The 14th July, 1880 (Le 14 julliet 1880)

During the 1890s the crowd was a phenomenon which generated fear and fascination. This was the case throughout Western industrialised countries and was the product of a combination of changes that to contemporaries seemed to have accumulated through the nineteenth century...

~Unlike the pervasive taste for the caricatural or the promiscuous use of the word populaire, the ‘organic’ or ‘organicism’ were not concepts current in French writing about visual...

Alfred-Philippe Roll first showed The Strike of the Miners at the Paris Salon of 1880 (fig. 58). Having won a first-class medal three years before, he was allowed to hang his large canvas outside the competition in the main entrance hall, where it garnered widespread attention from critics and the public alike.See Gabriel P. Weisberg, Beyond Impressionism: The Naturalist Impulse (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1992), 97–99; Olivier Le Bihan et al., Alfred Roll, 1846–1919: Le Naturalisme en question, exh. cat. (Paris: Somogy, 2007); and Camille Baillargeon, “1880: Des mineurs en grève au Salon ou de l’influence de la peinture sur les acquis sociaux,” Analyse de l’IHOES [Institut d’Histoire Ouvrière, Économique et Sociale] 29 (31 November 2007), accessed 20 August 2014,...