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Index
abolition 1, 2, 71–2, 77, 79, 99, 103–5, 112, 113–14, 117, 125
Abolition of the Slave Trade, The (Cruikshank) 104
Account of the Regular Gradation in Man and in Different Animals and Vegetables, An (White) 86–8, 87
Actor-Boys 136, 137, 141, 145, 153, 154–5, 241n57
Koo, Koo, or Actor-Boy (plate 1) 136, 137, 139, 140, 151–2, 152, 153
Koo, Koo, or Actor-Boy (plate 2) 136, 137, 138, 152
Adam, Robert 40, 66
Addison, Joseph 93, 179
Address to the People of Great Britain, An (Fox) 113
Adelgitha (Lewis) 152
Adventures of Johnny Newcome, The (Elmes) 139–40, 140
Adventures of Telemachus, The (Fénelon) 96, 96
aesthetics 73–7, 80, 93, 94–6
African peoples, 18–19, 22–4, 26, 52, 71, 76, 78, 101
enslaved, see also slaves
Albemarle, 2nd Duke of 9, 20, 28, 28, 207–8n93–4
Albinus, Bernard 85, 86
Alcibar, José de 53, 54
Alexander, William 45–6
America, allegorical figure of 46–7
American Indians see Indians
Amphitrite (Bromley after Stothard) 96–7, 96
Angillis, Pieter 60, 61, 62
Anglo-European women see white women
Anti-Saccharrites (Gillray) 113
Antigua 91
Apollo Belvedere 74, 80, 81, 84–6, 88, 115
and A Meeting of Connoisseurs 74, 82, 90, 91
apprenticeship 119, 134, 135, 237n7
Ashmole, Elias 154
Ashworth, William B. 19
Attack of the Rebels on Montpelier Old Works Estate, The (Duperly) 187, 188, 189
Atwood, Thomas 52, 58
Audubon, John James 189, 191–2, 191, 255n85, 255n87
Baartman, Saartjie 94
Baptiste, Mr 22, 24
Barbados 32, 103, 119
Barbarities in the West Indias (Gillray) 113–15, 114
Barker, Robert 175, 177
Barré, Colonel 69
Barry, James 79
Beattie, James 74
beauty 75–7, 80, 93, 94–6
Beckett, Isaac 28
Beckford (of Somerley), William 158, 161, 162, 163, 165
Bed-stocks for Intoxication, etc. (Bridgens) 130
Behn, Aphra 233n135
Belisario, Isaac 5, 6, 119, 145–6, 185
WORKS:
Chimneysweeper, Kingston, Jamaica 122, 123, 125–7
Creole Negroes, Kingston, Jamaica (Belisario) 122, 124
Jaw-Bone or House John Canoe 136, 137, 139, 141
Koo, Koo, or Actor-Boy (plate 1) 136, 137, 139, 140, 151–2, 152, 153
Koo, Koo, or Actor-Boy (plate 2) 136, 137, 138, 152
Lovey, alias Liverpool 122, 127, 128, 142
Milkwoman, Kingston, Jamaica 116, 122, 123–4, 123, 131
Queen, or “Maam” of the Set-Girls 131, 132, 133–4
Red Set Girls and Jack-in-Green 131, 133–5, 133, 143
Water-Jar Sellers, Kingston, Jamaica 122, 122
see also Sketches of Character
Belle Vue Residence near Kingston (Kidd) 169–70, 169
Benoit, Pierre 121, 150, 150
Bewell, Alan 158–9
Bhabha, Homi 120, 145
Bickell, Richard 149
Bindman, David 76, 81, 86
Birds of America (Audubon) 189, 191–2
Birnie, Frederick 177
Birth of Venus (Botticelli) 95
“Black” Caribs 47, 49, 50, 51, 195
black “folk” 6, 117, 118, 143–5, l85, 195
Black Legend 18
Black Vultures (Audubon) 191–2, 191
Blake, William 2
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich 88, 185
body 29, 75, 82, 85, 124–6, 139, 219–20n4
and animality 76, 77, 83–4, 102, 113
black 6, 7, 29, 79, 88–90, 118, 131, 132, 145
classicized 76, 80, 86–9
fragmented 30, 71, 113
in history painting 79
sexualised 55, 91–111
white 7, 55, 79, 90, 96–7, 114–15
Boswell, James 97
Botticelli, Sandro 65, 95
Boxer, David 189
Boyne, John 220n9
WORKS:
A Meeting of Connoisseurs (print) 70, 73–4, 73, 79–80, 82, 88, 89–92, 93, 93, 94, 97–8, 115, 150
A Meeting of Connoisseurs (watercolor) 92–3, 92, 96
Bravo, Alexander 146
Brereton, William 149
Bridgens, Richard 121, 129, 130, 131
Brightling Observatory as Seen from Rosehill Park (Turner) 163, 164
