan, 81
northern group, 81–85
southern group, 85–87
midden, kitchen, 103
Yang-shao, 114
millet, 120, 160, 176, 192, 236, 270, 282
broom-corn (Panicum miliaceum), 80, 91–92, 143, 362
foxtail (Setaria italica), 80, 91–92, 147, 362
mirror, Ch’i-chia, 282, 285
Mo-p’an-shan, Tang-yang, 406
Mongolia, 4, 83
Mongoloid features, 63–64, 68, 86
Morgan, Lewis Henry, 20
mortality, 121
mortars, stone, 91–92, 94, 95, 180, 185
Movius, Hallam, Jr., 30–31, 46–47, 49
Mu Wang, Chou king, 303, 346
musical instruments: ch’ing music stone, 276–77, 312
drum, 276–77, 313
Nai-ma-t’ai, Kuei-nan, 282, 285
Nan-hsing-fu, Ch’ü-fu, 158–59, 162
Nan-yang-chuang, Cheng-ting, 132
Nanking, 206–07
neanderthaloid characteristics, 54
needle, 61, 93, 114, 122, 191, 201, 212
Neolithic, 87–294
net-sinkers, 114, 122, 177
Ni-ho-wan, Hopei: cultural assemblage, 34–36
faunal assemblage, 29
hominid fossil, 53
Nine Ting, 366–67
Ning-hsiang, Hunan, 407
North China, cultivated plants, 80–81
geography, 2–3
Pleistocene fauna, 29
Terminal Paleolithic, 81–85
nuclear area, 192, 230, 238, 369
Oceanic Negroid, 64, 68
ochre, 176, 178
in burials, 102, 383
pigment for pots, 122
oracle bone inscriptions, 18, 19, 296, 298, 300–01, 355, 358
content, 317, 356
oracle bones: cattle scapulae, 267, 282, 313
Chou, 353, 355–57, 358
deer scapulae, 191, 270
Hu-shu Culture, 395
pig scapulae, 270, 282, 313
and ritual, 251, 287, 364, 415
sheep scapulae, 191, 280, 282, 313
turtle shell, 298, 364, 395
Wang-chia-tsui, 406
Ordos, 54
Ordosian industries, 54–58, 60
ornaments, 199, 217
animal teeth, 61–62, 223
armlets, 223, 276, 384
beads, 122, 176, 178
bracelets, 164, 223
bronze bracelet, 385
bronze disk, 312, 359
clay, 164
ear, 223
earrings, 375
headdress, 276
jade, 122, 126, 201, 206, 223
necklaces, 164, 223
rings, 122, 201, 223
Pai-chia-ts’un, Lin-t’ung, 90, 91
Pai-fu, Ch’ang-p’ing, 355
Pai-lien-tung, Liu-chou, 100, 101
Pai-se, Kwangsi, 52, 65
Pai-ying, T’ang-yin, 264, 267, 270
“Painted Pottery Culture,” 138, 256, 376
palace, 363
Cheng-chou phase, 335, 338
Chou, 349, 353
Erh-li-t’ou, 310–11
P’an-lung-ch’eng, 404
Yin, 320
Paleolithic, Lower, 36–50, 68–69
Middle, 50–54, 69
Terminal, 81–87
Upper, 54–69
Pan-p’o, Sian, 110, 111, 112, 114, 116–18
burials, 120
phase, 111, 129, 140–41, 143, 144, 155–56, 238
pottery marks, 122
stratigraphy, 112
Pan-shan, Lin-t’ao, 146, 152
phase, 140–41, 144, 146, 147–49, 152
Pao-chi-yen, Kuei-lin, 52, 65
Pao-tzu-t’ou, Nan-ning, 100, 101, 105
peach, 254
Pearl (River), 3, 85, 86, 106
