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Index
Abbad y Lasierra, Iñigo, 95, 107, 107–108
abolitionism: Acosta and, 102
Baldorioty and, 102
Beckford and, 27
Brau and, 99
Landaluze and, 22
McKinley and, 159, 164, 166
Oller and, 12–14, 71, 82–83, 95, 100, 106, 163–164
Academia de Dibujo y Pintura, 62
Academia de San Fernando (Madrid), 37, 48, 118, 122, 144
Academia Gratuita de Dibujo, Geometría Práctica y Perspectiva, 60–62
Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes de San Alejandro (Havana), 37
Académie Suisse, 50, 51
Acosta, José Julián, 95, 102, 107–108
Adler, Jules, 80
Aguiar, A. A., 66
Alcíbar, José de, 19–20, 20
Alexis, Gérald, 24
Alfonso XII, king of Spain, 115, 118, 168
Alpers, Svetlana, 138
Alvarez Curbelo, Silvia, 104
Amadeo I, king of Spain, 65, 168
Amaral, Antonio Henrique, 187n10 (Chap. 5)
American West artists, 9, 34
Anderson, Benedict, 120, 155
Aparicio e Inglada, José, 122
Arab Fantasia (Fortuny y Marsal), 131, 132
Arrieta, Agustín, 143–144, 144
Arte de la pintura (Pacheco), 62
Art Heritage of Puerto Rico from Pre-Columbian to the Present, The, 89
Art of Inclusion, The (Boime), 94–95
Asenjo y Artigas, Federico, 43
Asian immigrants, 12
Ateneo Puertorriqueño, 42, 62, 92, 102, 103, 104, 107, 182n89
Atiles y Pérez, Ramón, 42, 181n81
Autonomist Party of Puerto Rico, 102
Bacener, Pío Casimiro, 61
Bagneris, Mia, 18
Baldorioty de Castro, Román, 14, 102, 107–108
Baldrich, Gabriel, 65
bananas. See plantains
Banks of the Seine (Oller), 66, 66–67
baquiné, 80
Barbizon group, 30, 50, 54
Barringer, Tim, 21, 30, 32
Battle of Tetuán, The (Fortuny y Marsal), 127–128, 129, 130–131
Battle of Treviño, The (Oller), 115–135, 116–117
in context of late nineteenth-century history painting in Spain, 122–126
description of, 121–122
exhibition and critique of, 186n1
and Fortuny’s Battle of Wad Ras, 128–130
influence of the works of Meissonier and, 132–135
Oller’s Madrid associations and influence and, 118–121
Oller’s motives for painting, 126
versions of, 115–118, 120
Battle of Wad Ras, The (Fortuny y Marsal), 127–130, 128–129
battle painting, 120–121, 122–123, 126. See also history painting
Bayón, Damián, 38
Beckford, William, 27–28
Bendz, Wilhelm, 59, 59
Benezet, Anthony, 94–95
Benítez, Marimar, vii, 101, 170, 186n1
Benziger, August, 173–174, 174
Betances, Ramón Emeterio, 105, 163
Bettelheim, Judith, 16
Bierstadt, Albert, 34
Boime, Albert, 49–50, 93, 94–95
Bonnat, Léon, 161, 161
Borrero, Juana, 88
Boxer, David, 15
Boydell, John, 28
Brasserie Andler, 51
Brau, Salvador, 99–100, 102, 108
Brettell, Richard, 34, 183n44, 187n1
Brooke, John R., 167
Brown, Jonathan, viii
Brunias, Agostino, 17–19, 19, 179n23
Bry, Theodor de, 26, 27
Bryson, Norman, 137, 145–146
Caballero de la Orden de Carlos III, 65
Caillebotte, Gustave, 50
Cajés, Eugenio, 123
Campeche y Jordán, José, 38, 39–44, 98, 103, 173, 173, 181n71
Capture of the Smala of Abd-el-Kader by the Duke d’Aumale at Taguin (Vernet), 132, 132–133
Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da, 137
Carbon Copies: Homage to “The Wake” (Martorell), 176, 177
Caribbean: concept of, 3, 10
contributions of, to modern art, 5–7
