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Description: Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World
Index
PublisherYale University Press
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Index
abacists vs. algorists, 135
abacus, 125, 127, 129, 134, 135
Abbasids, 42, 44, 47–49, 52, 56, 78, 89, 93, 96, 104, 106, 108, 109, 111, 112, 125, 129, 130, 134, 136, 145, 150, 154–57, 165, 178, 179, 204, 225
Abdallah ibn Wahb, 29
Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, 77
Abd al-Malik, 101, 174
Abd al-Mumin ibn Muhammad al-Khuvayyi, 181
Abd al-Qadir ibn Ghabi, 157
Abd al-Rahman III, 120
abjad, 126, 132, 133, 146, 155
abri, 72
Abu Hanifa, 97, 111
Abu’l-Faraj al-Isfahani, 179
Abu’l-Hasan, 131
Abu’l-Hasan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Uqlidisi, 12, 131
Abu’l-Hasan Ali, 150
Abu’l-Qasim, 188
Abu’l-Wafa al-Buzajani, 128, 131, 132, 177
Abu Tahir (family of potters), 188
Abu Yaqub Yusuf (Marinid), 176
Académie Royale, 8
accounts, accounting, 21, 23, 27, 48, 85, 103, 136–37, 140–41
adab, 43, 178
Adelaide (queen), 209
Aden, 78
Adud al-Dawla, 118
al-Afdal (Fatimid vizier), 122
Afghanistan, 49
agriculture, 63, 136
Ahmad ibn Abi Tahir, 117
airmail, 60
Akhmim, 11
albums, 72, 159, 184, 185, 191
alchemy, 111
d’Alembert, Jean le Rond, 3
Aleppo, 57, 94
Alexander the Great, 22
Alexandria, 22, 27, 58, 84, 116
library, 22, 116
Alexandrinus, Codex, 27
Alfonso V, 88
Alfonso X (the Wise), 208
algebra, 145
Algeria, 85, 86, 128, 207
algorism, 130, 134
algorists vs. abacists, 135
algorithm, 12, 130
Ali ibn Hilal. See Ibn al-Bawwab
Ali ibn Shadan al-Razi, 61, 106
Ali ibn Yahya al-Munajjim, 118
Almagest, 118
almanacs, 144
Almohads, 207
Almoravids, 88, 207
alphabets, 21, 27, 30, 94, 108, 126, 132, 133, 146, 154, 155, 157
Amajur, 104
Amalfi, 209
Amasya, 206
Amorium, 117
amulets, 10, 29, 112, 218
Anatolia, 24, 25, 66, 181, 190, 197, 199, 201
Andalusia, Andalusian, 76, 86, 88, 117. See also Spain
Anxi, 34
Apollonius of Perga, 130
al-Aqsarai, 159
aqueducts, 51, 52
arabesques, 185, 199
Arabia, 42, 47, 48, 84, 127, 144
Arabian Nights, 91. See also Thousand (and One) Nights
Arabic language, 9, 61, 91–95, 100–101, 111, 136, 156
Arabic numerals. See numerals: Hindu-Arabic
Arabic script, 10, 48, 80, 91–94, 99–109, 111, 170, 217–18, 224
Aragon, 78, 86, 88, 208, 209
Crown archives, 79, 88, 92, 207, 209
architect, architecture, 14, 173–78, 192–96, 213
archives, 23, 79, 80, 88, 92, 207, 208, 211
Ardabil, 106, 199
Arezzo, 212
arithmetic, 125–35, 178
Armenia, Armenians, 10, 52, 56, 212, 221
Arsinoë, 11
Artuqid, 116
asbestos, 8
Ashmunayn, 11
Assurbanipal, palace of, 23
Assyrian, 23
astrolabes, 118, 127, 143
astrologers, 111, 118, 129, 131, 132
astronomers, 3, 111, 117, 118, 121, 122
Athens, 207
Attaleiates, monastery of, 116, 205
Attar, Farid al-Din, 70
Avesta, 47
Avicenna, 128
Avignon, 116
Awdagusht, 138
Ayyubid, 78
Ayyuqi, 181
al-Azhar (mosque), 82
al-Azhari (lexicographer), 117
al-Aziz (Fatimid caliph), 121
Babylonians, 50, 129, 136
Bactria, 49
Badr al-Din Lulu, 179
Baghdad, 12, 48–56, 62, 64, 78, 82, 93, 108, 109, 110, 114, 117–19, 120, 121, 125, 129–30, 134, 138, 145, 155, 156, 182, 184, 204, 212, 225
al-Baghdadi, al-Khatib, 97
Baghdadi (paper size), 53, 62, 64, 67, 70, 82, 112
Baha al-Dawla, 119
Bahrain, 128
Baker, Don, 11
Balkans, 211
Balkh, 49, 62
