Biographies

Harwood, Elain

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Biographies

Elain Harwood

Space, Hope and Brutalism: English Architecture, 1945–1975

Biographies

Author

Elain Harwood

PublisherPaul Mellon Centre

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-32137

Biographies

This list is not comprehensive but gives some biographical facts on most post-war architects mentioned in the book, and some of those mentioned who were largely active in the preceding years. Leading engineers, landscape architects, muralists and the most significant clients whose names recur in the text are included also. Much is owed to records held on ancestry.com, which are complete, however, only to 2008.

Abbreviations and explanations:

AA	Architectural Association
ACP	Architects’ Co-Partnership (architectural practice)
AJ	Architects’ Journal
AR	Architectural Review
Bartlett	Bartlett School of Architecture, University College, London
BBPR	Banfi, Belgioioso, Peressutti and Rogers (Italian architectural practice)
BDP	Building Design Partnership (architectural practice)
BR	British Railways
CB	County Borough
CC	County Council
CIAM	Congrès internationaux d’architecture moderne
CLASP	Consortium of Local Authorities Special Programme
CPRE	Council for the Preservation of Rural England, since the 1960s the Campaign to Protect Rural England
DOE	Department of the Environment
GLC	Greater London Council
Hants.	Hampshire County Council
Herts.	Hertfordshire County Council
ICA	Institute of Contemporary Arts, London
King’s College, Newcastle	Durham University School of Architecture, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
LCC	London County Council
LIE	Lyons, Israel and Ellis (architectural practice)
LMS	London, Midland and Scottish Railway
LSE	London School of Economics
LNWR	London and North Western Railway
MACE	Metropolitan Architectural Consortium for Education
MARS	Modern Architecture Re-Search Group
MB	Metropolitan Borough - in London 1900-65, in other conurbations after 1974; indicates Municipal Borough outside London before 1974
MHLG	Ministry of Housing and Local Government
MPBW	Ministry of Public Buildings and Works
MTCP	Ministry of Town and Country Planning
Northern Poly	now London Metropolitan University
Notts.	Nottinghamshire
PPE	Philosophy, Politics and Economics
RA	Royal Academy Schools
RC	Roman Catholic
RCA	Royal College of Art
RDC	Rural District Council
Regent St	The Polytechnic, later Regent St Polytechnic and now the University of Westminster
RFAC	Royal Fine Art Commission
RIBA	Royal Institute of British Architects
RMJM	Robert Matthew, Johnson-Marshall & Partners (architectural practice)
RWA	Royal Western Academy School of Architecture, Bristol
SCOLA	Second Consortium of Local Authorities
UCL	University College, London
UDC	Urban District Council
V&A	Victoria and Albert Museum, London
YRM	Yorke, Rosenberg & Mardall (architectural practice)

References to architectural courses at Birmingham, Hull, Leeds, Leicester, Manchester and Nottingham are to schools of architecture within the Schools of Art founded in these cities from the 1830s onwards.

Patrick Abercrombie (1879–1957) Architect and planner, Professor of Civic Design at Liverpool University (1915–35) and of town planning at UCL (1935–46). In these years he produced a series of pioneering regional plans, including Doncaster (1922), Sheffield (1924) and the East Kent coalfield (1925), based on a sense of place and love of the countryside. He served on the Barlow Commission (1938–40), which investigated the distribution of industry, and in 1941 was commissioned to prepare the County of London Plan with J. H. Forshaw. Published in 1943, it was followed by the Greater London Plan in 1944–5. He also produced studies of the Clyde Valley (1946 with Robert Matthew), West Midlands conurbation (1948), and redevelopment plans for Plymouth (1943), and Kingston-upon-Hull (1945).

David William du Rieu Aberdeen (1913–1984) Architect who studied, and briefly taught, at the Bartlett. He embraced a modern idiom that incorporated Scandinavian sensibility for materials and decoration. He built aircraft factories during the Second World War, and the Brabazon Hangar, Filton, Bristol, in 1946–8. In 1948 he won the competition for the Trade Union Congress’s headquarters in London. Aberdeen also built extensive housing in Southgate, and the Swiss Centre, London, in 1961–8 (demolished).

Herbert Kellett Ablett (1904–1997) Architect and planner. Articled in Bolton, he studied at Bolton Technical College, Manchester College of Technology and Manchester University. He worked for Gerald de Courcy Fraser (q.v.) in Liverpool (1926–8), for Oxford city council (1928–46), and was city housing architect at Nottingham (1946–8). He was chief architect planner at Hemel Hempstead (1949–62), when he joined Fuller, Hall & Foulsham in private practice, working from Hemel.

Bernard Charles Adams (1915–2001) Trained at the AA and in articles, before war service. He worked for Portsmouth city council in 1946–51, before joining Derbyshire as development architect in 1951–5, where his interest in prefabrication may have begun through contact with the Vic Hallam system. He was education architect for Kent 1955–9 and deputy architect for Herts 1959–60 before becoming county architect for Somerset 1960–80. Works at Somerset included Canonsgrove, Taunton, and Minehead Library, as well as many schools, with a team of 160 staff.

Brian Lemesle ‘Beak’ Adams (1923–2011) Architect, educated at Bryanston and served in wartime camouflage units before enrolling at the AA. In 1947 he joined Herts CC, working on schools, and in 1950 the Housing Department of the LCC. In 1955 he went into private practice with Gordon and Eleanor Michel, designing a girls’ school in Hammersmith (1956) before forming his own practice in 1961, mainly producing housing, schools and public libraries. He merged this with Curtis Green, Son & Lloyd to form Green Lloyd Adams in 1970.

Adie, Button & Partners Architectural practice formed by George Mountford Adie (1901–1989) and Frederick Charles Button (1904–1991). Works included Charters, Surrey (1936–8), before in the 1950s the firm turned to factories and laboratories, plus bus garages for London Transport. George Adie emigrated to Australia in 1964 and the practice was continued by his son Kenneth Adie (1941–) with Roger Martin Button (1931–), who trained at Cambridge.

Stanley Adshead (1868–1946) Architect, planner and educator. After initial success with a library and school in Ramsgate (1904) he became Associate and later Professor of Civic Design at Liverpool (1909–14), and thereafter Professor of Town Planning at UCL. He combined this with work for the Duchy of Cornwall estate and Stepney MB, and plans for Teesside, York and elsewhere. He was the first editor of Town Planning Review and author of Town Planning and Town Development (1923). In 1941 his book A New England: Planning for the Future proposed a nationwide rationalisation of land use and transport; it was followed by New Towns for Old (1943).

Ahrends, Burton & Koralek Practice formed in 1961 by Peter Ahrends, Richard Burton and Paul Koralek, all born in 1933 and who had met at the AA in 1951. Burton and Koralek had worked for Powell and Moya, who passed on two major early commissions, at Chichester and Oxford, but more important was Koralek’s winning entry for Trinity College Dublin (TCD) Library, a competition of 1960–1. Their later additions to TCD were opened in 1978, by which time the practice had built extensively in the public sector, with university work, housing in Basildon, libraries and a school, all strongly sculptural and making great use of directed light. Thereafter they took on more hospital work and jobs in the private sector, for Cummins, John Lewis, W. H. Smiths and Sainsbury’s. Overshadowing their later career was their proposed extension to London’s National Gallery, won in competition but then aborted following its condemnation by the Prince of Wales in 1984. The practice closed in Britain in 2011 but continues in Ireland.

Peter Aldington (1933– ) Architect and lecturer, born in Preston, the son of a lighting engineer. Studied at Manchester University (1951–6); worked for the LCC (1956–62), and the Timber Development Association (1962–3) before setting up his own practice. His own house, with two others, was built in Haddenham in 1964–6. John Craig (1931– ) joined him in partnership in 1970, followed by (Richard) Paul Collinge (1946– ) in 1980, and they specialised in private houses and health centres. Their closely detailed and often complex buildings evolved only out of long briefing discussions between Craig and the clients. Aldington dissolved the practice in 1985 to concentrate on teaching and landscape design. His own house, Turn End (1963–5) is now a trust and the garden is occasionally open to the public.

David Alford See Yorke, Rosenberg & Mardall.

Joseph Stanley Allen (1898–1997) Architect and town planner usually known by his initials, trained at Liverpool School of Architecture, then taught there from 1929 before becoming head of the Leeds School of Architecture (1933–45). Here he developed his interest in planning, and he founded a part-time course in 1934. He was head of the town planning department at King’s College, Newcastle, in 1946–63, building up a large department while designing buildings at Durham University, assisted by William Whitfield (q.v.), and in Chesterfield, Seascale, Chichester and Accrington. He also ran a farm at Ovingham, Northumberland.

William ‘Bill’ Allen (1914–1998) Canadian architect, acoustician and polymath, trained at the University of Manitoba before coming to England in 1936 to work for Louis de Soissons at Welwyn Garden City, where he made his home. He joined the Building Research Station at Garston in 1937, becoming its chief architect in 1954–61 and principal of the Architectural Association in 1961–6. He co-founded Bickerdike Allen & Partners in 1962, specialising in building science, acoustics and, later, display lighting. John Bickerdike (1924–1981) studied at Manchester College of Art and worked for Howard Roberson and Farmer & Dark before setting up his own practice reconstructing the Whitworth Gallery in Manchester. Bickerdike continued to work as an architect, designing the Royal Northern College of Music in Manchester and the Royal Academy of Music in London as well as the Miele headquarters in Abingdon, while Allen pursued more technical studies.

Justin Henry ‘Tim’ Alleyn (1908–1983) Studied at Ampleforth and Liverpool School of Architecture before opening a practice in Henley in 1935, later moving to London and then Reigate designing RC churches and schools. The most interesting church is perhaps that at Horley (1962) to a polygonal plan with glass by Pierre Fourmaintraux, while his St Mary, Alton (1966), is octagonal.

David John Appleby (1903–1965) Architect, who typified many post-war architectural careers. After serving in the Royal Navy on North Atlantic convoys in the war he trained at the Southend School of Architecture and assisted D. Dex Harrison on the Festival of Britain in 1951. His interest in housing began while working for Frederick Gibberd at Harlow, but he then worked for BR Eastern Region under Roger Walters, becoming head of the Development Group, before specialising in housing at Basil-don and later with the Housing Group at MPBW. He worked with Colin Buchanan on the plan for expanding South Hampshire and with Walter Bor at Llewelyn Davies & Partners and with Hugh Wilson and Lewis Womersley (qq.v.) on housing projects.

Archigram Architectural think tank, exhibition team and publishing group founded by (Sir) Peter Cook (1936– ; knighted in 2007), David Greene (1937– ) and Michael Webb (1937– ) in 1961, joined in 1962 by Warren Chalk (1927–1987), Ron Herron (1930–1994) and Dennis Crompton (1927– ), who had all previously worked for the LCC, introduced by Theo Crosby when he staged an exhibition on the South Bank during its construction, where Chalk, Herron and Crompton were working. Chalk and Herron had previously worked at Starcross School (demolished) and at Woolwich Poly. They edited Archigram magazine (1961–70) and joined the Taylor Woodrow Design Group set up by Crosby in 1962, which supported their theoretical and exhibition work, of which Living City (1964) at the ICA was the most influential. They reflected the 1960s, moving from a pop architecture and space-age imagery towards more laid-back climatic control systems and entertainment bubbles. Cook, Crompton and Herron formed Archigram Architects (1968–76), while most of the group taught — most influentially Cook, who also ran the Institute of Contemporary Arts (1969–71) and Art Net (1972–9). Herron established a successful independent practice in 1982, creating the Imagination Building (1990), as did Cook from 1974 with Christine Hawley (1949– ), though they built little until the 1990s. The extensive documentation of Archigram owes most to Crompton’s archive work.

Architects’ Co-Partnership Partnership established in July 1939 as the Architects’ Co-operative Partnership by eleven AA graduates who had come together around the college magazine Focus, edited by Anthony Cox in 1938–9. It was re-formed in 1945 by eight of the original partners: C. Kenneth Capon (1915–1988), Peter Cocke (1917–1985), (Francis) Michael Cooke-Yarborough (1915–1995), (Sir) Anthony Cox (1915–1993; knighted in 1983), Leo de Syllas (1919–1964), (John) Michael Grice (1917–2008), Michael Powers (1915–1994) and Greville Rhodes (1916–2011), who left in 1947 for Norman and Dawbarn, and later became architect to Bedales School. They abbreviated the name in 1953 but so many partners meant that the practice had to be relatively large and that the partners were hands on; they also taught collectively at the AA, where Cox served as president in 1962–3. Their work took the customary tack from schools (Cox worked for Herts in 1946–7) to universities, but they also designed offices for the Festival of Britain and buildings in Nigeria, as well as the factory at Brynmawr that was the most important manifestation (1949–52) of their collectivist ethos, a collaboration with engineers and artists in the cause of a more humane working environment. Later they worked on hospitals, prisons and military buildings, many in the Middle East, but continued to serve the public sector where they had made their reputations.

Arcon Architectural practice founded in 1943 by Edric Neel (q.v.), Raglan Squire (1912–2004) and Rodney Thomas (1912–2003), joined the same year by Arthur Middleton Gear (1911–1995). Important theorists, particularly of prefabrication, from first principles in the 1940s; Thomas produced the Transport Pavilion at the Festival of Britain 1949–51. Squire left in 1948 to work in Rangoon and became a major designer of commercial offices.

Armstrong & MacManus Practice founded in 1949 by Edward Armstrong (1896–1992) and Frederick Edward Bradshaw MacManus (1903–1985). They met working for Burnet, Tait & Partners (q.v.), and Armstrong worked also with Adams, Holden & Pearson and in private practice from 1932. They specialised in housing, MacManus heading the firm after Armstrong’s return to his native New Zealand in 1955, until retiring in 1969. Schemes included work in Chelsea, and for St Pancras with St Pancras Way, the Regent’s Park estate and Gospel Oak. Assistants included John Whitfield Lewis and the Grunt Group (qq.v.)

Artist Constructor A design-and-build company based in Bristol between 1968 and 1975, founded by Tim Organ (1935– ), a builder (q.v. JT Construction) and his brother Bob Organ (1933– ) a Slade-trained artist with an interest in designing buildings. Most of their surviving work comprises houses outside Bristol, many in a white-painted modernist revival style, but includes flats in the city.