idealized landscapes of, 26–36
images and visions of, 16–24
importance of coconuts in, 141
importance of plantains in, 140
Oller as artist of, 2–3, 4, 5, 10–11
as place of desire, 10–11, 26–27
as place of otherness, 6
preservation of art in, 4
slavery (see slavery in the Caribbean)
still life painting and national consciousness in, 154–157
tourism in, 11–12
Caribbean: Art at the Crossroads of the World, 5
Carlist Wars, 115, 118. See also Battle of Treviño, The (Oller)
Carracci, Annibale, 21
casta paintings, 18–20, 20, 21, 179n31
Catholic church, 59–60, 81, 83, 95
Cecelia Valdés (Villaverde), 23, 180n38
Cestero Dávila, María Carmen, 47
Cézanne, Paul, 2, 50, 51, 67, 76, 86, 151
Chambi, Martin, 82
Chartrand Dubois, Esteban, 34, 36, 36
Cherry, Peter, 138
Chimneysweeper (Mendes Belisario), 21, 21
Chu, Petra T., 110
Church, Frederic Edwin, 6, 10, 31–33, 32, 34
Civil War, U.S., 164, 165
Clark, T. J., 53, 86
Cleto Noa, Amalia, 181n69
Cleto Noa, Juan, 38, 47
Coconut Palms by the Sea (Pissarro), 68, 68
coconuts, 137, 139, 141–142, 148, 148–149
Codde, Pieter, 58
Colegio de Santo Tomás, 108
Coll y Tosté, Cayetano, 44, 108
colonialism, 1, 163–166, 188n9, 188n10
Columbus, Christopher, 26–27
Comité Revolucionario de Puerto Rico, 105
Conocimientos necesarios para dibujar la naturaleza y elementos de perspectiva al alcance de todos (Oller), 43–44, 61–62
Contreras, Francisco Enrique, 168, 168
Contreras y Martínez, Juan, 115, 118, 119, 121
Cordero, Celestina, 98–99
Cordero, Gregoria, 98
Cordero, Lucas, 98
Cordero, Rafael: and education in Puerto Rico, 91, 92–95, 99, 100–102
life of, 98–100
lost portrait of, 13–14
Oller and, 103–104
portrait of (see School of Master Rafael Cordero, The (Oller))
students of, 102–104
Corot, Jean-Baptiste-Camille, 50, 54, 183n44
Cottet, Charles, 80, 81
Courbet, Gustave, 2, 9, 50–51, 55–56, 110, 113
Isolated Rock, 56, 56
Portrait of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and His Children, 111, 111–112
Preparation of the Dead Girl, 87, 87
“Courbet, Oller, and a Sense of Place” (Nochlin), 6
Couture, Thomas, 50–51, 51, 167
Cries of London, 21, 180n34
Cuba: Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes de San Alejandro, 37–38
anti-imperialism in, 105
Chartrand in, 35–36, 36
Landaluze in, 22–24
Oller and The Wake in, 88
slavery in, 14, 179n10
Spanish-American War, 162, 165, 171
Tejada Revilla and, 142–143
U.S. and, 165, 172
Cuchí y Arnau, José, 89
cultural fusion (métissage), 3, 18–20, 112–113
Daubigny, Charles-François, 50, 54, 55
Davillier, Charles, 130
Davis, George W., 168, 169, 170
Degas, Edgar, 51, 58
Delacroix, Eugene, 178
Delgado Mercado, Osiris, vii, 14, 51, 55, 81, 86, 120, 167, 185n31, 190n33
Denmark, 59
Descriptive Account of the Island of Jamaica (Beckford), 27
Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 26, 100
Distel, Anne, 182n18
Divine Shepherdess, The (Campeche y Jordán), 41, 42
Dobson, John, 189n17
Doña Juana “la Loca” (Pradilla y Ortiz), 124, 124–125, 187n11
Doña Maria de los Dolores Gutiérrez de Mazo y Pérez (Campeche y Jordán), 41, 43
Drescher, Seymour, 14, 179n10
Dufresne, José, 173, 173
Du principe de l’art et de sa destination sociale (Proudhon), 110–111
