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Index
Fabio Barry
Description: Painting in Stone: Architecture and the Poetics of Marble from Antiquity to the...
Painting in Stone: Architecture and the Poetics of Marble from Antiquity to the Enlightenment
Index
Author
Fabio Barry
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2020 by Fabio Barry
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22099
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Index
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
A
Aachen, Palatine Chapel, 197, 335
A’annepada (king of Ur), 15
Abbatini, Guidobaldo (attrib.): Cappella Cornaro, 315, 318, 319
Abraham, 211
Abramović, Marina, 336, 337–38, 338
Academia Naturae Curiosorum, Leipzig, 296
Achaemenids (Persian royal dynasty), 108, 109
Actium (Nikopolis): Basilica of Doumetios, 334, 334
Battle of (31 BC), 40, 112
Adad (Mesopotamian god), 15
Adam of Usk, 149
Adèle, comtesse de Blois, 205
Adelm of Malmesbury, 356n128
Adorno, Anselme, 218, 364n28
aesthetics as philosophical principle, 331
Africano (Tean marble, Lucullan marble) and bigio africanato, 74, 102, 103, 114, 253, 281, 292, 350n39, 351n75
agate, 7, 8, 14, 15, 18, 65, 85, 96, 107, 111, 117, 131, 132, 143, 145, 146, 147, 186, 187, 222, 258, 271. 341n7, 297, 297, 303, 351n59, 361n126
Agathias, 148–49, 188
Agostino di Duccio: Ganymede as Aquarius, 231–33, 232, 336
Oratory of S. Bernardino façade (Perugia), 247, 248
Agricola, Georgius (Georg Bauer), 50, 61, 64, 142, 355n76, 370n30
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 76, 346n82
Akhenaten. See Amenhotep IV
Akhetaten (Tel el-Amarna), 106, 349n1
akroliths, 29, 29, 33, 41–43, 42–43
alabastro nuvoloso, 318, 325
Albert, Prince-Consort of Queen Victoria, 78
Alberti, Leon Battista, 139, 178, 224, 241, 245–52, 277, 350n51, 359n76, 365n31, 366n42, 368n78
Cappella Rucellai (S. Pancrazio, Florence), 214, 215
De re aedificatoria, 277–78
opposed to marbles in homes, 275
S. Maria Novella (Florence), 246, 249–50, 249
S. Sebastiano (Mantua), 249–50, 250
Tempio Malatestiano (S. Francesco, Rimini), 240, 245–50, 246
Albertus Magnus, 197, 211, 229, 235, 258
alchemy, 3, 7, 143, 186, 302
Aldrovandi, Ulisse, 181, 295–96, 297, 298, 301, 369n18, 370n30
Alexander the Great, 54, 128, 342n42
tomb of, 112, 113, 350n36
Alexander III (pope), 158
Alexander IV (Macedonian king), 38
Alexander VII (pope), 297, 309
Alexander Romance (Hellenistic), 263, 277
Alexander Severus, 350n31
Alexandria (Egypt), 54–55
Anfushy Tomb II, 110, 111
Mouseion and Great Library, 54–55
Necropolis of Mustafa Pasha, 350n29
nymphaeum of Arsinoe, 54, 55
palace complex, 110–12
Pan sanctuary, 55
Pharos (lighthouse), 207
Roman capture of, 112
“Alexandrine marbles,” 111
Alexios Apokaukus (Byzantine statesman), 362n17
Alfanus of Salerno (archbishop, poet), 206
Alkmaionid family, 37
Alma-Tadema, Lawrence, 333
Orant, 145, 145
altars. See nave altars and columns
portable altars
specific locations for specific churches, cathedrals, etc.
Amadeo, Giovanni Antonio, 251–52, 251, 267
Amalasuntha (Ostrogoth queen), 125–26
Amar-Sin (king at Ur), 14
Amatus of Montecassino, 353n38
Amazon or Amidonius (bishop), 165
amber, 7, 12, 13, 18, 117, 142
Ambrose (Aurelius Ambrosius, bishop), 353n26, 355n70, 357n134, 367n98
Amenhotep II (pharaoh), 86
Amenhotep III (pharaoh), 108, 349n1
Amenhotep IV (pharaoh, later Akhenaten), 105–6
amethyst, 7, 12, 13, 18, 132, 136, 274, 294, 303, 342n27, 354n43
Ammianus Marcellinus, 115, 125, 165
Amphion myth, 68, 70
amulets, 54, 187
anathyrosis technique, 68, 69, 92, 156
Anatolia, 76, 78, 106, 109
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, 46
Anaxarete, 63
Anaximenes of Miletus, 61
Ancient Greece. See Greek era Ancient Near East, 5–18
Alexandria, 54–55
engineering the heavens from Sumeria to Babylonia, 12–13
improving on nature in, 7–12
petrification myth and stone temples, 23–25
from ziggurats to heavenly Jerusalem, 13–18. See also Egypt; other ancient civilizations
Ancient Rome. See Rome (classical or Roman era)
Andrew (saint), 323, 324, 334
Andronikos II Palaiologos (Byzantine emperor), 262, 362n16
aniconism, 27, 66, 124, 170, 183, 191, 206, 259, 334
Ankara: Armenian church, 355n87
Annia Regilla (wife of Herodes Atticus), 116, 351n54
Annunciation, 136, 227–29, 228
Anonymous Armenian Pilgrim, 220
Anthemios of Tralles, 185, 187–88
Anthony of Novgorod, 220, 354n59
Antioch: Temple of Apollo, 344n65
antique architecture: of early modern Christian era, 294
of Renaissance, 245–57, 288
Antonio da Negroponte (Fra Antonio Falier da Negroponte): Madonna and Child Enthroned, 225, 226, 227
Antonio della Corna, 252
Antonius IV (patriarch of Constantinople), 149
Anu (Mesopotamian sky god), 5, 12, 13, 15
Apamea-on-the-Orontes (Syria): “House of the Consuls,” 261
Apelles (“Prince of Painters”), 100, 142
Apicius, 349n69
Apollinaris of Ravenna (saint), 256
Apollo, 25, 30
Apollo of the Naxians (Delos), 30–31, 65, 343n17
Daphne and, 63, 64
Marsyas flayed by, 62
Megara sanctuary of, 68
natural image in an agate, 96. See also location of temples of Apollo
apses: churches, 130, 134, 135, 138, 155, 162, 183, 188, 353n25, 353n33
churches outside of Constantinople, 163, 358n3
Roman temples, 78, 118, 129. See also specific church or temple
Apuleius, 116, 125
Aquileia, 242
basilica, 195, 361n13
Aquinas, Thomas, 214, 362n53
Aquitaine, black-and-white veined marble from, 179, 179, 360n82
Ariosto, Ludovico, 326
Aristeides, Publius Aelius, 41, 69, 189
Aristophanes, 109
Aristotle, 49, 50, 61, 64, 65, 137, 197, 239, 295, 322, 345n5, 361n124
Arnolfo di Cambio, 366n40
Arta: Panagia Parigoritissa, 156
Artemis, 37
Asam, Egid Quirin and Cosmas Damian, 328, 328
Ascension, 133, 210
ashlar architecture, 19, 23, 68, 69, 94, 104, 155
Ashurnasirpal II (Assyrian king), 107, 107, 108
Assisi, 38
S. Francesco, 214
Assyrians, 14, 16–17, 51, 54, 106–7, 106–7, 108, 116
astral light, 1, 3, 7, 258–59, 332, 369
“astrophysics,” 259, 260, 269
Aswan granite, 253–55, 321, 366n68
Athanasius of Alexandria (saint), 229
Athena, 67, 67, 71
Athena Parthenos (Parthenon), 27, 31–33, 38, 73. See also location of temples of Athena
Athens
Agora, 90
Akropolis, 37, 38, 67, 71–73
“cloisonné masonry” of churches (tenth to fifteenth centuries), 156
Erechtheion, 71–73, 73–74, 346n76, 349n48
House of Poulytion, 109
Masonry Style, 90
Naxian marble roof tiles, 31
Parthenon, 31–33, 70–71, 73, 138, 206, 343n42, 357n136
Athena Parthenos, 27, 31–33, 38, 73
patrician homes, marble columns in, 109
Propylaia, 71, 72
stone temples, 23
Temple of Athena Polias, 37
Attalos I (Pergamon ruler), 55, 100
Attis (Phrygian god), 63
Augustine (saint), 125, 126, 148–49, 150, 356n108
Augustus (emperor), 40–41, 112–15
abbots claiming to be successors of, 155
“Blacas Cameo,” 48, 48
Chigi compared to, 281
d’Este compared to, 273
divinity of, 44, 47–48
“found Rome of brick and left it in marble,” 69, 273, 286
imperial procurement system and importation of marble, 74–76, 112, 131
Mausoleum of, 253
Palatine house of, 114
Parian colossus of, 100
restoration of temples by, 344n88
Sixtus IV compared to, 286
transfer of Scaurus’s columns by, 283
Vision of Augustus, 100, 297, 298
Ausonius, Decimus Magnus, 78
Auvergne: Yzeures church, 142
Avicenna (Persian philosopher and physician), 197
Ávila (Spain) cathedral, 162, 162, 219
Avitus, Alcimus Ecdicius (archbishop of Vienne), 133, 136, 168, 358n24
Avogadro da Vercelli, Alberto (saint), 268
B
Babylon, 16–18
Ezida (Temple of Nabû) in Borsippa, 16
glazed brickwork, 125
Ištar Gate, 16, 16, 18
palaces, 106
stone lore of, 51, 55
ziggurat at E-temen-anki, 16–18, 342n42, 342n47
ziggurat at E-ur-me-imin-anki (Borsippa), 16–17
Bacchic depictions, 60, 61
Bacci, Andrea, 258, 298, 366n79
Baccio Bigio, Nanni di, 284, 369n5
Bachelard, Gaston, 4
Baciccio (Giovanni Battista Gaulli): Apotheosis of St. Ignatius, 324–25, 325
Baghdad, 164
Balatai (gypsum quarry), 107
Baldinucci, Filippo, 303–4, 316, 319
Baldovinetti, Alessio, 245
Baldwin (abbot) of Bury St. Edmunds, 158
baptisteries, 130, 133, 137, 210–11. See also specific churches by location
Barbarius Pompeianus, 347n98
Barbaro, Daniele, 269
Barcelona Pavilion, 174, 335, 335
Barocci, Federico, 307
Baronino, Bartolomeo (architect), 286
Baronius (Cesare Baronio, cardinal), 300
Barrett Browning, Elizabeth, 189
basalt, 13, 55, 60, 81, 107, 110, 112, 351n63. See also Theban marble
Basil (saint), 261
Basil I (Byzantine emperor), 361n5, 363n1
basilica. See location of specific basilica Basini, Basinio (humanist), 245, 247, 366n36
Bassai: Temple of Apollo Epikourios, 73, 75, 343n42
Bassano, Jacopo, 303
Bassianus (Roman official under Constantius), 352n100
Baudri de Bourgueil (poet), 205–6
Bavaria: Abbey Church (Ottobeuren), 328
Vierzehnheiligen, 328–30, 329
Wieskirche (Steingaden), 330
“Bavarian Duke” agate, 297, 297
Baxandall, Michael, 227
Bayeux Tapestry, 263, 263
Beatrizet, Nicolas (engraver), 131
Becatti, Giovanni, 122–23, 127, 352n82
Bede. See Venerable Bede
Beirut: palace of John I of Ibelin, 265
Béla III (Hungarian king), 158
“bel composto,” 318, 319
Bellini, Gentile, 242
Bellini, Giovanni, 223–25, 238–40, 251, 365n83
Annunciation, 238, 238
Lochis Madonna, 224, 224, 239
Pesaro altarpiece, 225–27, 227
S. Giobbe altarpiece, 237, 238
Belthandros and Chrysantza (Byzantine romance), 262
Bembo, Pietro, 259
Benevento: S. Sofia, 356n127
Benjamin, Walter, 324
Benjamin of Tudela, 354n59
Bentley, John Francis, 333, 333–34
Beretta, Marco, 7
Bergamo: Colleoni Mausoleum façade, 251–52, 251, 267
S. Vincenzo (now S. Alessandro), 251–52
Bermejo, Bartolomé, 354n40, 364n55
Bernardino da Lera, 274
Bernini, Domenico, 319, 322
Bernini, Gianlorenzo, 4, 298, 319–28
influence of his father on, 312
Piazza Navona, 321
S. Andrea al Quirinale (Rome), 299, 319–25, 320–21, 324, 328
S. Isidoro (Rome): De Sylva Chapel (Chapel of the Immaculate Conception), 298, 325, 326
S. Maria della Vittoria, Cornaro Chapel (Rome), 299, 309–19, 311–13, 321
St. Theresa in Ecstasy, 310–12, 312, 317–19, 321, 323
S. Maria del Popolo, Chigi Chapel (Rome), 314, 322
S. Maria in Via Lata (Rome), 370n81
S. Maria Maggiore, Cappella Paolina (Rome), 309, 309
St. Peter’s chapels and reliquary balconies, 309–10, 310, 319, 326, 328
SS. Domenico e Sisto, High Altar (Rome), 310
Bernini, Pietro, 312, 314
Bertani, Giovan Battista, 284, 284
Bessarion, Basilios (cardinal), 239, 265
Bethlehem: Grotto of Nativity, 223, 228
Bible. See scriptural citations Vulgate
Birago, Giovan Pietro da, 271
black: bigio morato used for, 60
Egyptian use of black stones in statuary, 60
paragone (generic black marble), 303, 308, 312, 323, 338
Pescennius Niger and, 60
“pietra di paragone” (black limestone and marble), 300
Roman “ater” vs. “niger,” 41
Spada extolling black marble, 308
Blake, Peter, 335–36, 336
Blosius Palladius (Biagio Pallai), 282, 369n87
Bocchus I (Mauretanian king), 76
Bologna: Palazzo Pubblico, 369n18
S. Petronio façade, 366n66
Bolsena: S. Cristina, 219
Bon, Bartolomeo, 273, 368n57
Bonaventura: Legenda Maior, 218
Bonfigli, Benedetto: Miracle of San Ludovico, 247
Bonsignori, Bernardo, 193
Bonsignori, Bonsignore, 242
book-matching marbles, 4, 175–77, 175–81
floor slabs, 199
Hagia Sophia, 175–76, 175–77, 178, 191, 206
images perceived in, 179–80, 180, 206, 211, 235
marble simulation and faux-book-matching, 150–54, 356n124
Mies’s oeuvre and, 335
S. Marco (Venice), 304
S. Vitale, 180, 181
sawing process, 175, 177, 199, 359n69
Bordeaux: Church of Virgin Mary, 169, 229
Borghini, Gabriele, 2
Borghini, Vincenzo, 307
Borromini, Francesco, 164, 308
Spada Chapel, S. Girolamo della Carità (Rome), 308, 309
on Tomb of Clemente Merlini (Rome), 322, 323
Bosco Marengo: S. Croce, 292
Boscoreale, Villa of P. Fannius Synistor, 96, 98
Bosio, Antonio, 301
Botticelli, Sandro, 302
Bramante, Donato, 164, 252, 253, 271–73, 272, 280
breccia, 81, 92, 96, 100–102, 101, 107, 157, 159, 160, 179, 220, 220, 222, 263, 264, 318, 336, 337, 342n2
breccia corallina, 220, 222
Bregno, Giambattista, 252
Bregno, Lorenzo: Cappella del SS. Sacramento in Duomo of Treviso, 252, 366n61
S. Marco, Altar of the Sacrament, 243, 260
Brescia, 38, 76, 239, 268
Cella, Capitolium, 40, 41
Palazzo Maggi al Fontanone, 270, 368n49
“Red Sea” sarcophagus, 198, 199, 362n32
brickwork: imitation in marble, 125
marble and brick in Rome, 286–88
in northern Italy, 269
opus reticulatum, 267–68
opus tetradorum, 268
pseudo-brick, 125. See also glazed brickwork mud-brick buildings
Bridget of Sweden (saint), 212
Brindley, William, 333
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 78
Bronze Age, 52, 81–89. See also headings starting with “Minoan”
Bruneau, Philippe, 65
Bruni, Leonardo, tomb of, 214
Bücher, Peter, 297
Buggiano (Andrea di Lazzaro Cavalcanti), 218
Butterfield, Williams, 333
Butz, Patricia, 65
Byzantine architecture, 163
book-matching as trademark of, 175
“cloisonné masonry,” 156
influence on Italian churches, 247, 252, 257, 356n117
influence on Venetian palaces, 264–65
remains, 163–64
revival, 333. See also Constantinople Hagia Sophia
Byzantium. See Constantinople
Byzes (of Naxos), 31
C
Caesar of Arles, 150
Cafà, Melchiorre, 326, 371n124
Cagliari amphitheater, 66, 67
Calabria: Temple of Hera, 38
Caleño granite, 162
Caligula (emperor Gaius), 116, 117, 141
cameos, 48, 48, 54, 63, 71, 96, 100, 134, 234, 345n14, 349n48
Canterbury cathedral, 151–52, 158, 197, 356n114
altar for Chapel of St. Anselm, 337, 337
Cantigas de Santa Maria (collection of musical poetry), 181, 183
Capece, Scipione, 52
Caporali, Giovanni Battista, 268