Broad Grins (Rowlandson) 83, 84
Bromley, William 96–7, 96
Brook, John 40, 41
Brown, Captain Thomas 191
Browne, Sir Thomas 77–8
Brunias, Agostino 4, 37–8, 40, 43–4, 46, 52, 68–9, 88, 97, 125, 154
Caribs 69, 90
and Cries 62–3
markets 58–9, 60
mulatto men 51, 183
mulatto women 5–6, 45, 51–2, 55–60, 63–4, 68, 107–8, 109, 155
WORKS:
Chatoyer and His Five Wives 48, 49, 69
Free West Indian Creoles in Elegant Dress 39
French Mulâtress Purchasing Fruit from a Negro Woman 66, 67, 68
French Mulâtresses of Dominica in Their Proper Dress 63, 63
A Leeward Islands Carib Family outside a Hut 47, 49–50
Linen Market, Dominica 36, 55–7, 56
A Linen Market with a Linen-Stall and Vegetable Seller in St. Vincent 50–1, 50
Market Day, Roseau, Dominica vi, 37, 38, 44
A Negro Dance in the Island of Dominica 43, 211–12n29
painting from Kedleston Hall 66, 67
West India Washer Women 65–6, 66
A West Indian Creole Woman Attended by Her Black Servant 44, 44
A West Indian Flower Girl and Two Other Free Women of Color 62–3, 62
Buffon, Georges Louis Le Clerc, Comte de 81, 86, 90
Bunbury, Henry 64–5, 64
Burford, Robert 178
Burke, Edmund 71, 93, 219n2, 219n3
Busby, Thomas 127, 131, 148
WORKS:
Chimney Sweepers 126, 126
May Day 143, 144
Milk Girl 124, 125
Callen, Anthea 85
Camper, Peter 74, 82–6, 83, 87, 88, 90
cannibalism 18–19, 112–13
“Captain Kimber in the Cells of Newgate” 103–5, 103
Caribs 18–19, 69, 90, 195
in Brunias’s works 47, 47, 48, 49–51
caricature 6, 7, 71, 72, 73–4, 75, 78, 90, 117, 140, 195
black women 98–112
colonial contamination 112–14
human-animal relationship 77–8, 83
incongruity 74–5
slave emancipation 117–18
slavery 79–80
vice 78–9
white women 166–7
Carlyle, Thomas 140–1, 142
Carmichael, Emma 66
casta paintings 53, 54
Castle, Terry 65, 136–7
Catesby, Mark 35, 209n120
Ceded Islands 37, 41–3, 44, 69, 155
see also Dominica; St Vincent; Tobago
Certeau, Michel de 15
Chambers, William 40
Chard, Chloe 93
Charles II 153–4, 154
Chatoyer 48, 49, 69, 214n52
Chatoyer and His Five Wives (Grignon after Brunias) 48, 49
children 141–2
Chimneysweeper, Kingston, Jamaica (Belisario) 122, 123, 125–6
chimneysweeps 125–7, 143
civility 3–5, 37, 46, 54, 58
Clarkson, Thomas 77
class 42, 78–9, 90
classicism, Greco Roman 11, 27, 71, 72, 80–1, 87–8
beauty 76
and Brunias 65–6, 68
and caricature 75
Clay, Edward William 118, 131
climate theory 76, 157–8, 160, 163, 165
cochineal 8, 31–3, 31, 34, 208n103
Collection for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade, A (Houghton) 13, 202n22
Colman, George 103
commerce 5, 13, 27, 33, 35, 46, 57, 147–8, 150–1, 174
Connoisseurs, The (Rowlandson) 91, 92
Constable, John 165, 181
contamination 112–13
Cooke, William 164
Cooper, Anthony Ashley see Shaftesbury, 3rd Earl of
Cooper, James Fenimore 186
Costello, John Anderson 152
Costume of the Lower Orders of London (Busby) 127, 144
cotton 33
cotton gin 29–30, 29
Cousin, Victor 94
Covent Garden
brothels 98–9, 100, 217–18n99
market 60, 61, 62
Covent Garden Market (Angillis) 60, 61, 62
Covent Garden Market and St Paul’s Church (Nebot) 60, 61, 62
Craig, William Marshall 148, 149
Creole Negroes, Kingston, Jamaica (Belisario) 122, 124
creoles 120, 166–7, 183, 185–6
creolization 60, 118, 131, 183–5
Cries 6, 218n101, 238n23
and Brunias 62–3
Jews 148, 246n104–5
and Sketches of Character 121–4, 125–6, 127, 131, 141, 151
Cries of London (Smith) 127, 129, 141, 142
Crome, John 185–6, 186
Crow, Jim (John) 192, 255–6n95
Cruikshank, Isaac
WORKS:
The Abolition of the Slave Trade 104–5, 104