Eckhout, Albert, 148, 148–149
École Impériale Spéciale de Dessin, 50
education. See pedagogy and education
Eitner, Lorenz, 58
El Museo del Barrio, 89
El Velorio ahora (Martorell), 176
Elzaburu y Vizcarrondo, Manuel, 77, 103, 104–105
Escaped Slave Fighting with Bloodhounds (Landaluze), 22, 22
Escobar, Vincente, 37, 37–38
Escuela de Artes y Oficios (San Juan), 62, 93
Escuela de Dibujo y Pintura Dedicada a las Señoritas (San Juan), 62, 64
Escuela Normal (San Juan), 63, 105
Escuela Pública de Dibujo (San Juan), 63
European trips, 59, 182n17. See also France, Oller in; Spain
Evans, Richard, 24, 25
Execution of General Torrijos and His Comrades on the Beach at Málaga (Gisbert), 125, 125–126
Exposición de Puerto Rico (San Juan), 13–14
Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes (1878, San Juan), 124–125
Exposición Pública de Agricultura, Industria y Arte, 168
Exposition Universelle (1868, Paris), 56
Fernández Náter, Amparo, 62
Fern Walk, Jamaica (Church), 31, 32
Ferrer, Rafael, 175–176, 176
florón, 80
Foraker Act (1900), 163
Fortuny, sa vie, son oeuvre, sa correspondence (Davillier), 130
Fortuny y Marsal, Mariano, 2, 127–132, 132–133, 134
Fowkes Tobin, Beth, 18–19, 179n23
Frade, Ramón, 157, 157
France, Oller in, 2, 50–60, 65–68, 74–77
Francisco Oller: Un realista del Impresionismo (Francisco Oller: A Realist-Impressionist), vii, 89, 175
Francisco Oller y Cestero (1833–1917): Pintor de Puerto Rico (Delgado Mercado), vii
Franco–Prussian War, 66
Free Women of Color with Their Children and Servants in a Landscape (Brunias), 18, 19
French Garden (Oller), 74, 76
French Landscape I (Oller), 74, 74
French Landscape II (Oller), 74, 75
Friedland (Meissonier), 133–134, 134
From Spaniard and Black, Mulatto (attributed to Alcibar), 19–20, 20
Fugitive, The (Couture), 51, 51
Gachet, Paul, 59, 182n13
Gallart Forgas, José, 61, 70–74
Gallery of Illustrious Puerto Ricans (Gallería de Puertorriqueños Ilustres), 92, 105, 107
García, Romualdo, 82
Garcia Gutiérrez, Enrique, 71, 74
Gauguin, Paul, 6, 153
Gaya Nuño, Juan Antonio, 38
Giner de los Ríos, Francisco, 105
Gisbert, Antonio, 119, 125, 125–126
Gleaners, The (Millet), 52
Gleyre, Charles, 50–51, 61
Gobin, Anuradha, 28
Governor George W. Davis (Oller), 168, 169, 170
Governor Miguel Antonio de Ustáriz (Campeche y Jordán), 41, 44
Goya, Francisco de, 48, 123, 178
Grand Voyages, 26–27, 27
Green Plantains (Oller), 149–150
Grito de Lares (Lares Revolution), 105–106, 189n22
Guánica, 162
Guarionex (Gutiérrez Espinosa), 47, 103
Guillaumin, Armand, 2
Guillemet, Antoine, 59
Guillon-Lethiére, Guillaume, 25, 25–26
Gutiérrez Espinosa, Felipe, 47, 103
Hacienda Aurora (Oller), 71, 175–176
Hacienda La Fortuna (Oller), 61, 70, 71, 72-73, 74
Haiti, 11, 16, 24–26, 99–100, 155
Hall, Kim F., 94
Heade, Martin Johnson, 10, 30, 34
Historía geográfica, civil y natural de la isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico (Abbad y Lasierra), 107
history painting: Fortuny and, 126–132
Meissonier and, 132–134
in nineteenth century Spain, 122–126
Homer, Winslow, 30, 92
House on the Canal (Rico y Ortega), 120, 121
Hudson River School, 6, 30–33, 34