pebble implements, 39, 47, 48–49, 55, 60
southwestern Upper Paleolithic, 65–66
Pei-chuang, Ch’ang-tao, 159, 238, 247
Pei-hsin, T’eng-hsien, 90, 157–61
phase, 157, 160, 236
Pei-liu, Wei-nan, 90, 91
Pei-shou-ling, Pao-chi, 89, 90, 91, 110–12, 116, 118
burials, 120
stratigraphy, 112
Pei-yin-yang-ying, Nanking, 197, 198, 206–07, 240, 395
Peking Man, 36–38, 43–45, 49, 51
fossils lost, 47. See also Chou-k’ou-tien
pestles, 102, 106, 144, 160, 180, 185, 220
pi, 287. See also jade: rings
pig, 79, 102–03, 113, 152, 201, 211, 217, 226, 254, 260, 270, 279, 282, 290, 394
figurine, 93, 95. See also burial offerings
Pin, Chou settlement, 358–59
pipe, water, 267, 311
Po, Shang capital, 317, 319, 339
Po-ku-t’u, 8, 9–10
Po-yang, Lake, 3, 74, 228, 404
points, 35, 39, 45, 48, 49, 53, 59, 60
bone, 64
leaf-shaped, 83
political structure, 361–62, 365, 419
hegemonism, 305–07, 361
scarce goods, 366–67, 410
units, 303
pollen analysis, 26, 29–30
Chou-k’ou-tien, 42
Holocene, 72, 76–78, 85
Ho-mu-tu, 211–12
Ta-wen-k’ou, 160
porcelain clay, 391–92, 393
proto-porcelain, 404
pot supports, 94, 203
potter’s wheel: geometric, 400
Lung-shan, 251, 260–61
Pei-yin-yang-ying, 206
Ta-ho-ts’un, 130, 167
Ta-hsi, 220
Yang-shao turntable, 122
pottery: black, 157, 165
cord-marked, 102–03, 236
Cheng-chou phase, 331, 335
Chou, 343, 347, 352, 353
Ch’i-chia, 282–83
Ch’ing-lung-ch’üan, 285–86
Ch’ü-chia-ling, 226–27
eggshell, 226, 251
engraved, 314
Erh-li-t’ou, 311
Feng-pi-t’ou, 291
Ho-mu-tu, 212
Hu-shu, 395
Hung-shan, 186
Hsin-k’ai-liu, 181, 182
Hsin-lo, 178
Hsin-tien, 378–84
impressed, 389
Liang-chu, 254
Lower Hsia-chia-tien, 374–75
Lung-shan, 251, 253, 260–63, 272, 279–80, 287
Lungshanoid, 239–41
Ma-chia-pang, 203
Ma-chia-yao, 145–46
Ma-ch’ang, 146
molded, 122, 280
Pan-shan, 146–48
P’ei-li-kang, 94–95
Sung-tse, 203–05
Shang white, 396
Shih-hsia, 294
Ta-ho-ts’un, 130–31, 135–37
Ta-hsi, 220, 223, 225
Ta-p’en-k’eng, 229
Ta-wen-k’ou, 160, 163, 237
T’an-shih-shan, 290
T’u-chu, 179–80
Yang-shao, 122–23, 127, 128
Yüeh-shih, 369 371
pottery signs, 122, 120, 150–51, 172, 205, 314, 392–93
pottery tempering agents: mica, 165, 383, 386
powdered pottery, 385
rice husk, 199, 212
sand, 165, 169
shell, 105, 165
soapstone powder, 179
Poyang glaciation, 23–33
preceramic, 86–87, 96, 105
P’an Ch’i-feng, 163
P’an Keng, Shang king, 317, 326
P’an-lung-ch’eng, Huang-p’i, 335, 389, 404
P’an-nan-ts’un, P’ing-lu, 256, 258
P’ao-ma-ling, 239
P’ei Wen-chung, 30, 57, 63
P’ei-li-kang, Hsin-cheng, 87, 91, 93–95
Culture, 87–95, 107
