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Description: The Italian Renaissance Nude
Index
PublisherYale University Press
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Index
A
Adam and Eve 20, 68, 85
and androgyny 135
and clothing 30–1
creation of 17, 135
nakedness 27–33, 71
proportions 108
Sistine Chapel ceiling 118–19, 120, 121–2
Adrian VI, Pope 67, 68
Aeneas 172
“aesthetic distancing” 96
Africa 20, 34–8
Aglionby, William 16
Agostino Veneziano
Fragments from I modi 115, 115
Agrippa, Henricus Cornelius
Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex 132
Aiken, Jane 108
Ajmar, Marta 58
Alberti, Carlo
Amiria 152
Alberti, Leon Battista 110, 114, 123, 139
On the Art of Building 107
On Painting 69, 96
On Sculpture 107–8, 134
Alcibiades 104
Alciphron
Letters of Courtesans 141
Alessandri, Caio Baldassarre Olimpo
Gloria d’amore 138
Alexander VI, Pope 148
Alexander the Great 76, 133, 139
allegory, nakedness and 71–4
Allegory on Copulation 51, 52
Alpers, Svetlana 188
America 34–5
Anabaptists 45
androgyny 12, 131, 135–6
Andros 175
Angela Greca 146, 150
Angelico, Fra 193 n.21
Anghiari, Battle of (1440) 90
animals
human superiority to 26, 33
drawings of 96, 97
Annales school 17
Antico (Pier Jacopo Alari Bonacolsi) 89
Spinario 89
antique nudes 15, 67–8, 70, 74–7, 83–4, 95
Antoninus, Archbishop of Florence
Summary of Moral Theology 70
Antwerp 37, 38
Apelles 22, 77, 80, 133–4, 139, 141, 142, 155–6
Venus Anadyomene (Venus Rising From the Sea) 139, 155
Apollo Belvedere 10, 12, 67, 98–9, 111, 164
Apollonios
Belvedere Torso 67, 74, 75
apprentices 101
Apuleius
The Golden Ass 52
Aquila 43
Aquinas, Thomas 71
Aragona, Tullia d’ 150
Arcadia 87
Aretino, Pietro 115, 145–6, 156, 168, 181
The Dialogue of Giulia and Maddalena 138
Dialogues 53, 157
Pleasant Discourse 52
Ragionamenti 157
Arezzo 49
Ariosto, Ludovico
Orlando furioso 137
artistic nudes 68–70, 78
artists
genius 17, 113–14
status 95
works treated as children of 112
Artusi, Elena 178
Athenaeus 207 n.72
Augustine, St. 27, 68
Aurelio, Niccolò 163
Averlino, Antonio see Filarete
B
Bacchus 172–3, 175
Baden 39, 53
Bagarotto, Laura 163
Bakhtin, Mikhail 12
Baldinucci, Filippo 101
Balneum Plummer (The Baths at Plombières) 39, 40
baptism 83–7, 89
Baptistery, Florence 83, 193 n.21
Barbaro, Francesco
On Wifely Duties 50–51
Barkan, Leonard 83
Bartolomeo, Fra 97
bathhouses 38–40, 53
Baxandall, Michael
Painting and Experience in Fifteenth-Century Italy 17–18
beauty
cosmetics 151–6
the guise of Venus 139–47
ideal body 106–12
lists of beautiful parts of women’s bodies 137–9
Neoplatonism 103–5
Venus pudica pose 140–1, 141, 143
women’s 131–3
Zeuxian gaze 21, 133–9
Beccadelli, Antonio 48
The Hermaphrodite 77, 78
Becchi, Gentile de’ 61
Bellini, Giovanni 21, 80
Feast of the Gods 172–4, 173, 175
Naked Young Woman in Front of a Mirror 54, 152, 153–5, 156
Belvedere gardens, Rome 67, 70
Belvedere Torso 67, 74, 75
Benedetti, Alessandro 114
History of the Human Body 112–13
Benvenuto di Giovanni 193 n.22
Berchorius, Petrus see Bersuire, Pierre Berenson, Bernard
Painters of the Renaissance 19
Bergamo 43, 50
Berger, John 192 n.36, 200 n.5
Ways of Seeing 18, 157
Bernardino of Siena, San 45, 50, 54, 70
On Inspiration 47
Beroaldo, Filippo 52, 169
Bersuire, Pierre (Petrus Berchorius) 25–6
Dictionary or Moral Directory 25–6, 71
Billi, Antonio 101, 126
Biondo, Flavio
Rome Restored 76
Bisticci, Vespasiano da
La Nobilità delle donne 206 n.32
blasons (lists of beautiful body parts) 137–9, 156
Boccaccio, Giovanni Decameron 166
Genealogy of the Pagan Gods 68–9
On Famous Women 130
Teseida 68
body changes over time 12
changing attitudes to women’s bodies 137–9
ideal body 106–12, 125
lists of beautiful parts 137–9
see also female nude; male nude; nakedness; nudes