John Bull Taking a Clear View of the Negro Slavery Question!! x, 1–2, 2, 5
A Morning Surprise 108–9, 108
The Rabbits 91, 91
Cumberland, Richard 7
curiosity 34, 38
custom, discourse on 135–6
Dacosta, A. R. 146
dance
in Belisario’s Sketches of Character 131, 132, 133–4, 133
in Brunias’s works 43, 60
in Sloane’s Voyage to . . . Jamaica 26–7
Dancing Ballad Singer, The (Smith) 129
Darwin, Charles 120
Date Tree, The (Kidd) 179, 180
Dayan, Joan 55
de Bolla, Peter 87
De Español y negro, mulato (Alcibar) 53, 54
De humana physiognomonia (della Porta) 222n23, 222n31
De la natural historia de las Indias (Fernández de Oviedo) 13
de Lisser, Henry 194, 196
de Man, Paul 76–7
Delights of Emigration!, The (Heath) 159–60, 159, 166
della Porta, Giambattista 222n23, 222n31
Descriptive Account of the Island of Jamaica (Beckford) 158, 161
domesticity 52, 53–4, 97–8
Dominica 4, 6, 37, 43, 210n6
and Brunias 40, 44, 55–7
French Mulâtresses of Dominica in Their Proper Dress 63, 63
Linen Market, Dominica 36, 55–7, 56
Market Day, Roseau, Dominica vi, 37, 38, 44
A Negro Dance in the Island of Dominica 43, 211–12n29
Donald, Diana 65
du Plessis, James 26–7
du Tertre, Jean-Baptiste 33, 33
Dughet, Gaspar 165
Duperly, Adolphe 122, 187, 188, 189
Dutch 27–8
dying race 186–7
East Indians 25, 26
Edwards, Bryan 37, 47, 48, 49, 83, 94–6, 95, 113, 183, 185
Elmes, William 139–40, 140, 166
emancipation see slave emancipation
emblems 19
Enlightenment 5, 46, 135
Essay on Comic Printing (Grose) 75
Essay on the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species (Clarkson) 77
Essays on Physiognomy (Lavater) 74, 80–2
ethnography 60, 121, 122, 124, 129, 195
Execrable Human Traffick, The (Morland) 97
Falmouth Post 147
Fanon, Frantz 120
Farnese Hercules 93
fashion prints 62, 63–4, 195
Fashionable Dresses in the Rooms at Weymouth, 1774 63, 63
femininities, racialized 6, 51–5, 64–5, 95–9, 102–10, 123–4
Fénelon, François 96, 96
Fern Tree, The (Kidd) 183, 184, 185–6, 185
Fernández de Oviedo, Gonzalo 13
Fielding, Theodor Henry Adolphus 188
Fortescue, J. W. A. 158
Foucault, Michel 19, 100
Foulks, Theodore 162–3, 178
four-stages theory 5, 46, 157
Fox, William 113
France 37, 58, 210n6
Free West Indian Creoles in Elegant Dress (Brunias) 39
French Mulâtress Purchasing Fruit from a Negro Woman (Brunias) 66, 67, 68
French Mulâtresses of Dominica in Their Proper Dress (Brunias) 63, 63
Full Moon in Eclipse 105–7, 105
Fuller, John 163
Fuseli, Henry 81, 224n41, 235n147
Fuss, Diana 120
Galatea (Raphael) 95
Gainsborough, Thomas 181
Gans, S. 159
Garrick, David 40
gaze 55, 57, 59, 88, 93, 202n24
Geschichte der Kunst des Altertums (Winckelmann) 75–6, 80
Gillray, James 6, 7
WORKS:
Anti-Saccharrites 113
Barbarities in the West Indias 113–15, 114
Philanthropic Consolations after the Loss of the Slave Bill 99, 99, 100–1, 102–5, 103, 106, 110
Gilman, Sander 149
Gilpin, William 161
Girtin, Thomas 163
Gosse, Francis 73–5
Graham, John 80
Grainger, William 94, 95
Gramen dactylon bicorne tomentosum 16, 30–1
Grand Jamaica Ball!, A (James) 166
Great Chain of Being 229n76
Greeks 76, 80–1, 221–2n21
Greenblatt, Stephen 34
Grenada 41
Grignon, Charles 48, 85
Grose, Francis 75, 77
Grosely, Pierre 126
Haitian Revolution 72, 86–7, 111–12
Hakewill, James 163
WORKS:
Harbour Street, Kingston 175, 177
Montpelier Estates, St James’s 187, 188
Rose-Hall, St James’ 168, 168
Waterfall on the Windward Road near Kingston 161, 162
Harbour Street, Kingston (Hakewill) 175, 177
Harlot’s Progress, A (Hogarth) 99, 100
Harrison, Mark 158
Hart, Daniel 146, 147