Capuchins, 298
Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da: Conversion of St. Paul, 313
Deposition of Christ, 307
Carinthia: Gurk abbey church’s faux-alabaster windows, 145
Carmelites, 310, 319
Carpaccio, Vittore, 239, 267, 268
Annunciation, 238, 238
Entombment, 220
Carracci, Antonio: Virgin Appearing to St. Francis, 303
Carrara quarries (ancient Luni), 38, 40, 46, 114, 247
Carthaginians, 76
Carystian marble (cipollino), 41, 114, 119, 121, 136, 172, 246, 359n56, 359n572, 362n36
Brindley’s rediscovery of quarries, 333
Frigidarium, Villa of the Quintili (Rome), 199, 200
late antique Domus (“College of the Augustales,” Ostia), 173, 173;
suitable for libraries, 277
Caserta: Royal Palace, 263
Casola, Pietro, 265
Cassignola, Giacomo, 292
Cassiodorus, Flavius Magnus Aurelius, 59, 71, 125–26, 188
Castagno, Andrea del, 277
Passion Cycle (fresco), 223, 223–24
Catherine of Siena (saint), 326, 327
Cato, Marcus Porcius (Cato the Elder), 113
Catullus, Gaius Valerius, 114, 199, 345n43
Cave of Archedemos (Nympholyptos Cave), 51
Cecilia (martyr), 300–301
Çelebi, Cafer, 193
Cennini, Cennino, 302
Cesariano, Cesare, 252, 267–68, 268, 295
Chácon, Alonso, 298
chalcedony, 12, 13, 18, 147, 341n27
chalices, 146, 146, 186, 187, 187
chance images, 1, 96, 332. See also marble, images perceived in
Chantelou, Paul Fréart de, 316
Charlemagne, 197, 335
chevron patterns, 5, 21, 151, 199
Chian marble (porta santa), 74, 96, 119, 255, 284, 292, 333, 352n97
Chigi, Agostino, 252–53, 255, 281–82
China: marble architecture and, 2
marble table screens in, 1
“Rainbow Mountains” in, 84
Chios: Nea Moni, 163
Pan head, 96. See also Chian marble
Chorikios, 178, 183, 184, 188, 189, 359n50
Chortasmenos, Johannes, 367n7
Christ: agate chalice and, 187, 219
Annunciation and Nativity, 227–28, 228
Assumption of Virgin Mary and, 227
baptism of, 359n41
blood of, 186–87, 199, 213–14, 218–20
Christ Pantokrator rock-crystal relief, 203, 203
cloud identification with, 260
as corner stone, 357n134
Crucifixion, 223–24, 231
Deposition, 220, 222, 224
images made-without-human-hands, 180
Incarnation, 168, 183, 185, 187, 227, 229, 231, 238, 260
as “light from light,” 141, 203
Mandorla and risen Christ, 231
Nativity relics, 223
as “New Temple,” 228, 299
Parian marble meant to signify, 154
Passion, 147, 185, 210, 212, 213, 219, 220, 224–25
putative casket, 214
relics and, 147, 210–11
Resurrection, 132–33, 214, 224
“Rising Sun,” 132–33
at Sea of Galilee, 206
sepulcher of, 212
Sermon on the Mount, 210
Wisdom and, 168, 184, 185
Word made flesh, 169, 184–85, 189, 213
Chrysolaras, Manuel, 190, 356n109
church architecture and decoration, 128
chapels (Renaissance), 239–45
church façades (Renaissance), 245–52
conversion of earlier Roman structures into churches and monasteries, 132
difference between images and idols, 295
gems, use of, 134, 136–38, 147, 148, 152, 187
Romanesque faux-masonry, 154–57
wall of the “living church,” 155. See also Rome (early modern era); Rome (post-classical period); specific locations of churches
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 38, 51, 96, 113, 114, 115
Cimabue: The Flagellation of Christ, 213
Cima da Conegliano, Giovanni Battista, 223, 224, 239–40, 267, 365n6
The Healing of Anianus, 239–40, 240
Theseus at the Court of Minos, 270
Virgin and Child with Saints, 181, 182
Cimitile: Basilica Nova, 130
Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, 113
Cinquecento: colored marble, popularity of, 289, 365n19
marble chapels, 252
painting, 224
paint used to simulate marble, 269
stones in liturgical use, 297
stucco palaces, 284
Ciriaco d’Ancona, 241, 242
The City of Brass (Arabic travelogue), 363n63
Civate: S. Pietro al Monte, 134, 134
Clark, Kenneth, 336
Classe: S. Apollinare, 138, 246, 249
Claudian (Claudius Claudianus), 66, 204, 349n70, 352n105
Claudius (emperor), 57, 101
Claudius Etruscus, 352n102
Clement VIII (pope), 370n35
Cleopatra (pharaoh), 111–12, 114, 117, 322
Clifton (England): Goldney Hall, 287
“cloisonné masonry,” 156
cloud architecture, 4, 319–30
clouds, 65, 260, 309, 318, 326, 328
Codussi, Mauro: Ca’ Contarini delle Figure (Venice), 267
S. Michele façade (Isola), 249, 249
Scuola Grande di S. Marco façade (Venice), 233, 251
Cologne churches, 197
Colonna, Fabio, 295–96
Colonna, Francesco, 231–33, 241–42, 263, 368n78
colored marble, 13
Athenian homes, 110
Byzantine use of, 265
in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 331, 332
Florence in early modern era, 292
Fulvio on, 280
Hadrian’s Villa, 265
longue durée of, 1
Masonry and First Style stuccoes and, 94
mid-Cinquecento Rome, 289
Palazzo Lante (Rome), 284
pictorial relief using, 233
Raphael and, 253
Renaissance, 247, 284
Roman era, 41, 47–48, 71–78, 92
Rome in early modern era, 292
Temple of Zeus Aigiochoios, 242
in Venice, 239, 264
Virgin and, 225. See also polychromy
Column of the Flagellation, 212–13, 213, 219, 227, 230
communion, 185, 187, 214
concrete, 57
confessio, 300–301, 312
conglomerate stone, 19–21, 20–21
“Almendrado” or “puddinja del Turro,” 285, 286
fresco imitations, 81, 81, 89
plaster sponge-painted imitations, 342n2, 347n21
Consolatory Fable about Bad and Good Fortune (Byzantine romance), 262
conspicuous consumption and social prestige, 2, 37, 110, 112–15, 116, 125, 149–50, 261, 269, 280, 283, 365n19
Constans II (emperor), 149
Constantine (emperor), 129, 149, 151, 163, 178, 353n12, 359n50
Constantine Monomachos (Byzantine emperor), 151
Constantine Porphyrogenitus (Byzantine emperor), 262, 362n55
Constantine Rhodius, 171, 360n82
Constantinople, 2, 117, 147, 148–54
Apostoleion, 171, 174, 185, 193, 203, 212, 359n54, 360n94, 360n113
Blachernai Palace, 261–62, 353n33, 354n59
Boukoleon Palace, 261, 265
Chora Church (Kariye Camii), 163, 177, 177, 178, 184, 189, 193, 208, 358n3
Church of the Savior at the Chalke Gate, 363n1
Church of the Virgin of the Pharos, 147, 155–56, 184, 219, 362n54
commerce after 1453 under Ottomans, 242
earthquake (558 AD), 148, 189
fall of (1204), 151
fall of (1453), 165, 193, 220, 223, 239, 242
fire (404 AD), 79
Forum Tauri, 172
Great Palace, 178, 261–62, 363n1, 367n19
Hagia Eirene, 203, 361n1
Hagios Polyeuktos, 136, 136, 165, 174
Hodegetria (icon of the Virgin), 222, 239, 240
icons, 183, 239
imperial capital relocated to, 149, 163
imperial palaces, 261–62
link to biblical prehistory and gospel, 189
manuscripts and decoration, 139, 152, 356n119
Mermerkule, 262, 367n6
painting as inclusive term for other media, 304
Palace of Andronikos Palailogos the Elder, 362n16
Palace of Bryas, 265
Palace of the Grand Logothete Theodore Meteochites, 262
Palace of Theodore Palaiologos Kantakouzenos, 262, 367n7
Paleologan Palace, 265
Pantanasse Church, 193
Pantokrator Church (Zeyrek Camii), 163, 219–20, 222, 361n119
Parekklesion of the Theotokos Pammakaristos (Fethiye Camii), 163, 193
Proconnesian marble quarries and, 197
S. Akakios, 362n54
Sophiae Palace, 119
Sophianae Palace, 119
spolia, use of, 208, 261
St. John Stoudios, 163, 203
Süleymaniye Mosque, 164
Tekfur Sarayı (Palace of Constantine Porphyrogenitus), 262, 262, 265
Theotokos Kyriotissa Akataleptos (Kalenderhane Camii), 163. See also Hagia Sophia
Constantius (Roman emperor), 126
Contarini, Pietro, 259, 267
Conversion of St. Paul (anonymous), 302, 318
copper mines, 52, 345n11
Cordoba, Arab house in, 204
Corinth, 23, 92
Corinthian architecture, 24, 73, 346n77
Corippus, Flavius Cresconius, 119
Cornaro, Alvise, 284
Cornaro, Federico (cardinal), 299, 310
Correggio, Antonio Allegri da, 324
Cortesi, Paolo, 274, 369n97
Cosmas Indikopleustes (Alexandrian cosmographer), 185, 362n53
Cosmati style, 151, 174, 202, 209, 245. See also London for floor of Westminster Abbey
Costanzo da Ferrara, 242
cottanello, 319, 321, 321, 322, 371n112
Council of Chalcedon (451), 168–69
Counter-Reform Church, 299, 363n16
Courtois, Guillaume, 323, 324
Cox, Stephen (sculptor), 336–37, 337
Creation, 133, 138, 169, 186, 204, 206, 325
creation myths, 8, 9, 138
Cremona: Palazzo Fodri, 252
Palazzo Raimondi, 274–75, 274
Crescenzi, Giovanni Battista, 309
Crete: Agia Triada villa, 107
Hagia Triada Sarcophagus, 22, 22
stone vessels, 89. See also Knossos
Crossing of the Red Sea (anonymous), 302
Crusaders, 186, 195, 211, 228, 265
Cupid, 116
Cybele, 62, 63
Cycladic sculpture, 26, 30
Cyprian, saint (Thaschus Caecilius Cyprianus), 150
Cyprianus Gallus, 362n32
Cyril of Alexandria (saint), 169
Cyzicus: Temple of Hadrian, 69–70
Temple of Jupiter, 125
D
Dacians, Trajan’s defeat of, 76–78
Dahl, Ellert, 150
Dall’Acqua, Andrea, 256, 258–60
Damascus: Great Mosque, 164, 205, 205, 354n59
Damophilus (sculptor, painter), 348n60
Damophon of Messene (sculptor), 66
Danti, Vincenzo, 258
Daphne (nymph), 63, 64
Daphni: Church of the Dormition, 163
Dario, Giovanni, 267, 367n28
Darius I (Achaemenid king), 108, 109
Dean, Carolyn, 1
De Boodt, Anselm, 316–17
de Clari, Robert, 220
Dei, Benedetto, 242
de Jong, Piet, 88, 89
del Cossa, Francesco, 269
Delian League, 38
della Porta, Giacomo, 293, 294, 298, 300–301, 300–301, 312, 370n41
della Porta, Giambattista, 298
della Porta, Giovanni Battista, 304, 306
dell’Aquila, Silvestro, 252
Delos: Apollo of the Naxians, 30–31
Delian-Pythian festival, 343n59
as free port, 92
House of Dionysos, 109, 109–10, 347n26
House of Hermes, 91, 347n26
House of the Comedians, 347n26
House of the Masks, 347n26
House of the Trident, 347n26
Hypnos and Ariadne, 96, 97
Masonry Style, 90, 90, 96, 100
“Oikos” and Colossus of the Naxians, 24, 24–25, 30–31, 65, 343nn35–36
second-century BC houses, marble columns in, 109, 109–10
“Temple of the Athenians,” 343n42
Delphi, 34–38
Rhodian monument with quadriga of Helios, 37, 37
Stoa of Attalos I, 100
Temple of Phoibos Apollo, 37, 37, 47, 171
Treasury of the Athenians, 34, 36, 37
del Riccio, Agostino, 298
del Sarto, Andrea, 214
Demeter, cult statue of, 66
Demetrios of Phaleron (orator, philosopher), 55, 345n23
de’ Pasti, Matteo, 243, 365n13
de Piñeda, Juan (theologian), 304
de Retza, Franciscus, 211, 235
d’Este, Borso, 269
d’Este, Ercole, 273, 275
d’Este, Isabella, 273, 368n53
d’Este, Sigismondo, 273
Deucalion, 62
Deventer: St. Lebuinus, 356n114
diamonds, 273–75
Didi-Huberman, Georges, 2, 228, 365n75
Digenis Akrites (anonymous epic), 127, 206, 262, 265
Di Giorgio Martini, Francesco, 243, 244, 267
Dio Cassius, 69
Diocletian, 115, 210
Diodorus Siculus, 24, 65
Dionysius [the Areopagite], 365n75
Dionysos, 60, 171
Dioskourides (Pedanius Dioscorides, physician and pharmacologist), 258, 259
divine light, 4, 138–41, 309
Byzantine theologians on, 183
communion and, 185
Creation and, 325
descent into the world, 322–23
Egyptian era, 11
Eucharist rites and, 187
Hagia Sophia, 204
invisible light of god’s essential nature vs. light we see, 313
Theresa and, 317–19
Virgin Mary at Annunciation and, 228–29
divine painting, 1, 3, 4, 181–84, 218, 219, 295–97, 303, 316, 332
Djet (pharaoh): funerary stele, 105
Djoser (pharaoh), 10–11, 11–12, 24, 104
Dolce, Lodovico, 259, 298
domes, 319–30. See also specific locations for churches and other structures
Dominicans, 230, 234
Domitian, 41–43, 43, 117, 344n78, 351nn62–63, 352n89, 358n21
Domus Flavia, 117–19
Donatello (Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi), 231, 233
Entombment (relief), 214, 214
Miracle of the Mule (relief), 231, 232
Doric architecture, 23, 24, 50, 73, 110
Dosio, Giovanni Antonio, 292, 369n8
Dream of Gudea of Lagaš, 17
Drexler, Arthur, 335
Dürer, Albrecht, 365n9
Madonna and Child, 240–41, 242
Durham Cathedral (England), 150, 151, 152–54, 157
E
Eastern Church and Empire, 155, 163, 187, 191, 294.; See also Constantinople; Hagia Sophia
Ebers Papyrus, 54
Edessa: acheiropoieton, 360n90
cathedral, 139, 165, 202
Edessene Hymn, 165, 181, 188, 358n26, 358n28
Edict of Diocletian (301 AD), 350n39, 350n46
Edict of Milan (313 AD), 129
Edward I (English king), 357n154
Egypt, 7–12
ashlar architecture, 19
“Blue Chambers” (Djoser pyramid at Saqqara), 10–11, 11–12, 24, 104
“Chessboard Style,” 110, 111
color of stones used in effigies of gods in, 60
death ceremonies for deceased pharaohs, 112
faience, 9–11, 104, 105
four elements of matter, 49
glass, 8, 9
Hatnub (alabaster quarries), 9, 106
“Horus name” pictogram, 104, 105
importing marbles from Greece, 110
influence of, 22, 24–25, 81, 116, 343n17
Minoan painters in, 85, 86
monolithic building, 66
Mons Porphyrites, 149
Neferefre pyramid (Abusir), 9–11
New Kingdom epoch, 105–6
Osiris-king, 105
Palace at Avaris, 86
Palace of Seti I at Pi-Ramesses, 104
palaces and palace-temple complexes, 104–5
Papyrus Lansing, 105
porphyry, 3, 110
Ptolemaic, 54, 110
royal mortuary temples of New Kingdom (Luxor), 105–6
stone lore, 51, 55
synthetic gems, 7
tempera painting, 82
Temple of Amun (Malkata), 104, 105
Temple of Kom-el-Hetan, 108
Tomb of Rekhmire, 8, 9
Valley Temple of Khafre (Ghiza), 112, 206
“Egyptian alabaster” (calcite-alabaster), 9, 9, 19, 65, 86, 86, 87, 102, 106, 109–12, 112, 117, 121, 121, 143–45, 171, 172, 206, 260, 284, 289, 289, 341n16
Egyptian calcite-travertine, 31, 33, 92, 107, 111, 146, 197, 242, 243, 258, 269, 277, 303, 309, 337, 348n55, 350n33, 362n51, 363n59, 367n96. See also “Egyptian alabaster”
Eirene (empress, widow of Manuel I), 219
ekphrasis, 136, 148, 164–65, 168, 169, 173, 178, 179, 184, 189, 241, 259, 283, 294, 358n16, 358n21
Elagabulus (emperor), 350n31, 353n17
Eleusinian limestone, 26, 32, 71, 72–73, 348n48
Eliasson, Olafur: The Weather Project, 167, 169–70
Eliot, T. S., 336
emery, 30, 258
Empedokles, 49
English use of marble: nineteenth century, 332–33.