Bologna 49, 193 n.22
Boltraffio, Giovanni Antonio 107
Bonacolsi, Pier Jacopo Alari see Antico
“bonfires of the vanities” 64, 69–70
Bordone, Benedetto
Nymph of the Fountain 165, 166
Borgia, Cesare 148, 149
Borgia, Lucrezia 148
Borgia family 187
Boschetti, Isabella 177
Botticelli, Sandro 97, 99, 101, 105, 126, 200 n.13
Birth of Venus 6, 7, 113, 114, 126–7, 164
Portrait of a Young Man 101, 101
Primavera 164
Venus and Mars 56–7, 56
Botticelli workshop
Three Studies after a Near-naked Model 98, 99, 101
Bracciolini, Poggio 31, 39, 53, 77
Bramante, Donato 164
breasts, exposure of 48, 50
Brescia 50, 70
bronze statuettes 89–90
Bronzino
Del pennello 114–15
Brunelleschi, Filippo
Sacrifice of Isaac 83, 84
Bull, Malcolm 171–2
Burchard, Johann 147–8
Burgkmair, Hans
King of Cochin frieze 35, 36
Butler, Kim E. 121
Bynum, Caroline Walker 187, 192 n.49
C
Cadamosto, Alvise 37
Cadden, Joan 131
Caglioti, Francesco 61
camerino d’alabastro, Ferrara 22, 172, 176, 177
camicia (undershirt) 51–2, 51, 54
Campaspe 22, 133–4, 139, 141–2, 155, 156
Campbell, Stephen J. 90, 168
Canossa, Count Ludovico da 133
Caporali, Giovanni Battista
Vitruvian Man 111
Capponi, Gino di Lodovico 101
Capra, Galeazzo Flavio
On the Excellence and Dignity of Women 132
Caribbean 34
Carpaccio, Vittore
Meeting of the Betrothed Couple and the Departure of the Pilgrims 43, 43
Casanova, Marcantonio 142
Cascina, Battle of (1364) 89–90
Casola, Pietro 50
Cassini, Fiammetta di Michele 149
cassoni (wedding chests) 54–6, 56, 57
Castello 164
Castello del Buonconsiglio, Trento 80–1, 81, 114
Castiglione, Baldassare 125
The Book of the Courtier 52, 133–4, 136, 137, 139, 157, 186
Catholic Church 187
Cattanei, Vannozza dei 148
Cellini, Benvenuto 90–1, 148
Diary 101–2
Cennini, Cennino 107–08, 112
Il libro dell’arte (The Book of the Craftsman) 31, 96, 125
Cesariano, Cesare 107
Early Mankind 32, 33
Vitruvian Man 110, 111
Chaga, Anzola 149
Charles V, Emperor 161, 182
Charles VIII, King of France 178, 185
Cherubino da Siena
Rules for Married Life 51
chests, wedding 54–6, 56, 57
Chigi, Agostino 142, 169–72, 176, 177
children 58–65, 112
Christ
depiction in infancy 60
doctrine of the Incarnation 46, 60, 121
Eucharist 48
nakedness 14, 20, 44–5, 46–8, 70, 85
Sistine Chapel ceiling 118–19, 121
Christian, Kathleen Wren 74–5
Christianity
baptism 83–7, 89
doctrine of the Incarnation 46, 60, 121
God as divine craftsman 27–8
and the ideal nude 17, 20
negative view of body 15
Platonism 103
and poverty 41
views on nakedness 68
Chrysoloras, Manuel 77–8, 131, 182
Cicero 30, 114, 119
On the Nature of Gods 27
Rhetoric 107, 202 n.60
Clark, Kenneth 16, 192 n.36
The Nude: A Study of Ideal Art 14
Cleopatra 142–3, 142
Cles, Cardinal Bernardo 81
“closed” body 12
clothing
Adam and Eve 28, 30–1
codpieces 42, 178
genital display 41–3
non-European people 35
and poverty 40
prostitutes 48
and the social order 33–8
sumptuary laws 50
women’s underwear 51–2, 51, 54
The Clothing of Adam and Eve 28
Cnidian Venus 141
codpieces 42, 178
Colocci, Angelo 164
Colonna, Francesco
Hypnerotomachia Poliphili 136, 137, 138, 165–7, 166
Colonna, Cardinal Prospero 74, 75
Columbus, Christopher 35
Columbus’s First Voyage to the New World 35, 35
Condivi, Ascanio 122–3
Life of Michelangelo 13
connoisseurship 132
Contarini, Alessandro 181
Copenhaver, Brian 31
Corner, Benetto 178
Correggio (Antonio Allegri) 182
Jupiter and Io 180, 182
cortegiana see courtesans
Coryciana (poetry competition) 148
cosmetics 151–6
Costa, Lorenzo 80
Standing Nude with Cornucopia 179–81
El costume de la donne 138
countryside 162–9
courtesans 53, 58, 128–9, 141–2, 147–51
see also prostitutes
courtly love 149
courtly masculinity 177–82
Cranach, Lucas 191 n.3, 203 n.91
Credi, Lorenzo di 97, 200 n.13
Female Nude in the Guise of Venus 143–5, 144