Hartman, Saidiya 59–60
Hatt, Michael 90
Hearne, Thomas 210n4
Heath, Henry 159–60, 159, 166
Henriques, M. Q. 151–2, 153
Hercules 93
Higman, B. W. 59
Hills, Robert 119
Histoire générale des Antilles habitées par les François (du Tertre) 33, 33
Histoire naturelle et morale des ties Antilles de l’Amérique (Rochefort) 13
Historia naturalis Brasiliae (Piso) 16, 18
History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies, The (Edwards) 37, 47, 48, 49, 94–6, 95, 183, 185
History of Ancient Art (Winckelmann) 75–6, 80
History of Jamaica (Long) 53–4, 84, 147, 183
History of Women (Alexander) 45–6
history painting 79–80, 100, 224n14
Hogarth, William 108, 220–1n10
WORKS:
A Harlot’s Progress 99, 100
Noon 91
Holland, William 101, 105, 107, 109, 112, 235n148
homoeroticism 55, 92–3
Honychurch, Lennox 40
Horsley, Bishop 99, 101
“Hottentot Venus” 94
“Hottentots” 106, 234n138, 234n139
Houghton, John 13, 202n22
Howard, Lieutenant Thomas 111
Howe, Peter Browne see Sligo, Marquess of
Hulme, Peter 59
humor 7, 140–1, 142
humoral theory 76, 157–8, 160
Idler 86
Illustrations of Jamaica in a Series of Views see Jamaican Scenery
incongruity 74–5, 123
Indians
as “America” 46
beards 151
Brunias 47, 47, 48, 49–51
cochineal 8, 31–2, 31
dying race 186–7
Jamaica 18–19
satires 78
see also Caribs; East Indians
“Inkle & Yariko” 103, 103
Institution Laws and Ceremonies of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, The (Ashmole) 154
Interior View of a Jamaica House of Correction, An 135
Itinerant Traders of London in Their Ordinary Costume, The (Craig) 149
Jack in the Green 133, 143, 144, 244n82
Jamaica 4, 6, 157–9, 161
absentee landlords 159, 248n11
apprenticeship 134, 135
and black “folk” 117, 119–45, 154–5
and caricature 167
Jews in 145–53, 244n86, 244n88
landscapes 157–93, 249n19
mortality 9, 200–1n1
natural history 10–35
population 251n43
Rose Hall 195–7
slave emancipation 118, 119, 120–1, 143, 237n8
slave rebellion 137–8, 187, 188, 189, 196
Jamaica Dispatch 165
Jamaica under the Apprenticeship System (Sligo) 135
Jamaican Scenery (Kidd) 160, 161, 163, 165, 174
see also individual plates
James, Abraham ii, 166–7, 167
James II 9
Jaw-Bone or House John Canoe (Belisario) 136, 137, 139, 141
jellyfish 20, 21, 205n57–8
Jews in Jamaica 120–1, 145–53, 229n78, 244n86, 244n88, 245n91
Jim (John) Crow 192, 255–6n95
John Bull Taking a Clear View of the Negro Slavery Question!! (Cruikshank) x, 1–2, 2, 5
John Canoes 136, 138–42, 143, 144, 241–2n7–8, 242n67
Jaw-Bone of House John Canoe 136, 137, 139, 141
Johnny Newcome in Love in the West Indies 109–12, 110
Johns, Adrian 11
Johnson, Joseph 131
Johnson, Walter 89
Jordan, Winthrop 26, 76
Journal of a West Indian Proprietor (Lewis) 152
Kant, Immanuel 81
Katzew, Ilona 53
Kedleston Hall, Derbyshire 66, 67
Kelly, James 178
Kick, Everhard 14
Kidd, Joseph Bartholomew 4, 5, 158, 160–1, 165, 187, 189, 191–3, 253n73
WORKS:
Belle Vue Residence near Kingston 169–70, 169
The Date Tree 179, 180
The Fern Tree 183, 184, 185–6, 185
Kingston Church 171–3, 172
Mountain Cottage Scene 181–3, 182
Palm and Banana Trees 189, 190
The Parade and Upper Part of Kingston from the Church 156, 173–4, 173
Plantain Trees 181, 181
Retirement Estate, St James’s 163, 164
Scene at Up Park Camp 170, 171
View of Kingston from the Commercial Rooms, Looking toward the East 174–5, 175
View of Kingston from the Commercial Rooms, Looking toward the South 174, 176
View of Kingston from the Commercial Rooms, Looking toward the West 174, 176
The Windward Falls 161, 162, 163