(Sir) Ove Nyquist Arup (1895–1988) Civil engineer, born in Newcastle of Danish parents and educated in Hamburg and Copenhagen. He came to London in 1923 with the German firm Christiani & Nielson and then with J. L. Kier & Co., setting up practice with his cousin Arne Arup (1887–1968) in 1938. He worked extensively in the 1930s with Berthold Lubetkin, when he joined MARS and taught at the AA. Set up consultancy in 1946 and in 1949 the firm Ove Arup & Partners. His first independent works (assisted by Ronald Jenkins, q.v.), included Brynmawr Rubber Factory, Michael Scott’s bus station in Dublin, and London housing. Arup’s commitment to the collaboration between architects and engineers led in 1963 to the foundation of Arup Associates (q.v.; see also Dowson) in 1963. His most architectural independent works were a café on Canvey Island (1933) and Kingsgate Footbridge, Durham (1963), where his ashes were scattered and where he is commemorated. The firm’s international reputation was secured when Jenkins and Jack Zunz (q.v.) developed the geometry for the shells of Sydney Opera House, and it also engineered Piano and Rogers’s Centre Pompideau in Paris. Knighted in 1965 in Denmark, 1971 in UK.

Arup Associates Multi-disciplinary practice founded in 1963 by Sir Ove Arup with the architect Philip Dowson and engineers Ronald Hobbs (1921–2006) and Derek Sugden (qq.v). They specialised in factories, heavily serviced offices and large university buildings at the intersection between architecture and engineering, well seen at their Oxford University Nuclear Physics Building designed as early as 1960, and early megastructures, and extending into ecological issues and office planning by the 1970s. They became adept at corporate offices, marrying architecture, servicing and office planning. At the Horizon Factory, Nottingham, they brought the contractors, Bovis, into the design process too – pushing multi-disciplinary working to its furthest extent.

Raymond Ash (1917–1978) Architect, studied at the Birmingham School of Architecture and joined Coventry City Architect’s Department, becoming chief assistant architect, before in 1951 he became deputy city architect at Newcastle upon Tyne, designing the civic centre and police headquarters. He became Birmingham’s deputy city architect in 1960 and in 1963 county architect to Surrey CC, where he was involved in the formation and development of the prefabrication system MACE.

Charles Herbert Aslin (1893–1959) Architect, trained at Sheffield University and worked for Sheffield City Council (1919–22), becoming architect to Rotherham Council (1922–6) and deputy county architect for Hants 1926–9. He was borough architect for Derby in 1929–45 before becoming Hertfordshire’s first county architect in 1945–54, noted for his encouragement of young talent, and then served as President of the RIBA (1954–6).

Fello Atkinson See James Cubitt

Robert Atkinson (1883–1952) Architect, who trained at the Nottingham School of Art and moved to London in 1905 as assistant to John Belcher, C. E. Mallows and R. Frank Atkinson (no relation). He began teaching at the AA in 1911 and was its principal in 1913–19. He moved from an Adamesque neo-Grec style to Art Deco, and was among the most confident English practitioners in the latter genre. His masterpiece is the Barber Institute, Birmingham University (1935–9). After the war, in partnership with Alexander F. B. Anderson (1888–1968), he continued work for Croydon council, including a power station, technical college and the Fairfield Halls (by Anderson), worked in Gibraltar and produced designs for the Arts Faculty at Cambridge.

Attenborough & Jones Practice formed by (Michael) John Attenborough (1928– ) architect, trained at Nottingham (1948–53), and Brynley Gilbert Jones (1925– ) who studied at the AA. Headhunted by Leslie Martin, they worked for the LCC on the Crystal Palace and South Bank (1953–62). They left to join the Architects Design Group and to work for the Central Electricity Generating Board as consultants. They specialised in sports centres, e.g., at High Wycombe, and swimming pools, e.g., Worthing (1963–5).

John Michael Austin-Smith (1918–1999) Architect, who set up practice with his wife, Inette (née Le Grierson) (1922– ), in 1948 after they had trained together at the AA. The practice became Austin-Smith: Lord, specialising in public buildings. It closed its London office in 2012 but maintains those in Glasgow, Cardiff and Liverpool.

Charlotte Baden-Powell (1936–2006) Studied at the AA and then joined the London Midland Region of BR, until in 1963 she formed a private practice dealing with restoration. After divorce from Francis Baden-Powell (q.v.) she married Michael Brawne (q.v.) in 1983.

Francis Baden-Powell (1929–2004) Great-nephew of the founder of the scout movement, he was the youngest president of the AA in 1968. He trained there in 1953–8 after taking a maths degree at Cambridge, and joined BR’s London Midland Region (1957–8), then Stillman & Eastwick-Field (q.v.) in 1958–63, before in 1963 he became an associate with RMJM, working on Bath University and Holloway Prison.

(Philip) Hope Edward Bagenal (1888–1979) Architectural theorist, librarian lecturer and acoustician. He studied engineering at Leeds University but did not qualify and instead became an articled pupil with Niven & Wigglesworth, and joined the AA in 1909. He began to correspond with the pioneering American acoustician Wallace Sabine and, having been invalided out of the Somme, he met the physicist Alex Wood, with whom he wrote Planning for Good Acoustics (1931), the first major English work on the subject. In 1940 he joined the Building Research Station as a temporary scientific officer and continued to do consultancy work there into the 1960s. His most important acoustic projects were the Royal Festival Hall, Bristol Colston Hall, Manchester Free Trade Hall and Fairfield Hall, Croydon.

George Grenfell Baines (1908–2003) Architect and administrator, with his own practice in Preston from 1936. He worked on the Power and Production Pavilion, Festival of Britain, with Heinz J. Reifenberg (1894–1968), and in the 1950s he formed a practice with Thomas Hargreaves, opening a London office in 1959. Architect to Newton Aycliffe and Peterlee new towns, more ambitious design work followed the remodelling of the practice as the multi-disciplinary Building Design Partnership (BDP) in 1961. By 1971 BDP had 520 staff in offices around Britain and abroad. Hargreaves continued a local practice in the Preston area.

Ian Baker See Leonard Manasseh

John Bancroft (1928–2011) Raised in Bingham, Notts., and attended Nottingham School of Art before military service in Chatham led to a job with the council there; this was followed by work for Crawley Development Corporation. He joined the LCC in 1957 and designed Elfrida Rathbone (now Haymerle) School in Peckham in 1959–60, extended Philippa Fawcett College (now Dunraven School) and designed Pimlico School (1964–70; demolished). Tiring of an administrative role in the Housing Division, he retired in 1980, dedicating himself to the Victorian Society and later to campaigning for the preservation of Pimlico School.

Albert W. Cleeve Barr (né Babey) (1910–2000) Trained at Northern Polytechnic and worked for Charles Holden (on London University) and Paul Mauger. He worked for Herts CC designing schools in 1947–50, before joining the LCC, originally temporarily. Interested in systems and modular coordination, he served from 1956 as hon. sec. of the RIBA’s Science Committee before joining the Ministry of Education in 1957 to work on Arnold Grammar School, Notts. He became chief architect to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government in 1959 and in 1964 of the National Building Agency.

Barron & Smith Partnership formed by Donald Barron (1922–2000) and Michael Smith (1920–1971), who met when they joined Herts CC in 1948. They left to form their own practice in 1959, when they extended Dartington Hall, Devon, and built many schools.

(Sir) Gerald Reid Barry (1898–1968) Newspaper editor, served in the Royal Flying Corps and RAF in 1917–19, then joined the Daily Express, and in 1921 the Saturday Review. He became its editor in 1924, but resigned in 1930 rather than support Lord Beaverbrook’s United Empire Party and became editor of the newly founded Weekend Review. His promotion of the think tank Politics and Economic Planning introduced him to Max Nicholson, Herbert Morrison’s right-hand man. The Weekend Review merged with the New Statesman in 1934. Barry was editor of the News Chronicle in 1936–47 and organised a competition for new secondary schools. He was appointed Director General of the Festival of Britain in 1948, for which he was knighted in 1951. He then served as a consultant to the LCC for Crystal Palace and on many government bodies connected with planning and journalism, and in 1959 took charge of programming for Granada Television.

Bartlett & Gray Architectural practice based in West Bridgford, Notts., run by Peter Geoffrey Bartlett (1922–1983; the son of an architect) and John Colin Gray (1915–1982), who trained at Nottingham, qualifying in 1945, and designed mainly private houses in a clean, modern style and churches, including Nottingham’s Quaker Meeting House and St Patrick’s RC School. They also remodelled the Mary Ward College, Keyworth, as the British Geological Survey in 1984–5.

F. R. Bates, Son & Price Architectural practice formed when Thomas Gerard Price (1920–2002), who studied at the Welsh School of Architecture, joined F. R. Bates and Son of Newport in 1948 and entered into partnership in 1950. He restored RC St David’s Cathedral, Cardiff, in 1953–9 and built many new churches.

Douglas Beaton (1912–1998) Architect, who took articles while studying at Robert Gordon’s College, Aberdeen. He worked for J. L. Denman (q.v.) in traditional styles before joining Coventry City Architect’s Department after 1945, designing the Belgrade Theatre and city market, and later worked for Hampshire CC.

Maurice H. J. Bebb (1910–1964) Architect, articled to James and Lister and worked for Watson & Johnson. He joined the staff of the builders Sir Robert McAlpine & Sons in 1940 running wartime contracts, and after 1945 designed houses, cinemas, offices, banks and factories for the firm.

Sir Martyn Beckett, Bt (1918–2001) Architect and brother-in-law of Lionel Brett (q.v.). After earlier study at Cambridge and a distinguished war career, he trained in the office of A. S. G. Butler while also designing a house for his cousin Lord Feversham. He set up practice in 1952 specialising in new country houses and remodellings that included his own, Kirkdale Manor Farm, North Yorkshire, in a Festival style (1959); others were more traditional. He was architect to King’s College, Cambridge (1960–2001), controversially remodelling its east end.

Gerald Rushworth Beech (1921–2013) Architect, studied architecture and civic design at Liverpool (1937–40, 1946–8), then taught there from 1948 to 1988. From 1950 to 1991 he also ran a private practice, from 1956 with Richard James Wiles, who trained at Liverpool; most of their work dates from c.1976 to 1990, but there were some earlier houses, schools, buildings for Liverpool University, dock buildings and public housing in Neston. He was invited by the Woman’s Journal to design the 1960 House of the Year, with Dewi-Prys Thomas (q.v.).

Eric Bedford (1909–2001) Architect, studied at Thornton Grammar School, West Yorkshire, then became an apprentice in an architectural practice in Leicester. He joined a local authority and in 1935 the Ministry of Works. His projects there included grain silos, communication centres and a slaughterhouse in Guildford. In 1951 he became the youngest ever chief architect to the Ministry (from 1962, the Ministry of Public Buildings and Works), holding the post until 1970. He was responsible for the architectural design of the 1953 Coronation, including kiosks at Hyde Park and Westminster Abbey and delicate arches in The Mall. Other works he oversaw included in 1962 the conversion of the private chapel at Buckingham Palace to an art gallery, the British Embassy in Jakarta, a residence for the British ambassador in Warsaw (1964) and the nine-storey British High Commission Building in Ottawa. In 1961–5 he was responsible in Lond for the Post Office Tower and, in 1965–70, Marsham Street, three × 19-storey slabs for the Ministry of Housing and Local Government and Department of Education. He was noted for his modesty and pleasant manner, even when commissioning such major buildings as the British Library and central post offices. His staff in 1953 included Arthur Swift (q.v.), W. F. Grainger, J. C. Clavering (q.v.), E. H. Banks, W. S. Bryant, F. W. Holder and R. P. Mills.

Paul B. Beney (1932– ) Architect, trained at Birmingham and worked for Coventry City Council from c.1960 to c.1982 before setting up practice on Alderney.

(Sir) Hubert Bennett (1909–2000) Head of the LCC and GLC Architect’s Department (1956–71). He studied at Manchester University and taught at Leeds University and Regent St before war service. He was borough architect at Southampton (1943–5) and county architect for the West Riding of Yorkshire (1945–56). He tried to keep a hand in design with limited success: his own house at Wetherby won an MHLG Award in 1954, and he detailed the subways and fountains to the Park Lane widening; his earlier career suggested he might have specialised in housing (encouraged by Forshaw) or town planning, whose supervision he lost in 1965. A lesser if stable figure after the high-profile leadership of Robert Matthew and Leslie Martin, he won the LCC job against more regarded opposition. Knighted in 1970, he worked in private practice thereafter.

(Sir) Thomas Bennett (1887–1980). Architect and administrator, head of the practice T. P. Bennett and Partners producing many large commercial works, but also hospital buildings, flats and Morman churches. Bennett served articles with the LNWR at Euston, attending evening classes at Regent St Poly and RA schools. In 1911 he joined the Office of Works. He started his private practice in 1921 and at the same time was appointed head of the School of Architecture at the Northern Polytechnic. He returned to the Ministry of Works in 1939 and became its director in 1941, where he was responsible for a programme of temporary works before becoming chairman of Crawley new town in 1947–60, and of Stevenage in 1951–2. His son Philip Hugh Penberthy Bennett (1919–1993) studied at the AA, Cambridge and Regent Street, while working for his father. He became a partner in 1948 and senior partner of the firm in 1967. His personal specialisms were department stores, in Britain and Nigeria, and he designed Middlesex Hospital and Bootle town centre, offices on Albert Embankment, London, and factories for Smiths Industries in Witney and Cheltenham.

Benson and Forsyth Architectural practice formed in 1978 by Gordon Benson and Alan Forsyth (both 1944– ). They met at the AA, qualifying in 1968 when they joined LB Camden, designing Mansfield Road, Branch Hill and Maiden Lane estates. In private practice since 1980, their works have included the Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh (1991–8) and the National Gallery of Ireland’s Millennium Wing in Dublin (1996–2002).

Joseph Berger (1898–1989) Architect, trained under Adolf Loos and Oskar Strnad in Vienna, where he was engaged in municipal housing from 1921 to 1934. He worked in Palestine (1934–6), then came to Britain. After internment on the Isle of Man he worked for LCC on the County of London Plan, from 1945 on schools (notably a first scheme for Woodberry Down Comprehensive) and from 1948, on housing.

Leon Berger (1908–1981) Trained at Liverpool, qualifying in 1933. He worked under Lancelot Keay at St Andrew’s Gardens, Liverpool, and in Manchester in the late 1930s before becoming Southampton borough architect from 1945 to the 1970s.

Bicknell & Hamilton See Paul Hamilton.

