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Index
Peter John Brownlee (Editor), Valéria Piccoli (Editor), Georgiana Uhlyarik (Editor)
Description: Picturing the Americas: Landscape Painting from Tierra del Fuego to the Arctic
Picturing the Americas: Landscape Painting from Tierra del Fuego to the Arctic
Index
Author
Peter John Brownlee (Editor), Valéria Piccoli (Editor), Georgiana Uhlyarik (Editor)
PublisherTerra Foundation for American Art
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2015 Art Gallery of Ontario, Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo and Terra Foundation for American Art
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-21847
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Index
Text in bold indicates the artists and works illustrated in this volume. Page numbers followed by “f” indicate illustrations.
abstraction, 226, 242, 243–244, 253–254, 257, 258–259
Academia de Bellas Artes de San Carlos (Mexico City), 20, 162
Academia de Pintura de Santiago (Chile), 44, 156
Academia Imperial de Belas Artes (Rio de Janeiro), 29–31, 32, 38, 70, 109, 127, 154, 155, 170
Académie des sciences (France), 182
Acalde, New Mexico, 253
Adirondack mountains, 63
agriculture, 117–118, 133–134, 180, 182, 193, 211
Albany collection (Hudson River steamboat), 120–121
Alcocer, Nicolás Cortés: Passiflora adenopoda DC (1783–1816), 139f
Alfaro, Eloy, 203
Amaral, Tarsila do, 184, 197–198, 224, 226, 227, 236
Cartão postal (1929), 229f
A Cuca (1924), 226f
A Gare (1925), 196f
Morro da Favela (1924), 199f
São Paulo (1924), 194f
Américo de Figueiredo e Melo, Pedro, 32, 109, 110, 113
Batalha do Avaí (1872–1877), 112f
Passagem do Chaco (1871), 108f
Amor y Escandón, José Francisco, 163
Andean mountain range, 18, 43, 44–45, 48, 58–59, 61, 124–125, 141, 156
Andrade, Mário de, 195
Andrade, Oswald de, 195
Manifesto Pau-Brasil, 227
Anhangabaú region, 197
Anishinaabe artist: Gunstock club (early 19th century), 96f
Anishinaabe artists, 95
Antay, Joaquín López, 235
aqueduct of Los Remedios, 218–219
Arctic, 18, 69, 226, 239, 242
Argentina, 38, 133, 200, 233. See also Andean mountain range; individual artists and places
Armory Show (U.S.), 242
Armstrong, William, 103
Red River Expedition, Colonel Wolseley’s Camp (1870), 104f
art academies, 109, 134, 149–150, 151, 227. See also individual academies
Art Gallery of Ontario, 239, 240, 243
Art Gallery of Toronto. See Art Gallery of Ontario
Ashcan School realism, 146
Athabasca River, 83
Atl, Dr. See Murillo, Gerardo (“Dr. Atl”)
Atlantic Forest, 18, 58. See also forests
Audubon, John James, 77
Birds of America, 76f
Bacener, Pío Casimiro, 151
Hacienda La Reparada (c. 1885–1890), 150f
Hacienda La Serrano (1880), 144f
Baía da Guanabara, 19, 161, 171, 197, 214–215
Baldeón y Manuela Momediano, Isaac, 235
Barbizon school, 45, 175, 207
Barr, Alfred H., Jr., 241
Barranca de Metlac, 163
Batista da Costa, João: Marabá, 127
Beaver, George, 93–94
Pawnee, Double sided Drum (1890), 92f
Beckford, William (of Somerly), 146, 147
Bellermann, Ferdinand, 48, 80–81
Cumanacoa und die Quebrada de las Minas (1842–1845), 81f
La cueva del Guácharo (1874), 80f
Salzsee bei Cumana (1842–1845), 81f
Bello, Andrés: “La agricultura de la zona tórrida” (1823), 140
Benton, Thomas Hart, 211
Threshing Wheat (1938–1939), 212f
Berg, Alfred, 48
Bergson, Henri, 236–237
Bierstadt, Albert, 20, 40–41, 48, 180
Yosemite Valley (1868), 40f
Bighorn Medicine Wheel (200–1000 B.P.), 92f
Bisttram, Emil, 244
Black Mesa, 253–254
Blanco, Salvador Rizo, 140
José Celestino Mutis (1800), 139f
Blanes, Juan Manuel, 19, 20, 110, 134, 200, 233, 235
Escena Campestre (1870–1880), 19f
Los dos caminos (1875—1878), 183f
Bolívar, Simón, 19–20, 139
“Mi delirio sobre el Chimborazo,” 19
Bolivian national seal, 139
Bonpland, Aimé, 19, 182
Borges, Jorge Luis: Martín Fierro, 224
Bradford, William, 51
Scene in the Arctic (c. 1880), 54f
Brazil, 29, 50, 70–71, 76, 133, 154–155, 195–198. See also forests; individual artists and places
British Columbia, 249–251
Brooker, Bertram: “When We Awake!,” 225