Humboldt, Alexander von, 6, 30
Impressionism, 2, 3, 5, 6, 29, 50, 54, 66, 67, 113, 120, 126, 154
Information (exhibition), 175
Institución de Enseñanza Superior (San Juan), 104–105
Institución Libre de Enseñanza Popular (San Juan), 62, 105
In the Land of the Sea: Ouessant Women Watching over a Dead Infant (Cottet), 80, 81
Isabel II, queen of Spain, 66, 115, 118
Isolated Rock (Courbet), 56, 56
Jamaica: Church in, 31–33
Mendes Belisario and depictions of race and class in, 21, 21
Robertson in, 27–28, 29
slavery in, 31–32
Jones Act (1917), 163
Jordán, Manuel, 60
Jordan, William B., 138
Kersting, Georg Friedrich, 59, 59
Kidd, Joseph Bartholomew, 28
King-Hammond, Leslie, 15
Kriz, Kay Dian, 17, 18
La Correspondencia de España (1883), 186n1
Lacroix, Carlos Elio, 105
Lady on Horseback (Campeche y Jordán), 39, 40
La Fortaleza, 168
Landaluze, Victor Patricio, 22–24, 180n37
landscape painting: idealization of, in the Caribbean, 26–36
Oller in France, 51–56, 66–67, 74
Oller’s Landscape with Royal Palm as icon of national consciousness, 157
Oller’s maturity in Puerto Rico, 68–77
Pissarro and, 68
The Wake as, 86–87
Landscape with Royal Palm (Oller), 156, 157
La palma del cacique, 103
Lares Revolution (Grito de Lares), 105–106, 189n22
Latin American artists, 6–7. See also Caribbean; specific countries
Leutze, Emanuel, 178
Liberal Reformist Party, 102
Little Kids, The (Borrero), 88
Lochard, Colbert, 26, 26
Looking at the Overlooked (Bryson), 137
Los cubanos pintados por sí mismos: Colecciones de tipos cubanos (Cubans Painted by Themselves: A Collection of Cuban Types), 22
L’Ouverture, Toussaint, 25, 26, 100, 186n58
Madrazo, Federico de, 48–49, 50, 50, 130–131, 167
Madrazo, José de, 48, 122
Madrazo, Raimundo de, 2, 119–120, 120
Madrazo y Garreta, Cecilia de, 131
Madrid. See Spain
Man at His Desk (Kersting), 59, 59
Manet, Edouard, 58
Mangoes (Oller), 152–153, 154
Manila galleons, 12
Martí, José, 143
Martínez, Federico, 142–143, 143
Martorell, Antonio, 176, 177
McInnis, Maurie D., 14
McKinley, William, 164–165, 173–174, 189n14, 189n17 (see also Portrait of President William McKinley)
Meissonier, Ernest, 132–135, 134
Melbye, Fritz, 6, 33–34, 35, 68
Meléndez, Luis, 138, 146, 147
Mendes Belisario, Isaac, 21, 21, 27, 28, 29
métissage (cultural fusion), 3, 18–20, 112–113
Miles, Nelson A., 162, 171
Millet, Jean-François, 30, 50, 51–53, 53, 54, 58, 110
Mirzoeff, Nicholas, 41, 82–83, 140, 181n77
Modest, Wayne, 15–16
Molina, Rita, 98
Monet, Claude, 50, 74
Morant Bay Rebellion, 31–32
Mother and Son (Escobar), 37, 37–38
Mountain Landscape with a Figure (Oller), 77, 77
mulata fetishization, 22–23
Mulatta Woman and Her Dueña, 23, 23
Museo del Prado, 9, 48, 49, 123, 144, 146
Museo pictórico y escala óptica (Palomino), 62
Naturalis Historia, 141
Naturalism, 2, 5, 30, 47, 54, 80, 86
Nemerov, Alexander, 138
1900: Art at the Crossroads, 5, 9
Noceda Fernández, José Manuel, 3
Nochlin, Linda, 6, 9, 87, 152–153
Oath of the Ancestors (Guillon-Lethiére), 25, 25–26
Old Ceiba Tree at Ponce, The (Oller), 69, 69–70
Oller in the Hacienda Aurora (Ferrer), 175–176, 176
Oller y Cestero, Francisco Manuel: appointment as court painter, 65