See also London and other locations
Enlightenment, 332
Enlil (Sumerian god), 14
Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta (Sumerian epic), 5–6, 8–9, 341n2 (Ch. 1)
Ennius, Quintus, 197–99
Ennodius, Magnus Felix (Bishop of Pavia and poet), 126, 136, 137, 168, 172, 184, 354n44, 354n54
Enrico Dandolo (doge), 265
Enuma Eliš (Babylonian creation myth), 8, 12
Ephesus: Hanging Houses, 121
Temple of Artemis, 38
Temple of Flavian Emperors, 41
Epicurean theory, 355n75
Epiphanius of Salamis (saint), 258
Eridu temple, 5–6
Erra (Babylonian epic), 18
Eryxias (pseudo-Platonic dialogue), 109
Esarhaddon (Assyrian king), 107
Estrin, Seth, 83
Esztergom: St. Adalbert’s Cathedral, 357n153
Etruria, 38
loggia, house at Populonia, 92, 93
Euchaita: Martyrium of St. Theodore, 175
Eucharistic vessels and rite, 157, 162, 260, 361n124
agate chalice, 186, 187, 219
Hagia Sophia, 185, 186–87, 189
stained altar at S. Cristina (Bolsena), 219
Euclid, 188
Eugenius (emperor, r. 393–394 AD), 127
Eugenius I (c. 600–657, archbishop), 142
Eumenes II (Pergamon), 110
Euripides, 37
Europa and the Bull, 64
Eusebius, 133, 141, 165, 168, 178, 357n134
exhalations, doctrine of dry and moist, 50, 65
“ex uno lapide,” 336–37, 346n56
classical era, 65–68, 71, 357n136
medieval era, 142, 155–56, 178
statuary, 65–66, 142, 346n56. See also monolithic buildings
Ezekiel ben-Buzi, 18
Eden described by, 134, 136–37
Vision of, 204
F
Factum Arte, 337
faience, 9–11, 82, 104–5, 108, 110, 350n29
Fancelli, Luca, 269
S. Andrea façade (Mantua), 250
S. Sebastiano façade (Mantua), 249–50, 250
Fanzago, Cosimo, 308, 309, 314–16, 316
Farfa, Abbey of, 355n89, 355n91
Farnese, Alessandro (cardinal), 286, 289
“Farnese Table,” 289, 289
faux-marble, 4, 19, 92–96, 98, 103, 108, 114, 120, 179, 208, 208, 273–74, 349n27, 350n33, 360n94
book-matching, 150–54, 356n124
faux-alabaster, 145
faux-Carystian floors, 362n36
Renaissance, 268–73, 277–84
S. Maria della Vittoria (Vicenza), 252. See also glass
faux-revetment, 238, 250, 252, 270, 352n31
faux-spolia, 363n1
Feast of the Assumption, 227, 323
Federico Barbarossa (Holy Roman Emperor), 357n136
Fernie, Eric C., 152–53, 356n114
Ferrara, 269, 274
Addizione Erculea, 273
Castello, Cappella di Renata di Francia, 369n17
Palazzo dei Diamanti, 269, 273–74, 274
Palazzo del Corte, 273
Palazzo Schifanoia, 249, 269, 270, 368n44
Ferri, Ciro, 326, 328
Ferrucci, Romolo di Francesco (Francesco del Tadda), 305
Fiesole: S. Domenico, 230
Filarete (Antonio di Pietro Averlino), 197, 214, 241, 251–52, 253, 269, 275, 366n54, 367n96
Filelfo, Francesco (humanist), 241, 365n5
fire and flame, 3, 49–50, 65, 76, 202, 253–55
Fischer, Johann Michael, 328
Flaccus, Quintus Fulvius, 38
Flavian period, 101
Flavin, Dan: Daylight and Cool Light (to Sol LeWitt), 44, 45
Flavius Merobaudes (poet), 172
flint, 63
floors, 191–207
bath frigidaria, 199
frozen sea of church floor, 191, 193, 197, 202–4, 206
glass, 205–6
Great Mosque (Damascus), 205, 205
Hagia Sophia’s Proconnesian-marble floors, 166, 191–93, 192, 197, 199–201, 202, 206
Homeric imagery incorporated into Paul the Silentiary’s declaiming over sea voyage of the faithful, 206–7
Islamic descriptions of “foam of the sea” for, 204–5, 205
Judaic lore of marble floor’s appearance as the sea, 204, 205
meadows, 202
medieval palaces, 205–6
Megaron (Hall of the Double Axes), Palace at Nestor, 87–89, 88–89
mosaic, 127, 127, 193, 195, 199
Ocean in eastern examples, 202
S. Marco (Venice), 195, 196, 202
“walking on water,” 191–97. See also London, for Cosmati floor of Westminster Abbey
Florence
Fortezza da Basso, 275, 275
Opificio delle Pietre Dure, 303–4
Orti Oricellari, 277
Palazzo Medici, 265, 268
Chapel of the Magi, 243, 277
S. Apollonia, 223, 223
S. Croce, 214, 252
Cappella Niccolini, 292
S. Giovanni Battista (Baptistery of Duomo), 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 366n40
S. Lorenzo, 13
Cappella dei Medici (Old Sacristy), 218
Cappella dei Principi, 13, 292, 292, 304
Tomb of Cosimo de’ Medici the Elder, 243
S. Maria Maddalena de’ Pazzi, 326, 328, 371n91
S. Maria Novella, 246, 307
Cappella Gaddi, 292
façade, 249–50, 249
Gondi Chapel, 252
S. Miniato al Monte, 143, 145, 249, 252, 366n54
Cardinal of Portugal Chapel, 243–45, 245, 365n27
S. Pancrazio, Rucellai Chapel, 214, 215
S. Spirito, Cavalcanti Chapel, 292
Fontana, Carlo, 326
fossils, 23, 54, 57, 73, 96, 138, 179, 197, 295–97, 332
Fouad I (king of Egypt), 145
four elements of matter, 3, 4, 49–50, 317, 321, 332, 344n1
Fourth Crusade (1202–4), 265
Fra Angelico: Annunciation, 230–31, 230
Transfiguration, 43–44, 44, 133, 154
Francis of Assisi (saint), 218
Franciscans, 218, 220, 228, 234
Frederick II Hohenstaufen (Holy Roman Emperor), 263–64
frescoes: Christ between Six Saints (Rome), 159, 160
House of Livia, 348n55
lime crust, 80
luminosity of, 87
marble’s relationship with, 99
Masonry Style and, 95
Minoan invention of, 19, 80–89
Mt. Athos, 222, 222
multiple layers of plaster for later Roman technique, 348n30
Mycenaean, 87, 90, 152
Pompeian, 111
Ptolemaic tombs, 110
steps in process, 80, 80
Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor (Boscoreale), 96, 98. See also Masonry Style; Minoan frescoes; painting, in and on stone; specific artists and locations
friezes: Horti Lamiani palace, 117
Ptolemaic tombs, 110
Tiryns palace, 108, 109. See also Masonry Style
Frizolio, Lorenzo (poet), 294–95
frontispieces, 271, 271
Fulgentius of Ruspa (saint), 47
Fulvio, Andrea, 280
Fulvius Nobilior, Marcus, 38
G
Gabriel (archangel), 227–29, 231, 238
Gaeta: Mausoleum of Lucius Munatius Plancus, 68, 346n63
Galen (Aelius Galenus), 258
Galileo Galilei, 326
Galla Placidia (daughter of Roman emperor Theodosius I), 206, 231
Gallo, Egidio (poet), 281
Gargaphia (Greece): grotto of Diana, 57
Garnier, Charles, 333
Gaza: cathedral, 136
Hagios Sergios, 184, 359n50
St. Stephen, 185, 189, 359n50
Gazzo Veronese, church of S. Maria at, 354n55
gems, affinity of marbles with, 65, 136, 258, 269, 273–74, 298
Genoa: “Sacro Catino” in S. Lorenzo, 147, 361n126
geology: as analytical science, 332
Arab science and, 197
Augustan geopolitics and, 71–78
baptistery’s relationship to, 133
birth of science of, 4, 49–50
grottos in Roman era and, 55
Leonardi on stone categories, 258–59
living rock and, 3, 51, 55–61, 63, 67
medieval notions of, 197
modern classifications, 317
mutual attraction between stones, 63–64
premodern notions of, 1, 3, 4, 51–52, 138, 258, 295, 318
Victorian architecture and geological metaphor, 371n3
watery origins of stone, 64–65, 73, 137, 197
Geometres, John, 203
geometrical patterns, 150–51, 153, 188, 191, 199, 243
Gerald of Wales (historian), 356n127
Gerasa (Jordan): SS. Cosmas and Damian, 362n44
Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 231, 242
Ghiza, 112, 206
Gian Cristoforo Romano, 273, 273
Gilgāmeš epic, 15, 108, 134, 136, 343n54
Giotto di Bondone, 210, 210, 230
Giovanni da Porlezza (mason), 256–60, 257
Giovanni da Udine (Giovanni Martini), 280–81, 284
Giovanni de’ Cauli (author), 228, 228
Giovanni di Francia (Jean Charlier, painter), 268
Giovanni Pietro da Cemmo (painter), 252
Gisilbert, 356n127
Giulio Romano (Giulio Pippi), 280, 283–84, 369n84
Casino Turini (Rome), 283, 283
Ceres (Allegory of Abundance) (attrib.), 280, 280
façade of Mantuan home of, 284
Palace of Charles V, 284
Sala dei Cavalli (Mantua), 281, 281
Giustinian, Bernardo, 365n5
Giustinian, Lorenzo (saint, Patriarch of Venice), 227
Gla (Greece), palace at, 87
Glaber, Raoul (chronicler), 154
glass
Aristotle on, 50
dichroic, 142, 355n80
Domus outside Porta Marina (Ostia), 123
Erechtheion’s glass beads, 73, 74
floors, 205–6
imitating marble, 9, 120, 120, 145, 147, 351n74
S. Vincenzo al Volturno (Molise), 145, 145–46
Indian glass, 41
mosaic, 304
pavement in Syria (Islamic Palace B at Raqqua-Rafiqua), 205, 361n10
production methods in medieval era, 355nn89–92
Saxon glass fragments, 355n89
as semiprecious stone, 16, 354n43
Sumerian/Egyptian invention and manufacture of, 7–8, 9, 12
Tiryns palace, glass paste, 108
volcanic (obsidian), 8
windows in alabaster instead of, 277
glazed brickwork, 16, 17, 106, 109, 125, 265, 268
Gnoli, Raniero, 2
The Golden Legend, 323
Gonzaga, Ludovico III (Marquis of Mantua), 249
Gonzalez de Clavijo, Ruiz, 220
Göreme: Karanlik Kilise (“Dark Church”), 151
Gorgasus (sculptor, painter), 348n60
Goritz, Johann (poet, antiquarian), 282, 369n87
Gothic architecture, 147, 154, 245, 268, 366n42
Gothic revival, 332
Goths, 128
Grado: S. Euphemia, 195, 195, 206
Granada (Spain): Alhambra, 205, 284
Palace of Charles V, 284–86, 285
granite, 19, 112, 242, 258, 284, 303, 356n109
Aswan granite, 253–55, 321, 366n68
Caleño granite, 162
Gratian (emperor), 174, 353n12
Grazzini, Antonfrancesco Antonfrancesco (“Il Lasca,” poet), 292
Greek era, 1, 19–33
anathyrosis technique, 68
bonding of walls, 69
chryselephantine statues and akroliths, 26, 26–29, 31, 33, 41
cult statuary, 66
“Cycladic Sculpture,” 30
cyclopean masonry, 67–68
Egyptian influence on, 22, 24–25, 343n17
first all-marble building, 38
first stone temples of mainland Greece, 29–30
four elements of matter, 49–50
Goddess of Morgantina, probably Persephone (Sicily), 29, 29, 43, 343n30
ivory face from cult statue of a goddess (Euphranor?), 27, 28
kouroi statues, 24, 30, 31
krepidoma (stepped platform), 25, 343n20
lapidaries of, 54
marble temple, emergence of, 19–38, 46
Masonry Style, 90, 90
monolithic (ex uno lapide) building in, 66–67, 357n136
Naxian marble, 30–33
oracular agency and stones identified with gods, 66
palaces, 108–9
Parian marble, 29–31, 31, 33, 34, 275
Pentelic marble, 38
polychromy, 71
Poros and Paros, 33–38
roofs made from marble, 31–33, 73, 132, 343n38
Samothrace monumental pavilion, 38
science on marble formation, 3
Temple A (Hera?) (Sicily), 29, 29, 31, 31, 34
Temple C (Athena?) (Metapontum), 31
Temple of Athena (Elis), 343n49
Temple of Demeter (Naxos), 30, 31
Temple of Hera (Olympia), 23
Temple of Hera II (Paestum), 25, 25
Temple of Zeus (Olympia), 27, 27, 31–33, 73, 206, 242
Temple (Yria) probably dedicated to Dionysos, 31
white temples in, 29–33. See also Athens, Delos, Mycenae, and other cities
green porphyry, 110, 111, 138, 161, 172, 225, 349n25, 350n32. See also Lacedaemonian marble serpentine
green stones, 349n25
Gregory XIII (pope), 294, 298, 370n33
Gregory of Nyssa (saint), 174–75, 261
Gregory Nazianzenus (saint), 178, 294
Gritti, Andrea (doge), 259
Grossmark, Tziona, 204
grottos, natural art of, 55–57, 307
Gudea (ruler of Lagaš), 14
Guerra, Gaspare, 300–301, 300–301, 312, 370n41
Gundulf (architect), 151–52
guttae (conical ornaments in Doric entabulature), 73, 75, 75
gypsum, 87, 107, 107, 141, 142, 154
H
Hadrian, 41, 78, 79
burial of, 149
Temple at Cyzicus, 69–70
Villa at Tivoli, 172, 199, 265, 367n18
Hagia Sophia (Constantinople), 163–90, 170, 354n59
agate chalice, 186, 187
altar, 186, 360n116
aniconic mosaics, 183, 206
apse, 355n69
baptistery, 201, 201, 361n1
book-matching marbles, 175–76, 175–77, 178, 191, 206
compared to Apostoleion, 185
construction and consecration, 165–68, 191, 360nn113–14
coronation of emperor held at, 149
crosses, 183
designers of, 185, 187–88
Diegesis (or Narratio), 165, 193, 211, 362n55
dome, 165, 169–71, 188, 202, 203, 359n45
dome collapses, 188, 189
ekphrases of, 184, 189
Eucharistic sacrifice, 185, 186–87, 189
exception to Proconnesian in rota (omphalion), 361n5
gallery, 176, 177
geometrical metaphysics and, 188
glowing marbles, 138
holy images revealed in marble, 181
icons, 183
influence of, 164, 241, 242
light and surface, 169–71, 183, 203–4, 207
limits of representation as residence of God, 189
marbles, variety of, 171
Michael the Deacon on fleshy appearance of marble in, 219
mosaics, 170
nature brought into, 171–75
nave, 139, 166, 171, 172, 175, 177, 184, 185, 358nn3–4
pools and fountains of atrium, 204, 362n55
praise for, 119
Proconnesian-marble floors, 166, 191–93, 192, 197, 199–201, 202, 206
sacred relics, 210, 219, 223
sanctuary interior, 186–87
sanctuary screen, 136, 191
seas, earthly and celestial, 202, 206–7, 333
second inauguration, 206
sources of marbles in, 211
Thessalian marble columns, 171, 172, 178
windows, 171, 207
womb imagery associated with, 229
as Word made flesh, 168–69
Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (Fatimid caliph), 151
Halikarnassos, 352n101
Maussolleion (Mausoleum), 109, 110
Palace of Mausolos, 94, 109, 110, 275
Hammurabi (Babylonian king), 106
Harpin of Thornley, 157–58
Hathor (Egyptian goddess), 104
heaven: descriptions of, 131, 134, 134–37, 156–57, 185, 203, 204, 274
Jewish conception of, 18
Sumerian and Babylonian conception of, 12–13