compared to South China, 105
P’ei-li-kang cluster and Yang-shao, 107, 123–24, 236
and Ta-wen-k’ou, 157, 160
P’eng state, 374
P’eng Shih-fan, 239, 241
P’eng-lai, Shantung, Paleolithic, 52, 64
P’ing-liang-t’ai, Huai-yang, 262–67
racial type, 63–64, 68, 86, 162–63
Ramapithecus, 34
Red Basin, 3, 85
Red Clay, 26, 33
“red-top bowl,” 138, 238
Reddish Clay, 26, 32, 38
regionalism: bronze styles, 374, 392, 398
cultural and ecological, 1, 410
early Neolithic, 88
in emergence of civilization, 361
Lower Paleolithic, 49, 68–69
Lung-shan, 286–89
Neolithic, 193, 233–42
within Ordosian, 58, 69
Yang-shao, 107–10
rhinoceros, 79, 211
rice, 80, 107, 192, 199, 210, 212, 215, 226, 236, 254
Oryza sativa indica (hsien), 199, 210, 254, 294
Oryza sativa japonica, 199, 226, 254
ring, stone, 206. See also jade
ritual: 255, 287
burning, 255
Hung-shan structure, 184–86
institutionalized, 288, 307
paraphernalia, 365
Yang-shao figures, 150. See also jade; oracle bones; ts’ung jade
river systems, 411
South China, 3
rock-shelter, 86, 100
rocker-stamping, 94, 174, 178, 180, 236
Hsing-lung-wa, 181
Hung-shan, 186
Fu-ho, 191
sacrifice: cattle, 267
dog, 359, 371, 374
foundation, 273–74, 310
human, 255, 287, 374
infants, 270
mortuary, 278, 312–13, 327–28, 331, 345, 371
San-li-ch’iao, Shan-hsien, 110, 273
San-li-ho, Chiao-hsien, 158–59, 169, 247, 250
San-yuan-kung, Li-hsien, 214, 217, 224, 240
Sang-kan, River, 29, 34–35, 53–54
scapulimancy, 251. See also oracle bones
scrapers: Chin-niu-shan, 48
Hsin-k’ai-liu, 181
Hsin-lo, 177
Ko-tzu-tung, 64
Lan-t’ien, 39
Lower Pleistocene, 35
Shih-yü, 59
Ta-li, 53
Ting-ts’un, 53
Upper Cave, 61
sculpture, stone, 329, 331
sea-level changes, Pleistocene, 26–29
Holocene, 72–75
Sham Wan, Hong Kong, 292, 293
Culture, 233, 291–92
shamanism, 150, 365–67, 411–12, 414–21
sheep, 102, 113, 211, 217, 254, 279, 282, 394
shell-middens, 86, 98, 105, 178–80, 290
shifting cultivation, 114–16
Siberia, 56
microlithic ties, 83
sickle: bone, 160, 162
Erh-li-t’ou, 312
Hu-shu, 394
Hung-shan, 185
Liang-chu, 254
shell, 93, 160, 162
stone, 91, 93, 95, 144
Ta-hsi, 220
Ta-wen-k’ou, 160, 162
silk, 358, 363
writing, 296, 299, 302
silkworm, 113, 210n
Sivapithecus, 34
Sjara-osso-gol, 52, 54–57
fauna, 60
skulls: cranial capacity, 38, 44, 49, 50
deformation, 162, 164
morphology, 36–38, 44, 47, 49, 51–53, 68, 86
perforated, 102
scalped, 270–71
replaced by pot, 188
social organization: cemetery layout, 120–21, 249, 276, 288
grave offerings, 169, 248–49, 286, 288, 294
public labor, 248