artists who directly inspired, 110 (see also Campeche y Jordán, José; Paret y Alcázar, Luis)
art teachers, 38, 48–49, 50–51
career overview, 2–3
Conocimientos necesarios para dibujar la naturaleza y elementos de perspectiva al alcance de todos, 43–44
European trips (see European trips; France, Oller in; Spain)
family and early life, 12, 42, 47
influence of, 175–178
lack of financial support for, 63
marriage and children, 65
style of, 1–5, 47, 182n18
Oller y Cestero, Francisco Manuel, shows and exhibitions: The Art Heritage of Puerto Rico from Pre-Colombian to the Present, 89
Caribbean: Art at the Crossroads of the World, 5
Exposición de Puerto Rico, 13–14
Exposición Pública de Agricultura, Industria y Arte, 168
Exposition Universelle (1868), 56
Francisco Oller: Un realista del Impresionismo (Francisco Oller: A Realist-Impressionist), vii, 89, 175
1900: Art at the Crossroads, 5, 9
Palace of La Correspondencia de España (1883), 186n1
Paris Salons, 9, 56, 82, 86, 184n60
Salon des Refuses (1875), 9
Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País exhibition, 60
Oller y Cestero, Francisco Manuel, works of: Banks of the Seine, 66, 66–67
Battle of Treviño, see Battle of Treviño, The
French Garden, 74, 76
French Landscape I, 74, 74
French Landscape II, 74, 75
Governor George W. Davis, 168, 169, 170
Green Plantains, 149–150
Hacienda Aurora, 71, 175–176
Hacienda La Fortuna, 61, 70, 71, 72–73, 74
Landscape with Royal Palm, 156, 157
Mangoes, 152–153, 154
Mountain Landscape with a Figure, 77, 77
Old Ceiba Tree at Ponce, The, 69, 69–70
Paul Cézanne Painting Out of Doors, 51, 52
Pineapples, 153–154, 155
Portrait of Colonel Francisco Enrique Contreras, 168, 168
Portrait of Dr. Francisco Oller, 45
Portrait of Fray Iñigo Abbad y Lasierra, 107, 107–108
Portrait of Manuel Sicardó y Osuna, 108, 108–109
Portrait of President William McKinley, see Portrait of President William McKinley
School of Master Rafael Cordero, see School of Master Rafael Cordero
Self-Portrait, 1, x
Still Life, 152, 153
Still Life with Bananas, Pitcher, and Cashews, 150, 151
Still Life with Coconuts, 136, 137, 138–144, 139
Still Life with Jug, Mangoes and Mameyes, 150–152, 152
Still Life with Plantains, 137, 138–144, 139
Student, The, 46, 47, 56, 57, 58–59, 182n13
Woman Bullfighter on Horseback, 48, 49
Yellow Plantains, 149, 150, 150
Oller y Ferrer, Francisco (grandfather), 41
Oller y Frómesta, Cayetano Juan (father), 47
open-window genre, 58–59
Operation Bootstrap, 89
Order of Charles III, 65
otherness, 6, 10, 153
Our Daily Bread (Frade), 157, 157
Our Islands and Their Peoples as Seen with Camera and Pencil, 172
Pacheco, Francisco, 62, 138, 187n3
Palomino, Antonio, 62
Paniagua, Manuel, 167
Paret y Alcázar, Luis, 38–39, 181n71
Paris Oller in, 2, 50–60, 65–68, 74–77
Paris Salon exhibitions, 82, 86, 184n60, 956
Paul Cézanne Painting Out of Doors (Oller), 51, 52
pedagogy and education: Cordero and, 91, 92–95, 99, 100–102
and culture in the late nineteenth century, 104–105, 111–112
Oller and, 50, 60–65
in tobacco factories, 101, 185n30
U.S. occupation of Puerto Rico and, 166
Philharmonic Society of Puerto Rico, 47, 103