Kidd, Thomas 160
Kimber, Captain 103–5
King, William 27–8
Kingston
churchyard 171–4, 172, 173
Harbour Street 175, 177
Jews in 145–6, 147, 148, 150, 152
panoramas 174–5, 175, 176, 177, 178–9
population 252n59
Kingston Church (Kidd) 171–3, 172
Kingston Theatre 152–3, 247n21
Koo, Koo, or Actor-Boy (plate 1) (Belisario) 136, 137, 139, 140, 151–2, 152, 153
Koo, Koo, or Actor-Boy (plate 2) (Belisario) 136, 137, 138, 152
Lady’s Magazine 63, 63
landscape imagery 6
British 163, 165
of Jamaica 157–93
of Mexico 32–3
Laokoön oder über die Grenzen der Malerei und Poesie (Lessing) 106
Laroon, Marcellus 124, 125
Lauder, Sir Thomas Dick 191
Lauters, Paulus 150
Lavater, J.C. 74, 80–2, 84, 86
Lawrence, Philip 146
Lazarus, Solomon 146
Le Clerc, Sebastien 33
Leech, John 140
Leeward Islands Carib Family outside a Hut, A (Brunias) 47, 49–50
Lessing, Gotthold 106
Lewis, Matthew G. 131, 152, 178
Liboa Serpent Seizing Its Prey, The (Ward) 224n41
Lichtenberg, Georg 86
Life in Philadelphia (Clay) 118, 131
Ligon, Richard 103
Lindo, Alexandre 145–6
Linen Market, Dominica (Brunias) 36, 55–7, 56
Linen Market with a Linen-Stall and Vegetable Seller in St. Vincent, A (Brunias) 50–1, 50
“Little Black Man” (du Plessis) 26–7
logwood 22, 205n64
London
Cries 62, 218n101, 238n23
panorama 175, 177
see also Covent Garden
Long, Edward 53–4, 60, 84, 111, 147, 183, 185, 186
Lovey, alias Liverpool (Belisario) 122, 127, 128, 142, 145
Madden, Richard 152–3, 178
Market Day, Roseau, Dominica (Brunias) vi, 37, 38, 44
markets 52, 58, 59
Covent Garden 60, 61, 62
maroons 18, 204n44
masculinity 51
black 88, 90
white 6, 29, 85, 88
Mason, James 166
masquerade 65, 126, 136–7
May Day 124, 125, 126, 143
May Day (Busby) 143, 144
Medici Venus 86, 94, 95–6
Meeting of Connoisseurs, A (print) (Wiliamson after Boyne) 70, 73–4, 73, 79–80, 82, 88, 89–93, 92, 93, 93, 94, 115, 150.97–8
Meeting of Connoisseurs, A (watercolor) (Boyne) 91–3, 92
Melish, Joanne 118
men
in Brunias’s paintings 51
in Kidd’s landscapes 183, 185–6
ritual bonding 29
and sexual desire 91–2, 97
virtue 69
see also masculinity
menace 120, 136, 138–40
Merry Andrew 142, 143
Merry Milk Maid, The (Laroon) 124, 125
Mexico 31–2, 53, 216n71
Meyers, Amy 192, 209n120
Milk Girl (Busby) 124, 125
milkmaids 116, 122, 123–4, 123, 124, 125, 126, 131
Milkwoman, Kingston, Jamaica (Belisario) 116, 122, 123–4, 123, 131
mimicry 120, 123, 124, 126, 127, 129, 153
Mirzoeff, Nicholas 121
miscegenation 91, 109–10, 113, 230n91
Miscellany of Natural History (Lauder and Brown) 191
mockery 120, 136
Monck, Christopher see Albemarle, 2nd Duke of
Montpelier estate 187, 196
Montpelier Estates, St James’s (Hakewill) 187, 188
Moore, Reverend Garrett 14
Morland, George 97, 98, 105, 181
Morley, Henry 26
Morning Surprise, A (Cruikshank) 108–9, 108
Mosse, George 73
Most High, Most Excellent, and Most Mighty Monarch Charles the Second, The (Sherwin) 154
Mountain Cottage Scene (Kidd) 181–3, 182
mulatto 110–11, 155
defined as a racial category 45
men 51, 183
women (mulâtresses) 44, 50–1, 55–60, 62–3, 66, 68–9
Murray, John 28
Narrative of Events Since the First of August, A (Williams) 135
Native Americans see Indians
natural history 5, 35, 191
Voyage to . . . Jamaica (Sloane) 9–12, 13–17
Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands, The (Catesby) 35
Nebot, Balthazar 60, 61, 62
negro
as British anti-type 78
racial construction of 71, 74, 81–7, 118, 122, 141, 219n3
Negro Dance in the Island of Dominica, A (Brunias) 43, 211–12n29
Negro Revenged, The (Fuseli) 224n41