Heavenly Jerusalem, 142, 147, 152, 162, 210, 227, 258, 259–60, 298, 299, 354n53
Colombe, Jean: Heavenly Jerusalem, Apocalypse of the Dukes of Savoy, 260
wall mosaic (S. Maria Maggiore), 18, 18
Heidegger, Martin, 25
Hekhaloth, 204
Helios, 37, 44
Henri d’Avranches (poet), 159–60
Henry III (English king), 162
Henry of Amsterdam (miniaturist), 271
Heraclea Lynkestis (Bitola): basilica, 362n44
Herakles, 110. See also Tyre
Herculaneum: book-matching marble, 177
common use of marble in, 115
First Style, 92–94, 93, 124
House of the Ceii, 92
House of the Relief of Telephus, 121, 121
House of the Samnites, 92, 93
Second Style, 94
Hermes Trismegistus, 258
Hermodoros of Salamis (Greek architect), 38
Herod (king of Judaea), 47, 154, 204
Herodes Atticus (Greco-Roman magnate and rhetorician), 116, 351n54
Herodotos, 24, 25, 66, 109, 138, 343n58
Hero of Alexandria, 115
Hertfordshire: St. Alban’s, 154
Hierapolis (Pammukale, Turkey), 57, 58, 197, 362n51
Hilderic’s palace at Anclae (Carthage), 119
Hittites, 106, 116
Hodegetria, 222, 239, 240
Holy Grail, 187
Homer, 19, 26, 27, 44, 49, 89, 108–9, 116–17, 119, 169, 189, 197, 199, 206–7, 361n124
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus), 33, 44, 78, 114–15, 148
Horus (Egyptian god), 104, 105
Hosios Loukas (Distomo, Greece), 138, 156, 156, 163, 362n17
Hrabanus Maurus Magnentius, 154–55, 259, 259, 260, 364n63
Hugh de Puiset (prior of Durham), 158
Hymettan marble, 38, 54, 115, 148, 275
Hymn to Pythian Apollo, 37
Hypatius (bishop of Ephesus), 137, 259
Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, 152, 231, 241, 263, 265, 277, 278
I
Iasian marble (cipollino rosso), 243
Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (Arab geographer and poet), 179, 358n12
Ignatius (saint), 324
Ignatius of Smolensk (Russian pilgrim), 149, 220
Iktinos, 73–74, 75
illusionism, 83, 95, 281, 312, 318–19
imagination: classical temples’ and palaces’ influence on, 26, 37, 119
lithic imagination, 1, 24
marble churches imagined as jeweled, 136
material imagination, 4, 318, 319, 336
religious imagination, 168. See also marble, images perceived in
Immaculism, 234, 235, 297
Imperia Cognati (mistress of Agostino Chigi), 281
Inanna (Sumerian goddess), 5–6
Incarnation. See Christ
Indian gems and stones, 65, 110
Innocent VII (pope), 149
Innocent VIII (pope), 252, 278
Ionic architecture, 24, 73, 74, 109, 110, 346n77
Isidore of Seville, 154, 258, 277, 356n106, 362n33
Isidoros of Miletus, 185, 187–88
Islamic architecture, 2, 204–6, 265
Islamic poetry alluding to Proconnesian marble, 204–5
Islamic pottery, 65
Israel: Minoan painters in, 85, 86–87
Palace at Tel Kabri, 86–87. See also Jerusalem
Istrian stone, 246, 249, 265, 267, 268, 284, 287
ivory, 26–29, 28, 33, 115, 117
Parian marble as substitute for, 33, 41
J
jade, 120
Jahan, Shah (Mughal emperor of India), 2
“jasper,” 18, 111, 131, 141, 146, 147, 162, 243, 319, 321, 323, 342n27
Jerome (saint), 154, 212, 258, 304
Jerusalem
Al-Aqsa Mosque, 151
Crusader spoils from, 211
Dome of the Rock, 158, 164, 354n59, 358n11, 363n60
Flavian triumph, 78
Haram al-Sharif, 151, 359n54
Herod’s Temple, 47, 68, 154
Holy Sepulcher, 151, 158, 178, 187, 210, 212, 214–18, 223, 225, 359n50
simulations of, 214, 215
pilgrims to, 212, 225
Solomon’s Temple, 70, 139, 154, 158, 165, 168, 169, 186, 204–5, 210, 228, 260, 356n129
Ark of the Covenant (Holy of Holies), 170, 229, 243, 258, 299, 304
Temple Mount, 227–28
Wailing Wall, 68, 68
Jesuits, 297, 319, 323
John (saint), 185, 256
City of God (Revelation), 134, 136
John of Damascus, 361n124
John the Almoner (saint), 149
John the Baptist, 181, 210, 214
John I of Ibelin (Lord of Beirut), 265, 362n14
John I Tzimiskes (Byzantine emperor), 363n1
John V Palaeologus (Byzantine emperor), 367n6
John VIII Palaeologus (Byzantine emperor), 265
Jonah and the whale, 206
Jones, Roger, 240
Jordan: church floors, 191
Church of Bishop Sergius, 363n68
Church of the Apostles (Madaba), 206
Josephus, Titus Flavius (Yosef ben Matityahu), 47, 70, 154
Judaism: heaven, conception of, 18
lore of marble’s appearance as the sea, 204, 205
Judgment Day, 202
Jugurtha (Numidian king), 76
Julia Flavia (niece of emperor Domitian), 43
Julian (“the Apostate,” emperor), 126, 131, 199
Julius Caesar, 40, 44, 74, 114, 115
Julius Polybius, Caius, 93
Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius (author), 128
Jung, Carl, 334
Junius Bassus (Junius Annius Bassus, praetorian prefect): Basilica of (Rome, converted to S. Andrea in Catabarbara), 123, 124, 132, 138, 252, 304
Justin I (Eastern Roman emperor), 353n33
Justin II (Eastern Roman emperor), 119, 353n33, 360n94
Justinian (emperor), 119, 137, 165, 185, 188, 191, 211, 361n119, 362n55
Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis), 78, 350n47, 351n62
K
Kaldellis, Anthony, 169
Kalhu (Assyrian capital), 107
Kallimachos and Chrysorroe (Byzantine romance), 262
Kallimachos of Cyrene (poet), 31
Kallistratos (sophist and rhetorician), 55
Kallixeinos of Rhodes (author), 110
Kamares ware, 82, 82, 87, 152
Kantorowicz, Ernst, 117
Karlštejn: Chapel of the Holy Cross, 210, 211
Karneades (philosopher), 96
karst topography, 50–51, 55
Kassite cosmology, 12–13, 13, 18
Kenchreai, Iseum at, 120, 120
Keramion, 180–81
Khaldé (Lebanon): church, 362n44
Kiev, 164, 358n13
Desiatynna (Tithe) Church, 357n151
Sviata Sofiia Cathedral, 357n151
Kinnamos, John (historian), 220
Kircher, Athanasius, 296, 296–97, 303, 318, 321–22, 322, 325, 369n24
Kleitarchos (historian), 52
Klosterrath: Abbey of Rolduc, 356n114
Kneeling Parthian statue, 76, 77
Knossos, 19, 342n8
gypsum used in palaces, 107
Hall of Double Axes, Palace of Knossos, 23, 87–89, 88–89, 108, 126, 152
throne room’s luminosity, 108. See also headings starting with “Minoan”
Kommos, 347n21
Ḵosrow II (Sasanian king), 13
L
Labacco, Antonio (architect): Oratory of the Holy Cross, 131
la Broquière, Bertrandon de (Burgundian traveller), 220
Lacedaemonian marble (green porphyry, serpentine), 242, 349n25, 350n31
Lactantius, Lucius Caecilius Firmianus, 142, 355n75
Lambeck, Peter (German historian), 297
Lanfranc (Archbishop of Canterbury), 151–52
Lanfranco, Giovanni: Assumption of the Virgin, 324, 325
Vision of St. Theresa Receiving the Rosary from the Virgin Mary, 313–14, 314
Lange, Carl (Swiss paleontologist), 296
Laocoön, statue of, 66
Lapatin, Kenneth, 29
lapidaries, 54, 187, 258–59, 260, 269, 274, 294, 345n20, 366n84
lapis lazuli, 5, 7–8, 11–18, 13, 105, 107, 258, 303, 309, 312, 342n28, 342n41, 342n44, 342nn48–49
L’Aquila: basilica of S. Bernardino da Siena, 252
la Rue, François (French physician), 298
Lascaris, Janos (Greek scholar), 242
Last Supper, 187, 212, 223, 224, 312, 361n126
Laugier, Marc-Antoine (French architectural theorist), 331
Lavoisier, Antoine, 332
Lazzari, Michele (Venetian collector), 297, 297
Leo III (pope), 355n76
Leo V (emperor), 358n9
Leo X (pope), 213, 253, 281, 283
Leo of Ostia (Italian Benedictine chronicler), 355n77
Leonardi, Camillo (Italian physician and astrologer), 258–59, 298, 366n86
Leonardo da Vinci, 231, 302
Leonelli, Antonio da Crevalcore: St. Francis as the Man of Sorrows, 218, 218
Leontios Byzantios (Byzantine theologian), 169
Leontios of Neapolis (Byzantine hagiographer), 149, 355–56nn104–105
Lepidus (Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, c. 230–152 BC), 38
Lepidus (Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, 120–77 BC), 114, 115
LeQuire, Alan: Athena Parthenos replica (Nashville), 26, 27, 31
“Lesbian marble” (Moria marble), 116
Lethaby, William Richard, 333
Liber Guidonis (12th-century manuscript), 354n63
Liber Pontificalis (chronicles of the early popes), 142
Licinius Crassus, Lucius, 115
Licinius Mucianus, Gaius, 61
light: Apollo and, 31, 37
Augustan Rome and, 44–46
churches and, 136–37
Fra Angelico’s Transfiguration and, 43–44, 44
gems and marbles as equal in terms of, 258
glass made of stone and windows of divine light, 138–50
“houses of light,” 104–28
increate vs. created lights, 141
Kircher on light pyramid, 322, 322
moon light, 46
Parian marble and, 33
Roman “candidus” vs. pallor of “albus” and, 41, 44, 344n75
watery light and liquid gems in medieval churches, 137–38
white color in antiquity as meaning “light,” 26
white marble temples and marble roof tiles, 29–33
wisdom equated with, 358–59n41. See also astral light; divine light; sun and sunlight
Ligorio, Pirro, 291, 291–92, 307
Ligozzi, Jacopo, 305
limestone, 11, 13, 15, 19–21, 22
Aegean area’s abundance of, 51
Akropolis, 71, 72–73
Assyrian palaces, 107
Brescian marble, 275
Egypt, 104
golden-hued, 78
Herod’s Temple (Jerusalem), 47
Maussolleion (Mausolos’s tomb), 109
Numidian use of, 76
Oratory of S. Bernardino façade (Perugia), 247
Persian palaces, 109
“pietra di paragone,” 300
purple, 78
red, 251, 357n153
sedimentary nature of, 29
in statuary, 29
Tempio Malatestiano (Rimini), 246
Temple of Apollo Epikourios (Bassai), 73
white, 107
Lincoln Cathedral (England), 159–60
Lippi, Filippo, 307
Lippi, Lippo, 230
liquid to stone, 64–65, 73
Stokes on symbiosis of stone and water, 336
watery light and liquid gems in medieval churches, 137–38. See also floors for water imagery
Liternum, 113
“lithic painting” and media, 54, 99, 184, 210, 218, 292, 337
Liudprand (bishop of Cremona), 261
living rock, 3, 51, 55–61, 63, 67, 84, 155, 180, 231, 286, 357n134
Livistros and Rodamne (Byzantine romance), 262
Livius Drusus, Marcus, 93
Livy, 280
Lomazzo, Gian Paolo, 307, 316
Lombardo, Antonio, 233, 233
Lombardo, Pietro, 231
S. Maria dei Miracoli (Venice), 234–38, 235–36, 243, 251
Scuola Grande di S. Marco façade (Venice), 233, 233, 251
Lombardo, Tullio, 251, 273, 273, 307
Scuola Grande di S. Marco façade (Venice), 233, 233, 251
Lombardy mansions and palaces, 267–68
London
Church of All Saints, Margaret Street, 333
Museum of Practical Geology (Geological Museum), 78
Temple Church, 158, 159
Westminster Abbey, 154, 158, 333, 333, 364n22
Chapel of St. Andrew floor, 334
Cosmati floor, 160–62, 161, 186, 230, 245, 321
Longus (Greek author), 173
Loos, Adolph, 334
Lorenzetti, Pietro: Deposition, 214
Entombed Christ as Man of Sorrows, 214, 216–17, 223, 225
Lorsch Gospels, 151, 152, 153, 158
Louis IX (French king), 147
Louis XIV (French “Sun King”), 117
Louvre, 104
Lowe, Adam, 337–38
low relief. See pictorial relief Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus), 111–12, 114, 117, 199
Lucca: SS. Giovanni e Reparata, 208, 208
Lucian of Samosata, 27, 119, 136, 354n59, 358n21
Lucretia (Roman heroine), 301
Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus), 51, 61, 139, 199, 355n75
Lucullan marble. See Africano Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, 114, 115, 283
Ludolphus of Saxony (theologian), 220, 364n39
Ludovico Sforza “il Moro,” 271, 272
Luke (saint), 309
luminosity: of Christian Godhead, 141
of Creation, 204
of Egyptian palace, 11
of end of time, 204
of frescoes, 87
of gems, 65, 117, 126, 134
of Greek era, 25
of Hagia Sophia, 203
of Minoan palace, 107–8
of Roman palaces, 125. See also divine light; light; radiance
Luna marble (Carrara), 100, 114
Lund Cathedral, 356n114
Luni. See Carrara quarries Luxor. See Egypt
Luxorius (Roman poet), 119, 351n69
Lychnites (variety of Parian marble), 44, 53, 53–54, 128, 344n82
Lycurgus Cup, 142, 147
Lygdian marble. See Parian marble
Lykosoura: Temple of Despoine, 66
Lyons: St. Justus, 142, 174
M
macchia, 316
Macedonia: palace at Aigai, 110
Roman defeat of, 92
St. George at Kurbinovo, 145
Tomb of the Judges (Lefkadia), 342n8. See also Pella
Machuco, Pedro (architect), 284–86, 285
Maderno, Carlo, 304, 306
Maderno, Stefano, 300–301
Maffei, Raffaelle (humanist), 252
Maffei, Scipione (scholar), 287
malachite, 8, 138
Malatesta, Sigismondo Pandolfo, 245, 247, 365n13
Malkata: Temple of Amun ceiling panel, 104, 105
Mamurra (Marcus Vitruvius?), 114, 115
Manasses, Constantine (Byzantine chronicler), 345n42
Mancini, Giulio, 304
Mandorla, 231
Mandylion, 180
Manetti, Antonio, 243–45, 245
Mango, Cyril, 220–22, 355n104, 360n96
Manilius, Marcus (poet-astrologer), 76
mansions and palaces: Athenian patrician homes, 109
brick and marble, 286–88
Cinquecento, 284
diamond-point palaces, 273–75
faux-marble mansions and jeweled palaces, 268–73
medieval palace floors, 205–6
Peruzzi, 281–82
Quattrocento palaces, 274, 368n60
Raphael, 280–81, 283
Roman palaces, façades of, 284–86
Veneto and Lombardy, 267–68
Venice, 264–67
vestibula and atria in palaces, 275–78. See also specific locations, civilizations, and rulers
Mantegna, Andrea, 233, 234, 240, 370n46
Camera Picta, 270
Cappella del Battista at Villa del Belvedere, decoration of, 252
The Circumcision of Christ, 240, 241
Lamentation over the Dead Christ, 220–22, 221, 240