Percy Billington (1910–2006) Architect, who worked in the City Architect’s Department at Stoke before becoming borough architect for Brighton. His works there include the main police station (1965), the college of technology and the art school in Grand Parade (1965–7), flats and houses and fire station, as well as a flatted factory and works to the sea wall (1962).

Dante Bini (1932– ) Architect, trained in Florence (graduated 1962), who first tested an inflatable 6 m-high concrete shell near Bologna in 1964. In 1967 he raised a 15 m-diameter reinforced concrete shell at Columbia University, and he subsequently created over 1,500 structures to his ‘binishell’ system across 23 countries, many in Australia but including examples in Britain at Malvern and Mildenhall. He settled in the United States in the late 1970s. Later work has seen him develop instant hexagonal units of emergency housing.

Misha Black (born Moisei Tcherny; 1910–1977) Azerbaijan-born architect and designer who came to Islington aged 18 months, co-founder of the Industrial Design Partnership in 1943 and later (1945) the Design Research Unit, with Marcus Brumwell (1901–1983) and Milner Gray (q.v.). When Gray was made head of the Exhibition Division at the Ministry of Information in the war he brought in Black, James Holland (q.v.) and Frederick Henri K. Henrion (1914–1990). They all worked on the Festival of Britain, with Black responsible for the upstream section. He later specialised in transport, including interiors for the Orient Line and British Rail seating, the trains and stations of London Transport’s Victoria Line, and London’s street signs. He went on to become a partner in the architectural practice Black, Bayes & Gibson, with Kenneth Bayes (1911–1991) and Alexander Gibson (q.v.), in 1963–77, and designed the Charles Clore Pavilion for small mammals at London Zoo.

Jacob ‘Jac’ Blacker (1933–2008) Architect, born and trained in South Africa who after touring Europe determined to work for Ernö Goldfinger, with whom from 1958 to 1966 he worked on Alexander Fleming House, the Odeon Cinema and Balfron Tower, before forming his own practice working increasingly in conservation. He was probably Goldfinger’s longest serving assistant.

William Henry Randoll Blacking (1889–1958) Church architect, he was a pupil of Sir J. N. Comper (q.v.) and began practice in 1919 after war service. He shared Comper’s taste for elaborate liturgy and exquisite fittings, and worked extensively restoring churches and cathedrals as well as designing new ones such as St Alban, Northampton (c.1956). He was consultant architect to the Incorporated Church Building Society and Chichester cathedral.

Kenneth W. Bland (1909–1983) Architect, trained through pupillage for seven years under Brian Poulter and evening classes (Brixton, RA (1925–33), Regent St (1942–3)) while becoming the long-serving chief architect to Wates Limited in 1933. He spent several years in the USA developing expertises in timber and economic planning. Involvement with pre-cast concrete wartime projects, including Mulberry Harbours, led to the development of non-traditional house construction systems used for local authority housing. From the 1960s he specialised in the design of private sector housing estates with experiments in communal planning.

Christoph or Christof Bon See Chamberlin, Powell & Bon

John S. (Jack) Bonnington (1929– ) Architect, who worked in the USA after qualifying at Newcastle in 1952. He was then headhunted by Basil Spence, working from 1956 as his chief assistant and from 1963 as a partner in Sir Basil Spence, Bonnington & Collins, taking over university work in Southampton and Exeter, and public buildings in Hampstead and Sunderland. Bonnington designed Teesside Polytechnic (1971), Sunderland civic centre and a development plan for Sunderland Poly in 1977. He formed his own practice in 1973, specialising in large commercial and civic schemes such as No.1 London Bridge (1986), and working extensively in the Middle East.

Lionel Geoffrey Booth (1929–2009) Engineer, raised in Manchester, who studied at Oxford and Imperial College, London. In 1954–5 he worked for the Royal Aircraft Establishment and in 1955–9, for the Timber Development Association, before becoming a research fellow at Southampton University (1959–63) to develop his work in timber engineering and hyperbolic paraboloid roofs. From 1963 to 1992 he was a lecturer, senior lecturer and emeritus reader at Imperial College.

Roger Booth (1920–1995) Architect, studied at Leeds University (1936–9 and 1946–9), interrupted by war service. He worked in private practice with Harrison & Seele, Kensington, on qualification, then in 1952 joined Shropshire CC as chief assistant and later assistant county architect, following C. H. Simmons (q.v.) to Lancashire in 1959 as principal assistant county architect. He was county architect (1962–83). He undertook a major building programme across the extensive county – especially before its truncation in 1974 – that relied heavily on standardisation and prefabrication to Brutalist effect. This was most evident in his Lancashire Heavy Concrete system, as used at Lancaster and Skelmersdale, but extended to a plastic classroom at Fulwood (1973). Other buildings include Lancashire County Record Office (1976) and council offices in Preston (1965, 1976); police stations at Blackpool, Bury, Chorley (1968), Lancaster (1966), Morecambe (1970), Preston, Skelmersdale and Wigan, with magistrates’ courts at Chorley, Widnes (1967) and Preston; Kirkby (1963), Morecambe (1967) and Skelmersdale (1978) libraries, Fleetwood radar station (1961–2) and County College, Lancaster University (1969).

Walter Bor (né Bukbinder) (1916–1999) Architect and planner, born in Vienna and raised in Prague, he came to London in 1939, training at the Bartlett and in planning at the AA with military service in between. He joined the LCC in 1947, working mainly in replanning the East End, becoming deputy planning officer in 1960–2. He was city planning officer at Liverpool (1962–6) before joining Llewelyn-Davies, Weeks, Forestier-Walker & Bor in 1966, working on plans for Washington and Milton Keynes, and later in Cambridge and America.

Magdalena Borowiecka (née Rybicka) (1930– ) Architect, born in Poland who came to Scotland in 1941 and studied at the Polish school of architecture in London 1946–51. She worked on shop design until she joined the LCC in 1961, moving to LB Lambeth in 1969–81 as group leader.

Boissevain & Osmond Practice formed by husband-and-wife team Paul Boissevain (1922–2014) and Barbara Joan Osmond (1922–2010). Boissevain was born and trained in the Netherlands, while Osmond studied at Regent’s St Poly in 1941–5 and worked for Johnson & Crabtree before her marriage in 1947. The practice came third in the competition for Sydney Opera House and won that for the Elephant and Castle shopping centre, working for the Willett Group after Boissevain had made a study tour of the USA. They designed many office buildings, schools and higher education buildings, including Langside F. E. College, Glasgow (1958–65) and Curnock St housing, Camden (1968). They also built their own house at Walton-on-the-Hill, Surrey (1957).

Ronald Bradbury (1908–1971) Architect, trained at Manchester, he was in private practice from 1929 to 1944, with post-graduate studies at Columbia, New York (1931–4) and from 1936 also teaching at King’s College, Newcastle. During the war he worked for the Ministry of Labour, and in 1944–8 was director of housing at Glasgow, before becoming Liverpool’s city architect and director of housing in succession to Sir Lancelot Keay. He was noted for his fiery character.

Thomas Arthur Darcy Braddell ( 1884–1970) Architect, articled to Ernest George and studied at the AA. He ran an extensive domestic practice.

Braddock & Martin-Smith Henry Braddock (1900–1975), architect, studied at the AA (1919–24) before working for Frank Verity on cinemas and theatres, and with Arthur Kenyon (q.v.) in planning. In 1950 he formed a partnership with Donald Frank Martin-Smith (1900–1984) who had studied at the AA and was already a specialist church architect, best known for the John Keble Memorial Church of 1935–7 at Mill Hill, London. Their work included St Mary, Crawley in 1958 and Holy Cross, Sheffield, in 1964–5.

Bradshaw Gass and Hope See Arthur H. Hope

John Brandon-Jones (1908–1999) Architect, son of an art teacher who became interested in the arts and sailing while a pupil at Bembridge School. Aged 18, he was apprenticed to Oswald Milne (q.v.) and in 1929 attended the AA, but found its growing appetite for modernism unappealing. Instead in 1933 he became the assistant (and later partner) of Cowles-Voysey (q.v.). He began lecturing at Liverpool in 1937 and, following war service on Orkney (where he saw William Lethaby’s inspirational Melsetter House), at the AA, resigning when told not to teach on Voysey and Lethaby. He returned to Cowles-Voysey as a partner in 1949. He rebuilt the war-damaged Morley College, London, which has fine murals; civic offices in Brentwood and Staines and the Hampshire county offices. He helped found the Victorian Society in 1958.

Norman Richard Branson (1910–1993) Architect, of W. S. Hattrell and Partners (q.v.), who specialised in schools and theatres, including London’s Questors Theatre (where he was also the set designer), Weston-super-Mare Playhouse, and private cinemas for companies such as Shell Mex. His early career was in the Midlands with Hattrell, but he later set up his own practice in Ealing, the Questors also leading to the design of many drama studios for schools, beginning at St Mary’s College, Twickenham. He then set up a conservation practice in Somerset in 1968, where his work included the conversion of a brewery into the Taunton Theatre (1977).

Michael Brawne (1925–2003) Architect, born in Vienna, who came to England in 1939. He studied maths at Edinburgh University, and architecture at the AA (1948–53) and MIT (1953–4). He worked for ACP in 1956–9, at the British Transport Commission (British Railways) in 1959–61, and for Denys Lasdun & Partners before setting up in practice in 1964. This he combined with teaching at Cambridge (1964–78) and Bath (1978–90), and writing. He produced buildings at Babraham, Cambridgeshire, with Colin St John Wilson (q.v.) while increasingly specialising in library and museum buildings around the world, on which he wrote extensively (The New Museum: Architecture and Display (1965) and Libraries: Architecture and Equipment (1970)). He also produced detailed philosophical writings based on the work of Karl Popper. He designed many exhibitions.

Lionel Brett (Lord Esher, 1913–2004) He studied history at Oxford before turning to architecture at the AA and becoming an assistant to William and Aileen Tatton-Brown (q.v). He worked on plans for Weston-Super-Mare with Clough Williams-Ellis before forming a partnership with (Henry William) Kenneth Boyd (1923–1997) and Peter Henry Bosanquet (1919–2005), who trained at the AA, to work as architect-planner of Hatfield new town in 1949. He formed a partnership in 1959–71 with Francis Pollen (q.v.), later also joined by Harry Teggin (q.v.). He produced York: A Study in Conservation (1968), an important early conservation strategy and served as rector of the Royal College of Art (1971–8). In addition, he held many committee appointments, such as to the RFAC.

Samuel Cuthbert Brightling (1913–1983) He qualified in 1938 and became an architect with the Middlesex County Council, specialising in fire stations.

Maurice Henry Bristow (1914–1983) Architect, educated at Dulwich College and the Bartlett, qualifying in 1937. He followed his father Christopher Bristow into architecture. After war service he joined the Ministry of Works, working mainly on Post Office buildings in the west of England and the Midlands. He was responsible for many of the Post Office towers, most notably that in Birmingham. He retired in 1974.

F. G. Broadbent See H. S. Goodhart-Rendel

John Brookes (1933– ) Landscape architect, he studied agriculture in Durham and landscape design at UCL. After working in the office of Brenda Colvin and Sylvia Crowe, he formed his own practice specialising in private gardens. He is also known for his extensive publications on garden design.

Henry (Harry) Faulkner Brown (1920–2008) (name later hyphenated) He was born in South Shields and trained at King’s College, Newcastle, his studies interrupted by a distinguished war service. He designed the National Library of Canada in Ottawa, but returned to Newcastle (c.1959), where he secured a commission for Jesmond Library before he formed a partnership in 1962 with William Henry (Billy) Williamson (1919–2001), whom he met while teaching at King’s College and who had a commission for a hall of residence at Nottingham University. Combining their resources, Faulkner-Brown became the designer to the practice and Williamson, the manager, producing Nottingham University Library (1973), the East Stand at St James’s Park (1972) and the station design for Newcastle Metro (1981). The firm meanwhile expanded into designing sports centres, beginning with the Lightfoot Centre (1965) and swimming pools, as well as their own open-plan office, Dobson House, Killingworth (1968). The practice was continued by Stuart Hendy (1936– ) and William F. (Bill) Stonor (1938– ).

Sir John Brown, A. E. Henson & Partners Practice formed by (Sir) John Brown (1880–1958) in 1904 in Northampton, after he served articles with C. H. Dorman. He was joined in partnership by R. Yates Mayor (d.1917) in 1909. Sir John combined architecture with a career in the Territorial Army, rising to Director General and inspector-general of Army Welfare by the time of his retirement in 1941, having also founded the Home Guards and the Army Welfare Organisation. Knighted in 1934. He took into partnership his chief assistant Alexander Edward Henson (1897–c.1972) in 1929 and they opened a London office in 1934, adding a specialism in civic centres to general work in Northamptonshire. The break-through building was Friern Barnet civic centre, interrupted by the war. Later works included Wood Green Town Hall (1958), Crawley Town Hall (1965) and Hinckley UDC offices in 1963–7.

Neave Brown (1929– ) Born in New York (his mother was American) and educated at Marlborough College, where he was encouraged to enter the AA by old boy Bill Howell (q.v.). He worked for three years with Lyons Israel Ellis (q.v.) and then with Middlesex CC designing schools before briefly forming a small practice supported by teaching. He built a terrace of five houses for himself and friends at Winscombe Street, Highgate, in 1965 which led to his being employed by LB Camden to design housing at Fleet Road and Alexandra Road, as well as a school, while also teaching at the AA and Princeton. He has since worked in Italy and in the Netherlands in partnership with David Porter (1946– ).

Colin Buchanan (1907–2001) Engineer turned planner, a designer of bridges before coming to specialise in regional planning and traffic studies. He joined the Ministry of Town and Country Planning in 1946, advancing to its successor the MHLG, where in 1951–60 he was principal inspector for public inquiries. In 1960 he was commissioned to produce Traffic in Towns (1963), the most influential analysis of traffic congestion. In 1964 he was appointed to Imperial College as chair of transport planning and in 1973–5 to Bristol University, while running his own multi-disciplined consultancy. He served on the Roskill Commission and was instrumental in the rejection of Cublington as a third London airport.

Kenneth George Buffery (1924–1992) Architect, who studied at Birmingham, qualifying in 1953. He worked for RMJM designing schools and university laboratories at Oxford and Cambridge before becoming a partner in the Edinburgh office in the 1970s.