Portrait Drawing of a Young Woman 145
Cropper, Elizabeth 139, 141, 181
Croton 107, 110, 123, 133–4, 137, 168
Cupid 159, 171
Cursetta 147–8
Cybele 173
Cymon 166
D
Dalli Regoli, Gigetta 97, 99
Danae 182
Danti, Vincenzo 157
Day of Judgment 52
Decembrio, Angelo
De politia litteraria (On Literary Polish) 69, 78, 79
del Cossa, Francesco
Allegory of March 43, 43
April 49, 49
del Moro, Angela (la Zaffetta) 150, 156–7
Delacroix, Ferdinand-Victor-Eugène
Liberty Leading the People 191 n.3
della Casa, Giovanni 146
della Rovere, Guidobaldo II, Duke of Urbino 128, 156, 181
della Rovere family 118
Dempsey, Charles 60
desire
courtesans and 149–50
courtly masculinity 177–8
homoerotic 61, 105
Neoplatonism 103, 104–6
Diacceto, Francesco Cattani da
Panegyric on Love 104
Dianti, Laura 177
Diodorus Siculus
Library of History 31, 33
Dioscuri 75–6, 76
disegno see drawings
Dolce, Lodovico 181
Aretino 136, 141
Dialogue on the Education of Women 156
Dolfo, Floriano 39, 179
Domenichi, Lodovico 52–3, 133, 135
The Nobility of Women 136
Domenico di Michelino 193 n.22
Domenico Veneziano
Nude Youth Posed as David 200 n.10
Saint John in the Desert 64, 64
Dominican order 69, 121
Donà, Patriarch Tommaso 69
Donatello 60–1
David 20–1, 61–5, 62, 72, 98, 196 n.147, 197 n.162, 202 n.50
Wine Spirit (Amor-Atys) 60, 61
Doni, Agnolo 87
Dossi, Dosso 172
Indian Triumph of Bacchus 172
drawings 95–103, 105–6, 122–3
drunkenness 174–6
Dürer, Albrecht 203 n.63, 205 n.25
E
Ebreo, Leone
Dialogues of Love 135
Elias, Norbert
The Civilizing Process 182
Emison, Patricia 14
Equicola, Mario 135, 172, 176
Erasmus
De civilitate morum puerilium 182
erotic paintings, wedding chests 54–8
Este, Alfonso d’, Duke of Ferrara 22, 122, 172, 175, 176, 177
Este, Isabella d’ 67, 79, 89, 163, 175
Este, Leonello d’, Marquis of Ferrara 78, 79, 79
Ethiopia 37
Eucharist 48
Eve see Adam and Eve
Eyck, Jan van 126
F
Fabius 77
Facio, Bartolomeo
On Illustrious Men 126
Falling Gaul 176
“Famous People” cycles 30
Farnese, Cardinal Alessandro 146
Feltre, Bernardino da 70
female nude 17, 125–30
changing attitudes to women’s bodies 131–4
the guise of Venus 139–47
marriage paintings 57–8
masculinity 134–6
models 127
portraiture 141–7
reactions to 9–13
sleeping nudes 57, 166–7
Venus pudica pose 140–1, 141, 143 see also nudes; women
Ferrara 22, 48, 49, 78, 79, 102, 172
fetus 112, 114
Ficino, Marsilio 26, 103, 105, 113, 135
On the Nature of Love 103–4
Filarete (Antonio Averlino) 108
Adam 33, 33
Filippi, Agostino 119–21
Finiguerra, Maso 97, 201 n.29
Firenzuola, Agnolo
On the Beauty of Women 137
fishing 43–4
Florence 40
Baptistery 83, 193 n.21
bathhouses 39–40
“bonfires of the vanities” 64, 69–70
country villas and gardens 164
David compared to 72–4
drawings 95
Duomo 72
Great Council Hall 90
and Hercules 72
homosexuality 105
life drawings 21, 97, 99–101
male nudes 64
Medici palace 61, 87
naked punishments 48–9
Palazzo della Signoria 49, 64
Piazza della Signoria 69, 72, 80
prostitutes 48
San Lorenzo 9
San Martino dei Buonomini 41
Santa Croce 70
Santa Maria del Carmine 28
Santa Maria Fiore 80
Santa Maria Novella 193 n.21
Santa Trinita 45
snow nudes 80
sodomy 61, 65
sumptuary laws 50, 58
wars 160, 185
wedding chests 54–6
Florio, John 40
Fondaco dei Tedeschi, Venice 91
Fontana, Lavinia 212 n.5
Fortini, Pietro 149
Foucault, Michel 18, 192 n.46
France
invasion of Italy 160, 178, 185
naked races 49
Francesco di Giorgio 203 n.63
Franciabigio 101
Francis, St 45
Francis II, King of France 179–81
Franciscan order 45, 48, 70, 121
Franco, Veronica 150, 151
Frangenberg, Thomas 80–1
Frari, Venice 149
Freedman, Luba 14–15
friendship, male 177–82
Fulgentius 68–9, 75
G
Galen 113
Ganfo 33–4, 38
Ganymede 182
gardens 164
Garimberto, Girolamo
Natural and Moral Problems 26
“garzone drawings” 101, 102