ranking, 244, 274, 286, 288, 364–65
village layout, 119
South China, 1–3
civilization, 393–94, 398–99
culturally distinct, 192, 236–37
early cord-marked pottery culture, 95–96, 100–06
early Homo sapiens, 54
Homo erectus, 50
non-Mongoloid skull, 86
Pleistocene fauna, 30, 49–50
proto-porcelain, 404
southeast coast, 228
terminal Paleolithic, 86–87
Southwest China: Paleolithic, 65–68
Terminal Paleolithic, 85–86
Soviet Union (USSR), 176
spade, 112
perforated, 254
stone, 94, 121–22
spatula: bone, 201, 212, 279
bronze, 381
wood, 212
spearhead, 93, 122
spindle whorls, 113–14, 122, 130, 169, 206, 212, 220, 226
Spirit Cave, Thailand, 103–04
Ssu-ma Ch’ien, 4, 6, 7, 302–03, 306, 399, 401
Ssu-pa Culture, 143
Ssu-tun, Ch’ang-chou, 197, 198, 254–55, 259, 260
Ssu-wa Culture, 361, 377, 384–85
Ssu-wa-shan, Lin-t’ao, 384
stamped earth, 287, 331
foundation, 273
technique, 248. See also wall, town
state society, 288, 295
kuo, 303
steppe, 1, 3–4, 35, 59, 63, 78, 85, 172, 191, 285, 385
stone drums, 297
storage pits, 90, 94, 143, 197
fish, 180–81, 217
Su Ping-ch’i, 294, 342–43
Su-fu-t’un, Yi-tu, 371–72
sub-Neolithic, 86–87
Sun-chia-chai, Ta-t’ung, 142, 150, 152
Sung-tse, Shanghai, 197–99, 204, 205, 240
phase, 196–97, 203–08, 255
Sha-ching Culture, 377, 385–86
Sha-ching-ts’un, Min-ch’in, 385–86
Sha-kuo-t’un, 14, 138
Sha-wo-li, Hsin-cheng, 88, 91
Sha-yuan, Shensi, 81–84
Shan-pei Culture, 108, 235, 239, 241
Shang civilization, 317–339, 361–67
Dynasty, 296, 305–06
eastern features, 315, 339
Shang state, 357
Shang-chuang, Shih-p’ing, 157–58, 246–47
Shang-ch’iu, Honan, 317, 336–39
Shang-ma-shih, Ch’ang-hai, 175, 176, 179, 288
Shang-na-pang. See Yuan-mou
Shang-sha-tsui, 35
Shang-sun-chia, Ta-t’ung, 144
Shang-sung-ts’un, Pai-se, 52, 65
Shansi Lung-shan, 234, 264, 275–77
Shantung Peninsula: geography, 1
highlands, 74, 90
Lung-shan, 234, 245–52
Neolithic, 156–58, 170–71
Shao-tien, Ch’in-an, 44
She (Earth deity), 374
Shensi Lung-shan, 234, 264, 277–80
Shih Chang-ju, 17, 256, 342, 350
Shih-chia, Wei-nan, 110
burial, 121
phase, 111, 129, 144
Shih-hsia, Ch’ü-chiang, 240, 293–94
Culture, 108, 233, 235, 237, 240, 292–94
Shih-ku, 91, 132
Shih-li-p’u, Hsi-ning, 381
Shih-li-p’u, Nan-yang, 404
Shih-ling-hsia, Wu-shan, 144
phase, 141, 144
Shih-lou, Shansi, 154
Shih-p’eng-shan, Weng-niu-t’e Banner, 188
Shih-yang-shih-hu-shan, Ao-han Banner, 187–88
Shih-lou, Shansi, 58–60
Shuang-miao-kou, Teng-feng, 126, 132
Shui-ch’eng, Kweichow, 52, 66
Shui-ch’üan, Hsi-hsien, 88
Shui-kuan-yin, Hsin-fan, 407