Balkhi school of geography, 148–49, 151–52
bamboo, 7, 8, 17, 31, 33, 34, 35, 38, 40, 41, 69, 87, 208, 210
Bambyke (Manbij), 57
banking, banks, 49, 51, 138, 141
bannai, 196
Baqiao, 33
Barcelona, 205, 210
bark, 3, 5, 8, 17, 32, 34, 35, 47, 63, 206
Barmakids, 49–50, 56, 117
Barsbay, al-Malik al-Ashraf, 82
Baskerville, John, 211
Basra, 118, 145, 155
bast, 2, 8, 9, 12, 34, 45, 68
Bayad and Riyad 89, 179
Baybars al-Jashankir, 81, 82
Bayezid II, 221
Baysunghur, 191
Becher, Johann Joachim, 218
Bede, the Venerable, 128
Belisarius, 51
Bembo, Lorenzo, 84
Ben Yiju, 78
Berthollet, Claude, 3
Bible, 1, 21, 27, 95, 203, 212. See also Gospels
Bihzad, 197
Bilbao, 207
biography, 47, 111, 115, 122
al-Biruni, 55, 143, 149, 150
bleach, 3, 69, 73, 76, 226
block printing, 139–40, 218–19
Bologna, 211, 212, 222
bombycin, 56, 210
bookbinders, 29, 85, 168
bookbindings, 62, 111, 112
bookcases, 118
bookkeeping, 141, 216
books, format of, 21–27, 31, 48, 67–68, 82, 111–12, 184–85
booksellers, 85, 117, 220
Bricquet, Charles-Moïse, 6
Britain, 5, 83, 213
broadcloth, 82
brocade, 71, 190
bronze, 30, 36, 69, 72, 161
Buddhism, 8, 38, 41, 44
builders, buildings, 73, 113, 118, 142, 157, 161, 173–78, 192–96, 213
Bukhara, 42, 145, 177
Bukhari, 97
Burgess, Hugh, 5
Buyids, 108, 118, 119
Buzajani, 128, 131, 132, 177
Byzantium, 6, 27, 29, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 56–57, 76, 93, 116, 117, 118, 134, 154, 162, 165, 173, 175, 179, 204–7, 209, 210, 211, 216. See also Constantinople; Istanbul
Caesarea, 27
Cai Lun, 17, 32, 33, 42, 46
Cairo, 12, 19, 56, 61, 64, 74, 76, 77, 81, 82, 84–85, 95, 121–22, 138, 147, 163, 170, 179, 195, 219
calculation, 12, 125, 126, 127, 129–35, 141, 216
calligraphy, 13, 21, 27, 35, 36, 40, 50, 53, 54, 61, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 82, 101–10, 119–20, 156, 161, 165, 170, 177, 182, 188, 191, 196, 206, 218, 220, 222, 224
cams, 53
cardboard, 6, 79
cards, playing, 83, 84
carpets, 197, 199, 201
cartography, 141, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157
cartoons, 14, 171, 197, 201. See also drawings
Castile, 208, 213
Catalonia, 86, 205, 206, 207, 213, 216
cellulose, 2, 3, 4, 32, 41, 58, 226
Cennini, Cennino, 190, 196
Central Asia, 8, 9, 13, 29, 32, 38–40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 49, 56, 61–74, 89, 91, 129, 144, 149, 150, 161, 170, 171, 203
ceramics, 14, 162, 168–70, 185–88, 190, 197
Ceuta, 150
Champollion, Jean Franáois, 20
charts, 216
battle, 159
genealogical, 159
check-reading, 115
checks (money), 138
Chelebi, Evliya, 85
China, Chinese, 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 29–45, 47, 54–56, 61, 63, 67–68, 70–73, 83, 86, 89, 91, 120, 139, 146, 153, 154, 172, 190, 191, 196, 203, 215, 217, 218, 219, 224, 226
chlorine, 3
clothing, 32, 35, 84, 137
cockroaches, 7, 41
codex, 22, 24–29, 48, 68, 101, 104, 106–7, 123, 204, 207
Alexandrinus, 27
Sinaiticus, 27
colophon, 36, 110, 111, 182
computation, 125–35
computers, 2, 172, 224
Constantine IX Monomachos, 204
Constantinople, 118, 134, 204–5, 216. See also Byzantium; Istanbul
Constantius II, 26
cookbooks, 55, 112
Coptic, 25, 52, 81, 95, 133
cotton, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 56, 76, 84, 210
couching, 69
Córdoba, 120, 121, 133
Crusades, 60, 83, 205, 211
cuneiform, 18, 19
dactylonomy, 127–29
daftar, 48, 140–41
