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Description: Wasteland: A History
Index
PublisherYale University Press
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Index
Adams, John (mapmaker), 77
Addison, Joseph, 217
as influence on Switzer, 203, 208, 210
mountainous landscapes as viewed by, 152–153, 165
on the pleasures of the imagination, 153–155, 203, 208, 219, 230
aesthetics: Addison’s theories of, 152–155, 165, 203, 208, 210, 219
as applied to forests, 183, 191, 194–195, 199
as applied to landscape, 83, 125–126, 143, 153–156, 167–169, 222–229
as applied to wasteland, 155, 159–160, 168–169, 174, 215–216, 232–234
Burke’s theories of, 165–169
and disgust, 8–10, 130–131, 150, 154–156, 159–160, 166, 167, 168, 234, 238–239
and the ideal body, 172–173
of the infinite, 144, 156, 165
modern notions of, 5, 8–10. See also forest gardens; sublime, the
agriculture: commons used for, 14–15, 16
conversion of land to, 44, 45
and enclosure, 55–62, 81–83
Hartlib’s publications relating to, 51–53
under the manor system, 27
Royal Society’s study of, 65–67
Allestry, James, 191
Alpers, Svetlana, 110
Alps, the: Addison’s view of, 152–153
Burnet’s view of, 144–145
Gilpin’s view of, 173. See also mountains
Andrews, Malcolm, 169
Andrews, Richard, 131
Angevin kings, 182
Anglo-Dutch gardens, 110
Angyal, Andras, 7
animals: domesticated, 53–54. See also royal hunt
“Anti-Projector, The. Or, The History of the Fen Project,” 111–112
Archer, Thomas, 214
art: as imitation of nature, 47–48. See also aesthetics
assart, 183–184, 185, 186
Aubrey, John, 72, 77, 117
Austen, Ralph: A Treatise of Fruit-Trees, 54, 59–60
Bacon, Francis, 216, 231
The Advancement of Learning, 46
De Dignitate et Augmentis Scientiarum, 46
“Great Instauration,” 46, 47
ideal society as imagined by, 48–49, 51
as influence on Hartlib, 51
on monsters, 141–42
natural philosophy of, 46–50, 73
New Atlantis, 48–49
Novum Organum, 46
Parasceve, 48–49, 139
and the Royal Society, 63–65
Sylva Sylvarum, 46, 48, 196
Badeslade, Thomas, 100, 212
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 130–131, 137
Barlow, Francis: “The Decoy,” 117
Beale, John, 65
beauty: and disgust, 136
of landscapes, 134
and utility, 234–235. See also aesthetics
Beck, Ulrich, 244
Bedford, Francis, 4th Earl of, 102–103, 104, 105
Bedford, William, 5th Earl of, 105, 110–111
Bellers, William, Jr.: A View of Derwentwater, 170, 171
Bensalem (Bacon’s utopia), 48–49, 231
Berger, Alan, 243
Bermingham, Ann, 221–222
Bertie, Robert, 4th Duke of Ancaster, 203
Bible: science applied to stories from, 145–148
wasteland as concept derived from, 9–10, 14–15, 16–22, 24
Blaue, Joan, 100
Blith, Walter: as advocate for the draining of fens, 106–110, 120
The English Improver, 106, 189–191
The English Improver Improved, 22–23, 23, 51, 53, 58, 106, 108, 109, 121, 189, 190–191
Blome, Richard, 117, 195
bogs: draining of, 66
as wasteland, 24, 74, 85. See also fens; Fens, the
Bowling Green House, 216
Bradley, Humphry, 100
Bradley, Richard, 203, 218
Britannia (Camden), 21, 77, 137–138, 139, 186, 188
Britannia (Ogilby), 68–77, 69, 70, 77
Britannia Illustrata (Kip and Knyff), 118, 135–136, 136, 200, 201, 210, 211, 212
Brittania Depicta (Owen and Bowen), 76
Brompton Park nurseries, 199–200, 203, 213
Brouncker, Lord, 63
Brown, Capability, 219, 230, 238
Brown, John, 169
Browne, Edward, 133–134
Browne, Thomas, 133
Brownlow, Kevin, 40
Bunyan, John: The Pilgrim’s Progress, 19–22, 76, 95
Burke, Edmund: aesthetic theories of, 165–169, 174–176, 234–235
A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, 165–166, 234–235