Building Design Partnership See George Grenfell Baines

John Burkett See Scarlett Burkett

Burles, Newton & Partners Architectural practice specialising in RC churches in London and Essex, founded by David Rodney Burles (1906–2006) and Alexander John Newton (1913–1995) in Southend, successors to Burles, Harris & Collins established by David Henry Burles (1866–1942, killed in a wartime raid on Southend). Its numerous works include St Stephen, Little Ilford (1958), St Michael, East Ham (1959), St Aidan, Acton (1958–60), Immaculate Heart of Mary, Hayes (1961), Our Lady of La Salette, Rainham, Essex (1966–7), St John, Wanstead (1967) and SS Mary and Ethelburga, Barking (1979), which demonstrate a shift from traditional to modern planning. Their additions to Brentwood cathedral of 1972–4 were replaced by Quinlan Terry (q.v.) in 1989–91. The practice was joined by Gerald Murphy, who had studied at the AA, to become Gerald Murphy Burles Newton & Partners in the 1990s.

Sir John Burnet, Tait & Partners Architectural practice descended from that formed by John Burnet and (Sir) John James Burnet (1857–1938) in 1882. Sir John was joined in 1902 by Thomas Tait (1882–1954), who became a partner in 1918. Tait dominated the practice in the inter-war years, adopting steel frames and a variety of increasingly Dudokian finishes where appropriate to the brief, introducing modernism in the Crittalls’ factory village at Silver End, Essex, in 1927 and at the Royal Masonic Hospital (1929–33), but retaining a modern classicism for major public commissions such as St Andrew’s House, Edinburgh. The partnership was joined by Francis Lorne (1889–1963) in 1930, with Lorne expanding the clientele; the firm became Burnet, Tait & Lorne until c.1948 when he opened an independent practice in South Africa. Tait served as Director of Standardisation at the Ministry of Works in the war. Following his retirement in 1952, Burnet Tait was continued by his son Gordon Tait (1912–99), who had worked on the Glasgow Empire Exhibition but came to specialise in office design. His grandson Gavin Tait closed the practice in 1993.

Wilfred Burns (1923–1984) Town planner, who studied civil engineering at Liverpool University. After war service he worked for Leeds City Council before moving to Coventry in 1949 where he planned its post-war reconstruction. He worked briefly for Surrey CC, then moved to Newcastle upon Tyne as the city’s chief planning officer in 1960. He produced a Plan for the Centre of Newcastle in 1961 and its Development Plan Review in 1963. In 1968 Burns was appointed chief planner at the MHLG, becoming deputy secretary at the successor DOE in 1971 with responsibility for national land use and transport planning policy, leaving in 1982 to become the deputy chairman of the Local Government Boundary Commission for England.

Patrick Francis Burridge (1907–2004) He worked for Stockton-on-Tees before becoming borough architect to Southend-on-Sea, designing housing, the magistrates’ court (1966) and several public libraries.

Edward Michael C. Butcher See Farmer & Dark

Stefan Buzás See James Cubitt & Partners

Nugent Francis Cachemaille-Day (1896–1976) A specialist church architect, he trained at the AA and worked for H. S. Goodhart-Rendel (q.v.) and at Welwyn Garden City before forming a practice with Felix Lander (1898–1960) in 1928, joined by Herbert Welch (1884–1953) in 1930. He set up on his own in 1935. He designed three ground-breaking churches before the war: St Nicholas, Burnage (1931–2) and St Saviour’s, Eltham (1932–3) are important for their Germanic brickwork and use of concealed light, and St Michael and All Angels, Wythenshawe (1937), for its centralised plan and concrete diagrid structure. He was responsible for many new churches and restorations after 1945, in which he developed these ideas with centralised plans and/or adjoining halls that could be opened into a flexible worship space if required. Much of his extensive post-war work was in the Hackney area. Described as ‘a large man with an infectious gaiety’, he retired to Brighton in 1963.

Henry Thomas Cadbury-Brown (1913–2009) An architect, he was always known as Jim after a family friend killed in the First World War. He trained at the AA and became a friend of Hugh Casson (q.v.), with whom he worked on the MARS Group exhibition of 1938 and the Festival of Britain. In 1937 he won a competition for travel centres for the railways, and after extensive wartime service (which he always downplayed) he re-established a practice with housing in Harlow and a school for the LCC. His major building was the Royal College of Art (1960–3), followed by lecture theatres at Essex University and his own house at Aldeburgh (1964), all designed with his wife, Elizabeth ‘Betty’ Cadbury-Brown (née Romeyn) (1920–2002), an American who trained at Columbia, and who came to England in 1947, working briefly unpaid for Ernö Goldfinger before joining Jim on the Festival of Britain in 1949. They married in 1953.

James Cairns (1909–1984) Architect trained at the Glasgow School of Art, then war service (1940–6), who thence worked at the LCC Schools Division, where he designed 15 primary schools, 6 secondaries and Chelsea Polytechnic. He became deputy architect to General Division in 1958, and to Housing Division in 1961 where he took on the first stage of Thamesmead. In 1975 he became chief architect at the Home Office.

Kenneth Campbell (1909–1992) Architect, served articles under his uncle at Pite, Son & Fairweather and worked for the Miners’ Welfare Commission (1936–40, 1942–9), joining J. H. Forshaw (q.v.) on the County of London Plan for the LCC in 1941. He worked for the LCC (1949–74), initially in schools, where he set up group working and the first programme of prefabricated schools. After a brief sojourn in General Division he joined Housing Division in 1958 and was principal housing architect from 1959, his promotion said to have been delayed by his Communist Party membership. An early supporter of prefabrication, though not of tall buildings, he came in the early 1970s to favour vernacular-style brick housing with pitched roofs.

Owen Campbell-Jones (1894–1982) Architect, educated at Winchester College and the AA, he was the son of the architect William Campbell-Jones and his successor as architect to Skinners Hall and the Northampton Institute (City University). He designed Isleden House, Islington, for the London Parochial Societies in 1949 and extended Battersea Polytechnic in 1952–3, as well as working on Temple Court and Bucklersbury House — his magnum opus in a busy practice involved in a great range of buildings connected with the City of London.

Peter Carter (1927– ) Studied at the Northern Polytechnic and worked with Fry & Drew and at the LCC, where he collaborated with Colin St John Wilson (q.v.), e.g., on the Bentham Estate and a competition entry for Coventry cathedral. He left Britain in 1956 to work with Eero Saarinen and from 1958 with Mies van der Rohe. After Mies died he worked in Toronto with Bregman & Hamann for two years before retuning to London to set up his own practice, producing two buildings for Allied Dunbar in Swindon.

Francis Milton Cashmore (1892–1971) Architect, trained at Regent St and the RA schools. In the 1920s Cashmore produced several private houses around Alderley Edge, Cheshire, and a public house, before joining Dunbar Smith and Cecil Brewer, for whom he worked on Heal’s building in Tottenham Court Road. In the late 1920s he joined Messrs Joseph, where his many office buildings included Shell Mex House in 1930–1, and wartime NAAFI buildings. Cashmore became the senior partner in 1960. After 1945 the practice produced a series of office buildings in the Moor-fields area of the City, including Longbow House and B.P. House before being commissioned by British Petroleum to design their headquarters, Britannic House. Cashmore discovered modernism when he visited New York in the late 1950s, and designed a 32-storey block with Niall D. Nelson. The firm later became Joseph & F. Milton Cashmore & Partners, designing offices for J. & A. Scrimgeour and a house at Warlingham. Scottish Life House, Poultry (c.1969, demolished) was Cashmore’s last major building.

Hugh Casson (1910–1999) Architect and communicator, born in Sussex, he studied architecture at Cambridge and the Bartlett. His career was interrupted by the war, when he worked for the MTCP. He had worked for his old tutor Kit Nicholson from 1935, a partnership renewed in 1946 only for Casson to be appointed architect to the Festival of Britain and for Nicholson to die in a flying accident, both in 1948. The two events led Casson to seek help from Neville Conder, with whom he formalised a practice in 1952. Conder (q.v.) produced most of the buildings while Casson taught at the RCA and cut a dash in public life with his writing, work for the royal family and sheer personality, culminating in his presidency of the RA (1975–84). He was knighted in 1978, CH in 1985. His wife, Margaret (Reta) Casson (née MacDonald) (1913–1999), was herself a successful architect and interior designer, and from 1984 had a second career as a photographer.

Castle Park Dean Hook Architectural practice formed by Paul Castle (1929– ), Allan Thomas Park (1926– ), joined by Christopher Dean (1927–1998) and Michael James ‘Harry’ Hook (1929–1993), who met working for LIE; Park and Dean were also related by marriage. Their work included a major addition to Hull University Library (1966–9), the David Wilson Library, University of Leicester (1974) and the Leigh Delamere services on the M4 (1972). Castle also built a house for his father at Padstow, Cornwall. Dean worked for the LCC in 1953–7 before joining LIE; a time as the Smithsons’ basement lodger earned him the nickname ‘Trog’. He formed Christopher Dean Associates with his wife, Maya Hambly (1927–1999), in 1975 and taught at the Bartlett, before in 1990 he became founding secretary and leading campaigner of the preservation body DoCoMoMo UK.

Chamberlin, Powell & Bon Peter Chamberlin (1919–1979) was nicknamed Joe after the politician while at Berkhamsted School, and studied PPEat Oxford before attending Kingston School of Art (1941–8); Geoffry Powell (1920–1999) studied at the AA and worked for Frederick Gibberd (q.v.) on housing (1943–6); Christoph Bon (1921–1999) was born in Engadin, Switzerland, and studied at ETH Zurich before working for Holford in London 1946 and BBPR in Milan. He came to Britain in 1948 to Kingston, where the three met as teachers in the School of Architecture. They agreed to form a practice should any of them win the City of London’s Golden Lane competition in 1952 and each submitted an entry; Powell’s won. This introduced them to the City Corporation, for whom they went on to produce a scheme for Barbican in 1955 (main designs 1956–9, built 1963–82). They also designed schools in London; New Hall, Cambridge, and extended Leeds University 1959–78. CPB is important for its use of concrete shells and textured finishes, its work a paradigm of stylistic changes in the period; and for Chamberlin’s grand urban planning ideas at Cambridge, Barbican and Leeds.

Serge Chermayeff (1900–1996) Architect and theorist, born in Grosny, Azerbaijan, who emigrated to England in 1910 (naturalised 1928) and to the USA in 1939; he was educated at Harrow but studied art and architecture in Europe. Chermayeff was in partnership with Erich Mendelsohn in 1933–6, and in 1936–8 designed an influential house at Halland, Sussex, sold the next year when he went bankrupt. In America he taught in California (1940–1), Chicago (1942–51), Harvard Graduate School (1953–61) and at Yale (1962–70). In 1963 he published Community and Privacy on urban design with Christopher Alexander.

Elizabeth Chesterton (1915–2002) Planner, the daughter of Maurice Chesterton (q.v.), who, she said, taught her ‘the importance of place’. She studied at the AA. Her first jobs were in Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, and she taught planning at the Bartlett and AA. In the 1960s she pioneered town plans for historic areas, in Hampstead and King’s Lynn, and for country estates, beginning at Beaulieu, with Leonard Manasseh & Partners (q.v.) producing the new buildings, followed by a report on Snowdon Summit in 1974.

Maurice Chesterton (1883–1962) Architect best known for his work with Elisabeth Scott, particularly the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre at Stratford. He worked for Samford RDC after the war, and designed a model farm, The Node, Essex.

Sam Hartley Chippindale (1909–1990) Developer with Arnold Hagenbach (1904–2005), who owned a bakery and put up an initial £30,000. They built over 20 Arndale centres, the name an amalgamation of their own. Born in Otley, Chippindale worked for Marks and Spencers as a surveyor in the 1930s, gaining an intimate knowledge of Britain’s high streets. After working for the Ministry of Works, he began in the late 1940s to use this knowledge to acquire sites for parades of shops. From there Chippindale worked with local authorities in Yorkshire and the North East to realise a series of public/private malls modelled on American and Australian centres, beginning in 1958 with an open-air precinct at Jarrow, and ending with the vast, covered centre in Manchester completed in 1979. Chippindale over-borrowed, however, and in 1965 merged with Town and City Properties. He returned as an independent developer in 1977 to build Cascades centres in Rotherham and Portsmouth. Hagenbach also invested in the Burgh Island Hotel (from 1962).

Anthony Chitty (1907–1976) Architect, who studied at Cambridge and the AA (1927–31) before joining Berthold Lubetkin and Tecton, and in 1937 formed a partnership with Robert Hening (1906–1997), who studied briefly at the Bartlett before working for Oswald Milne, through whom he was already working for Dorothy Elmhirst at Dartington Hall. They specialised in the late 1930s in airports for Elmhirst’s son Whitney Straight. The practice resumed in 1946 and until the 1960s designed schools — with Hening continuing to work at Dartington — and housing, notably for Holborn and St Pancras MBs.

(Herbert Francis) Frank Clark (1902–1971) Landscape architect, born in Manila, who studied briefly at Cambridge before joining Percy Cane’s office to work on planting plans. Unfit for war service, he studied eighteenth-century landscapes, writing The English Landscape Garden (1948) and becoming chief landscape architect to Stevenage (1948) and the Festival of Britain. He worked at Cumbernauld and York University, and in 1965 founded the Garden History Society.

Denis Clarke Hall (1910–2006) Architect, who studied at Bedales and entered King’s College, London, to read science, only to find the course disappointing — so he was advised to turn to the AA, where he studied in 1930–5. He became interested in concrete, and working for Clive Entwistle (q.v.) inspired him to join the MARS Group. In 1937 he won a competition for an urban secondary school run by Gerald Barry (q.v.) at the News Chronicle, and an invitation to build a version at Richmond, North Yorkshire, directed his future career. His science training led him to study light levels in schools and prefabrication. The former was adopted as government policy into the 1970s, but Clarke Hall had rejected the latter as impractical for one-off buildings by the late 1940s. Between 1948 and 1973 he designed 27 schools for 11 local authorities, including many in North Yorkshire. The most interesting were at Cranford, Middlesex (1953) and Coalville (1962). He also designed housing in Hornchurch and St Pancras, and civic centres in Egham, Surrey and Cranbrook, Kent.

(John) Cecil Clavering (1910–2001) Architect, raised in the North East and trained at Newcastle. He is best known for his work in 1934–6 designing Odeon cinemas in a German expressionist style as an assistant to the Birmingham architect Harry Weedon. He left to join the Ministry of Works, working on military buildings at Spadeadam (Blue Streak) in c.1956–8 before conducting progressive research into open office planning, designing prototype interiors at Lambeth Bridge House and at an experimental office building at Kew (both demolished).