Newton, Richard 101, 166, 232n125
WORKS:
Full Moon in Eclipse 105, 105
What a Nice Bit! 107, 107, 108, 109
Nightmare, The (Fuseli) 235n147
No Abolition of Slavery (Boswell) 97
Noon (Hogarth) 91
nostalgia 158, 174
nude 6, 90
Amphitrite 96–7, 96
bathers 183, 184, 185–6, 185
Sable Venus 94–6, 95
Nugent, Lady Maria 147
Nussbaum, Felicity 46, 95
Ode to the Sable Venus (Teale) 94–6, 97
Old Clothes! (Craig) 149
Oldfield, John 43
“On Being Brought from Africa to America” (Wheatley) 3–4
“On Laughter and Ludicrous Compositions” (Beattie) 74
Orient 99–100
Ornithological Biography (Audubon) 191–2
Oroonoko (Belm) 233n135
Paine, Thomas 112
Palmer, Annie 196–7
Palmer, John 196
panoramas 174–5, 175, 176, 177, 178–9, 195
Parade and Upper Part of Kingston from the Church, The (Kidd) 156, 173–4, 173
Parimaribo, Surinam 150, 150
Patch, Thomas 78
Paulson, Ronald 113
Pencillings in the Island of Jamaica (Kidd) 185, 253n73
Philanthropic Consolations after the Loss of the Slave Bill (Gillray) 99, 99, 100–1, 102–5, 103, 106, 110
physicians 11, 12
see also Sloane, Hans
Physiognomische Fragmente (Lavater) 80–2
physiognomy 72, 80–8
Creole Negroes, Kingston, Jamaica (Belisario) 122, 124
Picturesque 158, 161, 174, 178, 195
Picturesque Tour of the Island of Jamaica, A (Hakewill) 161
see also individual plates
Pinckard, George 66
pirates 154, 247n123
Piso, Willem 16, 18, 33
Plantain Trees (Kidd) 181, 181
Plates to Accompany Albinus’s Tables of the Skeleton and Muscles of the Human Body 85
Pliny 76
Plummer, Charles 203n38
Plunkenet, Leonard 203n26
politeness 4–5, 46, 50, 58, 62, 65, 117–18
polygamy 49–50
Poringland Oak, The (Crome) 185–6, 186
Portrait of a Lady (Wickstead) 55, 55
Postlethwayt, Malachy 46, 47, 213n43
printing 11, 121
prints, circulation of 1, 2, 43, 72, 121–2, 143, 160
prostitutes 98–100, 101, 217–18n99
Quakers 1
Queen, or “Maam” of the Set-Girls (Belisario) 131, 132, 133–4
Rabbits, The (Cruikshank) 91, 91
race 5, 71, 72–4, 90
Jews (as “blackened”) 149, 151
and physiognomy 47, 53, 55, 80–8
and religion 26
and skin color 47, 53, 56, 59, 95–6, 101, 134–6, 185–6
see also blackness, mulatto, negro, whiteness
Raft of the Medusa (Gericault) 224n41
Raphael 95
Rath, Richard 24
Red Set Girls and Jack-in-Green (Belisario) 131, 133–5, 133, 143
refinement 3–4, 6, 7, 27, 124–7, 131, 133, 168
in Brunias’s works 37, 40, 44, 50–1, 64, 68
mulatto women 55, 60
in slave economy 58
sugar and slave trade 24
and waste 126–7, 192
religion 25, 26, 172–3
Reni, Guido 82
Restoration 153–4
Retirement Estate, St James’s (Kidd) 163, 164
Reynolds, Joshua 3, 4, 78, 80, 82, 86, 166
Roach, Joseph 14–5, 154
Robertson, George 161, 165, 166, 210n4
Rochefort, Charles de 13, 33
Rosa, Salvador 165
Rose Hall 168, 168, 194, 195–7, 196
Rose-Hall, St James’ (Hakewill) 168, 168
Roseau 55–7
Market Day, Roseau, Dominica vi, 37, 38, 44
Rosenthal, Angela 91
Route, The (Hunt after W. Summers) 119
Rowlandson, Thomas 127
WORKS:
Broad Grins 83, 84
The Connoisseurs 91, 92
Sweeps 126, 126
Royal Academy 3, 40
Royal Society 12–13
Rubens, Peter Paul 82
rudeness 4, 6–7, 60, 125, 150
and black “folk” 144
in Brunias’s work 68, 69
and female-female intimacy 55, 66
and white male desire 107, 109
Rules for Drawing Caricatures (Grose) 75, 77
runaway slaves 10, 41, 192
Ruskin, John 179
Ryan, Maureen 186
Sable Venus 94–6, 97–8
Saint-Domingue
Audubon 189
markets 58
mortality 158
revolution 72, 86–7, 111–12
Set Girls 154
St. James’s Park (Bunbury) 64–5, 64
St Vincent 6, 37, 43, 49, 69