Presentation of Christ in the Temple, 224–25, 225
S. Maria della Vittoria (Vicenza), decoration of, 252
Samson and Delilah, 233–34, 234, 240
Mantua, 269
Castello, Isabella d’Este’s apartment, 273
Giulio Romano’s home, 284
Palazzo del Tè, Sala dei Cavalli, 281, 281
Palazzo Ducale
Cortile della Cavallerizza, 284, 284
Domus Nova, 269
S. Andrea, 250
S. Sebastiano, 249–50, 250, 270
Via dei Fratelli Bandiera, house in, 270, 270–71
Manuel I Komnenos (Byzantine emperor), 181, 219, 364n42
Manuel II (patriarch of Constantinople), 149
Manutius, Aldus, 239
Maratta, Carlo: Immacolata, 325–26
marble: Aegean abundance in, 51
continuing popularity in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 331
derivation of word, 30
gem-like nature of, 65, 136, 258, 269, 273–74, 298
images perceived in, 179–80, 180, 206, 211, 235, 241, 296, 296–97, 331
imperial power exemplified by use of, 2
“marmor,” derivation and spelling, 197–99, 204, 362n33, 362n40
Marmor Aquitanicum, 360n82
Marmor Augusteum, 348n54
Marmor Chium, 96, 366n68
Marmor Lacedaemonium, 349n25
Marmor Luculleum, 114
Marmor Numidicum, 366n68
Marmor Tiberianum, 348n54
naming in Middle Ages, 299
self-generation of, 52, 79, 235
simulating, 209–10, 304
as valuable and rare commodity in the West, 157–58, 211, 261. See also colored marble; polished marble; specific types, quarries, and structures
Marbode of Rennes, 258, 259
Marchesi da Satrio, Giovanni, 290, 291
Marcian (Byzantine emperor), 149
Marconi, Clemente, 29
Marduk (Babylonian deity), 12, 18
Mark Anthony (Marcus Antonius Creticus), 40, 112
Mark the Deacon (Egyptian hagiographer), 136
Marmara Sea, 109, 169, 201, 207, 262
marmor. See marble marquetry, 4, 177, 304, 309, 326
Marsigli, Guiseppe, 100, 348n59
Marsyas (satyr), 62, 62–63, 219, 345n41
Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis), 41–43, 96, 118, 125, 137, 282, 284, 358n21
Mary Magdalene, 219, 222
Masaccio (Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Simone), 231
Masolino (Tommaso di Cristoforo Fini): Annunciation, 227, 228, 364n63
Masonry Style, 90–100, 90–93, 95–100, 109
faux–Masonry Style paintings, 347nn27–28
First Style, 90–96, 93, 99, 114
Fourth Style, 94
Second Style, 94–95, 123, 277
Third Style, 94, 95, 100, 123
Zone Style, 92, 110, 350n29
Massinissa (Numidian king), 76
material imagination, 319
Mauritius, “Seven Earths” dunes in, 84
Mausolos (satrap of Caria). See Halikarnassos Maxentius (emperor), 129
Mazenta, Franceso, 303, 303
meadows, marbles as, 137, 173–75, 193, 202, 231
Mecca: Ka’bah, 164
mechanics, science of, 188
Medici, 13, 243, 342n28
Medici, Cosimo de’ (1389–1464), 243, 265, 277
Medici, Cosimo I de’ (grand duke, 1519–1574), 292
Medici, Cosimo II de’ (grand duke), 304
Medici, Ferdinando I de’ (grand duke), 292, 304
Medici, Francesco I de’ (grand duke), 292
Medici, Giulio de’, 283
Medici workshops and pietra dura, 304
medieval era, 129–62
conversion of earlier Roman structures into churches and monasteries, 131–34
fourth to sixth centuries, remains from, 129–31
geological science in, 3
importation of marble, 157–58
influence in early modern era, 300
jeweled garden and jeweled city, 134–37
jewels from biblical period unknown in, 146
marble literature on, 2
mind vs. matter in, 3
naming of types of marble in, 295
polychromy, 157–62
Romanesque faux-masonry, 154–57
scarcity of available marble, 157–58, 261
simulation of marble and faux-book-matching, 150–54, 356n124
watery light and liquid gems, 137–38. See also Constantinople
Hagia Sophia Megara, akropolis of, 68
Mehmet the Conqueror, 165, 193, 223
Meliteniotes, Theodore, 262–63
Melozzo da Forlì (Melozzo di Giuliano degli Ambrosi), 277, 278
Sixtus IV Appoints Platina Prefect of the Vatican Library (fresco), 277, 277
memento mori, 149
Menander, 110
Mendeleev, Dmitri, 332
Menelaos, 116–17, 119
Meninx, Tunisia, 78
Mercati, Michele, 295, 298
Merida: Church of Eulalia, 358n39, 359n64
Merlini, Clemente, 322, 323
Merobaudes, Flavius, 197
Mesarites, Nikolaos, 164, 174, 178, 185, 203
Mesopotamia, 5–8
disk of Enheduanna (Ur), 14, 14
Ekur at Nippur, 14
glass invention and manufacture, 7–8
glazed brickwork in, 13, 16, 17, 106, 107, 109, 125, 265, 268, 286
Nuzi drinking cup, 8–9, 9, 109
palace materials, 106–7, 106–7
Sumeria, 5–8
Temple of Ištar, 6–7, 7
Temple of Ninhursag (Tell al-’Ubaid), 15, 15
Temple of the Mother Goddess (Keš), 13. See also Uruk
“metallum,” meaning of the term, 65
metamorphic stone, 3, 50
Metellus (Quintus Caecilius Metellus
Macedonicus): Temple of Jupiter Stator, 38, 76, 115, 350n43
Metellus Dalmaticus, Lucius Caecilius, 76
Metellus Scipio (Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica), 350n40
Metochites, Theodore, 178, 189
Michael the Deacon, 164, 169, 171, 174, 193, 203, 219, 229, 358n24
Michelangelo, 286, 292, 312
Michelangelo Buonarotti the Younger, 304
Michelozzi, Niccolò and Bernardo, 242
Micipsa (Numidian king), 76
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 174, 334, 335, 335
Milan
Baptistery of Laurentius, 136
bishop’s house (sixth century), 126
Duomo, 268
Altar of S. Carlo Borromeo, 291
marble gate, 357n136
S. Ambrogio, 130
S. Maria della Passione, High Altar, 303, 303, 370n53
S. Maria presso S. Celso, 268
Milizia, Francesco, 52, 331
minerals: in British Isles, 332
categories of, 295
color of, 65
explanations of generation of, 295–96
luminosity of traces of Creation in, 138. See also geology; lapidaries
Minoan frescoes, 19, 80–89
bull-leaping fresco, Palace of Knossos, 81, 81, 89
Charging Bull fresco, Palace of Minos, 84, 85
considered painting in stone, 83
floors, 206
mimetic fragments, 81, 81
natural pigments, use of, 83, 84, 347n10
orthostates and, 89
plaster, production of, 83
polished, 87
scene with partridges (Knossos), 84, 84
in Syria, Turkey, Israel, and Egypt, 85
at Thera (Santorini), 83, 83–84, 86, 86, 89
Minoan masonry, 19–22
Minoan palaces, 107–8, 116
Minoan pottery: Jackson Pollock Style, 82
Kamares ware, 82, 82, 87, 152
Print ware, 82, 347n9
Spatter ware, 82
Vasiliki ware, 81–82, 82, 84
Mitchell, John, 179
Mithridates VI (king of Pontus), 55
Mnesikles, 71, 72, 73
monochromy, 47, 96, 347n15, 349n48
monolithic buildings, 1, 7, 59, 66, 68
brick masonry imitating marble monoliths, 288. See also “ex uno lapide”
Monophysite churches, 183, 360n94
Mons Porphyrites (Gebel Dokhan, Egypt), 149
Montecassino: Abbey Church, 195, 202, 206, 354n49, 355n77
consecration hymn, 353n38
Monteoliveto: Neapolitan Church, Piccolomini Chapel, 365n27
mortality of emperors, 148–49
mortar and mortar-less joints, 68–69
Morton, Thomas, 78
mosaic, 63, 99, 101, 113, 344n95, 350n38
“Alexander Mosaic,” 100
aniconic, 183
Cappella Gregoriana, St. Peter’s (Rome), 294
Christian churches, 129, 134, 136, 202
emblemata, 99, 123, 242, 307
floors, 127, 127, 193, 195, 199
glass mosaic, 119, 351n74
revival in early modern Rome, 304
Tunisian workshops (third through fifth centuries), 184
“wet look,” 203
Moscow: Palace of Facets (Granovitaya Palata), 273
Moses, 18, 168, 199, 211, 260
Tabernacle of, 186, 228, 229
“Mosul marble.” See gypsum Mother Earth, 61–64, 71
Mt. Athos: Vatopedi monastery, 220, 222, 222
Mt. Zion: Church of the Last Supper, 212
“Mouth of Truth,” as Oceanus, 198, 199
mud-brick buildings, 5, 11, 13, 23, 85, 92, 94, 104
Mummius Achaicus, Lucius, 38, 344n69
Munatius Plancus, Lucius, mausoleum of, 68, 346n63
Munich: St. John Nepomuk (Asamkirche), 328, 328
mural painting, 81, 85, 94, 100, 124, 129. See also Masonry Style
Muses, 54
Museum of Practical Geology, 332
Mustius (architect), 116
Mycenae, 19–24
conglomerate stone, 19–21, 20
faience objects, 108
frescoes, 87, 90, 152, 206
Lion Gate, 19–21, 21
masonry, 19–22, 67, 89
Palace at Gla, 87
revetments, 108
Tomb of Agamemnon, 22
Tomb of Clytemnestra, 21, 342n7
Treasury of Atreus, 7, 19, 20, 21–22, 22, 342n7
Mynardo, Giovanni (Jean Ménard, marble mason), 289
Myrrhine ware, 54, 146–47
N
Nanna (Sumerian moon god), 14
Naples: Palazzo Sanseverino, 273
Napoleon, 117
Narni (Umbria): S. Giovenale (Oratory of St. Cassius), 209, 210
Narratio (ninth-century folklore account), 165, 193, 211, 362n55
Naser-e Khosraw (Persian scholar), 227–28, 359n54
Nashville Parthenon, 343n44
natural art/painting, 3, 4, 55–57, 70, 96, 136–37, 171–74, 179, 181–82, 242, 295–97, 301–3, 316, 331
Natura Pictrix, 101, 102, 295. See also natural art/painting
nave altars and columns, 153, 153–54, 158, 162
Naxian marbles, 30–33, 66
Nazareth: Church of the Annunciation, Grotto of the Virgin, 228
Nebmarenakht (“Raia,” Egyptian official), 105
Nebuchadnezzar II (king of Babylon), 16–18
neo-Byzantine style, 239, 247, 333
Neoclassical approach, 47, 52, 331
Neolithic period, 51
Neoplatonism, 169, 188
Nero, 32, 101, 114
burial of, 149
Domus Aurea, 114, 117, 126, 275–77, 278, 304, 351n57
Domus Transitoria, 117
Nestorius, 168–69
Neumann, Balthasar, 328–30, 329
“New Age” philosophies, 332
Niccolò de’ Carissimi da Parma, 277
Nicea: Church of the Dormition, 362n17
Nicholas V (pope), 277
Nicolas of Cusa, 184
Nicomachos of Thebes (painter), 98
Nicomachus Flavianus, Virius (politician), 127
Nigetti, Matteo, 292, 292
Nika Revolt (532), 165
Niketas Magistros, 203
Nikorzminda: St. Nicholas, 356n114
Nimes: Temple of Diana, 243
Nindub (Sumerian god), 17
Ninevah, 106–7
Ninĝirsu (Mesopotamian god), 14, 17
Nisaba (goddess), 17
Nonnos of Panopolis (poet), 63, 126–27, 131, 189, 265
North Africa: in imperial Rome, 76, 353n12
lightning-bolt veining (fourth century), 151
Novello de Sancto Lucano (Novello da San Lucano, architect), 273
Numidian marble (giallo antico): Arch of Constantine (Rome), 246
Basilica Aemila, 76
Casino Turini (Rome), 284
faux-marble dado imitating, 102, 103
Forum of Trajan, 76
as indicator of wealth and status, 113–14, 351n62
Numidians’ use of, 76
Ostia, 126
ovate, 101
as “paint on the wall,” 96, 100–102, 101
Roman era, 44, 60, 76, 78, 114, 352n89
Temple of Jupiter (Cyzicus), 126
Temple of Zeus (Olympia), 242
O
obsidian (volcanic glass), 7, 8, 8, 15, 81, 107, 110
Oceanus (Roman god), 198, 199
Octavian. See Augustus
Odysseus, 63, 108, 207
Olivieri, Pier Paolo, 299
Olympia: Odeum, 351n54
Temple of Hera, 23
Temple of Zeus, 27, 27, 31–33, 73, 206, 242
Olynthus, 90
Onians, John, 179
onyx, 107, 111–12, 128, 143, 145, 186, 187, 199, 204, 206, 258, 280, 341n27, 361n126, 362n51
onyx doré, 335
Oplontis: “Villa of Poppaea,” 117, 118, 151
opus reticulatum, 125, 267–68, 352n94
opus sectile, 4, 120, 121, 123, 123, 127, 130, 163, 172, 177, 183–84, 203, 267–68, 287, 289, 304, 317
Oratorians, 309
Ordeaza (Ordeaschi), Francesca (mistress and wife of Agostino Chigi), 252, 281, 282
Orsini, Giordano and Bernardo, 277
orthostates, 71, 85, 89, 94, 107, 109, 110, 348n29
Orveito: Duomo, alabaster windows in, 143–45, 144
Ostia, 366n66
Domus outside Porta Marina, 122–23, 122–28, 127, 261
Goths’ destruction, 128
late antique domus (4th century?), 173, 173
specular stone/selenite, 141
spolia from, 289
veins of stone column, 102, 103, 349n73
Ovalle, Alonso de (Jesuit chronicler), 297
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), 44, 47, 57, 61–62, 63, 76, 78, 79, 126, 174, 199, 346n66
Owen, Richard (biologist), 78
Oxford University Museum of Natural History, 332
P
Padua, 239
Castello Carrarese, 270
Scrovegni Chapel, 210, 210, 230
Paestum: Temple of Hera II, 23, 25, 25
paganism, 41, 47, 79, 126, 127, 129, 132, 154, 206, 356n128, 357n140
painting: architecture and, 307, 314, 318, 319, 326
comparison of marbles with, 3, 183–84
Early Netherlandish, 225
as inclusive term for other media, 304, 319
marble revetments and, 100–102
pictorial relief as blended form of, 231, 233, 247, 251, 313
sculpture and, 231, 312, 326
in and on stone, 100–103, 178–81, 234, 301–4, 314, 331, 338. See also frescoes; Masonry Style; Minoan frescoes; mural painting
palaces. See mansions and palaces
specific locations, civilizations, and rulers Palaiologoi (Byzanrine imperial dynasty), 364n50
Paleo-Christian chapels, mausolea, and relics, 209, 243, 245, 253, 257, 294, 298, 301
Palermo: Cappella Palatina, 164
Monreale Cathedral, 164
Norman tombs, 364n22
Palestine: church floors, 191
Palladio, Andrea, 251, 253, 256
Convento della Carità (Venice), 287–88, 287–88
Pamphilj, Camillo, 321
Pan: head at Chios, 96
sanctuary at Alexandria, 55
Panainos (painter, Pheidias’s brother), 343n49
Pandone, Porcelio (humanist), 247
panel paintings, 100, 123, 214, 348n52
Pantheon (Rome): in 1520s, 255
as Chigi Chapel model, 252, 253
compared to Hagia Sophia, 171
influence on Renaissance design, 280, 281, 283
massiveness of, 165
opus sectile floor, 346n82
original purpose of, 76
polychromy and, 41
porphyry, 245, 247
portico antae, 230