Burnet, Thomas: The Sacred Theory of the Earth, 144–152, 146, 162
Bush, George W., 1
Buxton, 128, 131, 134, 138, 143
Caesar, Sir Julius (chancellor of the exchequer), 187
Camden, William, 68, 72
Britannia, 21, 77, 137–138, 139, 186, 188
on the Fens, 88, 89, 93, 96, 112
Carta de Foresta, 185, 186
Cary, John: maps by, 75–76
Cassiobury, forest gardens at, 199–200, 200, 203
Castel Sant’Angelo, fireworks at, 232, 233
Caudebec Fells, 162, 163
Cavendish, William, 131
Chambers, J. D., 33–34
Chambers, William, 230: A Dissertation on Oriental Gardening, 230–231, 232
An Explanatory Discourse, 231–232
charcoal making, 192, 193
Charles I, King, 102, 103–104, 187
Charles II, King, 63, 64, 68, 117, 145
chases, 180, 182
Chat Moss, 84
Chatsworth, 129, 131, 133, 135–136, 136, 143, 165
Child, Robert, 23–25, 53, 58, 60, 62
on woodland management, 188–189
Chinese gardens, 230
Christopher Hill, 186
Churche, Rooke, 187
Civil War (English), 22–23
Claremont: View of the Amphitheatre and Lake, 82
Clayton, Timothy, 159
Cole, Thomas: The Course of Empire, 239–241, 240, 241, 242
Comenius (Jan Amos Komenský), 50, 51
commons, 24
debate surrounding, 33–34
etymology of, 32
fens as, 99–100
food gleaned from, 34
in historical perspective, 25–26
impact of enclosure on, 57
as natural right, 13–16
resources gleaned from, 34–37
rights of, 30–34, 99–100, 102, 184–185, 221, 222
at odds with royal privilege, 184–185
types of, 25, 30–32
as wasteland, 25
Conatum Comeniarum Præludia, 50
Condor, Thomas: Map of The Pilgrim’s Progress, 20, 76
Cook, Moses, 199–200
The Manner of Raising, Ordering, and Improving Forrest-Trees, 198, 199–200
Cotman, John Sell: Drainage Mills in the Fens, 125–126, 126
St. Benet’s Abbey, 126–127, 127
Cotton, Charles: The Wonders of the Peake, 135, 142
Cox, Nicholas: The Gentleman’s Recreation, 113, 114, 181, 195
Cromwell, Oliver, 14, 15–16, 63
Cronon, William, 2, 243
crop rotation, 24, 27, 53–55
Cross-Fell Mountain, 161, 162
Crowland: fens at, 89–92
cultivated land, 27, 41–42, 60–62
as distinguished from wasteland, 22–25. See also agriculture
Cumberland, George: Inside the Peak Cavern, Castleton, Derbyshire, 174–175, 175
Cumbrian mountains: George Smith’s descriptions of, 161–163
Daniels, Stephen, 236
Darby, H. C., 102, 114, 120, 127
Darwin, Charles, 5–6
Daston, Lorraine, 132
Defoe, Daniel: on duck decoys, 115, 116
on the Fens, 84, 85, 94, 119–120, 124, 125
on the Peak District, 142–143
Tour Thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain, 142–143
Delano-Smith, Catherine, 74–75, 100
del Toro, Benicio, 1
Denver Sluice, 120
Derbyshire landscape: Defoe’s view of, 142–143
Fiennes’s view of, 138–139
Hole’s map of, 129, 151
mineral riches of, 138–139
natural features of, 128–131
George Smith’s view of, 165
as wasteland, 143. See also Peak District
Derrida, Jacques, 9
desert, 17, 18
Deuteronomy, book of, 18
Devil’s Arse, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 138–139, 150, 159
Browne’s description of, 133–134
Camden’s description of, 137
Cumberland’s representation of, 174–175, 175
Defoe’s description of, 142
Leigh’s representation of, 141, 141
Devonshire, Duke of, 129, 133
Dezallier D’Argenville, Antoine-Joseph, 202
Diggers, 12–16, 58
film about, 39–41
resistance to, 15
Di Palma, Giuseppe, 258n25
disgust: aesthetic dimension of, 8–10, 11, 130–131, 150, 154–156, 159–160, 166, 167, 168, 234, 238–239
and cultural context, 6–8, 238–239
Darwin’s studies of, 5–6
as emotional response, 5–7
etymology of, 8
and fear of contamination, 7
fens associated with, 92, 93–96, 124–125
hierarchical distinctions as characteristic of, 185–186