(Walter) Max Clendinning (1924– ) Architect and interior designer, born in County Armagh and trained at Belfast School of Art and the AA (1951–4). He worked for Fry, Drew, Drake and Lasdun in Africa before joining BR’s London Midland Region. In independent practice he became known for his minimal white interiors and for his Maxima range of chairs, designed in 1965.

Wells Coates (1895–1958) Architect and designer trained in engineering in Vancouver (1914–16, 1919–21) and in London (1922–4), where he settled, working as a journalist before succeeding as a designer of furniture and shop fittings for Jack Pritchard, for whom he went on to design flats in Lawn Road, Hampstead. Co-founder and first secretary of the MARS Group. His career never recovered from the war, for though his Telekinema for the Festival of Britain was one of the few buildings retained on the site after March 1952, his other designs, including housing, new towns and small sailing boats (some with Jaqueline Tyrwhitt (q.v.)) went unrealised, both in Britain and Canada.

Giacomo ‘Jack’ Antonio Coia See Gillespie, Kidd & Coia

Herbert Collins (1885–1975) Architect and developer, born in Edmonton the son of a builder, who designed houses in Southampton from 1922 onwards, for the private rented sector and housing associations as well as for the city council.

Collins & Geens Architectural practice based in Bournemouth specialising in civic centres, which won a competition for that at Romford in 1935 and Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1939 (not built). They also built a hotel in Bournemouth (1938).

Colquhoun & Miller Alan Colquhoun (1921–2012) qualified at the AA in 1949, and taught at the AA, Cornell, Dublin and Princeton. Combining theory and practice, he worked for George Candilis and Shadrach Woods, the LCC and for Lyons, Israel & Ellis (q.v.). His work for the latter included Oldbury Wells Girls School. At LIE he met John Miller (1930– ) who had studied at the AA before working for Leslie Martin in 1956–9. Early work by the practice, founded in 1961, included Forest Gate High School (1961–5) and buildings at Royal Holloway College (1970), before it came to specialise in housing, exhibition work and museum buildings, Colquhoun combining architecture with teaching.

Brenda Colvin (1897–1981) Landscape designer, trained privately under Madeline Agar before setting up her own practice in 1922. One of the pioneers of the profession, as a founder of the Institute of Landscape Architects, she set out her beliefs in Land and Landscape (1948). She designed the gardens for Salisbury Crematorium in 1956 and Queen Elizabeth Gardens in Swindon (1959), but was most notable for taking on new landscape issues, such as Eggborough Power Station in 1961–2, with a scheme to dispose of its ash, and she worked in new towns and on the Trimpley Reservoir in Worcs. Her work includes the new military town at Aldershot, Bristol Polytechnic, reservoirs on the River Severn, power stations for the Central Electricity Board and several schemes for land reclamation. From 1969 she worked in partnership with Hal Moggridge (1936– ), an architect trained at the AA turned landscape architect who studied under Peter Youngman at UCL and became assistant to Geoffrey Jellicoe (qq.v.) in 1961–3. He combined the restoration of country-house landscapes with work on urbanism and landscape, notably in London and Edinburgh.

Sir (John) Ninian Comper (1864–1960) Ecclesiastical architect, served articles with G. F. Bodley in 1883–8, and formed a partnership with William Bucknall, in 1890 marrying his sister Grace — his son Sebastian Comper (1891–1979) and great-nephew John Bucknall (1917–1989) continued his practice in the 1950s (the latter’s grandson John Francis Bucknall works in church conservation today). Comper’s detailed studies increasingly focussed on late English Perpendicular styles, and how church architecture might have evolved but for the Reformation in a radical attempt to restore to the Church of England a continuity with its medieval, Catholic past. After 1907 his churches adopted continental influences, in what he termed a ‘unity by inclusion’ of Renaissance styles, best seen at St Mary, Wellingborough, in 1904–31. A visit to the fifth-century church at Tébessa, Algeria, in 1924 persuaded him of the suitability of centralised planning with a classical ciborium, best seen at St Philip, Cosham (1937), an important model for post-war church building. In 1938 Comper met John Betjeman, who became a great advocate and saw that his work achieved a wide influence through articles in the Architectural Review. Knighted in 1950.

Harold Conolly (1892–1977) He was raised in Wakefield and trained at the Leeds School of Architecture. He was deputy city architect for Bradford (1937–9) and city architect (1939–42); Essex deputy county architect (1942–5) and county architect (1945–66).

(Sir) Terence Conran (1931– ) Designer, developer, writer and restaurateur, studied at the Central School of Art and worked on the Festival of Britain and for Dennis Lennon (q.v.). He began his own design practice in 1956 with the Summa furniture range and a shop for Mary Quant, also opening a coffee bar. He opened his first Habitat shop in 1964, in Chelsea with his then wife, the cookery writer Caroline Herbert. He established an architectural and planning consultancy in 1980 with Fred Lloyd Roche (q.v.) and developed parallel careers as a restaurateur and writer/publisher. Knighted in 1983.

Sydney Cook (1910–1979) Architect, entered local government c.1937 at Luton MB, and in 1945 became housing architect to the Bournville Village Trust. He was appointed borough architect at Holborn from 1947 (having come second in the competition), where he was responsible for its influential public library and swimming pool. He became head of the successor borough, Camden, in 1965–73, chosen ahead of Hampstead MB architect Charles Jacob (q.v.), where he built up a new talented Architect’s Department of young graduates and commissioned housing from some of the leading architects of the day. Under his command they made a detailed study of medium-rise, high-density housing that respected old street patterns but incorporated parking and open space, with a balcony or garden for each unit. He retired because of ill-health in 1973.

Geoffrey Copcutt (1928–1997) Architect, who studied at Southend and Edinburgh (1944–51), and was in partnership in 1952–6 with Tom Hancock (q.v.) in Leicester. In 1958 he joined Cumbernaud Development Corporation and in 1959–63 was group leader for the town centre. He became chief architect to Craigavon, and in 1964–9 worked in the USA. He moved to the Philippines in 1981.

Hector Othan Corfiato (1893–1963) Architect of Greek parentage, trained in Paris — though he carved his name on a window at the Cambridge School of Architecture in the 1930s. He became a lecturer and later the director of the Bartlett School (1922–60). He designed four RC churches around London in the 1950s and 1960s.

Jack Cotton (1903–1964) A property developer who first developed housing around Birmingham, acting as a middleman. He began to buy up blitzed sites in London and Birmingham during and immediately after the Second World War, as Mansion House Chambers Ltd and later as City Centre Properties, from 1955 with Legal and General Assurance for the Monico site and later with Pearl Insurance and pension funds. In 1960–1 he merged with Walter Flack’s Murrayfield Properties and Charles Clore’s City and Central Investments to create the biggest property company in the world, City Centre. His greatest coup was to develop the Pan Am building in New York, with a series of architects that included Walter Gropius — who also produced elevations for No. 45 Park Lane, London, incompletely realised. He also ran his own architectural practice, Cotton, Ballard & Blow, where only Christopher Blow was an architect, and which was re-founded in Newcastle after Cotton’s death by Aubrey Alwyn Edgar Trofimov (1921–2006).

Covell & Matthews Architectural practice founded in 1937 by Ralph George Covell (1910–1988), then teaching at the Croydon College of Art, and joined in 1948 by Albert Edward Thurman (Jerry) Matthews (1917–2002), undertaking planning as well as architectural works. Covell specialised in church work, especially for Southwark Diocese for whom he designed 23 churches, and was noted as an organist and choirmaster. Architecturally, however, the practice was equally known for its commercial and military work, opening regional offices in the 1960s followed by expansion overseas in 1968. An office of the practice is still open in Scotland.

Charles Cowles-Voysey (1889–1981) Architect son of C. F. A. Voysey, who appended his wife’s name on marriage. His style was the opposite of his father’s, being classical, focusing on the planning of public buildings following a competition win for the White Rocks Pavilion, Hastings (1922). His most important town halls were Worthing (1930–3), Watford (1935–9), Cambridge (1936–7), Bromley (1936–9) and Winchester, completed in 1959 by his former assistants John Brandon-Jones (1908–1999; q.v.), John Broadbent (1920–1994) and Robert Ashton (1906–1985).

Oliver Cox (1920–2010) Architect, whose studies at the AA were interrupted by the war. When he returned in 1947 he became friends with Graeme Shankland and Michael and Betty Ventris (qq.v.), and the foursome visited Scandinavia for three months. He joined Herts CC (1949–50), studying colour and furniture, until in late 1950 with Cleeve Barr, Beak Adams and Anthony Garrod he left for the LCC. There he worked on the Alton East towers, Clarendon Crescent and Hook, and was responsible for the LCC artists’ programme (see Mitchell and Hollaway). In his free time he painted murals for Wokingham School and the Time and Life offices. He joined the MHLG in 1960 and recast the Parker Morris report on housing standards. In 1964 he joined Shankland in partnership, concentrating on housing while Shankland worked as a planner. After Shankland’s death he worked in partnership with his wife, Jean Cox (1923–2007; m.1953), a housing manager.

William Crabtree (1905–1991) Architect, who studied at Liverpool where a thesis on department stores led to an introduction through Charles Reilly to Spedan Lewis, for whom he designed the Peter Jones store in London (1929–39). After 1945 he worked as a consultant in Plymouth and with H. A. Johnson (q.v.) designed housing in Southampton, Harlow, Basildon and Bilston. He designed the Sir William Collins School, Camden, 1961, later practising as William Crabtree & Jarosz with Wladyslaw Tadeusz Jarosz (1915–1983).

Hugh Creighton (1919–1988) Acoustician and conservation architect, who trained in architecture at Cambridge and the AA. He joined Hope Bagenal (q.v.) in the 1930s and succeeded him as consultant acoustician to the Fairfield Halls, Croydon. He also worked at the Queen Elizabeth Hall, Barbican, Churchill Theatre in Bromley and Sheffield’s Crucible Theatre.

Patrick ‘Pat’ W. Crooke (1927– ) Architect, who trained at the AA, and produced the ‘Zone’ project with Andrew Derbyshire and John Voelcker (qq.v.), before working with the Italian firm BBPR in Milan and later in Peru.

Theo Crosby (1925–1994) Architect, journalist and thinker, born and trained in South Africa, settled in England in 1947, when he worked for Fry & Drew before becoming technical editor of Architectural Design in 1953. He coordinated the exhibition This is Tomorrow in 1956 and an interest in art on buildings returned in his 1970s work. An exhibition in 1961 organised by him on the South Bank brought together the future members of Archigram (q.v.), to whom he was a critical backstage figure. In 1965 he founded a practice with Alan Fletcher and Colin Forbes, which in 1975 expanded to become the multi-disciplinary Pentagram. He worked for Taylor Woodrow as architect for an unbuilt scheme for Euston Station, on the Fulham Study for the MHLG, for Lord Kennet in Wiltshire and extensively on interiors and exhibition design. His later work included The Environment Game, an exhibition and related book in 1973, from which point he moved away from modernism, most notably as architect of the Globe Theatre in Southwark for Sam Wanamaker.

Frederick Hamer Crossley (1899–1983) Born in Manchester but early moved to Cheshire and seems to have trained at Liverpool. He worked for Edwin Lutyens and in New York, and formed a private practice in Liverpool with Edwin Sheridan Gray and Frederick Evans in 1935–8. In 1945–65 he was architect to Derbyshire CC.

Ralph Crowe (1915–1990) Architect, who trained at the AA. He worked in British Guiana (c.1946–9) and at the LCC before becoming Shropshire county architect in 1958–66 and then that of Essex (1966–76). At Shropshire he founded SCOLA and its related range of furniture (under Douglas Webb), and designed County Hall (1963–6). He was Professor of Architecture at Newcastle from 1976 to c.1986.

(Dame) Sylvia Crowe (1901–1997) Landscape architect, who studied at Swanley Horticultural College and achieved some success designing private gardens before the Second World War. She set up her own landscape practice in 1945, with a scheme for landscaping the Isle of Sheppey. Though she achieved renown with small-scale landscapes, mainly for educational establishments, her real achievement was in the wider landscape, for example working on motorways and for the Forestry Commission (1964–76). She served as consultant to Harlow, Basildon, Washington and Warrington new towns, and to the Central Electricity Generating Board (1948–68), working on many nuclear power stations, including Trawsfynydd and Wylfa in Wales and Bradwell in Essex. Later work included settings for reservoirs, such as Bewl, Bough Beech and Rutland Water (all 1976). DBE in 1970.

Mary Beaumont Crowley (Medd) (1907–2005) Architect, who studied at the AA (1927–32), which she briefly combined with working for Louis de Soissons at Welwyn, as well as travelling to Scandinavia, Italy and Germany. She designed three houses in Tewin for her family and a friend in 1936 before joining Herts CC, initially the Education Department in 1941; worked on the schools programme (1946–9) in the Architect’s Department, then followed Stirrat Johnson-Marshall (q.v.) to the Ministry of Education A + B branch, marrying David Medd (q.v.) the same year. She retired in 1972 and worked thereafter as a consultant on educational projects worldwide.

Cruickshank & Seward Practice founded in 1919 by Herbert William Cruickshank (1886–1935) and Henry Thomas Seward (1896–1980; the son of a builder) in Manchester and continued by John R. G. Seward (1924–1995) and (William) Arthur Gibbon (1921–1994), who both trained at Manchester and specialised in commercial and university buildings around the city, including the UMIST campus and offices for International Computers Ltd, Ferranti and the National Computing Centre headquarters. They also worked in Belfast.

Denis Crump (1903–1994) Architect based in Croydon designing commercial buildings, notably Apollo House and Lunar House, but also working on churches in the area.