Phillips, Ammi, 38
Photographic History of the Spanish-American War, A, 162, 170, 170–172
Pineapples (Oller), 153–154, 155
Pissarro, Camille, 2, 33–34, 35, 50–54, 59, 74, 75, 86, 110, 188n20
Coconut Palms by the Sea, 68, 68
River Oise near Pontoise, The, 67, 67
St. Thomas Beach with Figures, 34, 35
Still Life with Apples and Pitcher (Pissarro), 150–152, 152
plantains, 138, 140–141, 142, 149–150, 157, 157, 187n10 (Chap. 5)
plantation portraits, 12, 28–29, 61, 70, 70–74, 72–73, 180n53
plein-air painting, 50, 51, 52, 77
Ponce de León, Juan, 11–12
Port-au-Prince 21 mai 1850 (Melbye), 33, 35
Portrait of Colonel Francisco Enrique Contreras (Oller), 168, 168
Portrait of Dr. Francisco Oller (Campeche y Jordán), 42
Portrait of Dr. Francisco Oller (Oller), 8, 45
Portrait of Fray Iñigo Abbad y Lasierra (Oller), 107, 107–108
Portrait of Governor José Dufresne (Campeche y Jordán), 173, 173
Portrait of Henri Christophe, King of Haiti, 24, 25
Portrait of Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (Madrazo), 48–49, 50
Portrait of Manuel Sicardó y Osuna (Oller), 108, 108–109
Portrait of Marshall Orme Wilson (Bonnat), 161, 161
Portrait of Miss Madeleine Lachenais (known as Manzé Joutte) (attributed to Lochard), 26, 26
Portrait of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and His Children (Courbet), 111, 111–112
Portrait of President William Howard Taft (Sorolla y Bastida), 172, 172
Portrait of President William McKinley (Benziger), 173, 173–174
Portrait of President William McKinley (Oller), 158, 159–174
and Benziger’s McKinley portrait, 173, 173–174
as comment on U.S. occupation of Puerto Rico, 162–166
description of, 159–161
and Oller’s career, 167–168, 174
Oller’s inscription on, 160, 160, 162
Oller’s previous portraits and, 168–170
photographic source of, 162, 170–172, 171
provenance of, 167
rediscovery of, 4
significance of map of Puerto Rico in, 159, 160, 161–162
portraiture: Campeche y Jordán and, 38, 39–44
Escobar and, 37, 37–38
Oller and traditional European portraiture, 167–168
Oller’s images of pedagogy, 107–109 (see also School of Master Rafael Cordero)
Oller’s portraits of historical figures, 167–170 (see also Portrait of President William McKinley)
Oller’s style of, 105
Paret y Alcázar and, 38–39
Post, Frans, 148
Postimpressionism, 5, 154
Pou, Miguel, 89
Powell, Richard J., 92
Power y Giralt, Ramón, 39, 43, 103
Pradilla y Ortiz, Francisco, 119, 124, 124–125
Preparation of the Bride (or Preparation of the Dead Girl) (Courbet), 55, 87, 87
Prim, Juan, 13, 48, 127
Protschky, Susie, 138
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 65, 110–112
Puente Acosta, Lorenzo, 91, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101
Puerto Rico: artists influenced by Oller, 175–178
celebrated artists of, 89 (see also Campeche y Jordán, José)
education and Cordero in, 91, 92–95, 99, 100–102
Grito de Lares (Lares Revolution), 105–106, 189n22
importance of plantains in, 140–141
independence movement in, 121
Oller as artist of, 1, 3
Oller’s mature landscapes of, 68–77
Oller’s schools and students in, 60–65
pedagogy and culture in the late nineteenth century, 104–105