and misuse of forests, 185–186
moral dimension of, 9–10, 11, 185–186, 229, 235, 239
mountains associated with, 136–137, 173–174
physical manifestations of, 6–7
and satiation, 155–156
and the sublime, 153, 166
and utility, 235
visceral dimension of, 11, 85, 94–95, 124–125, 239
and wasteland, 5, 10, 244
Domesday Book, 26
Douglas, Mary, 5, 95
Dovedale, 169
Dove Holes, 159
Downsview Park, 243
Drayton, Michael: Poly-Olbion, 112–114, 128–130, 129, 143–144, 151
duck decoys, 115–119, 115
Dugdale, William, 72, 77, 102, 111, 120
The History of Imbanking and Drayning of Divers Fenns and Marshes, 97–99, 98, 102, 114
Monasticon Anglicanum, 91
Duisburg Nord Landschaftspark, 243
Durie, John, 50
Dymock, Cressy: A Discoverie for Division . . . of Land, 58–59, 59, 60, 106, 107
E. G., 58
Elden Hole, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 138
Camden’s description of, 137
Defoe’s description of, 143
Elias, Norbert, 5
elm trees, 195
Ely, 93–94, 96
enclosure: acceleration in, 79
arguments against, 55–56, 57
arguments in favor of, 57–62, 79
as depicted in The Pilgrim’s Progress, 21–22
economic benefits of, 79
effects of, 14, 56–57, 81–83
and the English working class, 56–57
Marx’s view of, 55–56, 57
as necessary for “improvement,” 25, 44, 45, 55–62, 82–83
parliamentary acts relating to, 79–81, 236
and poverty, 16, 58
proponents of, 37, 38, 41, 58–62
of wasteland, 81–83
Enfield Chase, 189
Engler, Mira, 243
Enlightenment: nature as viewed by, 4–5, 127. See also improvement
Environmental Protection Agency, 1–2
Estovers, Common of, 30, 31, 31, 184, 221
Etheldreda, St., 91
Evelyn, John, 65, 117, 216, 226
Acetaria, 192, 196
Kalendarium Hortense, 192, 196
Pomona, 192, 196
Sylva, 191–199, 193, 194, 197, 216, 224
Terra, 192
experimentation, 48–49
Ezekiel, book of, 18, 60
Felix of Crowland, 89, 90–92
Fen-Men, 89, 124
fens: as compared with lakes, 123
as disease and corruption, 94–96, 106–107, 123–125
draining of, 66
as wasteland, 22, 24, 43, 58, 83, 124–125. See also Fens, the
Fens, the (area of eastern England), 85–88
as agricultural resource, 96–97, 111–114
disease and corruption associated with, 94–96, 106–107, 123–125
disgust associated with, 92, 93–96, 124–125
draining of, 95–96, 97–100, 101, 102–111, 127
duck decoys located in, 115–119
Dutch involvement in draining of, 110
effects of drainage on, 120–122
fertility of, 93, 96–97, 112–114
flat landscape of, 122–125
mapping of, 97–99, 100–101, 110–111
monasteries located in, 91
mutability of, 88
resistance to draining of, 102, 112–113, 114
tools used in draining of, 107–109, 108
unique culture of, 88
as wasteland, 89, 94–95, 124–125
as westen, 89–93
windmills in, 120–122, 125–26, 127
fertilization, 44, 45, 54, 55
Fiennes, Celia: on the Fens, 93–94, 124, 125
on the Peak District, 138–139, 150
Flis, Nathan, 117
Flood, biblical (Deluge), 145, 146, 150, 176
evidence of, 162–163
fodder crops, 52, 55
food: gleaned from commons, 34–35
forest gardens, 191, 195–199, 228–229
and arable land, 208–210
at Cassiobury, 199, 200, 203
Moses Cook as designer of, 198, 199–200
fragmentation as aspect of, 222
as imitation of nature, 207–210
mathematical aspect in designs for, 199–203
at Moseley, 196–198, 197, 200, 203
at New Park, 200, 201, 203
Switzer as designer of, 203–210
wilderness as aspect of, 206–207, 218–219
at Wrest Park, 210–216
forest law, 180, 182–184, 186
enforcement of, 180, 187
at odds with common rights, 184–185
and preservationist agenda, 185
Forest of Dean, 185, 186, 188, 189
forest: aesthetic appreciation of, 183, 191, 194–195, 199, 224–229
areas of “waste” in, 185–186, 187–188