Damascus, 12, 42, 53, 56, 57, 58, 60–61, 64, 94, 104, 131, 179, 195, 204
Damietta, 81
Dandan Uiluq, 61
Dawlatabad, 73
Dead Sea Scrolls, 24, 99
Deccan, 73
Degas, Edgar, 42
delamination, 58
demotic, 20
Devastich (king), 44
diacritic, 104, 126, 146
diagrams, 166, 172, 178, 194
dictation, 98, 113, 114, 115, 116
Diderot, 3, 6, 9, 207
Didot, François, 3
Dioscorides, 115, 163
diptych, 22
divani, 206
Diyarbekir, 116
documents, 11, 21, 27, 29, 35, 39, 41, 43, 48, 49, 53, 70, 74, 86, 92, 93, 95, 100, 103, 104, 205, 207–9, 216
commercial, 1, 27, 86, 135–41, 210
dated, 6, 10, 84
Geniza, 12–13, 61, 74–78, 81, 84, 85, 87, 99, 133, 136, 137–139, 140, 141
government, 8, 13, 27, 47, 48, 78, 80, 88–89, 92, 106, 204, 205
legal, 23, 98–99, 204
Dome of the Rock, 102, 174
Donkin, Bryan, 5
doublures, 74, 219
drawings, 13, 14, 25, 58, 151, 161–201, 213, 216
drawloom, 172, 173, 201
ductus, 100, 101, 102, 109
Dunhuang, 8, 34, 36, 38, 39, 190
dustboard, 12, 129–31, 132, 133, 134, 135
Dust Muhammad, 189
dyes, 69, 70, 71, 76, 86, 88, 107
Dzhambul, 42
East India Company: British, 7
Dutch, 7, 41
ebru, 72
Egypt, Egyptians, 6, 9, 11, 12–13, 17–30, 35, 40, 42, 43, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 57, 58, 60, 74–85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 95, 103, 111, 121–22, 126, 136, 137, 138, 149, 154, 159, 163, 168, 171, 179, 186, 188, 204, 206, 207, 209, 212, 216, 218, 219
embroidery, embroiderers, 147, 168, 170, 171, 172, 197, 201
Euclid, Euclidian, 12, 117, 131
Eumenes II Soter, 24
Fabriano, 84, 87, 88, 207, 212
al-Fadl ibn Nawbakht, 118
al-Fadl ibn Yahya, 49, 50
al-Farabi, 177
farriery, 179
Fars, 108
Fatima, 158
Fatimids, 52, 75, 78, 81, 89, 121–22, 146, 204, 219
Fayyum, 74, 95
felt, felting, 32–33, 40, 69
Fenerty, Charles, 5
Fez, 86, 87
fibers, 2, 3, 4, 22, 23, 26, 32, 40, 41, 67, 68, 69, 70, 83, 206, 207, 210, 211, 217
Fibonacci, Leonardo (Pisano), 86, 135
fibrillation, 3
Ficino, Marsilio, 203
Fihrist. See al-Nadim
finger reckoning, 127–29
fiqh, 111
flax, 3, 5, 11, 29, 42, 44, 45, 54, 56, 69, 76, 83, 85, 87, 88, 138
format. See books, format of
Fourdrinier machine, 5, 68, 226
France, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 84, 116, 150, 172, 204, 205, 206, 210, 213, 217, 218, 220, 222
furusiyya, 159
Fustat (Old Cairo). See Cairo
Gamble, John, 5
Gansu, 34
Gaochang, 39
Gao Xianzhi, 42
garments, 77, 79, 82, 171
Gaykhatu, 139, 219
gears, 51, 52
gelatin, 212
genealogies, 94, 150, 154, 157, 158
Genghis Khan, 13, 66, 209
geniza, 12. See also documents: Geniza
Genoa, 86, 210, 211, 213, 219
geodesy, 144
geography, 10, 111, 123, 125, 141–54, 161, 162, 175, 223
geometry, 144, 177–78
Georgia, Georgian, 52, 126, 212
Ghaznavid, 182
al-Ghazali, 97
Ghent, 213
ghubar: numerals, 133
script, 68
glaze. See sizing
Goitein, S. D., 77
Gospels, 25, 26, 81, 107, 220. See also Bible
Granada, 88
graticule, 152, 153
Greek: language, 12, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27, 30, 52, 58, 87, 92, 94, 100, 113, 117, 118, 155, 163, 211, 218, 220, 221
geographies, 141, 145, 146, 154
manuscripts, 166, 204, 205, 209, 221
mathematics, 126–27, 129
Gregorio de’ Gregori, 219
Gregory XIII (pope), 220
Gregory the Great (pope), 23
gum, 33, 40, 107
gunpowder, 11, 215
Gutenberg, Johann, 1, 11, 14, 15, 203, 212
gypsum, 33
hadith, 63, 64, 96–97, 111, 113, 115, 117, 121, 122