sunlight and, 132
Tomb of Umberto I, 145
Panvinio, Onofrio, 301
papal investitures, 149
Papirius Fabianus (rhetorician, philosopher), 52, 61
Papyrus Lansing, 105
Parian marble: Alberti opposed to use in homes, 275
Carrara compared to, 46
Cave of the Nymphs (marble mine and shaft quarry) and “Adamas Relief” at its entrance, 52–53, 52–53
desirability in medieval era, 154
Erechtheion, 71, 73
as generic term, 258
Greek era, 29, 29–31, 31, 47
Stefano Maderno’s use of, 301
nobility and, 269
Palace of Ahasuerus (Susa), 111
Panagia Ekatontapiliani, 203
replenishment of, 52
Roman era, 33–38, 44, 137
Solomon’s Temple and, 154
Tempio Malatestiano (Rimini), 245, 247
Vulgate translation of Hebrew “Shayish” to mean, 154
“water-drop” used to describe, 55, 345n24
whitest of all marble, 343n54
Paris: Opéra, 333
Sainte-Chapelle, 147, 147
Paros, 33–38
Panagia Ekatontapiliani, 203
Parthians, 76
Pasargadae palace, 109
Pascal I (pope), 155, 155
Passavanti, Jacopo, 149, 356n106
Passeri, Giovanni Battista, 318
Patrizi, Francesco (humanist), 277
Paul (saint), 154, 165, 168, 169, 186, 213, 318, 361n137
Conversion of St. Paul (anonymous), 302, 303, 318
Conversion of St. Paul (Caravaggio), 313
Paul IV (pope), 291–92
Paul the Silentiary, 119, 164, 165, 169, 171, 174, 178–80, 186, 189, 193, 201, 206–7, 229, 358–59n41, 360n82, 362nn50–51
Paula (saint), 212
Paulinus of Nola (Pontius Meropius Anicius Paulinus), 130, 133, 357n140
Pausanias, 22, 60, 66, 73, 342n7, 343n28, 349n25
Pavia: Basilica of St. Michael, 184, 361n11
Certosa of Pavia, 251
Pavonazzetto. See Phrygian marble “Pavonazzetto” (Apuan marble), 234, 235, 252
Pedemuro Masters, 256–57
Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne (Western romance), 263
Pella: “House of the Wall Plasters,” 90, 91–92, 94, 96
Pelops and Osiris myth, 27–29
Penelope Painter: Gigas and Athena (skyphos), 67, 67
Pentecost, 133, 139
Pentelic marble: Akropolis, 72, 74
Athenian patrician homes, 109
Stefano Maderno’s use of, 301
Roman era, 38, 40, 46, 116, 344n70
Temple of Despoine (Lykosoura), 66
Pergamon: aquaduct, 57–58
Masonry Style, 90
Palace, 94
“Palace V,” 110
Pericles, 38
periodic table, 4, 49, 332
Permoser, Balthasar: Flagellated Christ statue, 219, 219
Perrault, Charles, 331
Persepolis (Persia), 109
Persia: Achaemenid dynasty, 109
Palace of Darius at Susa, 108, 109
Persius (Aulus Persius Flaccus, poet), 350n51
Peru: “Rainbow Mountains,” 84
Perugia: Oratory of S. Bernardino, 247, 248
Palazzo dei Priori chapel, 247
Peruzzi, Baldassare, 281–83, 282
Pescennius Niger, Gaius (emperor), 60
Peter (saint), 212
Peter of Prague (priest), 219
Petra, 67
Petrarch, 263
petrification myth and stone temples, 23–25
Pheidias, 71–73
Athena Parthenos, 27, 31–33
Zeus Olympios, 27, 27, 31–33, 206, 242
phengitēs, 65, 117, 143, 146, 275, 355n82, 355n86
Philes, Manuel (poet), 203, 231
Philip II of Macedon: palace at Aigai, 110
Philip III Arrhidaios (Macedonian king), 38
Philippe de Commynes (diplomat), 265
Phillips, John (geologist), 332
Philodemos of Gadara (philosopher, poet), 343n54
Philo of Alexandria (philosopher), 133, 350n32
Philostratos (Lucius Flavius Philostratus, sophist), 343n52
Philoxenos of Eretria (painter), 98, 100
Phlegraean Fields, 57
Phoenix of Kolophon (poet), 110, 349n25
Photios (patriarch), 155–56, 183–84
Phrygian marble: Arch of Constantine (Rome), 246
Basilica Aemila, 76
bust of unknown woman (“Poppaea”), 102, 102
Casino Turini (Rome), 284
Domus outside Porta Marina (Ostia), 126
Forum of Trajan, 76
Hadrian’s temple, 41
Julian in Paris and, 199
Kneeling Parthian statue, 76, 77
Marsyas statues in, 62, 62–63, 345n41
as “paint on the wall” and “breccia effect,” 100–102, 101
“Pavonazzetto” as name for, 63, 235
precious nature of, 349n70
Roman era, 78, 79, 346n83
Triton statue, 64
Phrygians, 76
Piacenza: S. Savino, 194, 195
“Piacenza Pilgrim,” 212, 361n126
Picasso, Pablo, 335
pictorial relief: blending with architecture, 231–38, 313
as form of painting, 231, 233, 247, 251, 313
“pictura,” 97–98, 179, 184, 348n52
Piedmont: Bosco Marengo, church of S. Croce, 292
Piero della Francesca, 247, 251, 366n53, 367n36
Piero del Pollaiolo: Annunciation, 229, 229
Piero di Cosimo, 302
pigments, 50, 80, 83, 84, 302, 330, 347n10, 348n42
Pincus, Debra, 211
Pindar, 33, 37
Pintoricchio (Bernardino di Betto), 252, 253, 278
Palace of Domenico della Rovere frescoes (Rome), 278, 279, 368n77
Pisani, Francesco (cardinal), 290, 291
Pittoni da Lumignano, Girolamo (mason), 256–60, 257
Pius II (pope), 269
Pius V (pope), 291–92
Plantagenet, Geoffrey (Count of Anjou), 356n127
Plato, 24, 49, 50, 54, 94, 168, 169, 188
Plautus, Titus Maccius, 116
Plethon, Georgios Gemistos (Byzantine humanist), 247
Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus), 29, 32, 46, 52, 55, 57, 60, 61, 65, 66, 79, 80, 84, 90, 94, 96, 98–99, 101, 102, 109, 110, 113–15, 125, 142, 143, 146–47, 154, 171, 173, 239, 253, 258, 274, 294, 297, 298, 334, 342n48, 343n49, 345n11, 348n42, 349n25, 349n48, 349n66, 349n69, 350n50, 354n59, 358n32
Pliny the Younger (Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus), 116, 173
Plutarch (Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus), 70–71
Poitiers: Notre-Dame-la-Grande, 154
St.-Hilaire-le-Grand, 153
Poitou: St.-Savin-sur-Gartempe, 153, 153–57
polished marble: divine light and, 129, 204
first–sixth centuries AD, 116
gem analogy and, 258
Roman era, 46, 47, 71, 99
water, relationship with, 87, 137, 203, 206
political power, 2–3
Pollock, Jackson, 335–36, 336
polychromy, 47–48
Alexandria, 110–12
d’Este palazzi, 273
Florence in early modern era, 292
medieval era, 157–62
Mesopotamia, 5–7
Mycenae, 7, 19–22
Oratory of S. Bernardino façade (Perugia), 247
Roman era, 71–78, 126
Rome in early modern era, 291
S. Andrea façade (Mantua), 250
S. Marco façade (Venice), 251
S. Sebastiano façade (Mantua), 249–50, 250
Venetian palaces, 265, 267. See also colored marble rainbows
Pompei: art combined with elements of nature, 171–73, 172
ashlar architecture, 69
book-matching marble, 177
Capitolium, 346n82
common use of marble in, 115
First Style, 92, 99–100
frescoes, 111
House of the Dioscuri, 351n75
House of the Faun, 99–100, 100
House of the Gilded Cupids, 96, 98
marble remains in, 121
Second Style, 94
specular stone/selenite, 141, 141–43
Villa of the Mysteries, 95, 95
Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus), 38–40
Pontano, Giovanni, 273
Pontius Pilate (Marcus Pontius Pilatus), 210, 218
Poreč (Croatia): S. Euphrasius Basilica, 126, 134, 135, 163, 358n3, 361n13
Poros, 33–38
porphyry, 3, 65, 76, 78, 138, 147, 149, 171, 172, 258, 269, 273, 349n25, 350n33, 354n43
Alexandrian style, 110–11
Arch of Constantine (Rome), 247
Brindley rediscovering quarries of, 333
Byzantine painters and, 370n46
Cardinal of Portugal Chapel (Florence), 245
Chapel of the Magi in Palazzo Medici (Florence), 243
Chigi Chapel (Rome), 253
derivation of word, 255
Hagia Sophia, 184, 185, 186, 197, 242
Holy Sepulcher, 225
Medici use of, 277
Pantheon, 247
portable alters for Eucharistic sacrifice, 157–58, 158
relics and, 213–14
S. Michele (Isola), 249
Tempio Malatestiano (Rimini), 246, 249
Temple of Zeus (Olympia), 242
Venetian altars, 243
Venetian palaces, 265, 271
portable altars, 157–58, 158, 186, 186, 213–14, 224
porta santa (Chian marble), 74, 96, 119, 255, 284, 292, 333, 352n97
Poseidippos (poet), 47, 54, 55, 110, 138, 343n55
Poseidonios, 61
Pound, Ezra, 336
Pozzo, Andrea, 328
Pozzuoli, silvered glass ampule with view of, 41, 41
Prague: Chapel of St. Wenceslas at Cathedral of St. Vitus, 210
Praxedis (saint), 213
Praxiteles, 43
prestige of marble. See conspicuous consumption and social prestige
Proconnesian marble, 171, 177, 178, 204–6, 243, 247, 249, 275, 334, 359n47, 362n17
equated with water, 191–97, 192–96, 199–202
Proklos, 188
Prokopios, 119, 164, 169, 171, 174, 178, 187, 188, 201, 242, 294, 333, 361n119
Propertius, Sextus, 33, 44
Prost, Henri, 170, 170
Protogenes (painter), 98–99
Prudentius (Aurelius Prudentius Clemens), 131, 134, 137, 154, 156–57, 356n128, 358n39
Psellos, Michael, 34
Pseudo-Acro, 350n51
Pseudo-Bonaventure, 225
Pseudo-Codinus, 351n65
“Pseudo-Heraclius,” 157
pseudo-Kallisthenes, 128
Ptolemaic Egypt, 54–55, 110–12, 111, 113
Ptolemy I Soter (pharaoh), 54
Ptolemy II Philadelphus (pharaoh), 54, 111, 345n23
Ptolemy III Euergetes (pharaoh), 54
Ptolemy Philopator (pharaoh), 110
Pudentiana (saint), 213
Pugin, Augustus Welby, 332
Puglia: Castel del Monte, 263–64, 263
palaces, 368n57
Villa at Faragola, 120
pulpits, 146, 193, 207
Puppi, Lionello, 259
Purbeck marble, 158–59, 172, 357n154
purple color, 78, 102, 126, 136, 147, 149, 157, 158, 235
Puteoli (Pozzuoli), 57
Pylos: Megaron (Hall of the Double Axes), Palace at Nestor, 23, 87–89, 88–89, 108, 126, 152
pyramids, 253–54, 366n67
Pyrrha, 62
Pyrrhus (king), 96
Pythios of Priene (architect), 109, 110
Q
quantitative chemistry, 49
quartzite, 7, 9, 117, 286, 336–37
Quattrocento: chalcedony glass of Venice, 147
chapels in Venice, 239–43
chapels outside of Venice, 243–45
marble revetment in ornamental role, 208
painting, 224, 242, 280
paint used to simulate marble, 269
palaces, 274, 368n60
Quiñones, Francisco de (cardinal), 256
Qur’an, 151, 205, 356n119 24:35, 143 27:44–46, 363n63
R
Rabban Sauma (Rabban Bar Ṣawma, Nestorian monk), 221, 361n121
radiance, 7, 14, 31, 118–20, 169–70
Greek word “leukos” signifying, 26
supernatural, 33. See also light
luminosity Raimondi, Eliseo, 274–75, 274, 368n63
Rainaldi, Girolamo, 309, 309
rainbows, 15, 96, 126, 139, 151, 204, 230
Ramesses II (pharaoh), 349n1
Ramesses III (pharaoh), 349n1
Rampillon: St.-Éliphe, 356n125
Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio), 219, 280–82, 288, 368n81
Chigi Chapel at S. Maria del Popolo (Rome), 252–55, 254, 280, 292, 314, 322, 366n66
Holy Family with Saint Elizabeth and the Infant Saint John, 280
Letter to Leo X, 253, 280
Villa Madama (Rome), 283, 286
Ravenna, 178
Amalasuntha’s palace, 125–26
Basilica Ursiana, 136
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, 140, 141, 145, 231, 243
Orthodox Baptistery, 130
S. Apollinare Nuovo, 138, 139, 139–41
Cappella delle Reliquie, 255–56, 256
S. Croce, 197
S. Michele in Africisco, 202, 202
S. Vitale, 163, 180, 181, 242, 354n45, 355n80
St. Andrew, archiepiscopal chapel of, 132
St. John the Evangelist, 206
spolia from, 242, 243, 365n25
Traversari on, 242
Reggio: S. Tomaso, 361n11
relics, 210–19
blood of Christ and, 186–87, 199, 213–14, 218–20
in Bohemia, 210
book-matching marbles with miraculous apparitions, 211, 364n32
contact relics, 210–11, 218–19, 222
Crown of Thorns, 219
in Hagia Sophia, 210
illumination of polished marble, 211–12
marbles from ancient temples, 211
Nativity relics, 223
Rock of Golgotha, 213, 214
in S. Marco (Venice), 210–11
Scala Sancta at Lateran Palace, 218–19
Stone of Ablution, 223. See also Column of the Flagellation
religious belief: Ancient Greek rulers’ control over, 23
cult sanctuaries of early Greeks, 51
divine (natural) images appearing in church marbles, 296–97
supreme deity residing in the sky, 12–13
urban Greek temples and, 23
white as color of purity in, 26. See also Christ; divine light; divine painting; Virgin Mary
Renaissance: antique architecture reflected in, 245–57, 288
architecture and painting melded in works of Pietro Lombardo and his sons, 231–38
church façades, 245–52
faux-marble mansions and jeweled palaces, 268–73
marble mansions and painted palaces, 261–88
relics, 210–19
tabernacles and throne rooms, 228–31, 238, 257. See also Venice; specific artists and locations of structures
Renaissance chapels, 239–45
Cinquecento, 252–55, 326
Quattrocento, outside of Venice, 243–45
Quattrocento, Venice, 239–43
sixteenth century, 255–60
Restoro d’Arezzo (monk, astronomer), 52, 258
Reutersward, Patrik, 145
Rho, Giovan Pietro da (mason), 274
Richard of Ware (abbot), 154
Rieti: Duomo, Chapel of S. Barbara, 298
Rimini
Arch of Augustus, 246
S. Francesco (Tempio Malatestiano), 231–33, 232, 240, 245–50, 246
Chapel of Sigismondo Malatesta, 243
Ringbom, Sixten, 225
rising sun, analogy of kings and Christ with, 117, 126, 132, 351n56
Rivera, Diego, 347n11
Roberts, Michael, 124
Rochester Cathedral, 357n154
rock crystal, 64–65, 117, 137–38, 202–3, 203
Rock of Calvary, 223, 225
Rock of Golgotha, 213, 214
Roger (prior of Durham), 157
Romanesque style: faux-masonry, 154–57
Oratory of S. Bernardino façade (Perugia), 247
polychromy, 157, 356n125
relief sculpture and illuminations, 227
S. Miniato (Florence), 245
Tuscan, 245
Venetian palaces, 264, 268
Rome: The three following headings divide Rome’s history into classical era, post-classical era, and early modern era.
