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Notes on Dates, Transcription, and Format
Peter H. Christensen
Description: Germany and the Ottoman Railways: Art, Empire, and Infrastructure
Germany and the Ottoman Railways: Art, Empire, and Infrastructure
~Throughout the book, dates are primarily given in A.D. Islamic calendar dates were converted using the Gregorian to Hijri dates converter at http://www.islamicity.org/Hijri-Gregorian-Converter/. When dates cannot be identified with a precise year in A.D., a range of years is listed.
Author
Peter H. Christensen
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2017 by Peter H. Christensen
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-20715
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Notes on Dates, Transcription, and Format
Throughout the book, dates are primarily given in A.D. Islamic calendar dates were converted using the Gregorian to Hijri dates converter at http://www.islamicity.org/Hijri-Gregorian-Converter/. When dates cannot be identified with a precise year in A.D., a range of years is listed.
Also throughout the book, places are referred to by their contemporary names. In the case of significant historical places that are known by different names in English, the latter are indicated parenthetically when the places are first mentioned—for example, “Ankara (Angora).” Place-names are written in English, except names of places within the borders of modern Turkey where the silent “g” or the dotless “i” have been preserved (e.g., “Ereğli,” “Polatlı”), because these letters do not have English transliterations. An exception to the latter rule is that I do not use the dotted capital “İ” for place names that are commonly recognized without the dot (e.g., “Istanbul,” “Izmir,” and “Izmit” are universally recognized). Original historical place-names, most notably “Constantinople,” are retained in the cities of publication listed for the primary sources, in the interest of reference-ability. In the listings for the secondary sources, however, contemporary English place-names—which differ from the historical names only on occasion—are used.
With regard to Turkish spellings, I have generally not transliterated certain letters that are commonly altered (e.g., “Celal” is not converted to “Djelal,” and “Çiftehan” is not converted to “Chiftehan”). Unless otherwise noted, all translations from German, modern Turkish, and French are my own. For translations from Arabic, Russian, Azeri, Spanish, and the languages of the Balkans, I use the most widely accepted relevant academic sources. Words that are conventionally used in English (e.g., “vizier”) and that appear in Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) are written without diacritical marks. Given the unwieldy and inconsistent variations in the formatting of bibliographic notations marking volume, issue, and page across the languages and eras consulted, I have used English notation following the Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.) as the standard.
Notes on Dates, Transcription, and Format
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