Gaurico, Luca
Treatise on Liberal Leisure 161
Gaurico, Pomponio 111–12
De sculptura 108
gaze
life drawings 96
male 18
scopophilia 15, 53, 132
sleeping nudes 166–7
sociable viewing 179–82
Zeuxian gaze 21, 133–9
theories of viewing 74–83
voyeurism 53–4, 154
Gelli, Giovan Battista
Circe 26
gender
gender difference 12, 131
and ways of seeing 18–19, 96
Genesis 26, 27–8, 30, 120–1
genitals
brush as metaphor for penis 114
codpieces 42, 178
in depictions of Christ 46–8
display of 41–3
female 48, 131
infants 60
pubic hair 64
Venus pudica pose 12, 28, 57, 71, 140–1, 143
Vitruvian man 110–12
genius, artistic 17, 113–14
Genoa 50
Geronimus, Dennis 142
Ghiberti, Buonaccorso
Early Man 31, 33
Ghiberti, Lorenzo 76, 193 n.21
Commentaries 74
The Sacrifice 63, 64
Ghirlandaio, Domenico
The Clothing of the Naked 41, 41, 43
The Renunciation of Worldly Goods 45, 45
Resurrection of the Boy on Piazza Santa Trinita 43, 43
Ghirlandaio, David (workshop)
Two Male Nudes, One in Position of Spinario 99
Giacomo Andrea da Ferrara
Vitruvian Man 107, 111, 111
Gilio, Giovanni Andrea 84
Ginzburg, Carlo 58
Giorgione 91, 163, 201 n.17
Laura 128, 129, 143
Sleeping Venus 57–8, 57, 163
The Tempest 91, 163, 163
Giotto 112
Giovanni di Paolo 193 n.22
Giovio, Paolo 79–80, 106
Notable Men and Women of Our Time 79
Giulio Romano 107
I modi 115–17, 115
Rustic Banquet 161, 172
Wedding Feast of Cupid and Psyche 160, 172
Giunti, Lucantonio 69
gloves 34
God
and beauty 103–4
creation of Adam and Eve 17, 27–31, 135
as divine craftsman 27–8
doctrine of the Incarnation 46
and human nakedness 26
Sistine Chapel ceiling 117–19, 121–2
Goffen, Rona 57, 128–9, 154
Golden Age 87
Gonzaga, Cecilia 79, 79
Gonzaga, Dorotea 53
Gonzaga, Federico, Marquis of Mantua 115, 159–61, 169, 172, 176–82, 179
Gonzaga, Francesco II, Marquis of Mantua 39, 179–81
Gonzaga family 53
Gozzoli, Benozzo (circle of)
Study of four nude figures 200 n.10
Study of nude as Spinario 200 n.10
Grassi, Giovannino dei 193 n.21
Greece, ancient 15, 70, 77
Greenblatt, Stephen 208 n.112
Gregory, St. 67
Grimani, Cardinal Domenico 175–6
“grotesque” body 12
Guarino of Verona 77, 78
Guicciardini, Francesco 150–1
guilds 30, 34
H
hair, pubic 64
Haman 93, 94, 122–3
Hartley, L. P.
The Go-Between 7
Hartt, Frederick 11
Helen of Troy 134, 137
Hercules 72, 73
Himmelmann, Nikolaus 72, 79
Ideale Nacktheit 14
Holy Roman Empire 185
homosexuality 61, 105
homosociability 129–30
Hope, Charles 128, 129
Horace 77
The Horse-Tamers (Dioscuri) 75–6, 76
Hughes, Diane Owen 50
humanism 26
humors 59, 112, 130
Hypnerotomachia Poliphili see Francesco Colonna
I
ideal body 17, 106–12, 125
ignudi (male nudes) 117–18, 121
Immaculate Conception 121
Imperia 142, 150
Incarnation 46, 60, 121
India 35
infants 60, 85
Inghirami, Tommaso (“Fedra”) 119
Innocent III, Pope
On the Misery of the Human Condition 26
Io 182
Iphigenia 166
Isidore of Seville 59, 60
J
Jacobs, Fredrika 113
Japan 9
Jerome, St. 44, 68
John the Baptist 86, 87, 89, 98, 99
Joseph, St. 87, 89
Julius II, Pope 117–18, 119, 121, 164
Jupiter 171
K
Kleomenes
Venus Pudica of the Cnidian Type (“Venus de Medici”) 11, 12
Kristeva, Julia 12
Kronos 114
Kuwait 8
L
laborers, nakedness 43
Lactantius 20, 30, 119, 193 n.13–18
Divine Institutes 27
On the Workmanship of God 27
Lafreri, Antonio
Mirror of Roman Magnificence 75, 76
landscape painting 163–9
Landucci, Luca 39, 40–1
Lanteri, Giacomo
On Economy 147
Laocoön 67
Laqueur, Thomas 131
Laura 142
Lavin, Marilyn 14
Leda 181, 182
leisure 161–82
Leonardi, Giovan Giacomo 205 n.8
Leonardo da Vinci 18–19, 38, 90, 97, 99–101, 102–3, 105, 106, 201 n.20
John the Baptist 201 n.17
Model in the Pose of John the Baptist 99, 100
Vitruvian Man 21, 108–11, 109
Leppert, Richard
The Nude 14
Lewine, Carol 83
Libro di Antonio Billi 101, 126