Shui-mo-kou, San-men-hsia, 49
Shui-tung-kou, 52, 54–57
Shui-t’ien-pan, Hang-chou, 254, 399
Ta-chang-chuang, Fang-ch’eng, 88
Ta-ch’eng-shan, T’ang-shan, 375
Ta-ho-chuang, Yung-ching, 282, 284
Ta-ho-ts’un, Cheng-chou, 123, 126–32, 133–37, 138
phase, 135, 155
Ta-hsi, Wu Shan, 214, 217, 220, 224
Culture, 90, 107–08, 214–17, 220–26, 235, 237, 239, 401
Ta-hsien-chuang, Tung-hai, 52, 65
Ta-hsin-chuang, Chi-nan, 371
Ta-li, Shensi, 51–53. See also Sha-yuan
Ta-lung-t’an, Lung-an, 233
Culture, 108, 235
Ta-p’en-k’eng, T’ai-pei, 229–31
Culture, 108, 228–233, 235, 237, 290–93
Ta-ssu-k’ung-ts’un, An-yang, 132, 138
phase, 138, 140
Shang remains, 322
Ta-ti-wan, Ch’in-an, 89, 90, 91, 110, 142, 144
phase, 144, 377
Ta-tien-tzu, Ao-han, 375
Ta-tun-tzu, P’i-hsien, 158–59, 162, 166, 167
Ta-t’uo-t’ou, Ta-ch’ang, 375
Ta-wen-k’ou, T’ai-an, 157, 240, 246
chronology, 165–69
Culture, 90, 107, 108, 156–72, 196, 208, 235, 236, 241
cultural characteristics, 163–65
and T’u-chu-shan, 238
Ta-yao-ts’un, Huhehot, 52, 64
Ta-yü-t’ai, Chinghai, microlithic, 82, 85
Taku glaciation, 23–33
Tali glaciation, 23–33, 71, 81
Tan-t’u, Kiangsu, Paleolithic, 52, 64–65
Bronze Age, 396–98
Tan-yang, Ch’u capital, 401–02
Tan-yang, Kiangsu, 396–97
tapir, 79
taro, 80
Teillhard de Chardin, Pierre, 14, 22, 30–31
temple, 323, 349
Teng-chia-chuang, Lin-t’ung, 124
Thailand, 103–04
Three Dynasties, 305–07
“Three States,” 361
Ti Hsin, Shang king, 326
Ti tribes, 358, 368
Ti Yi, Shang king, 326
Ti-pa-p’ing, Kuang-ho, 146
Tien-chün-t’ai, Hsing-yang, 273
tiger, 290
tile, 345, 353, 357
tin, Lung-shan, 250
Ma-chia-yao, 143
mines, 367
Ting Su, 74
Ting Yi, 226
Ting-ts’un, Hsiang-fen, 52, 53–54
Torii Ryuzo, 173, 181
Tu-an, Kwangsi, 52, 68
Tu-shih-tzu, Yang-ch’un, 52, 65
Tuan Fang, vessel set, 13
Tuan-chai, Tan-ch’eng, 262
tubers, 79, 236
tuei, 12
Tung Tso-pin, 317, 323
Tung-chuang-ts’un, Jui-ch’eng, 110
Tung-hai, Kiangsu, 52, 64–65
Tung-hai-yü, Jih-chao, 158–59, 247–49
Tung-hsia-feng, Hsia-hsien, 273–75, 315, 318
Cheng-chou phase, 335
Tung-hsing, Kwangtung, 82, 86
Tung-kan-kou, Lo-yang, 309
Tung-kang-ling, Teng-feng, 88
Tung-kou, Liaotung, 178
Tung-shan-tsui, K’o-tso, 175, 183–87, 189, 191
Tung-t’ing, Lake, 3, 74, 214, 224, 404
Tung-yüeh-shih-ts’un, P’ing-tu, 369
turquoise, 223, 312–13, 316, 363, 383
turtle, 201, 211
decorated shells, 166
T’ai, Lake, 3, 74, 193–98, 206–08
Bronze Age, 396, 399–400
T’ai Wang, Chou king, 341, 349–50, 357–58, 360
T’ai-hang Mountains, 74, 88
T’ai-kang-ssu, Nanking, 395
T’ai-shan Mountain, 74