James Cubitt (1914–1983) Architect, who studied at Brasenose College, Oxford, and then the AA (1935–40); he taught at Kingston before setting up in practice in 1948. He worked extensively abroad, and much of the firm’s most interesting English work was by his partners Fello Atkinson, Stefan Buzás and Dick Maitland (1917–1969). Fello Atkinson (1919–1982) studied at the AA (1936–47), interrupted by war service, and taught at Kingston and the AA, joining Cubitt in partnership in 1949 after working at East Kilbride. Atkinson designed schools (e.g.) for Herts, and houses, and developed St Catharine’s and King’s colleges, Cambridge, factories for Cummins at Darlington and for Roche at Welwyn Garden City, and a theatre for UCL. His last work was a university in Tripoli. From 1975 the partnership was known as James Cubitt, Fello Atkinson & Partners but has since reverted to James Cubitt & Partners. (István) Stefan Buzás (1915–2008) was born in Hungary and studied in Vienna, before coming to the AA in 1938, qualifying in 1940. He came to specialise in shops, offices and exhibition work, as well as buildings abroad, while designing his own house as one of a pair at Ham in 1951. He left Cubitt in 1965 to form a practice with Alan Irvine (1926– ), working on office interiors, interiors for the QEII liner, the RIBA Heinz Gallery and treasuries at Norwich and Chichester cathedrals. Cubitt’s assistants included Brenda Anne Walker (1922–1997), who later formed Stallard & Walker with her husband in York.

(Thomas) Gordon Cullen (1914–1994) Urban designer and illustrator, born in Yorkshire, who trained at Regent St Poly (1928–33) before joining Raymond McGrath, Godfrey Samuel (1935; q.v.) and Tecton (1936), and producing drawings for the MARS Group. Rejected for war service, he worked for ICI and for Misha Black (q.v.) at the Ministry of Information. He joined the Architectural Review in 1946 as a writer and illustrator, specialising in planning studies under the influence of his editor H. de Cronin Hastings (q.v.). Though he resigned in late 1956, his style epitomised the AR and related Architectural Press publications throughout the 1950s. He consolidated his ideas as Townscape (1961; reprinted in reduced form 1971). From the 1960s Cullen took on freelance commissions as a planning consultant and turned to teaching.

L. A. Culliford & Partners London-based, commercial practice founded by Leonard A. Culliford (1888–1960), who trained at Regent St Poly in 1903–6. The active partner in the 1940s and 1950s was Leslie Arthur Chackett (1909–1963), who also taught at Regent St.

Edward Cullinan (1931– ) Architect, trained in 1951–6 at Cambridge and the AA, who then studied in 1956–7 at Berkeley, California. In 1958–64 he was part-time assistant to Denys Lasdun, working on Christ’s College and UEA while establishing his own practice. Year master at Cambridge University (1968–73). He built a number of small private houses, then founded Edward Cullinan Architects, a co-operative, in 1965 — renamed in 2012 Cullinan Studio. The practice achieved recognition with a study centre at Minster Lovell (1967–76), various offices for Olivetti (1970–2), Highgrove housing, Hillingdon (1972–7), community and conservation schemes, and built offices, university buildings and visitor centres from the 1980s, notably the Fountains Abbey visitor centre and offices for Ready Mixed Concrete, coming early to specialise in low-energy and environmentally sustainable buildings.

Ewart Culpin (1877–1946) Architect, planner, journalist and politician, who formed his own practice in 1918. He was alderman of the LCC (1925–37), becoming vice chairman in 1934–7 and chairman in 1938–9, a campaigner for a Greater London plan and member of the Garden Cities Association. He had previously designed Poplar and Greenwich town halls with his son Clifford Ewart Culpin (1904–1988), who went on to design Hemel Hempstead civic centre (1962–6) and housing in Bridlington, Lydd and Melton Mowbray, as well as redeveloping the site of Croydon Airport in the 1960s.

Allen Cunningham (1932– ) Architect, who trained at Liverpool. He worked for Leslie Martin in 1957–60, and Marcel Breuer in London and Paris in 1960–6, before becoming a group leader at Nottingham City Architect’s Department in 1966–8. He was a principal architect at Llewelyn-Davies, Weeks Forestier-Walker & Bor in 1968–72, before becoming head of architecture at the Polytechnic of Central London, later Westminster University, until 1997.

Ivor Cunningham (1928–2007) Architect and landscape architect, who studied architecture at the AA and landscape architecture at King’s College, Newcastle. He worked for Brenda Colvin and Sylvia Crowe (qq.v.), and in Stockholm, before joining Eric Lyons in November 1955, whose firm became the Eric Lyons Cunningham Partnership in 1963. Initially Cunningham concentrated on landscape, but with Lyons’s presidency of the RIBA (1975–7) and death in 1980, Cunningham took over the design work, introducing pitched roofs and a greater vernacular to housing in Blackheath, Islington and Hounslow.

Frederick Francis Charles Curtis (1903–1975) A German architect, he had studied and taught at the Darmstadt School of Architecture before emigrating in 1933, when he worked for the Southern Railway and Charles Holden (1935–6). He taught at Liverpool and served in India in the war before becoming regional architect to the Western Region of British Railways in 1947 and chief architect to the railways (1950–68).

Trevor Dannatt (1920– ) Architect, trained at Regent St Poly, who worked for Fry & Drew (1944–8) and for the LCC on the Royal Festival Hall (1948–52) before setting up in private practice in 1952 (specialising initially in coffee houses), combined with teaching. College Hall for Leicester University was designed in association with Leslie Martin. His independent work includes houses, schools and religious buildings (notably for the Society of Friends) in his native south London, as well as Needler Hall, Hull University, and a hall at Bootham School, York (1966). From 1967 he worked extensively in Saudi Arabia, forming Trevor Dannatt and Partners in 1970 and Dannatt Johnson in 1990.

Peter Daniel (1924– ) Architect, who after service in the Royal Navy trained as an architect-planner at Liverpool and as a landscape architect with the Landscape Institute. He worked in Canada before returning to Britain to work at Peterlee. With Franc Dixon he collaborated with Victor Pasmore. He became chief architect of Livingston new town in 1962–4. In 1965 he became an independent consultant, working on the Londonderry Area Plan and Derry City Plan, and later on landscape design in Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Darbourne & Darke Practice formed by John Darbourne (1935–1991), and Geoffrey Darke (1929–2011). Darbourne, born in London, studied architecture at the Bartlett and landscape architecture at Harvard before winning a competition for Lillington Street in 1961. He brought in Darke, born in Evesham and who had studied at Birmingham before they met working for Eric Lyons in 1958. Though Darbourne designed a stand for Chelsea FC and landscaping at Heathrow, they worked mainly on public housing, Lillington Gardens (1961–72) followed by Marquess Estate, Islington (1966–1976) and many smaller estates for Alf Head at LB Islington as well as at Pershore, Worcestershire, and Richmond, Surrey. They were one of the first British firms to work extensively abroad, at Hanover, Stuttgart and Gifhorn in Germany and Bolzano in Italy. The practice was dissolved in 1987. Darbourne was in 1983–90 consultant to the city of Bath, while Darke set up his own practice at Aldeburgh in 1987.

William Robert Davidge (1879–1961) Architect, surveyor and planner, studying at the Bartlett and Kings College. He worked at the LCC in 1904–7, and in 1907–16 was district surveyor for Lewisham, Greenwich and Woolwich; before in 1919 he became housing commissioner for the Ministry of Health responsible for the southern counties and later for London. He then established a career as an independent planner producing reports for many counties (and also working in New Zealand and Bombay) in the inter-war years, and for Westminster, Croydon and Swindon in the 1940s.

Richard Llewelyn Davies See Llewelyn-Davies.

(Eric) Ben A. Davis (1915–1991) Architect, from Derbyshire, trained at Liverpool (1936–45) and joined Ind Coope and Allsopp as a staff architect in 1949, rising following mergers to become chief area architect for London at Allied Breweries in 1975–7. His work includes pubs across England and the bar at the Hotel Leofric. In 1965 he devised a series of courses on traditional pub design for Allied Breweries, which evolved into a book, The Traditional English Public House, a Way of Drinking (1981).

Graham Richards Dawbarn (1893–1976) Architect, in partnership with Sir Nigel Norman (1898–1943), with whom he made a reputation designing airports in the 1930s. Post-war the practice of Norman & Dawbarn diversified into public housing, higher education and commercial work after Dawbarn was passed over for Heathrow. His Times obituary described him as ‘a shy man with apparently little depth of real emotion and this showed in his somewhat dour buildings. He was also extremely hard working and seemed to have no other interests’.

Ivor Day & O’Brien Architectural practice specialising in RC churches based in Bristol, formed by Ivor L. Day (formerly of Ivor Day and Dakin) and Gerard Patrick O’Brien (1926–1983) from Dublin. As well as churches in Bristol they designed Corpus Christi Stechford (1971) and St John Fisher, Bexley (1974).

Robin Day (1915–2010) Furniture designer, who worked in exhibition design with Peter Moro (q.v.) before establishing himself by winning an international competition organised by the Museum of Modern Art, New York, and furniture for Hille. Seating for Moro at the Royal Festival Hall led to many public commissions including Churchill College, Cambridge, and the Barbican. His wife, (Désirée) Lucienne Day (née Conradi) (1917–2010) had an independent but parallel career as a textile designer who also came to prominence with the Festival of Britain.

Elizabeth Denby (1894–1965) Housing consultant and urban reformer, was born in Bradford and studied social science at the LSE. She became a housing manager in the slums of north Kensington, working in the 1930s on exhibitions, notably New Homes for Old (1931) and on flats with Maxwell Fry to create better working-class housing, demonstrated at the MARS Group exhibition of 1938. She published the influential book, Europe Re-Housed (1938). Her ideas on mixed development set out here were further demonstrated at the exhibition Living in Houses, in 1942 and she worked with Tarran on prefabrication.

Evelyn Denington (née Bursill) (1907–1998) Politician, who worked for the Architect and Building Review before turning to teaching and the Labour movement. London county councillor/Greater London councillor (1946–76); she served as vice chairman of LCC Housing Committee, a member of the LCC Town Planning Committee, chairman Housing and Town Planning joint Development Committee, and under the GLC chaired its Housing Committee (1965–7) and Transport Committee (1973–5). She was a member of St Pancras council (1945–59), and was appointed a member of Stevenage Development Corporation in February 1953, serving as its chairman in 1966–80. DBE in 1974, she was created Baroness Denington in 1977.

John Leopold Denman (1882–1975) Architect, born and based in Brighton, the son of the architect Samuel Denman (1855–1945), and later he practised with his son John Bluet Denman (1914–2002). He studied at the AA while articled to his father, in 1898, and qualified in 1908 while working for Jones and Smithers. He taught at the Brighton School of Art and designed many pubs and schools, as well as buildings in the Brighton area. Post-war work by the Denmans included churches in Brighton and Hastings, as well as the Barclays Bank, Brighton (1957–9) and numerous public houses for the Kemp Town Brewery.

(Sir) Andrew Derbyshire (1923– ) Architect, who studied at Cambridge before turning to architecture at the AA in 1946–51, where he collaborated on the student thesis ‘Zone’. He worked for Farmer & Dark (q.v.) on power stations 1952–3, for the West Riding 1953–5 (mainly designs for prefabricated schools, libraries and buildings for the handicapped) and Sheffield (designing Castle Market), before joining RMJM (q.v.) in 1960, becoming a partner in 1964, and where he was responsible for York University and Central Lancashire New Town. Knighted in 1986.

Jupp Dernbach-Mayen (1908–1990) Artist in a variety of media, notably sculpture, was born Appollonia Herman Joseph Dernbach in Mayen, Germany, and came to Britain in the 1930s. He worked extensively with George Marsh (q.v.), partner in charge of Centre Point, producing the fountains there (relocated to Hooke Park, Dorset in 2009) and sculpture in the courtyard at Sanderson’s.

Design Research Unit See Misha Black.

Louis de Soissons (1890–1962) Architect and planner, born Louis E. J. G. de Savoie-Carignan de Soissons in Montreal, he moved to London as a child and studied at the RA schools and École de Beaux Arts in Paris. He produced the master plan for Welwyn Garden City in 1920 and worked extensively for the Duchy of Cornwall Estates in London. The practice, as Louis de Soissons, Peacock, Hodges and Robertson and later the Louis de Soissons Partnership, expanded after 1945 to work in Exeter and Plymouth (where it opened an office), for the Crown Estate in Regent’s Park and for the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in Greece and Italy. Partners included Kenneth John Renshaw Peacock (1905–1989), David Michael Hodges (1915–1998) and John Kirkland Robertson (1909–1984).

Jack Leonard Stanford Digby (1924–2006) Architect, trained at Southend Municipal College (1947–52), who then joined Harlow Development Corporation. He worked for the Ministry of Education in Huddersfield and Arnold, Notts., before joining Herts CC as group leader in 1960–3. He was county architect for West Suffolk (1963–73), and thereafter for Herts (1974–8).

John Dinkeloo See Roche & Dinkeloo.

Jeremy Dixon (1939– ) Architect, studied at the AA in 1958–63, where he met his first wife, Fenella Clemens (1938– ) and members of the Grunt Group (q.v.). He worked for Castle Park Dean Hook (1964), the Smithsons (1965), Frederick MacManus & Partners (1966–70, qq.v.) and Milton Keynes Development Corporation (1971–3), before forming a private practice in 1973, where he became noted for housing schemes like St Mark’s Road, Kensington, that reappraised traditional styles. In 1984 he was commissioned to remodel and extend the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. He was joined in practice by Edward Jones (q.v.) formally in 1991.

(Sir) Philip Henry Manning Dowson (1924–2014) Architect, studied maths at Oxford, before turning to architecture in 1947–53 at Cambridge and the AA, where he met Ove Arup — who offered him a job for six months. He stayed until 1963 when he and Arup, with Derek Sugden and Ronald Hobbs, founded Arup Associates (q.v.), for which he remained the chief designer into the 1980s, responsible for a string of university buildings mainly designed to a tight tartan grid, based on prefabricated components and with services incorporated between the columns of each square unit — best seen in laboratory buildings such as his Mining and Metallurgy Building at Birmingham (1964–6). Knighted in 1980 and president of the Royal Academy from 1993 to 1999.

(Dame Joyce Beverley) ‘Jane’ Drew (1911–1996) Architect, who trained at the AA (1929–34), where she met her first husband and partner, James Alliston. She then met E. Maxwell Fry (q.v.), whom she married in 1942, and formed a partnership with him in 1945, joined by Lindsay Drake (1909–1980) and Denys Lasdun (q.v.) in 1951–8, and from 1973 by Frank S. Knight and Norman Creamer who had entered the practice in 1947. An interest in the arts began in 1941 when she met Kenneth Clark, staging the exhibition Rebuilding Britain at the National Gallery, and she was architect to the Institute of Contemporary Arts at Dover St (1950) and Carlton House Terrace (1960s). Editor with Trevor Dannatt of the Architect’s Yearbook (1946–62). She worked in Chandigarh (1952–4), and in West Africa. The firm produced housing in south London, Harlow and Hatfield, for which she was the partner in charge. Dame in 1996.