Liburnio, Niccolò 196 n.112
Le Selvette 80
Licinio, Bernardino
Reclining Female Nude in the Guise of Venus 143, 143
life drawings 95–103, 105–6, 122–3
life stages 58–9, 64
Ligorio, Pirro 76, 136, 195 n.78
Lippi, Filippino 97, 99, 200 n.13
Studies after Near-naked Men 102
Lippi, Filippino (workshop)
Standing Youth with Hands behind his Back, and a Seated Youth Reading 99
Study of Man with One Arm Raised 100
Lombardo, Antonio
Venus Anadyomene 153, 155, 156
Lombardo, Tullio 107
Longus
Daphnis and Chloe 164
looking see gaze
Lorenzetti, Ambrogio
Allegory of Good and Bad Government 71, 71
Lotis 173
Lotto, Lorenzo 102
love
courtly love 149
courtly masculinity 177–8
Neoplatonism 103–4
stories of 162–3, 167
Lucca 58
Lucian
Solecista 207 n.71
Lucretius
On the Nature of Things 31, 33
Luigini, Federico 48, 133
Luti, Margarita 207 n.78
M
Machiavelli, Niccolò 151, 160, 162–3, 178
Florentine Histories 34
History of Florence 160
Macrino 49
Macrobius 112
Maffei, Raffaelo
Urban Commentaries 77
Magno Palazzo, Trento 80–1
Maidens of Croton 107, 110, 122–23, 133, 134, 168
Majorana, Cristoforo
Leander Swimming Across the Hellespont 44, 45
male nude
and desire 104–6
ideal body 17, 106–12, 125
life drawings 96–103, 127 see also nudes
Manetti, Giannozzo
On the Dignity and Excellence of Mankind 26, 27
Manfredi, Girolamo
The Reasons Why 130
Mantua 115, 159, 161
Marcello, Girolamo 57, 163
marriage
marriage paintings 54–8
and nakedness 50–1
wedding chests 54–6, 56, 57
Mars 142
Martini, Francesco di Giorgio 108
Marvels of the City of Rome 75–6
Mary Magdalene 145, 148
Masaccio
Baptism of the Neophytes 85
The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden 28, 29
masculinity
courtly masculinity 177–82
female nudes 131, 134–6
and procreation 112–17
Masolino
Adam and Eve 28, 29
masturbation 54, 57
Matrema Non Vole 150
Mattioli, Pietro Andrea 80–2, 114
Maurer, Maria F. 177
measurements, proportions of body 106–12
medals 79, 79
Medici, Cosimo de’ 61, 77, 103
Medici, Giuliano de’ (1453–78) 49
Medici, Giuliano de’ (1479–1516) 9–10
Medici, Cardinal Ippolito de’ 157
Medici, Lorenzo de’ 86–7, 105, 164
Medici, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de’ 114
Medici, Piero de’ 61
Medici family 65, 69, 187
Medici Villa, Castello 164
Memmo di Filippuccio
Marital Bed 50, 51, 51
Menabuoi, Giusto de’ 193 n.21
Michelangelo 14, 17, 18–19, 79, 81, 93, 149, 157, 181, 187
and ideal body 107
life drawings 122–3, 201 n.17
“masculine” female nudes 134–5, 136
Sistine Chapel ceiling 21, 95, 116, 117–23, 119, 120, 134, 135
Bacchus 89
Bather 91, 91
Battle of Cascina 89, 90–1, 90
Battle of the Centaurs 89
Creation of Adam 7, 120, 121
David 7, 64, 72–4, 73, 80, 89, 197 n.162, 198 n.27–30
Drunkenness of Noah 117, 119
Haman 21
Holy Family (“Doni tondo”) 87–9, 88
Last Judgment 69, 197 n.8
Libyan Sibyl 134, 135
Night 9–13, 9, 184, 185–6
Risen Christ 47–8, 47
Spinario figure 21
Studies for Haman 93, 94, 122–3
Study for the Libyan Sibyl 134, 135
Study of Naked Young Woman for the Entombment 148, 148
Michiel, Marcantonio 67
Middle Ages 14, 26, 27, 67, 68, 72, 79, 83
The Miserable End of Signora Anzola 150, 151
mistresses 177
models, life drawings 95–103, 105–6, 127
Monreale cathedral 193 n.21
Montalboddo, Francanzio da
Newly Found Lands 35
Morandi, Benedetto
On Human Happiness 26
Mormando, Franco 45
Mosco, Demetrio 175
Moses 120–1
Mulvey, Laura
“Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema” 18
Münster 45
musculature, life drawings 97
Muybridge, Eadweard 102
Animal Locomotion 102
Myron 156
mythological nudes 159, 171–6, 181–2
N
Nagel, Alexander 47–8, 115–17
nakedness
Adam and Eve 27–33, 71
and allegory 71–4
baptism and 84–7
bathhouses 38–40, 53
children and infants 58–65
Christ 14, 20, 44–5, 46–8, 70, 85