San Juan, 103–104
slavery in, 12–15, 179n10
U.S. and, 1, 106, 159–166
written histories of, 107–108
Pueyrredón, Prilidiano, 38
Quílez, Francesc M., 128
Raab, Jennifer, 28, 30, 32
racial classification and identification, 16–24
Brunias and, 17–19, 19
casta paintings, 18–20, 20, 21, 170n31
depictions of blacks and the portrait of Rafael Cordero, 92–95, 96, 106
Landaluze in Cuba and, 22, 22–24, 23
Ramos, E. Carmen, 180n37
Realism, 3, 5, 9, 47, 50–51, 54, 55, 87, 113
Realism (Nochlin), 9, 87
Recovery of San Juan, Puerto Rico (Cajés), 123
Renoir, Pierre-Auguste, 50, 76
Republican Party (U.S.), 159–161, 164–165, 189n13, 189n17
Reverie—the Letter (Madrazo), 120, 120
Rewald, Sabine, 58–59
Ribera, Jusepe de, 51, 161
Ribot, Théodule, 51, 65
Rico y Ortega, Martin, 2, 120, 121
River Oise near Pontoise, The (Pissarro), 67, 67
River Scene (Daubigny), 54, 55
Robertson, George, 27–28, 29
Romanticism, 9, 23–24, 36, 39, 48, 58–59
Roosevelt Corollary (1905), 165
Rosales, Eduardo, 127
Rosenblum, Robert, 9
Rousseau, Theodore, 34, 50
Royer, Henri, 80
Ruiz Quiñones, Mariano, 105
Said, Edward, 112–113
St. Thomas Beach with Figures (Pissarro), 34, 35
Sala, Emilio, 89, 118
Salon des Refuses (1875), 9
San Antonio de Padua (Campeche), 98
Sánchez Coello, Alonso, 94
Sánchez Cotán, Juan, 138, 145–146, 146, 150
Sans Cabot, Francisco, 127
Schama, Simon, 138
Schoolmaster (Steen), 109, 109–110
Schoolmaster, The (Van Ostade), 109, 109
School of Master Rafael Cordero, The (Oller), 90, 91–98, 93
and Courbet’s Portrait of Proudhon, 110–112
description of, 91–92
as narrative of métissage, 112–113
Oller’s political sentiments and, 13, 106–107
parallels to, 109–110
Portrait of Manuel Sicardó y Osuna and, 108–109
and representations of blacks, 92–95
Self-Portrait (Bacener), 61, 61
Self-Portrait (Oller), 1, x
Self-Portrait (Paret y Alcázar), 38–39, 39
Sepúlveda Rivera, Aníbal, 104
Seurat, Georges, 74, 86
Shepherd Tending His Flock (Millet), 52–53, 53
Sicardó y Osuna, Manuel, 108–109
Sisley, Alfred, 50
Sketches of Character, in Illustrations of the Habits, Occupations, and Costume of the Negro Populations, in the Island of Jamaica (Mendes Belisario), 21, 21
slavery in the Caribbean, 11–16
emancipation, 31, 82–83
history of, 11–12
in Puerto Rico, 12–13
uprisings, 13, 31–32, 179n10
visual traditions of enslaved people, 15–16. See also abolitionism
Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País, 38, 42, 60, 65, 101–102, 108, 185n32
Sociedad Filarmónica de Puerto Rico, 47, 103
Sociedad Recolectera de Documentos Históricos de la Isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico, 107–108
Solís Magaña, Carlos, 16
Sorolla y Bastida, Joaquín, 172, 172–173, 190n41
Soto-Crespo, Ramón E., 83
Spain: Carlist Wars, 115, 118, 120
colonialism, 1
late nineteenth century history painting in, 122–126
Oller as official artist of the court of Amadeo I, 65, 121
Oller’s first trip to (1851–53), 2, 47–50
Oller’s second trip to (1877–84), 2, 118–120
Spanish-Moroccan War, 126–127, 128–131
still life painting in, 138, 144–147
Spanish-American War, 106, 160, 162, 165, 170–172
Spanish-Moroccan War, 126–127, 128–131
Steen, Jan, 82, 97, 109, 109–110