Rome (classical or Roman era), 1, 33–48
“ad unguem” (“to the fingernail”) jointing of polished marble, 116, 350n51
amphitheaters built ex uno lapide, 67
anathyrosis technique, 69
“Antium Girl,” 43
Aqua Claudia, 58, 59
Arch of Constantine, 246–47
Basilica Aemila, 70, 76
Baths of Caracalla, 289
Catacomb of Callixtus, 352n81
Catacomb of Pratextatus, 351n81
Catacomb of Priscilla, 352n81
Catacomb of the Via Dino Compagni, 352n81
Claudium (Temple of Deified Claudius), 57, 58–59
colored marble, 41, 47–48, 71–78
Colosseum, 59, 252
commonplace use of marble starting in, 26, 115
decline and nostalgia for earlier opulence, 131
Domus Aurea (Nero’s palace), 114, 117, 126, 275–77, 278, 304, 351n57
Domus Flavia (Domitian’s palace), 117–19
Domus Sessoriana, 353n17
fire (64 AD), 117
First Style (Masonry Style), 90–92, 93
Forum Iulium, 40, 74, 76
Forum of Augustus, 76, 100, 100, 265
Forum of Nerva, 278
Forum of Trajan, 76, 78, 278, 368n77
Forum Romanum, 38
Gardens of Lucullus, 283
geology and mineralogy, beliefs associated with, 61–64
grottos, 55–57
“harmonia” as perfect jointing, 68, 70, 71, 346n61
Horti Lamiani, 112, 112, 116, 117, 141
House of the Griffins, 99, 99, 350n33
House of the Vestals, 351n78
“houses of light,” 112–28
Imperial Rome’s importation of marbles, 2, 38, 76, 112
Italica (Spain) head of goddess, 34, 35
living rock in, 51, 55–61, 63
marble literature on, 2
marble temple, emergence of, 38–48
newly built vs. restored buildings, 71, 344n88
opulence of first–sixth centuries AD, 116–21
Palace of the Anicii, 126, 352n102
Palace of the Bassii, 123
Palatine, 99, 111, 115–16, 117, 277
Pax Romana, 78–79
Pentelic marbles, 38
poets associating marble with painting, 96–97
Porticus Octaviae, 76
Praefectus Urbis, 78, 120, 132
Pyramid of Gaius Cestius, 253
pyramids in, 253
Roma, cult statue of, 78
sculptural use of stones, 41–44, 42–43, 59–61, 60, 62, 62–64, 64, 76–78, 77
shortage of marble during decline of, 79
spoliation, 79, 347n99
sun analogy for palaces and emperors, 117, 126, 351n56
“symmetria,” 68
tax (columnarium) on imported columns, 114, 115
Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, 41
Temple of Apollo on Palatine, 44, 114
Temple of Apollo Sosianus, 40, 41, 76
Temple of Castor and Pollux, 38, 365n35
Temple of Ceres, 116, 348n60
Temple of Concordia, 47, 76
Temple of Deus Redicolus, 286
Temple of Fortuna Equestris, 38
Temple of Fortune, 32, 117, 143
Temple of Hercules Victor, 38, 39, 346n63
Temple of Juno Moneta (Segni), 67
Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 38
Temple of Jupitor Stator, 38, 350n43
Temple of Mars, 38
Temple of Mars Ultor, 76
Temple of Neptune, 38
Temple of Portunus, 353n22
Temple of the Divine Claudius, 58–59
Temple of the Divine Trajan, 41
Temple of Venus and Rome, 46, 47, 78, 243
Temple of Venus Genetrix, 40, 69, 346n63
Temple of Venus Victrix, 38–40
Theater of Marcellus, 283
Theater of Pompey, 59
Theatre of Scaurus (ephemeral), 351n74
Tivoli, Hadrian’s Villa, 172, 265, 367n18
Teatro Marittimo, 199
triumphalism and geopolitical use of marble, 71–78, 113
Via degli Annibaldi, Nymphaeum in, 55, 56
Via Labicana Augustus, 41–44, 42, 47
Villa della Farnesina, 95, 95
Villa di San Vincenzino, Cecina, 120
Villa of Lucius Verus, 120, 120
Villa of the Quintili, 199, 200
white temples, 38–41
Rome (post-classical era)
Aracoeli, 197
Casino Turini (Villa Lante), 283–84, 283
Catacombs of Sts. Peter and Marcellinus, 352n81
church façades, 252
Claudium aqueduct, 57–59
earthquake (801), 355n76
façades of Roman palaces, 284–86
floors, 191
fourth to sixth centuries, remains from, 129–31
grandeur of, 358n32
Lateran Palace, 218–19
Mausoleum of S. Costanza, 130
Oratory of the Holy Cross at the Lateran, 130, 131, 252, 294, 298
Palace of Domenico della Rovere (Palazzo dei
Penitenzieri), 278, 279
Palazzo Farnese, 286–87, 286
Palazzo Lante, 284
Palazzo Montegiordano, 277
Palazzo Riario (Palazzo Altemps), 269, 269, 277, 278
Palazzo Savelli, 284
Palazzo Valentino, 121
Palazzo Venezia, Sala del Mappamondo, 278, 368n76
Piazza del Popolo, 253
Porta del Popolo, 268
Porta Maggiore, 57–59, 59, 197
S. Adriano, 132
S. Agnese, 130, 132–33
S. Agostino, 252
S. Andrea in Catabarbara, 132
S. Clemente
Baptistery, 130
nave, 300
S. Costanza, 130
S. Crisogono, 130
S. Croce in Gerusalemme, 256, 291, 353n17
S. Giorgio in Velabro, 138
S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura, 141
S. Maria ad Martyres (Church of the Virgin), 230
S. Maria Antiqua, 130
S. Maria del Popolo, 252
Pintoricchio chapels, 252
Raphael’s Chigi Chapel, 252–55, 254, 280, 292, 314, 322, 366n66
S. Maria in Cosmedin, 198
S. Maria in Domnica, 155, 155, 353n25
S. Maria Maggiore, 18, 130. See also Rome (early modern era)
Presentation of Christ in the Temple, 46, 47
S. Paolo fuori le Mura, 138, 145, 355n76, 360n113
S. Prassede, 212–13, 213
S. Zeno Chapel, 141, 243
S. Pudenziana, 195, 219
S. Sabina, 126, 127, 130, 142, 142, 358n3
St. John in Lateran, 130, 130–31, 183, 252, 354n54, 355n76. See also Rome (early modern era)
St. Peter’s Basilica (Old St. Peter’s), 130, 151, 164, 183, 243, 252–53, 280, 355n76
spoliation and decay, 150
SS. Cosma e Damiano, 132
SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Christ between Six Saints, 159, 160, 353n39
Villa Farnesina (Villa Chigi), 281–83, 282
Villa Madama, 283, 286
Villa of Julius Martialis, 284
Rome (early modern era), 289–330
demand for marble, 298, 331, 370n35
gradual re-marbling of Rome, 298
painting in and on stone, 301–4
Piazza Navona, 321
S. Agostino, 317
Cappella Pio, 318
S. Andrea al Quirinale, 299, 319–25, 320–21, 324, 328
S. Andrea della Valle, 307–9, 308, 309, 324–26
S. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (S. Carlino), 299
S. Caterina da Siena a Largo Magnanapoli, 326, 327
S. Cecilia, Confessio, 300–301, 300–301, 312
S. Girolamo della Carità, Spada Chapel, 308, 309
S. Isidoro
De Sylva Chapel (Chapel of the Immaculate Conception), 298, 325, 326
cappella di S. Antonio, paliotto in Cappella, 314–16, 316
S. Ivo alla Sapienza, 164
S. Lorenzo in Lucina, Fonseca Chapel, 325
S. Marco, High Altar tabernacle (Tomb of Cardinal Francesco Pisani), 290, 291
S. Maria della Concezione, 298
S. Maria della Vittoria, 299
Cornaro Chapel, 299, 309–19, 311–13, 315, 321, 323, 370n39
S. Maria in Aracoeli, 297, 298
S. Maria in Vallicella, 307, 309
Nero di Nero Chapel, 299
Spada Chapel, 299, 309
S. Maria Maggiore Cappella Paolina, 298, 309, 309
Assumption of the Virgin Mary relief in, 312, 314
Cappella Sistina, 298
Tomb of Clemente Merlini, 322, 323
S. Maria sopra Minerva, Tomb of Paul IV, Carafa Chapel, 291, 291–92, 307
S. Pietro in Montorio, Cappella del Monte, 289
S. Pudenziana, Cappella Caetani, 304, 306
S. Sebastiano fuori le Mura, High Altar of, 303
St. John in Lateran, 298. See also Rome (post-classical era)
Altar of the Sacrament, 299, 299
St. Peter’s Basilica (New St. Peter’s)
Cappella Clementina, 298
Cappella della Cattedra Petri, 309
Cappella del Santissimo Sacramento, 309
Cappella Gregoriana, 252, 292–95, 293, 319
Cathedra Petri, 319
images in nave marble, 297
reliquary balconies and nave, 309–10, 310, 319, 326, 328
SS. Domenico e Sisto, High Altar, 310
Rorschach test, 179, 206, 334
Rossellino, Antonio, 243–45, 245
Rossellino, Bernardo, 214
Rossetti, Biagio, 274
Rouen: Haute Vielle Tower, 263, 263
Rowland, Ingrid, 253
Rubens, Peter Paul, 297
“Rubens Cup,” 147
rubies, 354n59
Rucellai, Giovanni, 214, 249, 269, 277
Rudolphus, chronicle of, 356n127
Ruffo, Marco (Marco Fryazin, architect), 273
Ruskin, John, 332, 334, 336
rustication, 57–59, 265, 284, 369n96
Rutilius Namatianus (Rutilius Claudius Namatianus), 46–47
S
S. Giulio d’Orta: Basilica of S. Giulio, 130
S. Marco (Venice), 148, 162, 164, 178, 181
Altar of the Sacrament, 243, 260
baptistery, 210, 247
Byzantinizing, 239
Cappella Foscari or (dei Mascoli), 242–43, 243
Cosmati meadows, 202
façade, 251, 252, 259, 264, 265
“The Healing of Anianus” (relief on façade), 233, 233, 251
“il mare” Proconnesian marble floor, 195, 196, 206, 333
influence and importance of, 241, 243, 245, 247, 251
“made by angels,” 234
mosaics, 238, 304
pendentives of four rivers of paradise, 195
porphyry medallions on side façades, 247
revetted west façade of, 208, 209
sacred relics, 210–11, 219
spolia used in building, 208
Treasury, 186, 187
Sabadino degli Arienti, Giovanni (humanist), 273, 274
Sabaudia: Villa of Domitian, 125
Saewulf (Icelander), 354n63
St. Amand-les-Eaux church, 356n127
Salisbury Cathedral, 156
Salviati, Francesco, 253
sandstone, 19, 284
Sangallo, Giuliano da, 124, 242, 252, 284
Sangallo the Younger, Antonio da, 242, 275, 275, 286
San Lorenzo: Old Sacristy, 218
Sanseverino, Roberto, 273
Sansovino, Francesco, 220, 291, 364n40
Sansovino, Jacopo: Dell’Acqua Altar of Cathedral of Vicenza (attrib.), 256–60, 257
S. Francesco della Vigna, 259
“sapphire,” 354n59
Sardinia: Cagliari amphitheater, 66, 67
sardonyx, 7, 12, 13, 48, 63, 96, 146, 186, 187, 341n27
Sargon II (Neo-Assyrian king), 17, 17
Satyros (Ionian Greek architect), 109
Savoy family, 223, 364n50
Scamozzi, Vincenzo, 317
Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius, 114, 115, 283, 288
schist, 60, 81, 286
Schneider, Rolf, 61, 76
Schofield, Richard, 251–52, 366n54
Schultz, Robert Weir, 334
Schulz, Jürgen, 264
Schwarzenberg, Erkinger, 138
Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius, 69, 113, 247
Scotland: Crichton Castle, 273
Scriptores Historiae Augustae, 350n31
scriptural citations
Genesis 1, 361n132
Genesis 1:2–8, 202
Genesis 2:10–12, 362n51
Genesis 7:11, 203
Exodus, 18
Exodus 13:21, 141
Exodus 24:10, 18, 342n48
Exodus 25–31, 168
Exodus 31:3, 6, 188
Exodus 31:3–5, 186
Exodus 35–40, 168
Exodus 35ff, 361n132
1 Kings, 356n126
1 Kings 5:15–18:66, 168
1 Kings 6:7, 70
1 Kings 6:29, 229
1 Kings 7:23, 362n55
1 Kings 7:50, 229
1 Kings 8, 361n132
1 Kings 8:10–13, 169
1 Kings 8:27, 165
1 Chronicles 29:2–3, 356n126
2 Chronicles 1–7:10, 168
2 Chronicles 2:6, 165
2 Chronicles 2:7, 186
2 Chronicles 5–7, 361n132
2 Chronicles 5:13–14, 169
Esther 1:6, 111
Job, 206
Job 9:8, 362n52, 363n69
Job 22:14, 324
Job 37:10, 37:18, 362n52
Job 38, 361n132
Job 38:8, 204
Job 38:30, 204
Psalms 19:1, 12
Psalms 20:4, 227
Psalms 23, 361n132
Psalms 25:8, 150
Psalms 29:10, 362n45
Psalms 65:4, 6, 362n49
Psalms 65:5, 7, 361n132, 363n71
Proverbs 8–9, 361n132
Proverbs 8:22–31, 169
Proverbs 8:24–29, 361n132
Proverbs 9:1, 168
Ecclesiastes 1:3, 169
Song of Songs 6:10, 238
Isaiah 11:10, 214, 308
Isaiah 24:18, 203
Isaiah 30:26, 362n53
Isaiah 47ff, 364n72
Isaiah 54:11–12, 145, 162, 342n49
Isaiah 66:1–2, 165
Jeremiah 33:11, 361n132
Ezekiel 28:13, 14, 134, 202
Ezekiel 47:1–12, 362n55
Amos 9:6, 203
Malachi 3:10, 203
Enoch 118:6–10, 342n49
Tobit 13:16–17, 342n49
Wisdom 7:24–25, 169
Matthew 1:18–22, 228
Matthew 14:29, 206
Matthew 24:30, 260
Mark 9:3, 43
Mark 13:26, 260
Mark 14:58, 168
Luke 1:26–38, 228
Luke 15:8, 169
Luke 21:27, 260
John 1, 361n132
John 2:19, 21, 168
John 10:7, 171
John 10:9, 171
Acts 7:48, 165
Acts 17:24, 165
Acts 23:3, 154
Romans 3:25, 213
1 Corinthians 3:10, 361n130
1 Corinthians 10:16, 186
2 Corinthians 5:1, 168
Ephesians 1:7, 213
Ephesians 2:20–22, 357n134
Ephesians 4:2–3, 357n135
Colossians 2:11, 168
I Thessalonians 5:17, 361n132
Hebrews 6:20, 362n53
Hebrews 8, 361n132
Hebrews 9:10, 213
Hebrews 9:11, 168, 299
1 Peter 1:2.19, 213
1 Peter 2:4–6, 357n134
1 Peter 3:12, 362n53
1 John 1:5, 132
1 John 1:7, 213
1 John 1:9–10, 18, 184
1 John 1:7, 213
1 John 1:9–10, 18, 184
Revelation, 136, 162, 202
Revelation 4:6 15:2, 202
Revelation 6, 9–11, 301
Revelation 12:1, 238
Revelation 21:2–5, 229
Revelation 21:11, 141
Revelation 21:18, 21–25, 47, 142, 162
Revelation 21:18–21, 18, 134, 342n50
Revelation 21:23, 133
sea imagery. See floors Sebastiano del Piombo, 303
Segni: Temple of Juno Moneta, 67
selenite (moonstone), 141
Selinous: Temple A (Hera?), 29, 29, 31, 31, 33, 34, 47
Semiramis (Assyrian queen), 125–26
Semper, Gottfried, 334
Seneca, 12, 57, 61, 64, 69, 70, 99, 111, 113–15, 150, 346n66, 350n41, 350n44, 352n102
Sennacherib (Assyrian king), 107
Senusret I (pharaoh), 105
Septuagint, 111, 295, 342n48, 350n32
Serbaldi da Pescia, Pier Maria, 258
Serlio, Sebastiano, 274, 317, 317
serpentine, 126, 172, 242, 246, 247, 258, 265, 269, 273, 277, 354n43, 359n54. See also Lacedaemonian marble
Servius, 41, 362n28
Sessa Aurunca, 61
Seti I (pharaoh), 104
Sfondrato, Paolo Camillo (cardinal), 300
Shakespeare, William, 322
Shekinah, 141, 260
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 59
The Shepherd of Hermas (Early Christian tract), 157
Shroud of Turin, 180, 181, 222, 223, 364n50
Shulgi (king at Ur), 14
Sicily, 33
Greek colonies, 23, 342n11
Piazza Armerina villa, 265. See also Greek era; Selinous
Sidonius Apollinaris (Gaius Sollius Modestus Apollinaris Sidonius), 57, 78, 131, 142, 174, 282
Silin villa (Tunisia), 116, 116, 177
Simeon (New Testament figure), 225
Simonetta, Giovanni (humanist), 271
Sin (Sumerian moon god), 6, 7
Sinai: St. Catherine’s, 163, 354n45
Sinan, 164
Sixtus IV (pope), 234, 238, 277, 277, 286
Sixtus V (pope), 300
Skiprou (Greece): Church of the Virgin, 361n137
Skopas, 346n76
Skylitzes, George, 220
social prestige. See conspicuous consumption and social prestige