Brunias, Agostino, 146, 147
Free Women of Color with Their Children . . . (c. 1770–1780), 146f
Bryant, William Cullen, 21, 134
Brymner, William, 182
Mount Cheops from Rogers Pass (1899), 181f
Buenos Aires, 38, 109–110, 200–201
Buffalo, 45
Burke, Edmund, 134
Calderini, Marco, 45
Campeche, José, 149
Canada, 18, 50, 51, 92–98, 133, 146, 239. See also individual artists and places
Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), 167. See also railways and trains
canoes, 75, 101–106
Caribbean, 21, 76, 145–153
Carmignani, Guido: Montmorency Falls (1869), 37f
Carr, Emily, 97, 224, 226–228, 239, 249–251
Grey (1929–1930), 249f
Inside a Forest II (1929–1930), 249f
Sky (1935–1936), 251f
Totem and Forest (1931), 251f
cartography, 74–75, 87, 104–105, 141–142, 202, 228
Castagneto, Giovanni Battista, 171
Vista do Rio de Janeiro tomada de Niterói (1887), 173f
Catlin, George, 50, 82
Beautiful Prairie Bluffs . . . (1832), 73f
Blackbird’s Grave . . . (1832), 73f
Floyd’s Grave . . . in 1804 (1832), 72f
Sioux Encamped on the Upper Missouri . . . (1832), 72f
Catskill mountains, 63, 134
caudillo, 110, 206, 233
Cayuga Castle (2012), 118f
Cayuga Nation, 118
Cazabon, Michel-Jean, 148
Garden Estate, Arouca (1857), 148f
Cendrars, Blaise, 195
Centenary of Independence (Ecuador), 203
Centenary of Mexican Independence, 26
Central Pacific Railroad, 180. See also railways and trains
Cezanne, Paul, 215, 259
charcoal, 154–155
Charton, Ernest, 50, 157
The Road from Valparaíso to Santiago (1840–1850), 55f
Chicago, major international exhibitions, 20–21, 26, 86, 175
Chile, 18, 44, 133, 134
landscape traditions, 156–159
national seal, 139. See also Andean mountain range; individual artists and places
Chimborazo volcano, 48, 65, 140, 182
Church, Frederic Edwin, 20, 21, 48, 50, 63–69, 77, 139, 182
The Andes of Ecuador (1855), 62f
Cotopaxi (1855), 63f
El Rio de Luz (1877), 68f
The Falls of Tequendama . . . (1854), 20f
The Heart of the Andes (1859), 65f, 66f
The Iceberg (c. 1875), 69f
The Icebergs (1861–1863), 67f
Niagara (1857), 64f
Ciccarelli, Alessandro, 134, 156–159
Rio de Janeiro (1844), 157f
Vista de Santiago . . . (1853), 156f
Citlaltépetl, or Pico de Orizaba, 163
cityscapes. See civilization
civilization: authenticity and, 227, 250–251
barbarism/wilderness and, 24, 71, 122–123, 127, 133–135, 180, 193, 200–201, 233
erosion of environment and, 135, 154–155, 219
landscape of, 174–175
peaceful, profitable places, 146, 147, 148
wilderness and industry unbalanced, 211
Civil War (United States of America, 1861–1865), 40, 41, 64, 66, 69
Clarac, Charles-Othon-Frédéric-Jean-Baptiste, Comte de, 58, 70–71
Forêt vierge du Brésil (c. 1819), 70f
Clark, William, 50, 147–148
Planting the Sugar Cane (1823), 147f
Clausell, Joaquín, 184, 218
Atardecer en el mar, la ola roja (c. 1910), 204f
Cockburn, James Pattison: The Winter Cone of Montmorency (1827), 35f
Codazzi, Giovanni Battista Agostino: Atlas . . . (1840), 140f
coffee, 133, 150, 155, 163, 195, 217
Cole, Thomas, 63, 120–121, 134, 224
“Essay on American Scenery” (1836), 134
Landscape View . . . (1827), 120f
Landscape with Figures . . . (1826), 120f
Colima volcano, 57, 61
Collivadino, Pío, 184
Humo de trenes o Máquinas en movimiento (1910), 184f
Colombia, 18, 48, 58, 61, 63, 76, 77, 139–141
national seal, 139. See also individual artists and places
Columbus, Christopher, 145
commodities and production: commodities, list of, 132
“Fordscapes,” industrial branding, 189–193
“Indianness” commodification, 103
land as commodity/resource, 92, 94–95, 98, 132–135, 145–149, 150–151, 153, 160–161, 177, 180–182. See also individual commodities
Conquista del desierto (1878—1885), 39, 200
Conquista de México y vista de la ciudad de México (unknown artist, 17th c.), 23f, 24
conquistadors, 23–24
Constructive Universalism, 216–217
Cooper, James Fenimore: The Last of the Mohicans, 121
The Pioneers, 120–121
Cordillera de la Costa, 156–157
Cortés, Hernán, 23–24
Cortés, José Leandro: Escudo de las armas peruanas, 138f
Coshocton (Ottawa): Bag (c. 1790), 95, 95f
costumbrismo, 140, 184, 233