T’an-shih-shan: Culture, 108, 233, 235, 239–41, 289–90
typesite, 240, 289–90, 293
T’ang, Shang king, 305, 307, 317, 339
T’ang-chia-kang, An-hsiang, 214, 224, 240
T’ang-hu, Hsin-cheng, 88
T’ang-wang-ch’uan, Tung-hsiang, 381
T’ang-wang phase, 378, 379, 381–82
T’ao-ssu, Hsiang-fen, 258, 264, 275–77
Phase, 275–77
t’ao-t’ieh, 10, 12, 255, 363–64, 371
T’ie-sheng-kou, Kung-hsien, 88, 91
T’ien-shui-kou. See Ta-li
T’u-chu Culture, 108, 235
T’u-chu-shan, 175, 237–38
T’u-chu-tzu, 179
T’u-ku-t’ai, Lan-chou, 146, 147
T’un-hsi, Anhwei, 396, 397, 398, 400
T’ung Chu-ch’en, 315
T’ung-liang, Szechwan, 52, 66–67
T’ung-tzu, Kweichou, 50
Tsao-shih, Shih-men, 407
Tseng Chao-yüeh, 195
tseng steamer, 262, 271
Tseng-p’i-yen, Kuei-Jin, 100–03, 105, 230, 237
Tsinling Mountains, 90, 155, 213
Tsou Heng, 331, 339, 359–60
tsun vessel, 11, 167, 169
Ts’ao-hai, Wei-ning, 52, 66
Ts’ao-hsieh-shan, Wu-hsien, 197–99, 201–03, 205–06, 253–55
ts’e, 296–97
Ts’o-li, Lo-yang, 315, 318
Ts’ui-chiao-ho, Hsün-yi, 151–52
ts’ung jade, 255, 260, 261, 276, 287, 294, 418
Erh-li-t’ou, 312
described, 255
Tzu-ching, Shang-hsien, 89, 90
Tzu-yang, Szechuan, 52, 64, 66–68
Tz’u-shan, Wu-an, 88–89, 91, 92, 94, 98
Tz’u-shan Culture, 88, 90, 95, 99, 236
phase, 137, 187
Upper Cave, Chou-k’ou-tien, 52, 60–64, 85
Upper Hsia-chia-tien Culture, 181
isolated, 411
urbanization, 288, 295
Vavilov, N. I., 79
village: Bronze Age, 405–06
Ho-mu-tu, 208, 211
Lung-shan, 269
Yang-shao, 112, 114, 116–19, 133
violence, institutionalized, 244, 250, 270–71, 287, 288
Wa-chia-p’ing, Lin-t’ao, 144
wall, town: Cheng-chou phase, 335, 337
Lung-shan, 248–50, 262, 264–66, 269, 287, 307
not found at An-yang, 335
Wang-ch’eng-kang, 273
Wan Hsien fauna, 38
Wang Chi, Chou king, 341, 357
Wang Chien, 58
Wang Jen-hsiang, 203
Wang Kuo-wei, 317
Wang Tse-yi, 58
Wang Tsun-kuo, 196
Wang-chia-kang, Kung-an, 214
Wang-chia-tsui, Ch’i-ch’un, 405–06
Wang-ch’eng, Chiang-ling, 406
Wang-ch’eng-kang, Teng-feng, 273–74, 315–16
Wang-wan, Lo-yang, 123, 132, 256, 261, 264
Lung-shan phase, 270, 273
Wang-yin, Yen-chou, 158–60, 162, 165, 169
Wang-yu-fang, Yung-ch’eng, 262–64, 267
warfare, 287, 305, 307, 365
water buffalo, 79, 201, 211, 254, 279
water-caltrop, 254
wealth, 365, 414
weaving shuttle, 212, 215
wedge-shaped cores, Shih-yü and Hu-t’ou-liang, 60
Wei River, 89, 110. See also Weishui River
Wei Chü-hsien, 4, 194, 387
Wei-ning, Kweichou, 52, 66
Weidenreich, J. F., 14, 44, 63
Weishui River, 89–90, 95, 109, 141–42, 150–52, 156, 236, 262, 351
cradle of Chou, 339, 342, 359