Hafez (Shams al-Din Muhammad Shirazi), 97
hafiz, 97
Hafiz-i Abru, 154
Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, 144
al-Hakam II, 87, 120–21
al-Hakim, 121
Hamadhani, 181
Hamdani, 112
Hamdullah Mustawfi, 153
hammermill, 1, 54, 55, 208, 215, 226
handscroll, 22
Hantanpo, 34
al-Hariri, 52
Harran, 146
Harun al-Rashid, 48, 49, 56, 96, 117
Hasan (Mamluk sultan), 82
Haydar (calligrapher), 109
Hebrew, 12, 30, 100, 101, 134, 154, 166, 218, 220, 221
Hebrews, 22, 27
Hedin, Sven, 39
hemp, 5, 8, 17, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 40, 41, 42, 45, 76, 84, 88, 206, 207, 208
henna, 69
Hero of Alexandria, 53
hieratic, 20
hieroglyphic, 19, 20
Hilal al-Sabi, 52
Hira, 176
Hisham (Umayyad caliph), 165
Hittites, 22
Holland, 7, 42, 83, 217–18
Hollander beater, 3, 217–18
Hormuz, 118
hornbooks, 133
horoscopes, 129, 131
horsehair, 54, 72, 206
Hotan, 39
Huizhou, 67
Hunter, William Joseph (“Dard”), 3
Husain ibn Yusuf, 87
Ibn Abd Rabbih, 87
Ibn Abdun, 88
Ibn al-Anbari, Abu Bakr, 114
Ibn Badis, Tamim ibn al-Muizz, 68, 85–86, 88, 208
Ibn Bakhtishu, 118
Ibn al-Banna, 133
Ibn Battuta, 81
Ibn al-Bawwab, 50–52, 55, 108
Ibn Durayd, 98, 121
Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad, 51, 97, 111
Ibn Hani al-Andalusi, 87
Ibn Hawqal, 27, 29, 74, 138, 148
Ibn Khaldun, 47, 49, 98, 133, 158, 215
Ibn Khurradadhbih, 148
Ibn Marzuq, Abu Abdallah, 86
Ibn al-Muqafa, 111, 166
Ibn Muqla, 108, 109, 120, 122
Ibn al-Nadim. See al-Nadim
Ibn Said, 76
Ibn Sina, 128
Ibn al-Wahid, 82
Ibrahim Müteferrika, 10, 222–24
Ibrahim Pechewi, 222
al-Idrisi, 88, 150–52
Ilkhanids, 52–56, 62–64, 67, 81, 114, 128, 133, 139, 152–54, 156, 158, 179–89, 190–95, 219
India, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 38, 41–42, 50, 54, 72, 78, 84, 117, 141, 145, 166–67, 179, 217
paper, 7
Indian numerals. See numerals: Hindu-Arabic
indigo, 76, 77
Indus Valley, 18
ink, 7, 12, 15, 20, 22, 24, 30, 33–38, 40, 49, 51, 69, 78, 83, 84, 85, 121, 123, 131, 132, 134, 168, 185, 186, 191, 206, 212, 221, 226
carbon, 20, 78, 107–8
tannin, 78, 107–8
Iran, 9, 10, 13, 14, 42, 47, 48, 50, 52–56, 61–74, 79, 81, 88, 89, 106, 108, 109, 111, 118, 127, 128, 130, 139, 149, 153–55, 161, 165, 170, 172–73, 178–96, 197–201, 206, 209, 211, 217, 219, 221, 223
Iraq, 2, 3, 29, 42, 47–56, 62, 64, 66, 78, 81, 90, 109, 111, 137, 154, 156, 168, 171, 176, 178, 209, 212
Irigoin, Jean, 11
iron, 54, 151, 208, 217
Isfahan, 61, 63, 106, 161, 170, 206, 221
Iskandar Sultan, 189
Isna, 29
Istakhr, 165
Istanbul, 10, 205–6, 221, 222–24. See also Byzantium; Constantinople
Italy, Italian, 1, 6, 9, 56, 82–84, 86, 87, 88, 116, 135, 137, 141, 166, 190, 196, 204–5, 207–12, 213, 217, 220, 225
Iznik, 190
Jafar ibn Ali Tabrizi, 191
Jafar ibn Yahya, 50
al-Jahiz, 117, 128, 132, 159
al-Jahshiyari, 49
Jalayirid(s), 56, 70
Jamal (of Isfahan), 179
Jamal-i Yazdi, 68
Japan, Japanese, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 40–41, 127
Játiva, 88, 207–8, 209
Jaume (James) I, 206
Jaume (James) II, 206, 208, 209
Jerusalem, 142, 149, 195
Dome of the Rock, 102, 174
John of Seville, 134
Jordan, Joseph, 219
Judeo-Arabic, 74, 91
Judeo-Persian, 61, 221
Jundishapur, 118
jute, 7, 8, 34, 35
Juwayni, Ala al-Din Ata-Malik, 156
Juyan, 34
Kaaba, 142, 144
Kab al-Ahbar, 165
Kabul, 50
kaghad, 47
Karabacek, Josef von, 11, 74
Karakhoto, 34
Kashan, 186, 199