Côte-de-Beaupré, 176–177
Cotopaxi volcano, 42–43, 63–64, 182
Courret, Eugène “Eugenio”: Ferrocarril central, Rio Blanco (c. 1875), 140f
Cropsey, Jasper Francis: Starrucca Viaduct, Pennsylvania (1865), 180f
Cuauhtemoc, 23–24
Cuba, 21, 48, 145, 146, 148–149, 151, 235
Cullen, Maurice, 176–177
La coupe de la glace (1914), 176f
Cúneo, José Perinetti, 184, 206–207, 233, 236
Cerro Largo (1918), 234f
La Cañada (1914), 206f
Paisaje lunar, 207f
Curtis, Edward S.: Medicine Man [Slow Bull] (1907), 92f
Curupaytí, 109
Cusick, David, 117, 118
Dada, 190
Daingerfield, Elliott, 174
Darwin, Charles, 58, 63
The Origin of the Species (1859), 51, 65
Dearborn, Michigan, 189
Debret, Jean-Baptiste, 29–30
Voyage Pittoresque et Historique au Brésil, 30
de Bry, Theodore: Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) . . . (1594), 145f
Grands Voyages: America, 145
Demuth, Charles, 241
Deperthes, Jean-Baptiste: Théorie dupaysage (1818), 43, 134
desert, 18, 39, 180, 200, 201, 226, 243, 252–254
Dieste, Eduardo, 233
Domenique, the chief of the Montagnais, 75
Dove, Arthur Garfield, 226, 242
Sun on the Lake (1938), 230f
Downs, M.J.: Mt. St. Elias Blanket, Yakutat . . . (1952), 96f
“Dr. Atl.” See Murillo, Gerardo (“Dr. Atl”)
Drebert, Ferdinand: Dancers in a Bethel qasgi . . . (c. 1930), 94f
Dreier, Katherine, 242–243
Dunn, Dorothy, 96–97
Duque, Gonzaga: A arte brasileira, 170
Durand, Asher B., 63, 134
Kindred Spirits (1849), 136f
Letters on Landscape Painting, 134
Dyce, William, 171
Pegwell Bay, Kent . . . (1858–1860), 171f
Ecuador, 18, 19–21, 42–43, 48, 63–64, 69, 139–141, 182
national seal, 139
road- and rail-building, 202–203. See also individual artists and places
Edson, Allan, 133
Lumbermen on the Saint Maurice (1868), 133f
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 241, 247
Ender, Thomas, 50
Vista do Rio de Janeiro (1837), 53f
Engelmann, Godefroy, 58
Escola Nacional de Belas Artes (Brazil), 214, 215
Escuela de Dibujo y Pintura (Puerto Rico), 151
Escuela de Industrias (Uruguay), 234
Escuela Politécnica Nacional (Ecuador), 42, 202
expressionism, 96, 146
Facchinetti, Nicolau, 134, 160–161
São Tomé das Letras (1876), 160f
Ferrigno, Antonio, 133
A Florada (1903), 133f
Fierro, Francisco, 140
Figari, Pedro, 207, 227, 233–237
“Arte, Estética, Ideal,” 233–234
Entierro (1921), 236f
Esperando las sombras (1923), 235f
Estolidez (c. 1918), 235f
Llega la noche, 237f
Ombú, 224f
Piedras series, 234, 235
Potros en la pampa (c. 1930), 232f
Sueño (c. 1918), 235f
Fleuve Saint-Laurent (St. Lawrence River), 35, 103, 177
floral design: on canoes and of beadwork, 101, 103, 106, 117
Florence, Hercule, 51
Ford Motor company, 189, 190
forests, 18, 58, 59, 70–71, 133, 154–155, 195, 226, 249–251
Forgas, José Gallart, 150
Fort Garry, 101, 103, 105
Fort William, 167
Frade, Ramón: El pan nuestro (1905), 151, 153
fruit, as commodity, 153
Frye, Northrop, 247
Fuller, Margaret: Summer on the Lakes, in 1843, 82
La fundación de México-Tenochtitlan . . . (unknown artist, c. 1525), 26f
fur trade, 103, 132, 167
leather, 133
Gainsborough, Thomas, 146–147
Garcia del Molino, Fernando, 38
Garcilaso de la Vega, Inca, 124
Gardeau Flats (Sehgahunda or the Vale of Three Falls), 115
Garneau, François-Xavier: “Le Dernier Indien,” 123
gauchos, 19, 200, 234
Gauguin, Paul, 145–146
Gedovius, Germán, 26
general painting (“pintura general”), 162–163
Géricault, Theodore, 71
Gibson, Arthur: “Myth of the Earth-grasper,” 117
Gifford, Sanford Robinson, 41, 133
Hunter Mountain, Twilight (1866), 41f
Giudici, Reinaldo, 200–201
Primer Ferrocarril “La Porteña” Cruzando la Campaña (1881), 200f
Godhavn, Greenland, 239
gold, 145, 182, 197
Gran Colombia, 19, 139
Grand Canyon, 86–88, 180
Graves, L., 202–203
El Nariz del Diablo (c. 1900), 202f
Grimm, Johann Georg, 170–172
Vista da Ponta de Icaraí (1884), 170f
Group of Seven, 97, 169, 193, 239–240, 244, 247
Guácharo Cave, 80–81
Gualdi, Pedro, 24
Gran plaza de la ciudad de México . . . (1847), 24f
Guayaquil & Quito Railway Co. (G&Q), 203. See also railways and trains
Guerrero, Juan Agustín, 140