A Linen Market with a Linen-Stall and Vegetable Seller in St. Vincent 50–1, 50
see also Caribs
satire 1–2, 6–7, 27–8, 64–6, 69, 72, 91, 93, 140
Sable Venus 97–8
Savage, John 14
Savage, Kirk 72
savagery 24–5, 49, 69, 90, 105–9, 144
Scene at Up Park Camp (Kidd) 170, 171
Schaw, Janet 45, 91
Schneider, Rebecca 59
science 5, 11–13, 35, 135–6, 158–9
and race 71, 72, 80, 82, 84–5, 86, 88
see also natural history
Scott, Michael 138–9
Scott, Sir Walter 186
sculpture, classical 6, 71–2, 80
Segar Smoking Society in Jamaica (James) 166–7
Senhouse, Joseph 49
Senior, Bernard 148
sentimentalism 97–8, 105, 108, 140–1
Seshadri-Crooks, Kalpana 57
Set Girls 139, 154, 242n66
Queen, or “Maam” of the Set-Girls 131, 132, 133–4
Red Set Girls and Jack-in-Green 131, 133–5, 133, 143
Shaftesbury, 3rd Earl of 27, 80, 82, 94
Shapiro, James 149
Sharp, Mr 69
Sheller, Mimi 100
Sherwin, William 154
Shesgreen, Sean 63, 122
Sketches of Character (Belisario) 6, 117, 118, 120, 131, 135, 143–5, 155
childish figures 141–2
competition 154–5
and Cries 121–4
custom 136
humor 140, 142
and Jews 146, 146, 147, 148, 150–2, 153
slavery 129
see also individual plates
Slaughter, Stephen 11, 12
slave auctions 89–90
slave emancipation 117–18, 160
Jamaica 118, 119, 140–1, 144, 154, 237n8
Trinidad 129, 131
Slave Play on a Sugar Plantation (Valkenberg) 60, 60
slave trade 13, 15, 71, 77, 79, 94–5, 97
Slave Trade, The (Smith after Morland) 97, 98, 105
Slavers Throwing overboard the Dead and Dying: Typhon Coming on (Turner) 2, 224n41
slavery 1–3
caricature 79–80
and history painting 79, 224n41
and natural history 13
Sable Venus 96
and savagery 19
and sexuality 6
Sketches of Character (Belisario) 129
see also abolition, apprenticeship, slave emancipation, slave trade
slaves
in abolition images 71, 72
as animals 77, 84, 192–3
in Brunias’s works 38, 43–4
caricature 78
as childish 141–2
economic importance 78
entertainments and festivals 22–4, 27, 43, 60, 131
family separation 97, 107
punishment 15, 24–5, 133–4
rebellions 137–8, 187, 189, 196
rudeness 6–7
runaways 10, 41, 192
in Surinam 2, 27, 60
Voyage to . . . Jamaica (Sloane) 10, 15, 22–6, 29–30
Sligo, Marquess of 134, 135, 138, 147, 241n51, 241n53
Sloane, Hans
and Albemarle 9, 28, 207–8n94
career 12
museum 20, 205n59–61
portrait 11, 12
WORKS:
Voyage to . . . Jamaica 5, 8, 9–12, 13–27, 16, 17, 23, 25, 28–35, 38, 40, 84, 91, 193
Sloss, S. 146
Smith, Adam 4, 199n6
Smith, Anker 74, 74
Smith, John Raphael 97, 98, 105
Smith, John Thomas 127, 131, 148
WORKS:
Cries of London 141, 142
The Dancing Ballad Singer 127, 129
Snyder, Holly 147
Solkin, David 69
Some Observations (Young) 41–2
Spain 15, 18–22
cochineal 31–2
Mexico 216n71
sistema de castas 45, 53
Stallybrass, Peter 151
Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves (Savage) 72
Stedman, John 2, 187
Stewart, John 172, 192, 193
Stothard, Thomas 6, 7
WORKS:
Amphitrite 96–7, 96
The Voyage of the Sable Venus from Angola to the West Indies, The 94–6, 95, 97–8
Stowe, Harriet Beecher 141
sugar 3, 4, 38
consumption as cannibalism 112–13
in Voyage to . . . Jamaica (Sloane) 29, 30–1, 30, 33–5
Summers, W. 118, 119
Sunday Morning in Town (Bridgens) 130
Surinam 60
in Voyage à Surinam (Benoit) 121, 150, 150
slave revolt 2, 187
surrogation 14–15, 32, 35, 59, 68, 106, 109
Sussman, Charlotte 102, 112, 113
Sutherland, Thomas 161, 162
Sweeps (Rowlandson) 126, 126
Tabulae sceleti et musculorum corporis humani (Albinus) 85
Tahitians 78
Taussig, Michael 120
Taylor, Henry 160
Teale, Reverend Isaac 94–6, 97
Thackeray, William Makepeace 140, 243n69