in classical world 15
distinction from the nude 16–17
genital display 41–3
and human superiority to animals 26, 33
laborers 43
life stages 58
and marriage 50–1
and the nature of humanity 25–33
non-European people 35–8
and personal identity 33–4
and poverty 20, 26, 40–1
as primal state 33
sexuality and 48–9, 50–2, 53
and shaming 28, 48–50
and spirituality 44–8
swimming and fishing 43–4
voyeurism 53–4
women 48–9, 50–8
see also nudes
Naples 41, 167
Nead, Lynda
The Female Nude 14
Negri, Girolamo 67
Nelson, Jonathan 13
Neoplatonism 21, 103–6
Neptune 173
Nero, Emperor 76
New Testament 83, 118
New World 20
Niccoli, Niccolò 39
Niccolò di Tommaso 193 n.21
Noah 88, 117, 119, 121
Nochlin, Linda 113
nudes
androgyny 12, 131, 135–6
antique nudes 15, 67–8, 70, 74–7, 83–4, 95
artistic nudes 68–70, 78
bronze statuettes 89–90
courtly masculinity and 179–82
cultural shifts in Renaissance 15–16
distinction from nakedness 16–17
how to look at 74–83
ideal body 17, 106–12, 125
in landscape paintings 164–9
life drawing 95–103
mythological nudes 159, 171–6, 181–2
Sistine Chapel ceiling 118–23
vandalism 68
“virtuous nudity” 71, 75
see also female nude; male nude;
nakedness
O
Old Testament 117–18
Olson, Roberta 86
On Baths (De Balneis) 39
Ordeaschi, Francesca 177
Orti Oricellari, Florence 164
otium (leisure) 161
Ovid 162
The Art of Love 155–6, 173
Fasti 173
Metamorphoses 69
P
Padua 193 n.21
Palazzo del Podestà, San Gimignano 50
Palazzo Pubblico, Siena 71
Palazzo Schifanoia, Ferrara 49
Palazzo della Signoria, Florence 49, 64
Palazzo Te, Mantua 159–60, 160–1, 161, 177
Palermo 193 n.21
Palmieri, Matteo 59, 64
On Civic Life 59–60, 64
Palumba, Giovanni Battista
Prudence 145, 145
Pan 164
Panvinio, Onofrio 76
Park, Katharine 131
pastoral paintings 163–9
Pausanias 207 n.72
Pavia, Battle of (1525) 160
Pazzi conspiracy 49–50
penis
brush as metaphor for 114
codpieces 42, 178
vagina as inverted 131
Vitruvian man 110–12
see also genitals
penitance, nakedness and 45
“period eye” 18, 138
Persia 9
Perugia 50
Perugino, Pietro 21, 79–80
Baptism of Christ 83, 85
Combat of Love and Chastity 79
Saint Sebastian 201 n.19
Peter, St. 89
Petrarch 76, 137, 142
Petrarchism 177
Pfisterer, Ulrich 177, 178
Phaedrus 104
Phidias 75–6, 113
Phillippy, Patricia 154
Philostratus the Elder
Imagines 175
Phryne 140–2
Piazza della Signoria, Florence 64, 69, 72, 80
Piccolomini, Alessandro 132
Raffaella 53–4
Pico della Mirandola, Gianfrancesco
On the Expulsion of Venus and Cupid 70
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni Commentary on a Poem of Platonic Love 104, 105–6
Oration on the Dignity of Man 31, 119
Piero della Francesca
Baptism of Christ 85, 86
Burial of the Wood 42, 43
Piero di Cosimo 194 n.33
Simonetta Vespucci as Cleopatra 142–3, 142
Pisa Cathedral 71, 72
Pisanello 97
Medal of Cecilia Gonzaga 79, 79
Medal of Leonello d’Este 79, 79
Pisani, Morosina 163
Pisano, Andrea 72
The Labors of Adam and Eve 30, 30
Pisano, Giovanni
Temperance 71, 72
Pisano, Nicola 72
Fortitude 72
Pistoia 193 n.21
Plato 103
Symposium 103
Platonism 103–6, 119
Pliny the Elder 155, 156
Natural History 139–40, 141, 202 n.60
Plombières 39, 40
Pointon, Marcia 127, 192 n.27
Poliphilo 165–6
Pollaiuolo, Antonio del 85–6, 97, 202 n.52
Battle of Naked Men 20, 24, 36–8, 37, 85, 97
The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian 101
Pollaiuolo, Piero del 85–6, 97
Pontano, Giovanni
On the Prince 52
Porretta, baths at 39, 179
portraiture 141–7
Portugal 34, 37
Potts, Alex 17
poverty 20, 26, 40–1
power, and ways of seeing 18–19
Praxiteles 75–6, 80, 140, 165, 181
Venus pudica 57, 140–1
pregnancy 12
Priapus 83, 173
procreation 112–15, 130–1
proportions, ideal body 106–12
Prospectus of Roman Antiquities 74
prostitutes 48, 49
see also courtesans
Psyche 159, 171, 177