Solari, Pietro Antonio (Pyotr Fryazin, architect), 273
Solomon: palace of, 205
Throne of, 225. See also Jerusalem for Temple of Solomon
Sorella, Simone (architect), 251
Sormanzi, Leonardo (mason), 323
Sotakos (lapidary author), 54
Soudines (astronomer-astrologer), 55
Spada, Virgilio, 307–9, 308, 319, 326, 370n72
Sperulo, Francesco (poet), 283
spiral designs, 21, 151, 153, 159, 356n114
Spoleto Cathedral: Cappella Eroli, 252
spolia (recycled structural and decorative stones): Byzantine, 239, 263, 264, 265
in Cappella delle Reliquie (S. Apollinare), 256
in Cappella Foscari (S. Marco), 243
in Cappella Sistina (Rome), 298
in Cornaro Chapel (Rome), 314
edict against, 298
faux-spolia, 363n1
Flaccus and first use of term, 38
in Florence in early modern era, 292
from Mausoleum of Augustus, 253
medieval advent of, 94, 157
Raphael and others searching for and selecting, 253, 280, 283, 365n4, 368n81
from Ravenna, 242, 243, 365n25
in S. Marco, 148, 208–9
“stone that lives again” (“lapis redivivus”), 51
spoliation, 79, 131, 150, 151, 177, 208, 261, 347n99, 368n50
springtime metaphor, 136–37
stained glass, 133, 147, 333
Statius, Publius Papinius, 41, 63, 96, 117, 118–19, 131, 199, 282, 283, 351n74, 352n102, 354n46, 358n21, 368n78
steatite, 7, 21
Steno, Nicolas, 295–96
Stewart, Francis (Earl of Bothwell), 273
stigmata of St. Francis of Assisi, 218
Stoicism, 61, 101
Stokes, Adrian, 67, 336
Stone of Ablution, 223
Stone of Nativity, 219, 223
Stone of Unction, 210, 212, 219–25, 220–22, 225, 264
stone vessels, 8, 342n2
Strabo, 46, 52, 65, 76, 110, 355n83
Straton of Lampsakos (Peripatetic philosopher), 345n23
Street, George Edmund, 333
Strozzi, Giovan Battista (Filippo il Giovane), 307
Stuart, James “Athenian,” 96
stucco, 38, 47, 68, 69, 90, 261, 269, 273, 281, 284, 298, 318, 323, 342n8, 343n49, 344n65, 350n38, 371n87. See also Masonry Style
Stuckmarmor, 330
Suetonius (Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus), 114, 117–18
Suger (abbot of St. Denis), 137, 138, 257–58, 259, 265
chalice of, 146, 146, 187
Sumeria, 5–8, 12, 14, 50, 106, 147, 168, 173. See also Mesopotamia
Sumerian King List, 5
Summitt, James, 47
sun and sunlight: Domus Aurea (Rome) and, 117
medieval church interiors and, 137
Pantheon and, 132
religious symbolism of sunlight, 139, 142 (Phoebus)
rising sun analogy, 117, 126, 351n56
“Rising Sun” and Resurrection, 132–33
“White Temple” (Uruk) and, 13
“wine-dark” color from mix of light and berry juice, 361n124
Susa (Persia): Palace of Ahasuerus, 111
Palace of Darius, 108, 109
Symmacus (Roman senator), 116
Synnadic marble. See Phrygian marble synthetic substitutes, 1, 7–8, 12
Syria: church floors, 191
Islamic Palace B (Raqqua-Rafiqua), 363n65
Minoan painters in, 85, 86
Palace at Qaṭna, 86, 87
Palace of Zimri-Lim (Mari), 6, 7, 85, 85. See also Mesopotamia
T
tabernacles and throne rooms, 106, 132, 228–31, 238, 243, 263, 299–301
tabletops, 186, 289, 289, 292, 302, 303, 308
Taenarian marble (rosso antico), 60, 61
Tafur, Pero, 211
Tafuri, Manfredo, 259
Tale of Sinuhe (Egyptian), 105
Talmud, 204
Tarentaise (Savoy): St. Peter, 133
Targone, Pompeo, 309, 309, 370n41
Tasso, Torquato, 316, 326
Taut, Bruno, 71
Tegea: Basilica, 362n44
Temple of Athena Alea, 346n76
Tempesta, Antonio, 309
temples: ashlar Greek temples, emergence of, 23
Egyptian, 104–5
favoring marble, 3
Greek era, 29–33
petrification myth and stone temples, 23–25
polychromy and, 47–48
removal of marbles from earlier temples, 211
Roman era, 38–41
urban Greek temples, emergence of, 23. See also Egypt; Greek era; Rome (classical or Roman era)
terra-cottas, 55, 84, 115, 125, 261, 271, 350n42
Thalassius (Roman official under Constantius), 352n100
Thales of Miletus, 49
Thasian marble, 113, 154
Theban marble (basalt), 60
Themistios (rhetorician), 119, 174
Theoderic the Great (Ostrogoth king), 178–79, 256
Theodora (empress, spouse of Justinian), 183, 355n101
Theodore II Lascaris (Nicaean emperor), 57–58
Theodosius II (Eastern Roman emperor), 51, 355n70
Theodulf (bishop of Orléans), 261
Theodulus’s villa, 352n100
Theokritos (poet), 33
Theophilos (Byzantine emperor), 261, 265
Theophilos (painter): House of Diotimos at Philadelphia, 94–95
Theophrastos, 50, 52, 54, 55, 57, 64, 67, 110, 137, 138, 239, 258
Thera, frescoes at. See Minoan frescoes
Theresa of Avila (saint): St. Theresa in Ecstasy (Bernini), 310–12, 312, 317–19, 321, 326
Vision of St. Theresa Receiving the Rosary from the Virgin Mary (Lanfranco), 313–14, 314
Thessalian marble (verde antico), 171, 174, 178, 193, 333, 359n54, 362n50
Thessaloniki: Acheiropoietos Church, 193, 194, 195, 197
Hagios Demetrios, 163
Hagios Georgios, 354n45
Leo Sikountênos’s house, 360n93
Proconnesian marble quarries and, 197
Thessaly: Vale of Tempe, 171
Thoth (Egyptian god), 104
Thrasamund (Vandal king): Alianas Baths (near Carthage) built by, 68, 351n69
throne rooms, 225–27. See also tabernacles and throne rooms
Thuburbo Maius: Maison du Char de Venus, 199
Thutmosis III (pharaoh), 8, 86, 330
Tiberius, 47, 115
Tibullus, Albius, 78
Tiglath-Pileser I (Assyrian king), 14–15, 54, 106–7
Tiglath-Pileser III (Assyrian king), 107
timber columns and structures, 23, 38, 110
Timgad (Algeria): Donatist Baptistery, 199, 201, 361n1
Tiryns, 19, 67
palace, 87, 108, 109
Titian (Tiziano Vercellio), 303, 304
tituli (inscriptions), 132, 165, 353n23
Tivoli. See Hadrian Tornioli, Niccolò (painter), 304
Trajan, 76–78
transcendent qualities, 3, 114, 174–75
Transfiguration of Christ, 43–44
Transubstantiation, 185–87, 238, 260, 319
Traversari, Fra’ Ambrogio, 242
travertine, 57–59, 58, 61, 102, 197, 252, 269
treasuries, 343n56. See also Delphi; Mycenae
Trebizond: Theotokos Chrysokephalos, 163
Trecento architecture, 239, 245, 249, 253, 271
Trecento paintings, 280
Treviso: Cappella del SS. Sacramento in Duomo, 252, 366n61
Triclinium, 118, 118–19, 121
“House of the Relief of Telephus” (Herculaneum), 121, 121
Tridentine Catechism, 310
Trieste: basilica di Via Madonna, 361n13
Trinitarians, 299
Trinity, 139, 169, 260
Trissino, Giangiorgio, 259
Triton, 63–64, 64
Troy, 207. See also Homer
Tunisia: Mausoleum of the Flavii, 68, 71
Meninx, 78
mosaic workshops, 184
Tuohy, Thomas, 275
Turini da Pescia, Baldassare, 283–84
Turkey: alabaster baths (Allianoi), 121, 121
Palace of Yarim-Lim (Alalakh), 85
El Turro quarry (Sierra Nevada), 286
Tyre: church, 133, 165, 168, 357n134
conversion of temples by Roman officials, 352n100
red granite block on which Jesus had stood, 210
Temple of Herakles, 138
U
Udine: Giovanni da Udine’s home, 284
Palazzo Comunale, 367n14
Uley, glass fragments at, 355nn89–90
Urbino’s Ducal Palace: Cappella del Perdono, 243, 244
Sala del Trono, 367n36
Uruk, 5–8, 13, 126
“Steinstifttempel” (“stone-cone temple”), 5, 6, 13, 15, 152
“White Temple,” 13–14, 14, 33, 126, 342n29
Utrecht: St. Peter, 151, 356n114
Utu (sun god), 12
V
Valencia, 187
Valens (Roman emperor), 353n12
Valentinian (Roman emperor), 353n12, 353n26
Valentinian III (Roman emperor), 355n70
Valentino, Ascanio (author), 294–95
Valerius Flaccus, Gaius, 199
Valturio, Roberto (engineer), 247
Vandals, 68, 119–20, 351n69
van de Mieroop, Marc, 18
van Eyck, Jan: St. Francis Receiving the Stigmata, 218
vanity of marble, 148–49. See also conspicuous consumption and social prestige
Vanni, Michelangelo, 304
Varchi, Benedetto, 303, 307
Vardanes (Parthian king), 12–13
Varro, 44, 350n38, 359n55
Vasari, Giorgio, 143, 280, 284, 289, 292, 295, 302, 303, 304, 307, 336
Vasiliki ware, 81–82, 82, 84
Vatican: Bibliotheca Graeca, 276, 277
Bibliotheca Latina, 277
Borgia Apartments, 278, 368n76
Laocoön statue in, 66
Metallotheca, 295, 295
obelisk, 69
Raphael’s painting of Mass at Bolsena, 219
Sala Vecchia degli Svizzeri, 280–81
Villa del Belvedere, Cappella del Battista, 252
veining, 1, 7
evocative of painting, 3–4, 98–99
as inspiration to painters, 178–79
longue durée of notations for, 152
in marble revetments, 102, 103
masonry style and, 94
Minoan potters and fresco painters copying, 82, 84, 85, 87, 96
painting on marble, adaptation to, 4, 98–100
simulation of, 120, 145, 150–53, 287
Venetian chapels, choice of marble and, 243. See also marble; specific types of marble
Velleius Paterculus, Marcus, 115
Venantius Fortunatus (Venantius Honorius Clementianus Fortunatus), 131, 169, 229, 363n69
veneers, 12, 68, 69, 175, 281, 309, 319
agate, 351n59
Cesariano on, 268
marble, 94, 102–3, 111, 114, 268
stone, 107
Venetian, 249
Vitruvius on, 281
wood, 334
Venerable Bede, 139, 154–55, 158
Veneto region: marble mansions and palaces, 267–68
polychromy, 247
Venice
altarpieces, 239, 242–43
Ca’ Barzizza, 367n25
Ca’ Contarini de Corfù, 265
Ca’ da Mosto, 367n25
Ca’ Dario, 265–67, 266, 270
Ca’ d’Oro, 265, 268
Ca’ Farsetti, 265
Ca’ Morosini, 265
Ca’ Priuli-Bon, 367n25
compared to earlier great cities, 239, 365n5
conspicuous consumption, 365n19
Convento della Carità, 286, 287–88, 287–88
Gesuiti Church, 309
Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, 152, 356n121
importation of colored marbles, 239
influence of, 265
Madonna dell’Orto, 249
marble chapels, 239–43
marbled façades, 251
marble mansions, 264–67
mosaic, 304
Palazzo Ducale, 264, 264, 265, 268, 286, 368n57
Quattrocento painting, 242
relics and, 223
Ruskin and, 332
S. Francesco della Vigna, 233, 259
Morosini Altar, 243. See also Antonio da Negroponte
S. Giobbe, 237, 238
Martini Chapel, 365n27
S. Giorgio Maggiore, 251
S. Giovanni Crisostomo, 233
S. Lio, 233
S. Marco. See also S. Marco
S. Maria dei Miracoli, 234–38, 235–36, 239, 243, 251, 252, 258, 326
S. Michele in Isola: Cappella Emiliana, 243
façade, 249, 249, 258
S. Zaccaria, 195, 358n9
Scuola Grande di S. Marco, 233, 233, 251, 366n48
spolia from Byzantine era reused in, 263, 264, 265
SS. Maria e Donato, 195
Venus: in Egidio Gallo’s poem, 281
spring and, 136
Statius on palace of, 117, 131. See also location of temples of Venus
Vergil (Publius Vergilius Maro), 41, 47, 189, 199
Verona, 46, 239, 269, 336
Loggia del consiglio (Via delle Fogge façade), 274, 274, 367n38
Roman amphitheater, 284
Veronese marble, 246, 250, 268, 275, 284, 287
Verres, Gaius, 38
Verrius Flaccus, Marcus, 58
Vespasian, 57
Vicenza, 239
Cathedral: Dell’Acqua Altar, 256–60, 257, 291, 366n75, 366–67n94
Palazzo della Ragione, 267, 367n14
S. Corona, Garzadori Altar, 243
S. Maria della Vittoria, 252
Vienna: Jesuitenkirche, 328
Looshaus, 334
Vienne: St.-Romain-en-Gal, 125
Vigevano: Castello di Vigevano, 271, 272
Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da, 289, 289, 369n5
Villamagna, imperial villa at, 125
Virgin Mary, 142, 165, 222–34, 358n40
altars and celestial throne rooms of, 225, 300
Annunciate, 212
Assumption of, 225
colored marble and, 225
earthly church as offspring of Virgin and Christ, 229
Hodegetria (icon), 222, 239, 240
House of Wisdom and, 229
Immaculism and, 234, 235
Madonna and Child, 212, 223, 224, 225–27, 226, 240–41, 242
marbles associated with, 225
precious stones and, 300
as Queen of Heaven, 212
Salus Populi Romani (icon), 309
Tabernacle of, 228–31, 238
Tomb of the Virgin, 210
Visentini, Angelo, 196
The Visions of the Knight Tondal (Flemish manuscript), 211–12, 212
Vitruvius, 23–24, 38, 57, 61, 68–69, 73, 92, 94, 95, 100, 109, 110, 124, 155, 171, 197, 252, 267–68, 277, 281, 283, 288, 294, 322, 348nn38–39, 348n42, 348n55, 362n23
von Eschenbach, Wolfram, 187
von Sonnenberg, Konrad (Swiss aristocrat), 297
Vulci: Tomb of the Saties (François Tomb), 92, 92
Vulgate, 154, 304
W
Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (caliph), 164
“walking on water,” 191–97. See also floors
Warburg, Aby, 269
Washington, D.C.: Lincoln Memorial, 31, 32
watery floor. See floors watery stone. See liquid to stone Webb, Ruth, 164
white: acheiropoietic images associated with white stones, 231
in antiquity as meaning “light,” 26
brighter than white, 43
as color of purity, 26, 43
Istrian stone in Venice and, 267
light in white stucco, 323
Marsyas statue in white marble, 62
Romans categorizing two types of whiteness, 41
simulation of white marble, 150–54
Venetian trend of white architecture, 249
wealth associated with white marble, 269. See also Hymettan marble, Luna (Carrara) marble, Lychnites, Naxian marble, Parian marble, Pentelic marble, Thasian marble
white temples: Greek era, 29–33
polychromy and, 47–48, 71–78
Roman era, 38–41, 115
William of Malmesbury, 156
William of Oldenburg, 265, 362n14
William of St. Calais (bishop), 152
Wilson, Richard (sculptor), 32–33, 33
Wisdom, 168, 184, 185, 206, 229, 358n31
Wotton, Sir Henry (author, diplomat), 288
X
Xenophon, 38
Xerxes, 111
Y
Yemen: mosque at Sana’a, alabaster lanterns in, 143, 143
Yzeures (Auvergne) church, theft of glass from, 142
Z
Zachalias the Babylonian (astrologer), 55
zebra-stripe pattern, 151, 151
Zenobius of Florence (saint), 172
Zeno of Citium (philosopher), 61
ziggurats, 13–14, 16–18
compared to krepidoma, 25
of Nebuchadnezzar II, 17
of Sargon II (Neo-Assyrian), 17, 17
Zimmermann, Dominikus and Johann Baptist, 330
zodiac, 195, 253, 255, 259, 269, 322, 334
Zoppo, Marco: Dead Christ with Saints John the Baptists and Jerome, 214–18
Zoroaster, 54
Zorzi, Francesco (friar, author), 259
Zosima the Deacon, 220
Zosimus (Byzantine historian), 79