as concern of the Royal Society, 191–192, 199
defining characteristics of, 177–179, 180
destruction of, 186–189, 227–228
etymology of, 178–179
Gainsborough’s painting of, 220, 220–222
Gilpin’s perspective on, 224–229
granting of rights within, 186, 187–188
laws and privileges relating to, 180, 182–184
as legal term, 178
management of, 187, 188–192
preservation of, 185, 228–229. See also forest gardens; trees/timber
French gardening, 202, 204
Fresh Kills Lifescape, 243
Gainsborough, Thomas: Cornard Wood/Gainsborough’s Forest, 220, 220–222
The Woodcutter’s Return, 31, 34
Wooded Landscape with a Cottage and Shepherd, 30, 31
gardening: books on, 195–196, 203, 216–219. See also forest gardens; Switzer, Stephen
gardens. See Chinese gardens; forest gardens; French gardening
Gascoigne, George: The Noble Art of Venerie or Hunting, 179
General Drainage Act (1600), 99–100
Gentleman’s Magazine, 160
George III, King, 230
Gibson, Edmund, 139, 142, 188
Gilpin, William, 84–85, 122, 122–123, 124, 125
forest as viewed by, 222–229
“improvement” as viewed by, 228–229
mountains as viewed by, 171–174
Observations on . . . the Mountains and Lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland, 171–174, 173
Remarks on Forest Scenery, 222–229, 223, 225, 228
sketch of Keswick, 170–172, 172
Glanvill, Joseph, 63
gleaning: from commons, 33–37
Golborne, John, 121–122
Gonner, E. C. K., 31–32, 33, 56–57
Googe, Barnaby, 189
Great Perambulation, 185
Grey, Henry (Duke of Kent), 210, 213
Grimsthorpe, 203, 204, 204
Guthlac, 89–92, 93, 124
Hammond, Barbara, 25–26, 33, 56, 57
Hammond, J. L., 25–26, 33, 56, 57
Hampton Court, 117, 118, 119
Harley, J. B., 74
Harris, Eileen, 232
Harris, John, II, 156
A View of the Peak: The Dove Holes, 158
Harris, L. E., 102
Hartlib, Samuel, 24, 188
as advocate for agricultural reform, 51–53
Bacon as influence on, 51
as influential publisher, 50–53, 106
and the Royal Society, 62, 63–65, 66
Samuel Hartlib his Legacie, 53, 58, 66, 188
as supporter of enclosure, 58–62, 82
Hatfield Chase, 101–102, 110
Hayward, William: as surveyor, 86–87, 100–101, 111
Henry II, King, 182
Henry III, King, 185
Henry VIII, King, 96
Herder, Johann Gottfried, 172
Heresbachus, Conrad, 189
High Line, 243
Hobbes, Thomas: De Mirabilibus Pecci, 131–132, 135, 142
Hogarth, William, 172
Hole, William: “Map of Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, and Leicestershire,” 129, 151
Hollar, Wenceslaus, 63, 64, 69, 73–74, 75, 77
Homer: Iliad, 155
Hondius, Henricus, 100
Hooke, Robert, 72, 77
Hoskins, John, 72, 77
Howard, Charles, 65, 67, 192
Hugo Candidus, 92
Humphries, Jane, 57
Hunt, John Dixon, 59
Hunter, Joseph, 102
hunting. See royal hunt husbandry: Hartlib’s promotion of, 51, 53, 62. See also agriculture; improvement
Hyde Park Diggers, 40
imagination, pleasures of: Addison’s view of, 153–155, 203, 208, 219, 230
imitation: art as, 47–48
as mediating process, 154–155
improvement, 24–25, 37–38, 43–45
advantages of, 44–45
as applied to forests, 185, 189–191, 224, 228–229
as applied to human activity, 185, 228–229
Bacon’s concept of, 46
belief in the power of, 45
changing views on, 236–239
cost-benefit analysis of, 79
draining of fens as, 106–107, 111, 127
economic aspects of, 79, 82–83
enclosure as aspect of, 44, 45, 55–62, 82–83
Gilpin’s view of, 228–229, 235–236
ideology of, 79, 82, 106, 127, 191, 215, 228–229
philosophical basis of, 46–50
Repton’s view of, 236, 237
Royal Society’s interest in, 65–67
and spiritual betterment, 24–25, 52, 60, 62
tree planting as, 189, 198–199. See also agriculture
Industrial Revolution, 56