Stewart, Alexander Turney, 134
Still Life (Arrieta), 143–144, 144
Still Life (Oller), 152, 153
Still Life (with Mamoncillos, Coconuts, Pomegranates and Grapes) (Tejada Revilla), 142, 143
still life painting, 137–157
and Caribbean national consciousness, 154–157
description of, 137–138
Oller and the work of Eckhout, 148, 148–149
Oller’s Plantains and Coconuts, 138–144
Oller’s Plantains and Coconuts, 137
Oller’s styles of, 149–154
in seventeenth century Spain, 144–147, 187n3
Still Life with Apples and Pitcher (Pissarro), 150–152, 152
Still Life with Bananas, Pitcher, and Cashews (Oller), 150, 151
Still Life with Calabash and Squash (Eckhout), 148, 149
Still Life with Coconuts (Eckhout), 148, 148–149
Still Life with Coconuts (Oller), 136, 137, 138–144, 139
Still Life with Game Fowl, Vegetables, and Fruits (Cotán), 145–146, 146
Still Life with Jug, Mangoes and Mameyes (Oller), 150–152, 152
Still Life with Lemons, Oranges and a Rose (Zurbarán), 145, 145
Still Life with Melons and Pears (Meléndez), 146, 147
Still Life with Plantains (Oller), 137, 138–144, 139
Still Life with Sweets and Pottery (Van der Hamen y León), 146, 147
Student, The (Oller), 46, 47, 56, 57, 58–59, 182n13
Study for The Wake (Oller), 84–85
Study for The Wake (Two Women) (Oller), 83
sugar plantations (plantation portraits), 12, 28–29, 61, 70, 70–74, 72-73, 180n53
Surrender at Breda, The (Velázquez), 123, 123
Taíno, 10, 16, 47, 82, 103
Tapia y Rivera, Alejandro, 42, 99, 102–103, 107–108
Taylor, René, vii, 59, 172, 181n71
Tejada Revilla, José Joaquín, 142–143, 143
Ten Years War (Cuba), 105
terroir, 53–54
Thomson, Richard, 80
Timon of Athens (Couture), 51
Tinajero, Araceli, 101, 185n30
Tinajero, Isabel, 65, 101
tobacco factories, 101, 185n30
Torrijos, José María de, 125, 125–126
Trelles, Rafael, 177, 178
Trías Monge, José, 100, 163
Tupper, Gaspard Le Marchant, 31
typologies of color. See racial classification and identification
United Fruit Company, 141
United States and Puerto Rico, 1, 106, 159–166
Universal Exposition (1873), 65, 134
Universidad de La Habana, 105
Universidad de Puerto Rico, 105
Ustáriz, Miguel Antonio de, 41, 44, 173
Van der Hamen y León, Juan, 138, 146, 147
Van Dyck, Anthony, 94
Van Nassau-Siegen, Johan Maurits, 148
Van Ostade, Adriaen, 97, 109, 109
Velázquez, Diego, 123, 123
Venegas, Haydée, vii, 4, 51, 64, 186n1
Vermeer, Johannes, 58
Vernet, Horace, 132, 132–133
View in the Island of Jamaica (after George Robertson), 28–29
View of the Island of Jamaica, A (Boydell), 28
Villaverde, Cirilo, 23
Virgin of Mercy (Campeche), 42, 45
Visiting “The Wake” (Trelles), 178, 178
Vizcarrondo Coronado, Julio, 14
vodou, 16, 24
Vollon, Antoine, 51
Wake, The (Oller), 77–87, 78–79
description of, 77, 80–82
exhibition of, 86, 183n44
impact of, 88–89
as inspiration to artists, 176–178
Pissarro on, 75
similar works by other artists, 80, 82
studies for, 83, 83, 84–85, 86
Washington Crossing the Delaware (Leutze), 178
West Indian Scenery: Illustrations of Jamaica (Kidd), 28
Woman Bullfighter on Horseback (Oller), 48, 49
Yellow Plantains (Oller), 149, 150
zemi, 10
Zola, Émile, 86
Zurbarán, Francisco de, 145, 145