Guttero, Alfredo, 184
Guttuso, Renato, 257
Haida artists, 96, 97–98
Haida Totem Poles and Houses: Skidegate, Haida Gwaii (1890s), 96f
Harkort, Eduard, 58
Harris, Lawren S., 226, 227, 228, 239–245
Above Lake Superior (c. 1922), 241f
Beaver Swamp, Algoma (1920), 239f
Grounded Icebergs (c. 1931), 238f
Ice House, Coldwell, Lake Superior (c. 1923), 243f
Lake Superior (c. 1928), 244f
“Modern Art and Aesthetic Reactions,” 243
Page from scrapbook, 243f
Poise (1936), 242f
Hartley, Marsden, 226
Mount Katahdin, Autumn No. 1 (1939–1940), 231f
Haudenosaunee people and artists, 95–96, 103, 115–119
Havell, Robert, Jr.: Ruby-Throated Humming Birds (1828), 76f
Hayden Geological Survey, 48, 87
Heade, Martin Johnson, 50, 76–78, 134
Gems of Brazil . . . (c. 1863–1864), 76f
Newburyport Marshes . . . (c. 1871), 134f
Tropical Landscape with Ten Hummingbirds (1870), 76f
Two Hummingbirds with an Orchid (1875), 79f
Henri, Robert, 146, 241, 242
Heredia, José Maria: “Niagara,” 21
Hildebrandt, Eduard, 48
Ilha Boa Viagem, Rio de Janeiro (1844), 49f
Hind, Henry Youle: Explorations in the Interior of the Labrador Peninsula, 74
Hind, William G.R., 48, 51, 74–75, 169
Baking Bread on the Portage . . . (1861), 52f
The Conjuror in His Vapour Bath . . . (1861–1862), 74f
Drawing Map on Birch-Bark (1861), 75f
Steep Rocks Along the Moisie River (1861–1862), 75f
Hopkins, Frances Anne, 101, 103–106, 169
Canoe Manned by Voyageurs Passing a Waterfall (1869), 102f
The Red River Expedition at Kakabeka Falls (1877), 100f
Shooting the Rapids (1879), 102f
Voyageurs at Dawn (1871), 102f
Housser, Yvonne McKague, 184
Silver Mine, Evening (1932), 221f
Hudson River, 120
Hudson River School, 76, 145, 247
Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC), 50, 83, 101–106, 103–104
Humboldt, Alexander von, 19, 42, 48, 51, 57–58, 63, 70–71, 80–81, 86–87, 134, 140, 155, 157, 182
Atlas Geographique et Physique du Royaume de la Nouvelle-Espagne, 163
Atlas pittoresque, 48, 49
geological time, 171
“Landscape Painting in Its Influence on the Study of Nature,” 57
Hunt, William Morris: Niagara Falls (1878), 128f
Huron nation, 123
Icaraí beach, 171
ice harvesting, 177
Iguazú Falls, 20, 86, 129
Impressionism, 26, 146, 149, 176, 240
Indigenous peoples: depictions from novels, 120–121, 126–127
destined to vanish, belief that, 82–85, 201
empty land(scape), absent, 39, 92, 182, 193, 249–250
enigmatic representation of, 123
as iconographic sources, 71, 216–217, 233, 235, 243–244, 250–251, 257, 259
“Indianness” commodification, 103
land as commodity, 92, 94–95, 98
landscape art and colonization, 93–98, 109–110, 115
national landscapes and, 124–125
object of study, 50, 74–75
removal of, 92, 98, 115, 118, 132–133, 134, 200
representation of land, 87, 115–119
Inness, George, 174–175, 184
Summer Evening, Montclair . . . (1892), 174f
International Exhibition of Modern Art, Brooklyn Museum, 242–243
Iroquois Nation, 20
Irvine, Matthew, 103–106
Izquierdo, María, 184, 218
Troje (1943), 187f
Iztaccíhuatl volcano, 23, 26
Jackson, A.Y., 97, 239
Terre Sauvage (1913), 97f
Jackson, William H.: California Crossing . . . (1867), 182f
Jackson, William Henry, 87
Jacobi, Otto Reinhold, 167
Morning on the Upper Ottawa (1868), 165f
Jamaica, 76–77, 145–146, 203
Jarpa, Onofre, 44–45
En las cordilleras de Chillan, Quebrada del Manzano (1893), 44f
Laguna de Acúleo (1878), 45f
John, Theresa Arevgaq, 95
Johnson, Jemmey, 119
Jonson, Raymond, 244
Kabotie, Fred, 96–97
Hopi Corn Dance (1923–1927), 97f
Pueblo Green Corn Dance, 97f
Kakabeka Falls, 82, 103, 104, 106, 166–169
Kaministiquia River, 82, 103–104
Kane, Paul, 20, 50, 82, 83, 85, 169, 224
The Athabasca in the Mountains (1846), 82f
The Cackabakah Falls (1849–1856), 84f
Half Breed Encampment (1846), 82f
Kakabeka Falls, Kaministiquia River . . . (1846), 84f
Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North America, 82, 83
Kent, Rockwell, 239, 240–241, 244
Artist in Greenland (1935), 242f
Calm (Tierra del Fuego) (1922–1925), 240f
Wilderness, 241
Kirchbach, Ernest, 44
Krieghoff, Cornelius, 20, 35–36
Montmorency Falls (1853), 34f