Interior, Department of the: and Vieques, 1–2
iron industry, 186, 189
Isaiah, book of, 18, 22–23
itineraries: early history of, 70–71
printed, 68–72
Jackson, William, 221
James I, King, 101–102, 187
James, John, 217–218
The Theory and Practice of Gardening, 202, 202
Jardine, Lisa, 110
Jeremiah, book of, 17, 19
Job, book of, 17
John, King, 182, 185
Jonson, Ben, 68, 131
Kennedy, Robert F., Jr., 1
Keswick, lake at, 169, 170–171, 172
Kilnsea, map for, 83
King, David: abbey at Crowland, 91
King, Gregory, 72
statistical analysis of English landscape by, 77–79, 83
King James Bible: wasteland as described in, 17–18. See also Bible
Kip, Jan (Johannes): Britannia Illustrata, 118, 119, 136, 200, 201, 210, 211, 212
“Chatsworth House,” 135–136, 136
“St. James Palace and Park,” 118
“Wrest House,” 211, 212
Kirke, Thomas, 196–197
Kirkwood, Niall, 243
Klein, Roger J. P., 100
Knyff, Leonard: Britannia Illustrata, 118, 119, 136, 200, 201, 210, 211, 212
“Chatsworth House,” 135–136, 136
“The North Prospect of Hampton Court,” 117, 119
“St. James Palace and Park,” 118
“Wrest House,” 211, 212
Kolnai, Aurel, 7–8, 10, 168
Komenský, Jan Amos. See Comenius
Korsmeyer, Carolyn, 8, 150
Labelye, Charles, 121
labor: as agent of improvement for land, 37–39
as represented in art, 236
Laird, Mark: The Flowering of the Landscape Garden, 218–219
Lake District, 151
scenery of, 164–165, 169–170
lakes, 123
land: attitudes toward, 4–6
debates over use of, 33. See also commons; cultivated land; wasteland
landscape: aesthetic aspects of, 83, 125–126, 143, 153–156, 167–169, 222–229
and disgust, 5, 9, 10, 239, 244
and identity, 4, 73
industrial, 232–234, 243–244
Gregory King’s analysis of, 77–79
local maps of, 67–77
and motion, 74
the sublime as found in, 11, 144, 159, 168–169, 170, 174–176, 232
technology as threat to, 232
as theme in Gainsborough’s art, 220–222
and utility, 236–238. See also fens; Fens, the; forest; forest gardens; mountains
landscape ideal: formulation of, 9–10, 131
and the “natural” garden, 207–210. See also aesthetics; wasteland
landscape painting, 220–222
land tenure, 24, 26–27
Langley, Batty, 219, 226
New Principles of Gardening, 216–218, 217
A Sure Method of Improving Estates, 216, 216
Laurence, John, 203
Lee, Joseph, 58
legumes, 55
Leigh, Charles, 150
The Natural History of Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Peake in Derbyshire, 139–142, 140, 141
Leland, John, 68, 72
Le Nôtre, André, 202
Leonardo da Vinci, 60
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 154
Leycester, Peter, 77
Life of St. Guthlac (Felix of Crowland), 89–90, 90
Locke, John, 153, 239
as defender of private property, 37–39, 41
Two Treatises of Government, 37–39
London, George, 199, 203
Lorrain, Claude, 159
Loutherbourg, Philip James de, 232
Lucretius, 154
Lynn Law, 103
MacArthur, John, 155
Mam Tor, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 138, 142
manor, the, 26–27
manor house, 81, 208
Manwood, John, 227–228
A Treatise and Discourse of the Laws of the Forrest, 178, 180, 182, 183, 184, 187
maps: of the Fens, 97–99, 100–101, 110–111
as itineraries, 68–72
uses of, 74–77. See also Britannia
Markham, Gervase, 195
marshes. See bogs; fens; Fens, the Martyn, John, 191
Marx, Karl: enclosure as viewed by, 55–56, 57
Mascall, Leonard, 189, 190
Mast, Common of, 30, 31. See also pannage
Mendelssohn, Moses, 154, 155
Menninghaus, Winfried: on disgust, 8–9, 130, 154, 155–156, 238–239
on the ideal body, 172
Miller, Phillip, 218, 219
Miller, William Ian, 5, 7
Milton, John, 230
Mingay, G. E., 33–34
Mollo, Andrew, 40
monsters: Bacon’s view of, 141–42
reactions to, 132–133