ceramics, 185–89
al-Kashgari, 149
Kashmir, 42
Kazan, 10
Keller, Friedrich Gottlob, 5
Khotan, 39
Khoy, 181
Khurasan, 42, 45, 50, 61, 173
Khwarizm, 129
al-Khwarizmi, Muhammad ibn Musa, 12, 129–30, 134, 145–47, 163
al-Kindi, Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq, 155
kites, 35, 36
Konya, 181, 197
Koops, Matthias, 5
Koran, 47, 89, 91, 93–98, 103, 111, 113, 116, 123, 126–27, 136, 142, 178, 206, 225
copying, 12, 27, 52, 99–102, 103, 110, 119–20
manuscripts, 50, 52–56, 61, 63, 64, 66–68, 81, 85, 103–12, 122, 162, 170, 182, 185, 191
printed editions, 10, 220, 224
Korea, Korean, 8, 36, 40
kozo, 3, 41
Kremer, Alfred von, 1, 17, 226
Kufa, 155
Kufic (script), 95, 104–6, 107, 108, 196
pseudo, 197
Kushyar ibn Labban al-Jilli, Abu’l-Hasan, 130
Kyongju, 36
Kyoto, 41
lacquer, 33
Lalande, Jérìme de, 3
Latin, 25, 27, 30, 92, 100, 130, 134, 166, 203, 210, 218
leather, 20, 24, 43, 81, 85, 94, 111, 191, 219
molded, 191
Leonardo da Vinci, 215
libraries, 8, 22–25, 27, 69, 70, 75, 87, 108, 112, 116–22, 156, 165, 185, 189, 205, 206,
linen, 1, 3, 9, 11, 21, 32, 45, 58, 75, 76, 82–84, 87, 88, 146, 207, 217
Linotype, 224
lint, 2
lithography, 224
Livorno, 221
Lopnor, 33, 35
Loulan, 8, 39
Loveday, Helen, 11
lusterware, 181, 185–88
madrasa, 82, 122, 156, 181, 195
Mafarrukhi, 63
Maghrib, 85–89, 144, 149, 197
Mainz, 1, 15
Majorca, 86, 207
Malabar, 78
Mamluks, 60, 61, 78, 81–84, 159, 179, 195
al-Mamun, 96, 118, 129, 145–47, 148, 152
Manbij, 57
Manet, Edouard, 42
Mansur (Umayyad generalissimo), 121
al-Mansur (Abbasid caliph), 48, 49, 111, 117, 145
Mansur al-Suri, 166
Manuchihri, 62
maps, 10, 32, 141–54, 157, 172, 178, 223
al-Maqrizi, 49, 82, 121, 166
Marinus, 145
Marrakesh, 170
Martial, 25
Martin, Henri-Jean, 2, 203
al-Masudi, 29, 145, 165, 176
mathematics, 10, 11, 12, 111, 123, 125–35, 141, 154, 177
Mawangdui, 32
al-Mawardi, Abu’l-Hasan, 49
Mecca, 87, 94, 100, 102, 109, 142, 144, 146, 147
Medici, Fernando de’, 220
medicine, 29, 33, 111, 157, 223
Medina, 102, 144, 147
Mehmed II, 206
Mehmed Yirmisekiz Chelebi Efendi, 222
Melkites, 10, 219
memorization, 96–98, 100, 101
memory, 14, 93–96, 101, 114, 123, 125, 136, 141, 154, 168, 171–76, 194, 195, 197–201
merchants, 1, 7, 8, 13, 40, 41, 47, 57, 71, 78, 82–84, 86, 91, 94, 100, 129–33, 135–41, 161, 196, 206, 212, 213
Mernissi, Fatima, 96
Meshed, 69
Mesopotamia, 17, 18, 23, 27, 29, 56, 116, 146, 179. See also Iraq
metalwork, metalworkers, 14, 161, 162, 168, 170, 174, 185, 190–91, 197, 208, 209
Michael III, 134
mills, 50–56, 208, 210, 217, 218
Mir-Haydar Khwarazmi, 70
molds (paper), 40, 67–70, 87, 88, 206–12
money, 47, 136–39
changing, 137
paper, 47, 139, 219
Mongols, 13, 14, 52, 53, 54, 62, 63, 66, 73, 81, 109, 122, 139, 156, 182–85, 189, 192, 196, 209, 223. See also Ilkhanids
Mongolia, 33, 34
Montpellier, 213
Morocco, 86, 137, 150, 176, 207
Moshchevaya Balka, 40
Mosul, 51, 52, 118, 179, 182
Mudejars, 207
Mugh, Mount, 43, 44
Mughals, 179, 217
Muhammad (Prophet), 12, 27, 42, 47, 91, 93, 94, 97–101, 127, 150, 225
Muhammad VIII (Nasrid), 88
Muhammad ibn Hakam ibn Said, 85
Muhammad ibn Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Karim al-Katib al-Baghdadi, 112
muhaqqaq, 108, 109
al-Muizz (Fatimid), 146
al-Muizz ibn Badis, 68, 208
mulberry, 34–36, 38, 41, 45, 63
paper, 34, 35, 38, 45, 47
al-Muqaddasi, 57, 74, 118, 148
muqarnas, 194