early Neolithic cluster, 89–90, 95, 99
well, 270, 345
Wen Wang, Chou king, 341, 343, 347
Western influence, 5, 12–18, 331, 414
whale, 201
wheat, 362
wine vessels, 312, 314, 363
woodcarving, 176, 212, 279
workshop, 363
Chou, 345, 353
Upper Paleolithic, 64
Yin-hsü, 323, 326
Wright, Henry, 244
writing: precursor, 122, 128, 150–51, 172, 205, 314
purpose, 302
Shang, 296–302
undecipherable, 254, 258
Wu-ch’eng, 392–93
Wu Chin-ting, 156, 384
Wu kingdom, 195, 399
Wu Ju-tsu, 342–43
Wu Shan-ch’ing, 196
Wu Ting, Shang king, 331
Wu Wang, Chou king, 305, 307, 341, 347
Wu-ch’eng, Ch’ing-chiang, 389–94
Wu-ch’eng, loess, 26, 33
Wu-ch’iang, Shang-ch’iu, 262
Wu-kuan-ts’un, An-yang, 322, 326
Ya-p’u-shan, Tung-hsing, 82, 86
Yang Shih-t’ing, 291–92
Yang-ch’eng, Hsia capital, 315–16, 319
Yang-ch’eng, Shansi, 60
Yang-ch’un, Kwangtung, 52, 65
Yang-kao, Shansi, 52, 53–55
Yang-kua, Ning-hsien, 151–52
Yang-shao Culture, 14, 17, 87, 107–56, 173, 181 235
characteristics, 109
developmental stages, 111, 122–26, 129–31, 140–41, 152
distribution, 107, 150–54
stratigraphy, 137, 139
Yang-shao-ts’un, Mien-ch’ih, 14, 87, 108–09, 261
Yang-t’ou-wa, 288
Yangtze valley, 2–3, 72, 74, 78, 207–08, 212–14, 226, 236, 239
Yang-yuan, Hopei, 52, 58, 60
Yao-kuan-chuang, Wei-fang, 246–47, 250, 254
Yao-wang-miao, Ch’ih-feng, 375
Yellow River. See Huang Ho valley
Yeh-tien, Tsou-hsien, 158–59
Yeh-wang, Chung-mou, 88
Yen Wen-ming, 245, 270
Yen Yen, 162–63
Yen-ch’eng, Ch’ang-chou, 194–95, 387
Yen-erh-wan, Lan-chou, 141, 142
Yen-shih, Honan, Cheng-chou phase, 335, 337
Yen-tun-shan, Tan-t’u, 398
Yen-ts’un, Lin-ju, 131, 137
Yi people, 304–05, 368, 374
yi vessel, 11
yi walled town, 303
Yi-liang, Yunnan, 52, 66–67
Yin, Shang capital, 317
phase, 318n. See also Yin-hsü
Yin Huan-chang, 17, 195
Yin Ta, 17
Yin-chia-ch’eng, Ssu-shui, 246–47
Yin-hsü, Anyang: Hou-kang phase, 137
importance, 17–18, 307–08, 318–20
Lung-shan villages, 269
Shang remains, 317–26
Yu Yü-chu, 60, 68
Yü, Hsia king, 305, 316
Yü Ying-shih, 5
Yü-chia-ts’un, Lü-shun, 288
Yü-shu, Kirin, 52, 64
Yü-tun, Ch’ang-chou, 197–99, 203
Yü-ts’un, Teng-feng, 309
Yüan K’ang, 4–5
Yuan-chün-miao, Hua-hsien, 89–90, 110
burials, 120–22
Yuan-ch’ü, Shansi, 60
Yuan-mou, 39–41
Yuan-shan Culture, 233
Yuan-yang-ch’ih, Yung-ch’ang, 144, 147
Yueh kingdom, 4, 195, 307, 399
yüeh ax, jade, 169
Yueh-ch’eng, Su-chou, 254–56
Yüeh-shih Culture, 369–71
Yüeh-shih-ts’un, P’ing-tu, 246–47
Yün-hsi, Hupei, 50
Yün-hsien, Hupei, 50
Yün-meng, Lake, 3, 74, 76, 213, 404, 407
zinc, 250