Edward Alfred Duley (1903–1985) Architect, who began practice with Oliver Hill in 1919 aged 16, and in 1946 joined William Holford (q.v.) in preparing his plan for the City of London. He worked on many of Holford’s architectural ventures, including Eton College, the Queenhill Bridge over the River Severn with Alexander Gibb and Partners, and conservation work that included the restoration of Sir John’s Soane’s Museum (1971).

(Sir) James Dunbar-Nasmith (1927– ) Architect and teacher. He trained at Cambridge where he met Leopold de Rothschild, for whom he designed cottages at Cublington in Bucks., and a house, Upper Exbury, in Hampshire. He qualified and settled in Edinburgh, where he worked for Robert Matthew from 1954 on Turnhouse Airport before forming a practice with a fellow assistant Graham Couper Law (1923–1996), whom he had met at Cambridge. Most of their practice was in Scotland, and exhibition work led them to specialise in theatres, including the Eden Court (Inverness) and Pitlochrie Theatres, with later work for the royal family. Professor of Architecture at Heriot Watt University (1979–89). CBE in 1976, knighted in 1996.

Frank Dunford (1912–1974) Architect, trained at Regent St. He joined Ilford MB on qualification in 1939, and after war service worked at Oxford and Derby. In 1949 he joined Hampshire CC to lead the design team concerned with secondary education projects and developed standard approaches, including the use of SCOLA, and extended Peter Symonds’ College, Winchester. He became assistant county architect in 1962 and later the senior architect.

Peter Browning Dunham (1911–1997) Architect, trained under A. E. Richardson at the Bartlett School, and produced many small post-war housing schemes in the southern Midlands from a base in Dunstable. He later moved to Suffolk.

Peter Dunican (1918–1989) Engineer, trained at Battersea Polytechnic before joining Ove Arup (q.v.) in 1943 as his right-hand man, becoming a partner in 1956 and succeeding him as chairman of Ove Arup and Partners in 1977–84. He specialised in the development of industrial housing.

Henry Durell (c.1908–1975) Architect, who trained at the Bartlett (1925–7) after pupillage (1920–3) with Fred Rowntree & Sons, and R. W. Thorp. He was assistant in 1927–9 to C. E. Elcock and Fred Sutcliffe; 1930–1, Office of Works; 1932–5, Alister G. MacDonald; 1935–6, Connell, Ward & Lucas; 1936–7, Lubetkin and Tecton (q.v.). In 1937 won Rural Schools Competition (News Chronicle) with Colin Penn and Felix Walker. He had his own practice in 1937–50 and with the landscape architect Richard Sudell (1892–1968) in 1944–50. In 1950 he became deputy chief architect to Aycliffe Development Corporation, in 1963 chief architect to Peterlee, and he later worked at Killingworth under Roy Gazzard.

William John Durnford (1889–1962) Joined LCC Architect’s Department in 1912 and was site architect for Watling Estate, China Walk and many housing schemes. With A. E. Miller (q.v.), he then specialised in hospitals, extending the Maudsley Hospital and designing many nurses’ homes before designing Woodberry Down Health Centre.

Stephen Dykes Bower (1903–1994) Church architect, educated at Merton College, Oxford, and the AA, turning to architecture after meeting Ninian Comper (q.v.). He set up his own practice in 1931. He was architect to Westminster Abbey (1951–73) and Carlisle cathedral (1947–75) and restored and redecorated many Victorian churches as well as Wren’s St Vedast, City of London (1953–62). New churches included St Chad, Middlesbrough (1953–9), Good Shepherd, Arbury, Cambridge (1957–64), St John, Newbury (1954–7), and he comprehensively restored St Nicholas Great Yarmouth (1953–69). His greatest achievement was the extension and enhancement of St Edmundsbury cathedral in 1943–90, with a central tower raised to a design developed from Dykes Bower’s by Warwick Pethers (1958– ).

Easton & Robertson, Preston, Cusdin & Smith Architectural practice formed by John Murray Easton (1889–1975), who served articles in Aberdeen and studied at Robert Gordon’s Technical College, and Howard Robertson (q.v.) and joined by E. Stanley Hall in 1929. They designed hospitals and university buildings, notably for science and engineering at Cambridge, in the 1950s, when they were joined by Frederick Leslie Preston (1903–1994; trained at the AA) and S. E. T. (Teddy) Cusdin (1908–2005, also from the AA), who designed the first stage of the new Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, in 1958–62. Ralph Maynard Smith (1904–1964) studied at the AA 1921–4 and worked for Elcock and Sutcliffe until Elcock’s death in 1944 left him the sole partner. In 1945 he joined Easton and Robertson, becoming a partner in 1946. The partnership, primarily responsible for the Shell Centre (built 1957–62), was dissolved by Preston and Cusdin in 1965, when Cusdin formed Cusdin, Burden & Howitt, continuing a specialisation in hospital work and completing Addenbrooke’s in 1972.

Marcial Echenique (1943– ) Architect and urbanist, Chilean born, who came to teach at Cambridge (c.1970) and has been its Professor of Land Use and Transport Studies since 1993 and was head of the Department of Architecture in 2004–8.

Arthur Trystan Edwards (1886–1973) Architect and theorist, who studied maths at Oxford before serving articles with Sir Reginald Blomfield. He then studied civic design at Liverpool. In 1919 he joined Sir Raymond Unwin at the Ministry of Health and in 1921 published his first book, The Things which are Seen, a grammar of design. This he followed with Good and Bad Manners in Architecture and, in 1944, Architectural Style. In the post-war years his theories on low-rise high-density housing were most influential.

Wilfred Bythell Edwards (1898–1964) Architect and teacher, was born in Flint and articled to the county engineer. He studied at Liverpool and then became reader in architecture under A. C. Dickie in Manchester. In 1933 he was appointed head of the Durham University School of Architecture, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and became its first professor, retiring in 1960. He also designed buildings for the college, the Ethel Williams hall of residence in Newcastle, and for ICI in Billingham.

Elder, Lester & Partners Architectural practice founded in 1956 by Albert Joseph Elder (1918–1988) and Thomas Anthony Lester (1916–), who trained at Manchester) in Teesside, which rebuilt Billingham and Thornaby town centres and designed the Billingham Forum. The practice continues as Elder Lester McGregor.

John Innes Elliott (1912–1989) Architect, who studied at Liverpool (1930–5) and worked for the Office of Works in Birmingham. He was then assistant regional director (works) in Nottingham before becoming chief architect and surveyor to the Metropolitan Police (1947–74), responsible for housing and stables as well as police stations and magistrates’ courts. His assistant George Brian Townsend (1908– ) qualified in 1940 and followed him from the Office of Works in 1947.

Cyril Elsom (1912–2006) Architect, studied at the Northern Polytechnic, qualifying in 1934, when he began practice after winning a competition for a town hall at Welwyn Garden City. He was a partner in Lyons, Israel & Elsom (1935–40), designing a clinic at Bilston and cinemas for his uncle Sydney Bernstein. He formed his own practice in 1948, specialising in offices, including many for Max Rayne, chain stores, television studios and cinemas for Bernstein, agricultural buildings, factories and cinemas. He designed housing for Lambeth and the GLC, and stores for the Army & Navy in Guildford, Bromley, London and Wolverhampton. He was joined in partnership by William Pack (1925– ) in 1955 and Alan Roberts (1932– ) in 1958, the practice becoming C. H. Elsom, Pack & Roberts in 1971 and Elsom, Pack & Roberts in 1973. The practice was noted for its replica works in historic settings as well as its modern offices.

Joseph Emberton (1889–1956) Architect, educated at the Royal College of Art and worked for Trehearne and Norman in 1913–14, and joined Burnet & Tait in 1918–22 after service in the First World War. He then formed a practice with P. J. Westwood, setting up on his own in 1926. In 1931 he designed the modernist Royal Corinthian Yacht Club at Burnham-on-Crouch, the one English building included in Hitchcock and Johnson’s International Style exhibition of 1932. He also worked at Blackpool Pleasure Beach (1935–9). In the Second World War he was housing officer to the Ministry of Aircraft Production, and afterwards designed housing as Emberton, Franck (q.v.) & Tardrew, particularly for Fins-bury MB in succession to Tecton.

Bernard (né Bernd) Engle (1901–1973) Born in Hamburg, where he worked after training in Munich before coming to England in 1935. He joined the practice of Clyde Young in Lincoln’s Inn and became a partner after 1945. He designed the beer gardens at Vauxhall for the Festival of Britain, offices in Balham and a teacher training college in Bradford that led to a commission for the redevelopment of the city centre. He later designed civic centres at Droylsden and Barrow-in-Furness, and extended that at Staines; he also built shopping centres in Aylesbury, Burnley, Stockport and Wallesey. His last work was Brent Cross Shopping Centre (completed posthumously).

Norman Engleback (1927– ) Architect, who trained at the Northern Poly and worked on schools with ACP before joining the LCC, again working on schools using Hills’s 8′3″. He was headhunted by Leslie Martin to become his personal assistant in 1953, and led the teams who produced the National Recreation Centre, National Film Theatre and South Bank Centre, before working in Thamesmead and Swindon on housing and master planning, retiring in 1979.

Roderick Eustace Enthoven (1900–1985) Architect, who studied at Clifton College and the AA (1919–24) before briefly working for Robert Atkinson and H. S. Goodhart-Rendel and forming his own practice, which he combined with teaching at the AA (1926–8). He designed several private houses and a cottage hospital in the 1920s, in London, Bucks., and Surrey. He was civil camouflage officer at the Air Ministry (1940–4) before being sent to Italy to record war damage and make repairs to its monuments. He was librarian at the RIBA (1946–8), then returned to private practice, joined in 1960 by the Swiss-born Rudolf Mock (1903–77), who had previously worked in New York (where his wife was curator of architecture at MOMA) and later designed houses in Suffolk. Enthoven extended Khartoum University, Goldsmiths’ College, City of London Poly, the Royal Foundation of St Katharine, Poplar, and Queen Elizabeth House in Oxford. The practice was continued by John E. Grey (d.1985) and Simon Enthoven (1934– ).

Clive Entwistle (1916–1976) Architect and theorist, trained at the AA, lived part of his life in Paris and was a friend of Le Corbusier from the 1930s, translating many of his books into English and working on his house for the Ideal Home Exhibition in 1939. His own projects included a winning scheme for rebuilding the Crystal Palace, which like much of his work was never realised. He also worked in industrial and furniture design, and on exhibitions with Misha Black (q.v.) He had moved to the USA by 1964, where he died (in New York). He is commemorated in George Washington Park, Paramus, New Jersey.

Louis Erdi (Lajos Érdi, 1909–1975) Artist and architect, was born in Daruvár, Hungary, and settled in Kent. He specialised in hotels for the entrepreneur Graham Lyon, including the demolished Newingreen Motel and Dover Stage Hotel. He also designed a single-storey steel-framed house in Sydenham Hill (1964) for the writer Peter Evans. Later motels were designed in partnership with Ronald Jeffrey Rabson (1928– ).

Raymond Erith (1904–1973) Architect, who trained at the AA in 1921–6, and worked for Morley Horder and Verner O. Rees (q.v.) before setting up his own practice in 1928, in partnership with Bertram Hume (1929–39). After working in the war as a farmer, he opened a practice in Ipswich in 1946, moving to Dedham in 1958. He designed private houses, the library and quadrangle buildings at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, and reconstructed Nos. 10 and 11 Downing Street — while totally rebuilding No. 12 — in 1959–63. He also remodelled country houses and churches, including St Mary, Paddington, and a public house (1963–4). Quinlan Terry (1937– ) joined as his assistant in 1962 after training at the AA and carried on the practice after 1973 (now Quinlan & Francis Terry Architects).

Ralph Erskine (1914–2005) Architect, studied at Regent Street Poly (1932–7) and worked for Louis de Soissons (1937–9) before in 1939 moving to Sweden. He stayed there through the war, practising in Drotningholm from 1946. Faced with a shortage of work as housing in Sweden adopted prefabricated system building he took commissions in Cambridge and Killingworth, the latter leading to an invitation to redevelop Byker, Newcastle (1968–82). He also designed housing for Bovis in Newmarket (1970–6) and Milton Keynes (1973–7). He produced a remarkable amount of work in later life, with former assistants producing the working drawings; in Britain these included the Ark, Hammersmith (1988–92) and Greenwich Millennium Village (2000–5).

Lord Esher See Lionel Brett.

Eldred Evans (1937– ) Architect, trained at the AA (1956–61), and studied planning at Regent St Poly in 1968–9. While still a student she won a competition for Lincoln Civic Centre, never realised, and nor was a winning design for a National Trust village at Broadclyst, Devon. She formed a partnership with David Shalev (1934– ), building a school at Newport, Monmouthshire (1969–72; demolished), while projects in Dublin and a library at the Royal Military College, Shrivenham, remained unrealised. They built a centre for young handicapped people in Camden (1972), Paddock Wood (1981–3), Truro Law Courts (1984–8) and Tate St Ives (1990–3).

Jerzy Faczynski (1917–1995) Architect and artist born in Jankijewo, Poland, who arrived in Britain c.1940 and served with the Polish air force before studying at the Polish School of Architecture at Liverpool, qualifying in 1946 and then teaching at its school in London (1946–52). He taught at the Hammersmith School of Art in 1952–5 before joining Weightman & Bullen (q.v.) designing churches like St Ambrose, Speke (1959–61) and St Mary, Leyland (1962–4). He published Studies in Polish Architecture (1946).

Harry S. Fairhurst & Partners Extensive regional practice formed in Blackburn in 1895 by Harry Smith Fairhurst (1868–1945) and moved to Manchester in 1901, continued by his son Philip Garland Fairhurst (1900–1987) and grandson Harry Marshall Fairhurst (1925–2011), who studied at Cambridge and the Northern Poly, qualifying in 1949 and becoming a partner in 1950, turning in the 1970s to conservation work.

Peter Falconer (1916–2003) Architect son of the Arts and Crafts architect Thomas Falconer. He studied at the RWA and supervised the construction of army camps in the war. After designing a church at Box, Gloucestershire, he discovered American industrial architecture on a visit to Miami and introduced many of its construction methods, mainly to buildings for brewers and distillers, as Peter Falconer & Partners and later as a partner in Ellery Anderson Roiser & Falconer in Cheltenham. In 1989 he remodelled Highgrove for the Prince of Wales.