music, musicians, 112, 125, 154–57
al-Mustansir (Fatimid), 81
Mustansiriyya madrasa (Baghdad), 156
Mustawfi, Hamdullah, 128, 153
al-Mutamid, 118
al-Mutanabbi, 97
al-Mutasim, 27
al-Mutawakkil, 118
Müteferrika, Ibrahim, 10, 222, 223
Muvafaq ibn Ali, 61
Nabatean, 94, 100
al-Nadim, 43, 45, 50, 61, 70, 102, 112, 117, 132, 146, 165
nagashizuki, 40
Nag Hammadi library, 25
Nakhchivani, Hindushah, 70
Nanjing, 71
Nara, 41
Narmer, 19
naskh, 104, 108, 109
Nasrids, 88
Natanz, 188, 194
Nestorians, 155, 203
Nimrud, 23
Nineveh, 23
Nishapur, 170
norias, 51
Normans, 137, 209
Norse mill, 50
notaries, 1, 27, 135, 210, 213
notation, 40, 93, 96, 125–59, 162, 192, 203, 213
acrophonic, 126–27
commercial, 135–41
genealogical, 157–59
geographical, 141–54
graphic, 93, 125, 154, 161–201
mathematical, 125–35
military, 159
musical, 154–57
numerals, 12, 86, 125–35, 156
abjad, 126, 132, 133, 146, 155
Greek, 126
Hebrew, 126, 133
Hindu-Arabic, 12, 129–35, 136, 141, 145, 216, 225
Roman, 127
Nur al-Din ibn Zangi, 60
Nuremberg, 1, 207–8, 212
O’Donnell, James, 26
Olearius, Adam, 7
orality, 12, 26, 91, 93–99, 100, 111, 113, 116, 122–23, 136, 141
Orontes, 51
ostraca, 21
Ottomans, 10, 13, 79, 85, 154, 179, 195, 197, 199, 216–17
papermaking, 205–6
printing, 221, 222–24
Padua, 211
Paganini, Paganino de’, 10, 220
Palermo, 107, 150
palm leaf, 41, 78, 94, 100
Palmyra, 118
Pañcatantra, 166
paper: commercial, 1, 12–13, 47, 74, 125, 135–41, 208, 210
definition, 2–5
Italian, 212–13
Japanese, 40–42
introduction of Russian, 73
laid, 87, 206, 210, 211
machine-made, 73
marbled, 70, 72
Spanish, 87, 89, 206–7
trade, 57–58, 77, 78, 84, 86, 207, 211–12
wove, 211
paperboard, 84
papermaking machine, 3, 5, 68, 73, 226
papyrus, 1, 6, 11, 12, 13, 17, 19–29, 35, 43, 47–50, 52, 56, 58, 74, 79, 87, 92, 94, 103, 107, 108, 136, 138, 143, 163, 171, 204–6, 216, 218
parchment, 1, 11, 12, 22–27, 29, 43, 47–52, 74, 78, 81, 85, 87, 92, 93, 94, 101, 103, 104, 106–8, 116, 138, 140, 143, 149, 152, 162, 163, 165, 166, 170, 171, 173, 190, 203, 204–18
Paris, 42, 117
paut, 7
Pazyryk, 32
pens, 18, 20, 22, 24, 53, 99, 109, 121, 132, 133, 135, 170, 191
fountain, 80
quill, 7, 212
reed, 17, 20, 51, 69, 70, 87, 108
Six Pens, 109
pencils, 133, 161
Pendzhikent, 44
Pergamon, 24, 25, 27
Perpignan, 206
Persia. See Iran
Persian language, 10, 38, 56, 61–64, 71, 92, 117, 118, 130, 149, 156, 166, 181, 196, 206, 217, 224
Phoenicians, 21
Photius, 134
pilaf, 55
plans, 14, 145, 161, 173–76, 178, 192–96
battle, 154
Pliny, 21, 24, 27
Plutarch, 127
Polastron, Lucien, 3
Polo, Marco, 139
Pope, Arthur Upham, 161
pottery. See ceramics
pouncing, 189–91
printing, 1, 2, 5, 10, 11, 17, 117, 162, 213, 215
block, 139, 218–19
in China, 13, 36–38, 91, 215, 217
computer, 2
in Europe, 1, 2, 11, 14, 91, 203, 217, 219–21, 226
in Islamic lands, 10, 91, 93, 221–24
with movable type, 73, 123, 212, 213, 215
paper for, 3, 5, 72, 207
Procopius, 51
protocollon, 35, 58
Ptolemies, 24
Ptolemy (geographer), 118, 146, 149, 151
Ptolemy I Soter, 22
Ptolemy II, 22
pulp, 3, 40, 53, 67, 68, 70, 87, 207, 208, 210, 212, 213, 217, 218
Qadi Ahmad, 68
al-Q adir, 157
al-Qalqashandi, 53, 56, 60, 84
qanat, 52
Qivam al-Din Shirazi, 195, 196
quaternion, 112
quill, 7, 212
quinion, 112
quipu, 30
quire, 9, 48, 111, 207
Qusayr Amra, 143
Qutb al-Din Muhammad, 116
Qutb al-Din Shirazi, 157