pubic hair 64
puer (boy) 59–60, 63–5
punishments 48–50, 61
putti 60
Pygmalion 136
Q
Quercia, Jacopo della 193 n.22
querelle des femmes (the woman question) 21, 132
Quirinal Hill, Rome 75
R
Ragghianti, Carlo 97, 99
Ragionamento del Zoppino 150
Raimondi, Marcantonio
Bather 91, 91
I modi 115–17, 115
Raphael 21, 79, 136, 137, 148, 172, 187
Female Nude in the Guise of Venus (La Fornarina) 140, 141–2
Galatea 125, 126
Study of a Naked Woman in a Venus Pudica Pose 141
Raphael workshop 114, 115, 201 n.17
Feast of the Gods 171, 171
Loggia of Psyche 22, 81, 169–72, 170–1, 176, 177
Ravenna 85
reproduction 112–15, 130–1
Richardson, Carol 89
Ricius, Paulus
Isagoge 206 n.42
River God pose 12
Robetta, Cristoforo
Adam and Eve with Children 30, 30
Rocke, Michael 61, 105
Romanino, Girolamo 114
Three Graces 82–3, 82
Phaeton Loggia 80, 81
Romans 15, 67
Rome
antique nudes 74
Belvedere gardens 67, 70
country villas and gardens 164, 169
courtesans 58, 148–9
female nudes 127
naked processions 45, 49
Quirinal Hill 75
sack of (1527) 160
San Giovanni Laterano 63
Sant’Agostino 148–9
Santa Maria in Aracoeli 45
Santa Maria Maggiore 45
Santa Maria sopra Minerva 47, 48
Villa Farnesina 169–72, 170–1
see also Sistine Chapel
Rosenthal, Margaret 150
Rosselli, Francesco
The Chain Map 44, 44
Rosso Fiorentino
Dead Christ with Angels 46, 47
Rubeo, Giovanni 69
Ruggiero, Guido 150
Ruvoldt, Maria 166
S
Salutati, Barbara 151
San Gimignano 50
San Giovanni Laterano, Rome 63
San Lorenzo, Florence 9
San Marco, Venice 28, 193 n.21
San Martino dei Buonomini, Florence 41
Sangallo, Aristotile da
Battle of Cascina 90–1, 90
Sannazaro, Jacopo
Arcadia 167
Sansovino, Jacopo 156–7, 181
Santa Caterina, Venice 149
Santa Croce, Florence 70
Santa Maria in Aracoeli, Rome 45
Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence 28
Santa Maria Fiore, Florence 80
Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome 45
Santa Maria Novella, Florence 193 n.21
Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome 47, 48
Santa Trinita, Florence 45
Sant’Agostino, Rome 148–9
Sanuto, Marino 149
satyrs 173–4
savagery, nakedness and 35–7
Savoldo, Giovanni Girolamo
Sleeping Venus 208 n.87
Savonarola, Fra Girolamo 64, 69–70, 72–4
Savonarola, Michele 48
Scala, Bartolomeo 36
Dialogue of Consolation 33
Schaffhausen 39
Lo Scheggia (Giovanni di Ser Giovanni)
Game of Civettino 58–9, 59
Marriage Chest with Female Nude 56
scopophilia 15, 53, 132
Sebastian, St. 99
Sebastiano del Piombo 145–6, 148
Drawing of a Naked Woman in the Guise of Venus 145, 146
Martyrdom of St. Agatha 145, 147
Portrait of a Young Woman 145, 147
seed, emission of 112–13
Segazone, Pietro Paolo 111
“self-fashioning” 150
semen 112–13, 114
Sercambi, Giovanni 33–4
Servius 164
sex workers see courtesans; prostitutes
sexuality
courtly masculinity 177–82
homosexuality 105
I modi 115–17, 115
nakedness and 48–9, 50–2, 53
scopophilia 15, 53–4, 132
sodomy 45, 48, 61, 65, 105
Sforza, Caterina
Experimenti 209 n.122
Sforza family 53, 187
shaming, nakedness and 48–50
Shemek, Deanna 49, 50
Shephard, Tim 175
Sickert, Walter 16
Siena 58, 60, 71, 74, 193 n.22
Signorelli, Luca 21
Court of Pan 164, 165
Figures in a Landscape: Two Nude Youths (Bichi Altarpiece) 85–6, 85
Last Testament of Moses 83, 85
Virgin and Child (“Medici Madonna”) 86–7, 87, 89
Virgin and Child (Munich) 86, 86
Silenus 173
silverpoint drawings 97
Simons, Patricia 112, 114
Sincero 167
Siraisi, Nancy 110
Sistine Chapel, Rome
ceiling paintings 7, 21, 60, 81, 93, 95, 116, 117–23, 119, 120, 134, 135, 171
Signorelli’s fresco 83
Sixtus IV, Pope 117, 121
sleeping nudes 57, 166–7
social identity, clothing and 33–8
Soderini, Piero 74
sodomy 39, 45, 48, 61, 65, 105
Spain 34
spas 38–40
Speroni, Sperone
Dialogue on Love 168