Labrador Peninsula, 48, 66, 74–75
Lake George, 121
Lake Superior, 101, 103, 166
Landaluze, Victor Patricio, 149
land as commodity. See commodities and production
Landesio, Eugenio, 25, 133, 134, 162–164, 219
El Valle de México desde el cerro de Tenayo (1870), 25f
Hacienda de Monte Blanco (1879), 162f
La Pintura General o de Paisaje y la perspectiva . . . (1867), 134
“landscape,” terminology of, 94–95, 97–98, 109–110, 115, 117, 119, 189
Langsdorff, G.H. von, 58
Laplante, Edouard (Eduardo), 149
La Habana . . . (c. 1858), 149f
Laso, Francisco, 20, 124–125
Francisco Laso en traje indígena (c. 1860–1868), 125f
Haravicu (c. 1860–1868), 124f
Lebreton, Joachim, 29–30, 70
Lebreton Colony, 70–71
Lechowski, Bruno, 215
Le Dantec, Félix, 236
Ledesma, Gabriel Fernández, 184
Paisaje Industrial (1929), 187f
Leduc, Ozias, 182
Fin de jour (1913), 182f
Légaré, Joseph, 122–123
Paysage au monument à Wolfe (c. 1845), 122f
Léger, Fernand, 195
Lewis, Meriwether, 50
Lincoln, Abraham, 40
Lira, Pedro, 44, 45
Llanos, Alberto Valenzuela, 45
longhouses, 101, 103, 106, 115, 117
López, Cándido, 109–110
Batalla de Yataytí-Corá . . . (1887–1902), 111f
Después de la batalla de Curupaytí (1893), 111f
Invernada del ejército oriental . . . (1887–1902), 111f
López, Francisco Solano, 109, 113
Lorrain, Claude, 81, 132, 146, 155
Ludlow, Fitz Hugh: The Heart of the Continent, 40–41
Lyell, Charles: Principles of Geology, 134
Macchiaioli group of painters, 207
MacDonald, J.E.H., 240
Macdonald, John A., 101, 106
machinery. See technology and machinery
Macuto, 226
Malfatti, Anita, 195
A Ventania (1915), 208f
Malharro, Martin, 184
La pampa grande (1908), 185f
Mancini, Antonio, 207
manifest destiny, 21, 66
map making. See cartography
Markó, Carlo and Andrea, 159
Martínez, Luis A., 142, 236
Paisaje (con chozas, sembríos,y montañas) (c. 1905), 142f
Martín Fierro, 224–225, 227
Martinique, 145–146
Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von, 50
Arbores Ante Christum Natum Enatae . . . (c. 1840), 51f
Silva Aestu Aphylla . . . (c. 1840), 51f
Silva Caesa . . . (c. 1840), 155f
Marx, Leo, 190, 193
Mary, Benjamin, 50
Mata Atlântica (Atlantic Forest), 18, 58. See also Brazil; forests
Matisse, Henri, 146
Medeiros, José Maria de, 126–127
Iracema (1881), 126f
Meirelles, Victor, 32
Passsagem de Humaitá, 110
Méndez, Ramón Torres, 140
Mendoza, 59
Methfessel, Adolf, 110
Métis, 83, 101–106
Mexican-American War (1846–1848), 24
Mexican Revolution, 257
Mexico, 18, 23–27, 58–61, 133, 182
escutcheon, 26. See also Valley of Mexico; individual artists and places
Mexico City, 20, 24–25, 58, 162, 218–219, 256–257. See also Valley of Mexico; individual artists
Mignot, Louis R., 20
Riobamba Looking North with Chimborazo in the Distance (1859), 20f
Milne, David, 226, 246–247
Dark Pool, Ti Magami (1929), 246f
Painting Place, 247
Minas Gerais, 160–161, 195–197
Moctezuma I, 23–24
Modern Art Week (Brazil, 1922), 195
modernism: American, 254
Constructive Universalism, 216–217
cultural identity, 14
icons of progress, 195–197
Precisionism, 189
regionalism, 234, 247, 252
wilderness and industry unbalanced, 211
Mohawk Valley, 115, 117
Moisie River, 74–75
Monroe Doctrine, 21, 145
Les montagnes du Mexique (Paris exhibition, 1914), 182
Montclair, New Jersey, 174
Monte Blanco, 163
Montevideo, 216–217, 228, 233
Montmorency Falls, 34–36, 37
Montreal, 176, 177
Moran, Thomas, 48, 86, 87, 88, 180
Cliffs of Green River (1874), 87f
Looking over the Lower Falls July 31st (1892), 88f
Lower Falls, Yellowstone Park (1893), 86f
Moreno, Gabriel Garcia, 42–43, 202–203
Morgan, Lewis Henry: League of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee, 117
Morrice, James Wilson, 146
Landscape, West Indies (c. 1918–1921), 209f
Morro do Chá, 197
Morse, Samuel F.B., 120–121
mother earth, 115, 117, 242, 244
mountains, 23, 40, 44–45, 59–61, 63–65, 83, 94, 96, 124–125, 134, 156–157, 160–161, 182, 226, 256
icebergs as, 239, 242
rail-building and, 203. See also valleys; volcanoes; individual mountains
Mount Chimborazo, 19–20
Mount Katahdin, 226
Mount Saint Elias, 96