rags, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 53, 57, 68, 76, 83, 84, 206, 208, 213, 217, 218
ramie, 8, 38, 45
Raqqa, 51, 56, 57
Rashid al-Din, 54, 62–64, 114, 158–59, 182, 184
rattan, 34, 35, 38, 39
al-Ravandi, 179
Ravensburg, 212
Rayy, 61, 118, 186
reading, 17, 22, 26, 95, 97, 101, 106, 113, 115, 116, 161, 177–78, 224
readings, science of, 95, 100
ream, 9
Réamur, René-Antoine Ferchault de, 7
recipes. See cookbooks
recitation, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 113, 114, 123
recycling, 3, 41, 61, 76–77, 79
Rembrandt van Rijn, 42
rice, 54–56, 208
starch, 69, 86, 87, 206, 212
straw, 7
Robert, Nicholas-Louis, 5
Roberts, C. H., 25, 26
Roberts, J. M., 11
rolls, 8, 12, 19–29, 35, 36, 38, 40, 47, 48, 58, 67–68, 70, 78, 80, 104, 123, 191, 196, 204, 210
Rosetta stone, 20
Russia, Russian, 73, 217, 222, 224
Sabur ibn Ardashir, 120
Safavids, 73, 79, 192, 199, 221
al-Safah, 48
Safi al-Din al-Urmawi, 155–57
Saladin, 122
Saljuqs, 120, 179, 182
Samanids, 43, 50, 173, 177
Samarqand, 8, 9, 42–43, 45, 47, 55, 56, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 71, 120, 170
Samarra, 27
Sanskrit, 36, 38, 39, 130
Saqqara, 21
al-Sarakhsi, 137
Sasanian, 42, 47, 48, 61, 165, 173
Schäfer, Jacob Christian, 8
Scheele, Wilhelm, 3
screens, 1, 2, 3, 32, 34, 67, 68, 69, 70, 76, 86, 210. See also molds
Scriba, Giovanni, 210
scripts, 18, 20, 21, 31, 111
cursive, 100, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 111, 170, 217–18. See also Kufic; muhaqqaq; naskh
scriptorium, 62, 64
scriptures, 27, 52, 93, 94, 99, 104, 162, 204. See also Bible; Koran; Torah
scroll, 13, 21, 22, 24, 35, 36, 79, 81, 204
Dead Sea, 99
hanging, 22
horizontal, 22: Topkapi, 195, 196
“scrolling,” 22, 123
seals, 36, 49, 52, 77, 81, 126, 137, 210
Selim I, 221
Senedelder, J. H. F. Alois, 224
Serndamm, 218
Severus Sebokht, 129
Seville, 88, 89
Shaanxi, 33
Shafii, 111, 156
Shahnama, 70, 183–84
Great Mongol, 64, 182–84
Shahrukh, 70
Shanxi, 35
Shatiba, 88, 207
ship-mills, 50
Shiraz, 64, 108, 118, 119, 165, 206
Sicily, 4, 27, 53, 84, 107, 137, 150, 152, 204, 207, 209–10, 211
Sijilmasa, 138
al-Sijistani, Abu Hatim, 85
silk, 7, 8, 17, 31–32, 35, 36, 38, 40, 56, 69, 71, 76, 81, 84, 146, 172–73
Silk Road, 8, 36, 40, 41, 42, 47
Simi Nishapuri, 69, 72
Sinai, St. Catherine’s Monastery, 78, 107, 204
Sinaiticus, Codex, 27
Sinan, 197
Sinjar, 116
al-Sirafi, Abu’l-Said al-Hasan, 106
Six Pens, 109
sizing, 4, 24, 33, 39, 45, 53, 60, 63, 68–69, 71, 73, 74, 86, 87, 206, 212, 213
Skeat, T. C. , 26
sketches, 161, 168, 178, 185
sodawood, 5
Soghdia, Soghdian, 8, 38, 39, 43, 44
sorghum, 54
Sorrento, 209
Spain, 1, 6, 9, 11, 13, 25, 47, 54, 78–79, 84, 111, 120–22, 133–35, 137, 150, 179, 203–5, 212, 213, 217, 221, 223
paper, 86–89, 210, 211, 216
spinning wheel, 83, 215
stationers, stationery, 5, 47, 50, 80, 82, 84, 104
Stein, Sir Marc Aurel, 8, 39, 61, 190
stencils, 190–91
stirrup, 215
Strabo, 52
straw, 8
Stromer, Ulman, 1, 209, 212
stylus, 17, 19, 22
Sudan, 20
sufi, 81, 157
al-Sufi, Abd al-Rahman, 143, 182
suftaja, 138, 139
sugar, 53
Suhrab ibn Sarabiyun, 146
al-Suhrawardi, Shams al-Din Ahmad (ibn), 53, 64, 109, 156
sulaymani, 50, 52
sulfite, 5
al-Suli, 125, 128, 132
Sultan-Ali Mashhadi, 69, 70
Sultan-Ali Qaini, 70
Sultaniyya, 191
Sultan-Muhammad, 197
Sumer, Sumerian, 18, 30
Su Yijian, 67
Suzhou, 35
Switzerland, 217