Spinario (Thorn-Puller) 21, 63, 83–7, 83, 89, 89, 98–9, 99
spiritelli (little spirits) 60, 63, 118
spirituality, and nakedness 44–8
Standing Cup with Americans and Africans 38
Stark, James 13
statuettes, bronze 89–90
Steinberg, Leo 60
The Sexuality of Christ 13
Stevens, Wallace 127
Storey, Tessa 149, 182
Strozzi, Agostino 13
Studio dei Marmi, Ferrara 172
studiolo (space for learned conversation) 89, 159, 168
sumptuary laws 34, 43, 49, 50, 58
swimming 43–4
Switzerland 39
syphilis 150
T
Taccola, Mariano 108, 110–11, 203 n.63
Taddei, Ilaria 59
Talvacchia, Bette 82, 115
The Tanner’s Guild 43, 44
Targhetta, Milano 163
Tariff of Whores of Venice 151
Three Graces 74–5, 75
Tiridates, King of Armenia 76
Titian 18–19, 21–2, 102, 187
Bacchanal of the Andrians 172, 174–6, 174
Bacchus and Ariadne 172, 177, 178
Danae 146
Flora 54, 55, 128
Pastoral Concert 22, 162, 163, 167–8
Portrait of Federico Gonzaga 178, 179
Sacred and Profane Love 163, 164
Sleeping Venus 57–8, 57, 163
The Three Ages of Man 163
Venus and Adonis 181
Venus of Urbino 127–9, 128, 146, 156–7, 186
Woman in a Blue Dress (“La Bella”) 154, 156
Woman in a Fur Coat 155, 156
The Worship of Venus 172, 175, 176
travel and exploration 34–7
Trento 80–1, 114
Trentuno della Zaffetta 150
Trivixan, Lucia 149
U
Uberti, Lucantonio degli
The Chain Map 44
Uccello, Paolo 193 n.21
underwear 41–3, 51–2, 51, 54
Uranus 114
V
Valeriano, Piero
Hieroglyphica 76–7
vandalism, against naked images 68
Vasari, Giorgio 86, 89, 91, 117, 118, 121, 181
Libro de’ disegni 201 n.17
Life of Michelangelo 13
Lives 16, 106
Vatican 148
see also Sistine Chapel
Vatican Belvedere 164
Vázquez, Dionisio 119
veils 34
Vendramin, Gabriele 163
Veneto, Francesco Giorgio
De harmonia mundi 206 n.42
Venice 69, 80
“bonfires of the vanities” 69–70
courtesans 58, 149, 151, 156
drawings 95
female nudes 127
Fondaco dei Tedeschi 91
landscape painting 164, 168, 177
nakedness 45, 50
prostitutes 48
San Marco 28
sumptuary laws 50
War of the League of Cambrai 160
Venier, Domenico 178
Venier, Lorenzo 157
Venus 72, 123, 155, 181
antique statues 74
birth of 114
the guise of Venus 139–47
legend of Psyche and Cupid 171
vandalism against naked images of 68
“Venus de Medici” 11
Venus felix 70
Venus pudica 11, 12, 28, 57, 71, 140–1, 141, 143
Vergil, Polydore
On Discovery 30–1
Veronese school
Nude Male Throwing a Ball 200 n.10
Verrocchio
David 98
Vesalius, Andreas 203 n.71
De humani corporis fabrica 110
Vespucci, Amerigo
First Letter from the Islands 35
Vespucci, Marco di Piero 196 n.120
Vespucci, Simonetta 142–3, 142
Vespucci family 56
Vettori, Francesco 162, 178
viewing, theories of 74–83
Villa Farnesina, Rome 169–72, 170–1
Virgil 87
Eclogues 164, 165
Georgics 165
Virgin Mary 39–40, 46, 70, 87, 121
virtu 177–8
“virtuous nudity” 71, 75
Visconti Hours 193 n.21
Vitruvian man 107, 108–11, 109–11
Vitruvian woman 131
Vitruvio ferrarese 107, 111, 111
Vitruvius
On Architecture 31, 33, 106–7, 108, 111
voyeurism 53–4, 154
Vulcan 142
W
Walters, Margaret
The Nude Male 14
War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16) 160
wedding chests 54–6, 56, 57
Weyden, Rogier van der 126
Willaert, Adriaen 175
Wimpfeling, Jakob 46–7
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 15, 17
Wolf-Bonvin, Romaine 51
women
and artistic genius 113–14
changing attitudes to women’s bodies 130–4
cosmetics 151–6
courtesans 53, 58, 128–9, 141–2, 147–51
nakedness 48–9, 50–8
portraiture 141–7
procreation 112
underwear 51–2, 51, 54
“women at their toilet” 153–6
“woman question” literature 21, 132
Zeuxian gaze 21, 133–9
see also beauty; female nude
Wood, Christopher 102–03
workshops, life drawings 99–101
Y
Young, Iris 12
Z
La Zaffetta (Angela del Moro) 150, 156–7
Zapperi, Roberto 146
Zeuxian gaze 21, 133–9
Zeuxis 107, 123, 133–4, 136–7, 141, 168