Mount Tatlow, 94
Mt. Pleasant, Jane, 117—118
Mucchi, Anton Maria, 207
Muniz, Justino Zavla, 233
Murillo, Gerardo (“Dr. Atl”), 26–27, 182, 226, 227, 236, 256
La sombra del Popo (1942), 256f
La sombra del Popocatépetl, 26–27
Las sinfonías del Popocatépetl, 26, 256
Musée des beaux-arts de Montreal, 35
Museo de la Casa de la Cultura (Quito), 203
Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires), 110
Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Santiago), 45
Mutis, José Celestino, 140
National Academy of Design (U.S.), 241
national identities: authenticity and, 227, 250–251
autonomy from, 215, 244, 247
citizenship and unity, 65
cityscapes to monumental views, 24, 25–26
empty land(scape), 92, 162, 182, 193, 197, 249–250
idealism of, 233
of Indigenous nations, 117
landscape artists’
contribution to, 224–228
Metis nation state, 106
national landscapes/resources, 18, 44, 70–71, 86, 115, 124–125, 126–127, 133, 139, 142–143, 169, 195–198, 197, 206–207, 219, 239, 240–241, 247
national seals, 18, 139, 140
pampas, contrasting views of, 182–184
“Picturesque” series, 166–167
possession and belonging, 13–15
representing historical scenes, 31–32
totemic ancestors, 96–97
nationalism: acquisitions of paintings, 26, 35, 45
artist as icon, 249
colonial mandate illustrated, 101, 103, 106
discrete stages of nation-building, 20
exhibitions and expositions, 21, 25, 169
historical paintings, 109–113
patriotic stances, 66, 69
projects of artistic, 92
Nativism, 206, 233, 236
Nebel, Carl, 50
Newfoundland, 66
New Mexico, 226, 244, 252–254
Niagara Falls, 20, 21, 34, 63, 64–65, 66, 86, 128
Niterói, 171, 215
North, Marianne, 51
Vegetation of the Desert of Arizona (1875), 52f
View over Port Royal, Jamaica, with Bamboos in the Foreground (1872), 52f
Northern Pacific Railroad, 180. See also railways and trains
Northwest Coast (BC), 249
North-West Territories (Rupert’s Land), 101, 103, 106
No Sovereign Nation (2012), 118f
Núcleo Bernardelli, 215
O’Brien, Lucius R., 166–169
Kakabeka Falls, Kamanistiquia River (1882), 166f
Picturesque Canada . . . (1882), 169f
Sunrise on the Saguenay, Cape Trinity (1880), 167f
Through the Rocky Mountains . . . (1887), 168f
O’Gorman, Juan, 184, 218–219
Recuerdo de los Remedios (1943), 218f
O’Keeffe, Georgia, 224, 225, 226, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243–244, 252–254
Black Mesa Landscape, New Mexico . . . (1930), 252f
Dark Mesa with Pink Sky (1930), 255f
Grey Blue & Black – Pink Circle (1929), 245f
Grey Tree, Lake George (1925), 244f
Ram’s Head, White Hollyhock-Hills . . . (1935), 253f
Untitled (New Mexico Landscape) (1929–1930), 254f
Oiler y Cestero, Francisco, 133, 149, 150
Hacienda Aurora (1898–1899), 152f
Hacienda La Fortuna (1885), 150f
Ontario Society of Artists, 166, 169
Orizaba, 59
Orrego, Alberto, 44
Ortiz, Francisco Pradilla, 45
Palas, Francisco “Pancho” Fierro: Woman with Basket on her Head (late 1830s), 140f
pampas, 18, 39, 59, 110, 133–134, 200, 233, 234–235
contrasting views of, 182
Panama, 77, 139
Pancetti, José, 214–215
Porto (1941), 214f
Pão de Açúcar, 197
Paraguay and Paraguayan War, 109–113
Paret y Alcázar, Luis, 149
Paris, major international exhibitions, 20–21, 25, 26, 45, 71, 182
Parker, Caroline G. (Ga-ha-no), 117–118, 119
Caroline Parker image from Daguerreotype (1840), 115f
Je-go’-sa-sa, 119
Seneca Beaded Skirt (c. 1849), 115f
Parreiras, Antônio, 127
Iracema (1909), 127f
Peachey, James: A Winter View of the Falls of Montmorency (1781), 35f
Pederanl Mountain, 226
Pedro II (emperor of Brazil), 19, 29, 30, 31
Peixoto, Afrânio: Iracema, 126–127
Peru, 18, 124–125, 235
escutcheon, 18, 138, 139. See also individual artists and places
Philadelphia, major international exhibitions, 20–21, 242–243
El Picacho (volcano), 43
Picasso, Pablo, 242, 259
picturesque, the: categories of, 132
style of, 83, 148, 167, 226
travel publications, 20, 30, 48, 50, 61
Pinto, Joaquin, 20
“pintura general” (general painting), 162–163
Pissis, Aimé, 51
Pistishi or Condorpuñuna (Nariz del Diablo), 203
plein air painting, 63, 85, 101, 142, 157, 170, 176, 207