theater 7, 152–3
Tit Bits in the West Indies 101–2, 102, 105, 106
Tobago 37, 43
Tobin, Beth 58, 62
Tobin, James 43–4, 125
Tom Cringle’s Log (Scott) 138–9
topographical drawing 160, 161, 163, 175, 178
Torrid Zone, The 167, 167
Toussaint Louverture 111–12, 236n155
Tregear, Gabriel 117–18, 117, 118, 131
Tregear’s Black Jokes 117–18, 117, 118, 131
Trinidad 121, 129, 130, 131
Trip to Jamaica, A (Ward) 173
Turner, J. M. W. 163, 165, 170, 179
WORKS:
Brightling Observatory as Seen from Rosehill Park 163, 164
Slavers Throwing overboard the Dead and the Dying: Typhon Coming On (“The Slave Ship”) 2, 224n41
Twelve Months’ Residence in the West Indies (Madden) 152–3
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe) 141
Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce (Postlethwayt) 46, 47
Useful Transactions in Philosophy (King) 27–8
Vagabondiana (Smith) 127, 131
Valkenberg, Dirk 60, 60
van der Gucht, Michael 8, 14, 20, 21, 29, 30, 31–3, 31, 34
Vaughan, Virginia 109
Venus 65–6, 94, 98, 115, 231n107
Amphitrite 96–7
Sable 94–6
Venus and Adonis (Hunt after W. Summers) 118
Vesalius 85
Vien, Joseph 65
View in the Island of Jamaica of the Springhead of Roaring River, A (Robertson) 166
View of Kingston from the Commercial Rooms, Looking toward the East (Kidd) 174–5, 175
View of Kingston from the Commercial Rooms, Looking toward the South (Kidd) 174, 176
View of Kingston from the Commercial Rooms, Looking toward the West (Kidd) 174, 176
Views in Sussex (Turner) 164
vignette, use and interpretation 179
violence
in Belisario’s work 131
in Kidd’s lithographs 189, 191–3, 195
in Voyage to . . . Jamaica (Sloane) 15, 195
virtue 6, 65, 69
Voyage à Surinam (Benoit) 121, 150, 150
Voyage of the Sable Venus from Angola to the West Indies, The (Grainger after Stothard) 94–6, 95, 97–8
“Voyage to . . . Cajamai” (King) 27–8
Voyage to . . . Jamaica (Sloane) 5, 8, 9–12, 13–27, 16, 17, 23, 25, 28–35, 38, 40, 84, 91, 193
Wandelaar, Jan 85, 85
Ward, Edward 157–8, 173
Ward, James 224n41
Water-Jar Sellers, Kingston, Jamaica (Belisario) 122, 122
Waters, Billy 131
Wealth of Nations, The (Smith) 4
Wedgwood, Josiah 71, 72
West India Scenery (Bridgens) 121, 129, 130, 131
West India Washer Women (Brunias) 65, 66
West Indian Creole Woman Attended by Her Black Servant, A (Brunias) 44, 44
West Indian Flower Girl and Two Other Free Women of Color, A (Brunias) 62–3, 62
What a Nice Bit! (Newton) 107, 107, 108, 109
Wheatley, Phillis 3–4
Wheeler, Roxann 26, 235n150
whipping 24–5, 133–4
Whitaker, Katie 34
White, Allon 151
White, Charles 86–8, 87, 90
White Witch of Rose Hall 195–7
White Witch of Rose Hall, The (de Lisser) 194
whiteface 126
whiteness 55–7, 68, 97, 123–6, 136–7, 153, 185–6
Wickstead, Philip 55, 55, 215n63
Wilberforce, William 99, 101, 103–4
William of Orange 9
Williams, James 135
Williamson, Thomas 70, 73–4, 73, 93, 93,
Wilmot, Swithin 134, 146
Wilson, Richard 165, 166
Winckelmann, Johann 73–4, 75–6, 80–1, 84, 85, 86
Windward Falls, The (Kidd) 161, 162, 163
women
black 51–2, 53–4, 91–112, 134, 181
Carib 49
demi-mondaine 64–5
and fashion 63–4
as image of America 46–7
mulatto 44–5, 51, 55–60, 62–3, 66, 68–9
and social evolution 45–6, 52, 213n39
white 6, 52–7, 166–70, 186, 195–7, 216n73
see also femininities
Wood, Marcus 43, 113
Works of the Late Professor Camper, The (Camper) 82–3, 83
Yariko 103
“Yellow Caribs” 47, 49
Young, Robert 93
Young, Sir William (father) 37, 40–3, 47, 49, 53, 59, 64
family portrait 40, 41
Young, William (son) 42–3, 45, 51
Zoffany, Johann 40, 41