Moore, John, 58
Moore, Jonas, 110, 111
More, Henry, 144
Morland, George: The Gravel Diggers, 32, 33
Moseley Wood, 196–198, 197, 200, 203
Moss: Chat Moss, 84
Solway Moss, 84–85. See also bogs; fens; Fens, the; swamp
mountains: Addison’s view of, 152–153
Burnet’s view of, 144–150
change in attitudes toward, 143–144, 168–169
disgust associated with, 136–137, 173–174
Drayton’s view of, 129–130
Gilpin’s view of, 171–174
as metaphoric landscape, 136–137
Nicolson’s view of, 143–144, 168
paradoxical nature of, 138
Romantic poets’ view of, 144
George Smith’s view of, 160–165
visual representations of, 174–176
as wasteland, 148, 149–150. See also Peak District
mud: in bogs, 85
in the Fens, 84–85, 94–95
Nash, Roderick Frazier, 2, 243
natural histories, published: of local counties, 67–68, 139–142
natural history: Royal Society’s study of, 63–67. See also Bacon, Francis
nature: art as imitation of, 47–48
Enlightenment view of, 4–5
forest gardens as imitation of, 207–210
humans as part of, 243, 244. See also fens; forest; mountains; wilderness
navy. See Royal Navy; U.S. Navy
Neeson, J. M., 34, 57
Nelson, Arthur: A Distant View of Hythe Village and Church, Kent, 27
New Forest, 185, 189
New Park, Surrey: garden at, 200, 201
Nicolson, Marjorie Hope: and aesthetics of the infinite, 143–144, 156
Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory, 143–144
Norden, John, 100
Norway engine, 194
Nourse, Timothy, 58
Campania Fœlix, 81
obscurity: and the sublime, 167–168, 174–176
Oelschlaeger, Max, 2, 243
Ogilby, John: Britannia, 68–77, 69, 70, 77
early occupations of, 68
maps created by, 68–77, 120, 139, 215
Onslow, Denzil, 117
pannage, 184. See also Mast, Common of
pansophy, 51, 62
parergon, 9
Park, Katharine, 132
parks, 24, 180–181, 182
Paston, Manor of, 204, 205, 206
Pasture, Common of, 30, 30, 31, 184, 221
Paulet, Charles, 144
Payne-Gallwey, Ralph, 118
Peacham, Henry: Minerva Britanna, 177, 178
Nulli penetrabilis,177, 178
Peak District: Camden’s view of, 137–138, 142
as contrasted with the Lake District, 169–172
Defoe’s view of, 142–143, 150–151
disgust evoked by, 132, 133–137
Fiennes’s view of, 138–139, 150
Hobbes’s view of, 131–132
Leigh’s view of, 139–142, 150
mineral resources of, 138, 139, 142–143, 163
natural features of, 128–131
old woman as trope for landscape of, 128–131, 136–137
sexual associations with landscape of, 137
Smith of Derby’s images of, 156–160
tourism at, 134
as wasteland, 143
wonders of, 131–137
Pega, St., 91
Penn, Stephen: “The South West Prospect of Thurston Water,” 151, 151–152
Picon, Antoine, 243
picturesque, the: debates over, 239–240
Gilpin’s perspective on, 222–229
Price’s perspective on, 236–238
Ruskin’s view of, 234
Pilgrim’s Progress, The (Bunyan): as allegorical landscape, 19–22, 95
map of, 20, 76
Pilgrim’s Progress Dissected, The, 76, 78
Piscary, Common of, 30, 31, 35, 35
Platt, Parson, 15
Pliny, 138, 154
Plot, Robert: The Natural History of Oxford-shire, 67–68, 139
The Natural History of Staffordshire, 68
poaching, 185–186
Poole’s Hole, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 139, 140, 165
Defoe’s description of, 142, 150–151
Popham, John, 100, 101
Price, Uvedale, 236–238
private property: Locke’s defense of, 37–39, 41
Winstanley’s view of, 14. See also enclosure
progress, belief in, 51, 64
doubts regarding, 127, 229, 239–241, 244
Psalm 23, 20
Puerto Rico. See Vieques
purpresture, 183–184, 185
Pyrecius the Rhyparographer, 154
Rawle, Sid, 40
Rejlander, Oscar, 6
Repton, Humphry: “Improvements,” 236, 237
Richard I, King, 182
Robin Hood, 186
Rochester, Earl of: gardens of, 200, 201
Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge, 2, 241
Rocque, John, 212, 214–215, 215, 216
Rogers, Graham, 57
Rosa, Salvator, 159, 170
royal hunt: forests reserved for, 179–185. See also forest
Royal Navy: timber for, 191
Royal Society, 62–67, 72
and agricultural improvement, 65–67
and Bacon’s philosophy, 63–65
forests as concern of, 191–192
formation of, 62–63
Georgical Committee of, 65–67, 191–192
goal of, 63
Hartlib’s influence on, 62, 63–65, 66
Rozin, Paul, 7, 8
Ruisdael, Jacob van, 221, 222
rushlights, 35–36
rushy lands, 24
Ruskin, John, 125, 168, 234
Sacred Theory of the Earth, The (Burnet), 144–152
as influential treatise, 150–152, 162, 165
St. James’s Park: Duck Island in, 117, 118
St. John, John, 224
Sanes, David, 1
satiation: and disgust, 155–156
Savis, Mary, 141, 142
saw-mill, 194
Saxton, Christopher, 100
Sayes Court, 216
Schama, Simon, 182
Second Coming: Burnet’s view of, 145–146, 153
Sharpton, Al, 1
Shrewsbury and the River Severn, 26
Slater, Gilbert, 56
Smith, George: travel narratives of, 160–165
Smith of Derby, Thomas: engravings of, 156–160, 157, 169–170, 170
Four Romantic Views, 159
“Gordal, at Malaham in Craven, Yorkshire,” 161, 175
Landscape: Valley in Derbyshire, 156, 160
A View of the Peak: The Dove Holes, 156
A Wooded Landscape with a Stream and a Fisherman, 35, 35
Smyth, Adam, 247n14
Smyth, Payler: map of the Fens, 86–87, 100–101
Soil, Common of, 30, 31, 33, 221
Solà-Morales Rubió, Ignaci de, 243
Solomon, Song of, 60
Solway Moss, 84–85
Southcott, Joanna, 57
Spectator, The, 153
Speed, Adolphus: Adam out of Eden, 50, 53
Spenser, Edmund: The Faerie Queene, 177
Sprat, Thomas: The History of the Royal Society, 63, 64
Standish, Arthur, 187
statistics: Gregory King’s contribution to, 77, 79
Steele, Richard, 153
Stonehouse, W. B., 102
strip farming, 27
illustration of, 28–29
Stukeley, William: “Grimsthorp Gardens,” 204
Itinerarium Curiosum, 115
sublime, the: Burke’s concept of, 165–169
and disgust, 153, 166
as emotional response, 166, 170, 176
and infinity, 168
in landscape paintings of Smith of Derby, 159, 169–170
as manifested in landscape, 11, 144, 159, 168–169, 170, 174–176, 232
and obscurity, 167–168, 174–176
power as source of, 166–167, 176
and technology, 232
terror associated with, 166–167, 170
Sullivan, Garrett, 74–75
surveyor’s tools, 73–74
swamp: disgust associated with, 124–125
history of, 99
mapping of, 97–99, 100–101
as wasteland, 11, 22, 76, 84–85, 94–95. See also bogs; fens; Fens, the
Switzer, Stephen, 217–218, 226
as designer of forest gardens, 203–210
Ichnographia Rustica, 195, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210
influences on, 204
The Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener’s Recreation, 195, 203
Tacitus, 123
Tatwine, 89, 90
Taylor, Sylvanus: Common-Good, or the Improvement of Commons, Forrests, and Chases, 25, 58, 189
technology: as applied to draining of fens, 107–109, 127
as key to utopia, 49–50
and the sublime, 232
as threat to landscape, 232. See also windmills
Thomason, George, 45
Thompson, E. P., 57
Thoresby, Ralph, 197
Tideswell, 128, 131, 133, 142
Tillemans, Pieter: “My Lady Duchess Square,” 213, 214
Tomlinson, J., 102
tourism: changing patterns of, 164–165, 169
trees/timber, 216
aesthetic aspects of, 194–199, 224
estates known for, 199
Gilpin’s distinction between the two, 226–227
industrial uses of, 186, 188–189, 199, 227
management of, 188–189
planting of, 67, 187, 188–189, 192–199, 213–214, 216, 219. See also forest; forest gardens
Trigge, Francis, 57–58
Turbary, Common of, 30, 31, 32, 184, 221
Turner, J. M. W., 125