Pointon, Mareia, 171
Popocatépetl volcano, 23, 26, 256–257
Porter, Tom, 117
Porto-Alegre, Manuel de Araújo, 71, 155
Floresta brasileira (1853), 71f
positivism, 200–201, 233, 236–237
Poussin, Nicolas, 146, 190
Powers, Hiram, 127
The Last of the Tribes (1876–1877), 127f
Prates, Eduardo da Silva, 133
Pratt, Marie Louise, 140
Precisionism, 189, 241
Pre-Raphaelites, 75
Prince Arthur’s Landing, 101, 103
Pueblo artists, 96–97
Puerto Rico, 150–151, 153
Pueyrredón, Prilidiano, 38–39, 134, 184, 235
Atardecer pampeano, 135f
El Rodeo (1861), 38f
Tormenta en la pampa, 135f
Un alto en el campo (1861), 38f
Quebec, 103, 133, 193
Quebec City, 34–35, 122, 176–177
Quito, 202–203
railways and trains, 87, 106, 132, 141, 149, 166–169, 180, 184, 197, 201, 203
Realism, 45
Red River Expedition, 101–106
Red River Settlement, 83
Reid, Bill, 97–98
Reiss, Wilhelm, 42–43, 48
Remington, Frederic: The Song of Hiawatha, 127
Reverón, Armando, 226, 227, 236, 258–259
El árbol (1931), 258f
Luz tras mi enramada (1926), 225f
Riel, Louis, 101, 103–106
Rio de Janeiro, 29–32, 70, 157–159, 161, 170, 195, 226
Floresta da Tijuca, 154–155
Río de la Plata, 38, 109–110, 233, 234
Río Grande Valley, 253
Río Lerma, 219
River Rouge industrial complex, 189–190
road-building, 180, 202–203
Robertson, George, 146
Rocky Mountains, 83, 166
Roco, Julio Argentino, 200
Rojas, Jesús Urbano, 235
Romanticism, 71, 85, 155, 157, 182, 236
Indigenous, 127
Ronmy, Guillaume Frederic, 30
Rosa, Salvator, 132
Rosas, Juan Manuel de, 38
Roy, Robert Fitz, 58
Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (RCA), 166, 169
Rugendas, Johann Moritz, 20, 48, 57–61, 139, 157, 163
Barranca de la Hacienda Santa María Regla (1831–1834), 58f
Floresta virgem perto de Mangaratiba (1827–1835), 57f
Hundimiento de un monte cerca de El Juncal (1838), 60f
La Bahia de Valparaíso vista desde una colina (1834), 60f
La Casucha de las Calaveras y la sierra . . . (1838), 60f
Paisagem com cavaleiro (1828), 57f
Paisaje entre Veracruz y Xalapa, México (1831), 58f
Vegetación en una quebrada entre Xalapa y Córdoba, México (1831), 58f
Vista del Valle de México con volcanes y lago de Texcoco (c. 1833), 56f
Vista desde el crater del Volcan de Colima hacia el norte . . . (1831), 58f
Voyage pittoresque dans le Brésil (1835), 20
Ruskin, John, 88
Sabogal, José: Varayoc o el alcalde indio de Chincheros (1925), 142f
Salas, Rafael, 20
Salas, Ramón, 140
San Juan, 153
Santa Fe Indian School, 96
Santiago, 44–45, 157–159
Peñalolén, 156
Santiago Salon (1893), 45
São Paulo, 195, 197
São Tomé das Letras, 161
Savage, Anne, 193
The Plough (1931–1933), 192f
School of Iroquois Realist Painting, 117
scientific inquiry: artists’ participation, 43, 48, 50–52, 57, 61, 63, 66, 70–71, 74–75, 76–78, 81, 87–88, 155
expeditions of, 182
experience of the senses and, 226
modernization and, 202
nature as resource supplier, 141–142
scientific illustration, 43, 57, 140
texts influencing, 134
time and motion studies, 190
into volcanoes, 182
Seneca Nation, 118
Serra da Mantiqueira, 160
Serra do Mar, 161
Serrano, Luis G., 26
Sheeler, Charles, 189–190, 211, 241
American Landscape (1930), 188f
Classic Landscape (1931), 191f
Home Sweet Home (1931), 189f
Sheldon, G.W.: American Painters, 88
Sierra Madre mountain range, 23, 58, 163
Sierra Nevada mountain range, 40
Simpson, George, 83, 101
Simpson, William (lithographer with Ackermann & Co.), 20, 35
after Cornelius Krieghoff, The Ice Cone at the Falls of Montmorency Near Quebec (1853), 36f
Sívorí, Eduardo, 184
Skyworld, 117–118
slavery, 145, 147–148, 149, 195
abolitionist art, 148
Smith, Antonio, 44, 45, 134, 156, 159
El río Cachapoal (1870), 158f
Smith, Ernest (Gaon Yah), 117
Sky Woman (1936), 116f
Snake Island, Rio de Janeiro, 31–32
socialist realism, 219
Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, 49
Société Anonyme, 242–243
South Moresby, 98
Spanish-American War, 151
spiritualism, 236, 244
theosophy, 240–241
Steichen, Edward, 190
Stieglitz, Alfred, 190, 243
Stübel, Alphons, 42–43, 48, 141–142
Skizzen am Ecuador, 43