Syria, 9, 10, 27, 42, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 56–61, 66, 74, 78, 82–84, 94, 100, 111–13, 126, 129, 131, 146, 159, 179, 204–6, 216, 219
Syriac, 94, 100, 113, 126, 146
al-Tabari, 121, 122
tablets, 133
clay, 17, 18, 19, 23, 136
wax, 22, 23
wooden, 22–24, 26, 31–34, 96
Tabriz, 54, 62, 70, 114, 139, 182, 192, 195, 206, 224
Tahir ibn Abdallah, 50
Takht-i Sulayman, 192
Talas, Battle of, 9, 42–43
Talha ibn Tahir, 50
talismans, 127
Tamerlane. See Timur
tamezuki, 40
tanbark, 54
Tang (dynasty), 35, 36, 39
Tashkent, 196
Taylor, Clement and George, 3
Taza, 176
Tennant, Charles, 3
Thaalibi, 8, 9, 43
Theophilos (emperor), 118
Theophilus Presbyter, 208
Thousand (and One) Nights, 12, 58, 74, 79, 91, 111, 163
Tiberias, 57
Tibet, Tibetan, 38, 39, 155
Tigris, 50, 51
tiles, 168, 185, 190, 192, 196
Timur, 56, 61, 66, 67, 68, 71, 182
Timurids, 67, 68, 70, 72, 191, 192, 195, 196
tiraz, 171, 201
Tlemcen, 86, 87, 207
Toledo, 88, 133
Topkapi Scroll, 195, 196
Torah, 24, 26, 35, 81, 99, 221
Torcello, 212
trademark, 6, 57–58, 88
Transoxiana, 42, 43, 44, 50, 170, 173. See also Central Asia
tree, genealogical, 158
Treviso, 84
trigonometry, 144
trinion, 112
Tripoli (Lebanon), 57, 84
Tsai Lun. See Cai Lun
Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin, 2
Tughril, 179
Tunisia, 78, 85, 137, 138, 140, 146, 210
Turkmens, 56, 206
Tuscany, 213
Tusi, Nasir al-Din, 133, 156
type, movable, 1, 2, 10, 14, 38, 91, 123, 203, 211, 212, 213, 215, 218–24, 226
Typographia Medicea linguarum externarum, 220
Tyre, 57, 104, 138
Tyrol, 212
Uighur, 38, 47
Uljaytu, 53, 64, 82
Ulughbeg, 66
Umar (caliph), 48
Umar-i Aqta, 68
Umayyads: of Spain, 87, 120–21, 133, 206
of Syria, 42, 44, 48, 101, 102, 111, 117, 144, 165, 174
al-Uqlidisi, Abu’l-Hasan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim, 12, 131
Ushak, 197, 199
Uthman (caliph), 101
Uvays (Jalayirid), 70
Valencia, 87, 88, 206, 207, 208, 210, 216
Valls y Subirà, Oriol, 206, 207
vellum, 25. See also parchment
Venice, 10, 84, 205, 211, 212, 219, 220, 221
Vienna, 75
Vietnam, 40, 41
Virgil, 211
Vitruvius, 51
Wahb ibn Munabbih, 29
wallpaper, 2, 7
al-Wasiti, 182, 184
wasps, 8
watermarks, 6, 10, 11, 13, 56–58, 86–89, 207, 211, 212, 217
waterpower, 9, 50–52, 54, 208, 209, 217
Watt, Charles, 5
Whatman, James, 211
wheat, 76
starch, 54, 206, 212
wheel: horizontal, 51, 52
overshot, 50
paddle, 50
spinning, 83, 215
undershot, 50
water, 50, 51, 54
Whistler, James, 42
windmills, 217, 218
wire, 69, 87, 88, 208, 209, 211
brass, 87, 88, 208, 217
woodblocks, 36, 38, 139, 218–19
woodcuts, 15, 36
woodpulp, 2, 5
wool, woolens, 32, 54, 83
writing, 17–45, 91–94, 99–109, 111, 113, 116, 117, 122–23, 126, 128, 129, 131, 133, 135, 136, 140, 141, 155, 156, 205
boards, 21, 41, 129
direction of, 21. See also tablets
Wudi, 33
Wuwei, 34
Xàtiva, 88. See also Játiva
Xinjiang, 33
Xuandi, 33, 34
Xuanzong, 35
xylography, 218. See also block printing
Yahya al-Sufi, 109
Yahya al-Wasiti, 182, 184
Yaqut (encyclopedist), 48
Yaqut al-Mustasimi, 54–55, 82, 109, 156
Yazd, 195
Yemen, 78, 80–81, 94, 112
Yusuf ibn Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Tahir (potter), 188
Zangid, 116
zarafshan (gold sprinkling), 72
Zarafshan River, 42
Zhejiang, 35
Zhongyan, 33
zigzags, 86, 88, 206, 207
Zirid, 85
Ziyad ibn Salih, 9, 42
Zoroastrianism, 47
al-Zuhri, Abu Musab Ahmad ibn Abi Bakr, 87