Peat Bog, Scotland, 32, 32
turnips, 55
Tusser, Thomas, 57, 189
U.S. Navy: and Vieques, 1–2
utility: and beauty, 234–235
and disgust, 235
Gilpin’s view of, 226–227
and landscape, 226–227, 236–238
utopia, 244
Bacon’s vision of, 48–49
Hartlib’s vision of, 50
Van Eerde, Katherine S., 74
Varley, John: A Woman Gleaner, 36
venison, 24, 180, 182–183
Vermuyden, Cornelius, 101–102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 120, 121
Versailles, 207, 218
vert, 180, 182–183
destruction of, 183
importance of, 183
Vesuvius, painting of, 232, 233
Vieques: recent history of, 1–2, 241–242
as toxic environment, 1–2
Village Labourer, The (Hammond and Hammond), 25–26, 56, 57
Virgil, 167
Aeneid, 155
Waller, Edmund: “On St. James’s Park,” 117
walnut trees, 195
Waltham Forest, 189
Ward, James: Gordale Scar, 174, 175–176, 176
warrens, 181–182
waste: etymology of, 184
of the forest, 183–184
wasteland: Addison’s view of, 155
as aesthetic pleasure, 155, 159–160, 168–169, 174, 215–216, 232–234
as applied to forests, 185–186, 187–189
biblical concept of, 9–10, 14–15, 16–22, 24, 43, 143
Chambers’s perspective on, 232–234
changing perspectives regarding, 159–160, 162–169, 174, 228–229, 232–234, 239–244
Cole’s perspective on, 239–241
as common property, 12–16, 25–26, 25, 27–33, 34–37
contemporary versions of, 243–244
cultivation of, 14–15, 16, 24, 40–42, 60–62
as cultural construct, 9–10, 243–244
disgust as aspect of, 5, 10
emotional response to, 5, 8, 9, 11, 144, 152–153
enclosure of, 81–83
etymology of, 3, 16–17
fens as, 22, 24, 43, 58, 83, 124–125
imitation of, in forest gardens, 215–216
incarnations of, 11, 39
industrial, 232–234
meanings of, 3–4, 9–11, 17, 26, 37, 174
and moral judgment, 9–10, 39
mountains as, 148, 149–150
postindustrial, 243
rehabilitation of, 10
and resistance, 10–11, 37, 42
transformation of, 18–19, 24–25, 62, 232–234, 243–244
types of, 24, 25, 43–44
as valuable resource, 34–37
wilderness as, 17–18
wilderness in opposition to, 240–243. See also enclosure; fens; forest; improvement; mountains
Wast Land’s Improvement, 43–45, 44
Weber, Max, 38
Wendreda, St., 91
westen, 16–17
the Fens as, 89–93
Weston, Richard, 55
A Discours of Husbandrie, 53
wilderness, 2–3
as aspect of forest gardens, 206–207, 218–219, 230–231
biblical concept of, 17–18
changing notions of, 218–219, 228–229, 230–231
as human invention, 243
in opposition to wasteland, 240–243
and the origin of forests, 182, 185
as wasteland, 17–18. See also forests
wildlife refuges, 2
William I, King, 26, 182
William II, King (William Rufus), 182
William of Malmsbury, 92–93
Williams, Raymond, 4
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 9, 154
Windermere, Lake, 165
windmills, 120–122, 121, 122
Windsor Forest, 185, 189
Winstanley (film), 39–41
Winstanley, Gerrard, 12–16, 25, 39–42, 58
An Appeale to All Englishmen, 14
An Appeal to the House of Commons, 13
A Declaration from the Poor Oppressed People of England, 15
Digger manifestos of, 13–16
film about, 39–41, 40, 41
The Law of Freedom in a Platform, 15–16
The New Law of Righteousness, 12–13
Wise, Henry, 200, 203, 213
wood: gleaned from commons, 34
unlawful felling of, 183–184. See also trees/timber
woodlands. See forests; trees/timber
Worlidge, John: The Second Part of Systema Agriculturæ, 80
Systema Agriculturæ, 52, 60, 61, 236
Wray Wood, 203
Wren, Christopher, 62, 72, 77
Wrest Park, gardens at, 210–216, 211, 212, 215
Wright of Derby, Joseph: Firework Display at the Castel Sant’Angelo in Rome, 232, 233
Vesuvius from Portici, 232, 233
Index
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