sugar and sugar plantations, 146–148, 149, 150–151, 153
Sullivan, John, 118
Swedenborg, Emanuel, 175
Symbolism, 26, 236
Taunay, Auguste-Marie, 30
Taunay, Charles, 155
Taunay, Félix Émile, 19, 29–33, 133, 154–155, 224
Baía de Guanabara Vista da Ilha das Cobras (1828), 28f
Conseno de um Barco . . . (1828), 33f
Panorama do Rio de Janeiro (c. 1839), 30–31f
Vista de um mato virgem . . . (c. 1840), 154f
Taunay, Nicolas-Antoine, 30, 155
Passagem do Cortejo Real na Ponte do Maracanã (1817–1821), 29f
Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 190
technology and machinery, 180, 189–193. See also railways and trains
Temafami, 246–247
Tenochtitlan (Mexico), 23–24, 26
Thibault, Jean-Thomas: Le Chimborazo, vu depuis le plateau de Tapia (1810), 49f
Thomson, Tom, 169, 184, 240
The Drive (1916–1917), 213f
Thoreau, Henry David, 241, 247
Todd, Robert Clow, 34–35
The Ice Cone, Montmorency Falls, Quebec (c. 1845), 36f
Tonawanda Seneca, 119
Topographical Department of the War Office of Great Britain (1870–1871), 104–105, 104f
Torres García, Joaquín, 184, 216–217
América del Sur (1936), 227f
Ciudad constructiva con hombre universal (1942), 216f
Metafísica de la Prehistoria Indoamericana, 217
“School of the South,” 228
tourism, landscape, 103, 132, 160–161, 167
Transcendental Painting Group, 244, 247
travelers’ art and travel literature, 30, 48, 50, 57–61, 71, 74, 76, 77, 86–87, 94, 103–106, 134, 139–140, 157
Tretyakov, Sergei: “The Biography of an Object,” 193
Trinidad, 145, 146, 148
Troya, Rafael, 42–43, 48, 142, 182
Cotopaxi (Vista de la Cordillera Oriental desde Tiopullo) (1874), 42f
Trujillo del Perú (c. 1782–1785), 139f
Tsilhqot’in v. British Columbia (2014), 94, 97
Tungurahua volcano, 64
Turner, J.M.W., 88
Turtle Island/Abya Yala, 115, 117–118
Ugalde, Manuel, 141
Union Pacific Railroad, 87. See also railways and trains
United States of America, 18, 40, 50, 133, 134, 189, 241, 252. See also individual artists and places
Upper Rio Grande plateau, 160
Urquiza, Justo J., 110
Uruguay, 206–207, 216–217, 228, 233–234.
See also individual artists and places
Vale do Anhangabaú, 198
Valle, Ángel Della: La vuelta del malón (1892), 233f
Valley of Mexico, 19, 23–27, 48, 59, 226. See also Mexico
valleys, 18, 19, 23–27, 40–41. See also mountains
Vancouver, 244
Varley, H. Frederick: The Cloud, Red Mountain (1927–1928), 205f
Velasco, José María, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 48, 133, 162–164, 219
Cañada de Metlac (1893), 181f
Hacienda de Monte Blanco (1879), 162f
La Flora del Valle de México, 48
Mexico 1877, 26
Valle de México desde el cerro de Atzacoalco (1870), 25f
Vista del Valle de México desde el cerro de Santa Isabel (1877), 22f
Venezuela, 80–81, 226, 259
national seal, 139. See also individual artists and places
Veracruz, 58, 163
Viaduto do Chá, 198
Viale, Pedro Blanes, 233
Cataratas del Iguazú (1916), 129f
Victoria (BC), 226
Vidal, Emeric Essex, 50
Villalba, Ricardo: Ferrocarril del Sur, Puente de Sumbay (c. 1874), 140f
Villegagnon Island, Rio de Janeiro, 32
Vinet, Henri Nicolas, 133
Cena na floresta da Tijuca (1875), 137f
Vivares, Thomas, 147
after Robertson, A View of the Island of Jamaica . . . (1778), 146f
volcanoes, 18, 23, 26, 42–43, 48, 57, 59, 61, 63–64, 163, 182, 226, 256–257. See also mountains; individual volcanoes
Washington, George “Hanadagá:yas” or “Town Destroyer,” 118
waterfalls, 20, 21, 34–36, 37, 64–65, 66, 71, 82, 85, 86, 104, 128, 129, 166–169. see also individual waterfalls
Watkins, Carleton, 40
Watteau, Jean-Antoine, 145
Weitsch, Friedrich Georg: Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland at Mount Chimborazo, Ecuador (1806), 19f
wheat, 133–134
Whitman, Walt, 240, 241, 243, 247
Whittredge, Worthington, 94
Indian Encampment (1870–1876), 99f
Wilde, Oscar, 169
Willis, Nathaniel Parker, 134
Wolfe, James, 122–123
Wolseley, Garnet Joseph, 101–106, 103–106
Wood, Grant, 210–211
Fall Plowing (1931), 210f
Xalapa, 59
Yaas eit’aa Shaa (Yasét’a cà), 96
Yellowstone Park, 86–88, 180
Yosemite, 40–41
Yup’ik (Alaska): North Wind Mask (Negakfok) (early 20th century), 94f