Farmer & Dark Practice founded by F. Quentery Farmer (1883–1955) and Bernard Frankland Dark (1903–1972) in 1934, the two having previously worked together for North, Robin and Wilsdon, already architects to the Edmundson Electricity Corporation. Dark was born in Kent and trained at the RA school, joining Farmer in 1931 and the firm became multi-disciplinary by the early 1950s, also joined by the architect William Antony (Bill) Henderson (1914–1998) from Herts (c.1950) and with a separate office in Poole run by Edward Michael C. Butcher (1927–2002). Butcher concentrated on office buildings while Farmer & Dark had a strong interest in power stations, and industrial complexes for the Bowater Paper Corporation in Kent, where Dark converted a barn at Wadshurst in 1959 and developed an interest in fine arts and landscaping. The firm also worked in the Middle East, notably in Kuwait.

(Sir) Terry Farrell (1938– ) Architect and planner, who studied at Newcastle and in 1961 worked for LCC, and later for Camden. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania (1962–5) before setting up in private practice in 1965 with (Sir) Nicholas Grimshaw (q.v.) until 1980. Working closely together at first, the two increasing pursued different roles, with Farrell taking a greater interest in contextual planning and traditional design. He formed an independent practice in 1980, remodelling the Comyn Ching Triangle, building a glass house for Clifton Nurseries and adapting a warehouse in Camden for TV AM, which marked Britain’s transition to post-modernism in 1981–3.

Peter Fauset (1943– ) Architect and teacher, born in Warrington, who worked on The Brow, Runcorn, in 1965 while studying at Leeds University and returned in 1967. He worked in Lambeth for a housing association for a year but followed David Gosling (q.v.) to Irvine and later to Sheffield University when the latter secured a professorship there. He later taught at Northumbria, returning to Sheffield in 2002.

Hans Feibusch (1898–1998) Mural painter, born in Frankfurt to Jewish parents and trained in art after initially studying medicine. Feibusch left Germany in 1933 and his work was included in the 1937 Degenerate Art Exhibition, but by then he had met Edward Mills (q.v.) for whom he designed his first religious mural, at Colliers Wood, London. This introduced him to George Bell, Bishop of Chichester, for whom he worked at St Wilfrid, Brighton, and St Elisabeth, Eastbourne, as well as in Chichester. Many of his murals were in conjunction with T. F. Ford (q.v.) but he also worked at Dudley and Newport town halls. He bequeathed his studio to Pallant House Gallery, Chichester.

(Sir) Bernard Melchior Feilden (1919–2008) Architect, who worked in the office of Oswald Milne while studying at the Bartlett, then trained at the AA (1946–9). Assistant in the office of J. Douglas Matthews (q.v.) in 1949–50 and E. Boardman & Son in 1950–4 before forming a practice with compensation from losing an eye in a shooting accident. He was joined in 1957 by David Mawson (1924–2013). As well as conservation work, notably of Norwich cathedral (1963–77) and York Minster (1965–77), Feilden built Trinity Presbyterian Church, Norwich in 1954, various houses in the Close there, while Mawson was architect to the University of East Anglia 1969–77. Knighted in 1985.

Clare Ferraby See Nicholas Thompson.

Edward Ashton Ferriby (1903–1973) Architect and planner, trained and taught at Liverpool (1928–36) after pupillage with F. Runton Walker of Hull. In 1950 he was appointed chief architect to Glenrothes Development Corporation but resigned the same year to take an equivalent job at Bracknell.

Alywn Gwilym Sheppard Fidler (1909–1990) Architect and planner, studied architecture and civic design at Liverpool (1927–33). He worked briefly in Philadelphia and with G. Grey Wornum and H. J. Rowse (q.v). In 1937–8 he was chief architect to the Land Settlement Association; 1938–47, at the Ministry of Home Security; 1947–52, chief architect to Crawley Development Corporation, producing the detailed housing layouts of curving vistas closed by flats. In 1952–66 he was the first Birmingham city architect before setting up in private practice, where he designed Ewell Library (1967).

George Finch (1930–2013) Architect, who studied at the Northern Poly and the AA, the contemporary of Neave Brown and Patrick Hodgkinson (qq.v.), sharing a common interest in housing. He graduated in 1955 and joined the LCC, working on Spring Walk in Stepney and the Suffolk Estate in Haggerston. He was headhunted by Ted Hollamby (q.v.) in 1964 to join LB Lambeth, where he designed Lambeth Towers (1965), Cotton Gardens (1966–8) and the Brixton Recreation Centre, designed in 1971–3, completed in 1983, before setting up in partnership with Roderick Ham (q.v.) designing theatres, and in 1981 to work with Bob Giles’s Architects’ Workshop on schemes for Docklands. He became a consultant with Hampshire CC and practised with his life partner, Kate Macintosh (q.v.).

Peter Foggo (1930–1993) Architect, trained at Liverpool. He graduated in 1957 and worked in private practice, mainly on schools, before joining Arup Associates, where he became a partner in 1969. He is best known for master planning university and industrial developments, and particularly office buildings, in which he specialised in the 1980s, but in the 1960s he designed a series of small houses with steel or timber frames, mainly with David Thomas, whom he met at Liverpool and with whom he worked for Arup Associates while practising together from 1959. Foggo set up his own multi-disciplinary practice in 1989 — completing the Finsbury Avenue and Broadgate developments — which was renamed Foggo Associates after his death.

Thomas Francis Ford (1891–1971) Church architect, trained at the AA and RA and worked with W. A. Forsyth (1872–1951) before starting his own practice in 1926, initially concentrating on commercial work. Ford practiced in SE London (he lived at Eltham) and became Southwark Diocesan architect. He rebuilt many London churches and built new ones elsewhere in southern England (e.g., Paulsgrove, Portsmouth), often including murals from Hans Feibusch (q.v.).

Alan John Forrest (c.1934– ) Architect, raised in Edinburgh and studied at Edinburgh College of Art before joining the LCC. He later left for the USA, becoming chair of the Department of Architecture in the School of Environmental Design at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, in 1989.

John Henry Forshaw (1895–1973) Architect and town planner, trained at Liverpool (1919–24) in architecture and then planning, his studies interrupted by war service. In 1924–6 he worked for Liverpool Corporation. 1926–39, he was chief architect to the Miners’ Welfare Committee, designing pithead baths and recreation buildings, before joining the LCC as deputy architect, becoming architect there in 1941. He prepared the Lancaster and Morecambe Regional Planning Scheme in 1925–6 and the County of London Plan in 1942–3, the latter with Patrick Abercrombie. After resigning from the LCC over the loss of housing from his brief he became chief architect and housing consultant to the Ministry of Health/MHLG (1945–59).

Francis John Forty (1900–1990) Engineer to the City of London from 1938 to 1964.

Norman R. Foster (1935– ) Architect, educated at the University of Manchester (1956–61) and at Yale (1961–2). Formed Team 4 in 1964 with Richard Rogers, Georgie Wolton (qq.v.) and Wendy A. Cheesman (1937–1989), who became his wife (m. 1964), and with whom and Michael Hopkins (q.v.) he formed Foster Associates in 1967. His early works tended to be low-cost, lightweight offices and factories, especially for new electronic and computer industries, and for Fred Olsen cruises; from these came the flagship commission for Willis Faber in 1972 that made his reputation — aided by Wendy’s determination to go to the heart of a problem. An international career followed, heralded by his Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank headquarters of 1979–86. Knighted in 1990 and a Life Peer in 1999.

Sidney Colwyn Foulkes (1884–1971) Son of a builder, who developed much of Colwyn Bay. He studied at Liverpool before pursuing a career around Colwyn Bay. After the Second World War he developed housing in Llanrwst, Beaumaris (Anglesey) and Rhos-on-Sea, and was landscape consultant to the Central Electricity Generating Board in Snowdonia, for Manchester Corporation Water Authority in the Lake District, and at Milford Haven.

Kenneth Frampton (1930– ) Studied at the AA in 1950–6 and, following military service and a year in Israel, joined Douglas Stephen & Partners (q.v.) in 1960–6. He designed Corringham (1960–2) and wrote for Architectural Design before moving to the USA in 1966 to teach at Princeton and from 1972 at Columbia, returning briefly in 1974–7 to teach at the RCA.

Carl Ludwig Philipp Franck (1904–1985) Architect, came from Berlin in 1937 and joined Tecton. After war work with Frank Gollins and Ove Arup (qq.v.), he worked again for Tecton in Finsbury in 1945–8 and for Warnett Kennedy before in 1953 he joined Joseph Emberton (q.v.) to return to Finsbury, heading the practice Emberton, Franck & Tardrew with Hugh Martin Tardrew (1917–1992) from the AA in 1956–71. His later work included Finsbury Library (1964–7) as well as several housing estates, including Brunswick Close (1956–8) and Mulberry Court (1959–62).

Gerald de Courcy Fraser (1873–1952) Architect, was articled to Walter William Thomas of Liverpool and began in practice in 1905. He was architect to Lewis Ltd and designed stores throughout Britain, including that at Liverpool in 1951–7, as well as Liverpool’s Littlewoods Building (1938). In 1949 he formed a partnership with Michael G. Fraser (1899–1962) and Keith Warren Gearey (1910–1982), who continued the practice as Fraser, Sons & Gearey.

Freeman Fox & Partners Civil engineers, the firm founded by Sir Charles Fox in 1860, joined in 1901 by (Sir) Ralph Freeman, which became Freeman Fox and Partners in 1938, joined by Sir Ralph’s son, also (Sir) Ralph Freeman (1911–1998). They worked on the Festival of Britain, Forth and Severn road bridges (with Mott, Hay & Anderson q.v.), M2 and M5 motorways and the Humber Bridge (1981).

(Edwin) Maxwell Fry (1899–1987) Architect and planner, came to prominence as a pioneer of the Modern Movement in the 1930s, working with Walter Gropius and with the housing consultant Elizabeth Denby (q.v). He married Jane Drew (q.v.) in 1942 and formed an architectural partnership with her in 1946. He worked extensively in West Africa (particularly Nigeria) and at Liverpool University, e.g., the Chemical Engineering Building. His major British buildings post-war were Pilkington’s headquarters in St Helen’s, Civil Engineering at Liverpool University (1958–9) and the Mid-Glamorgan Crematorium of 1969, although he concentrated increasingly on planning issues.

John G. Fryman (1927–2009) Architect; former chief assistant to YRM (q.v.), who went into private practice 1961 with a job for Radyne’s factory passed by them. In 1965, he co-founded the Architect’s Design Partnership with Victor Hutchings (1925–2008) in Henley, their work centred on Oxford. Fryman designed private houses and additions to Oxford colleges, particularly Jesus and St Catherine’s, offices for the Oxford University Press from 1964 onwards, research laboratories at Wokingham and for the institute of Hydrology at Wallingford, and private houses.

Stephen Gardiner (1924–2007) Architect and writer, served in the Royal Navy before studying at the AA, qualifying in 1948. He designed a school for children with learning difficulties for the LCC in Hampstead. He formed a partnership with Christopher Shirley Knight (1925–2013), who had graduated from the AA in 1949 and worked for Skidmore Owings and Merrill in the USA and with Jane Drew (q.v.) at the Festival of Britain. Their chief collaboration was at Stratton Park, 1964, for Sir John Baring. Gardiner also produced a house at Highgate and housing at Great Linford, Milton Keynes, but turned increasingly to writing articles, books and obituaries for The Times. In 1970 he formed a practice with Joan Scotson, who became his fourth wife, and worked in Chelsea, mainly in conservation.

(Leslie) James Gardner (1907–1995) Designer, best known for his exhibition work. He left school to become an apprentice jewellery designer to Cartier in Bond Street in 1925, from which he graduated via Westminster School of Art into advertising and during the war he directed the Camouflage Training School at Farnham. He progressed to become Britain’s premier exhibition designer, beginning with Britain Can Make It at the V&A in 1946, followed in 1948–51 by the Festival of Britain, where he had almost total charge of Battersea Park Fun Fair. He designed the British Pavilions at Brussels (1958) and Expo 67, Montreal.

Robert Gardner-Medwin (1907–1995) Architect, planner and professor, studied at Liverpool and in 1933–5 in the USA, working at Taliesin, before settling in Scotland. He was government chief architect for the British West Indies in 1944–7 and chief architect and planning officer to the Department of Health for Scotland, succeeding Robert Matthew. In 1952 he returned to Liverpool, where he designed buildings at the university while working as the Roscoe Chair of Architecture, and he founded the display centre for crafts at the Bluecoat School in 1959. Following his retirement in 1973 he became a consultant to the United Nations.

(Gordon) Barry Gasson (1935– ) American-born architect, studied at Birmingham, Columbia (New York) and Cambridge, and formed a partnership with John Meunier (q.v.) in 1970, with whom and Brit Andre-sen (1946–; born in Norway, practises in Australia) he won the competition for the Burrell Collection, Glasgow, in 1971. The gallery opened in 1983, by which time Gasson had set up an independent practice in Glasgow.

George, Trew & Dunn Practice established by William Norman Bruce George (1915– ), John Kenneth Ormonde Trew (1919–1996) and Robin Martin Kenneth Dunn (c.1924– ), who all trained at Liverpool. The practice had offices in London and Sheffield. It specialised in commercial work but also designed the Guards’ Chapel on Birdcage Walk (1962–3). It was taken over by the American firm Swanke Hayden Connell Architects in 2002.

(Sir) Frederick Gibberd (1908–1984) Architect, planner and landscape architect, grew up in Coventry and trained at Birmingham School of Architecture and in the office of Crouch, Butter & Savage, Birmingham (1925–9). He set up in practice in 1930, sharing an office with F. R. S. Yorke (q.v.) with whom he published The Modern Flat in 1937. He was principal of the AA (1942–4). Having established a reputation for housing in the 1930s, Gibberd took on two major projects in the 1940s that were the basis of his career, Harlow and Heathrow Airport, when he was Britain’s most highly regarded architect. He was consultant architect-planner to Harlow Development Corporation (1946–72), and opened a separate office in the town that under John Graham (who joined in 1956, having trained in Manchester) worked on projects such as Bath Technical College as well as Harlow work. Gibberd also bought a weekend cottage at Marsh Lane, Harlow, which became his permanent home in the 1970s. He worked extensively around Nuneaton and Leamington Spa (in his home county) and in Redcar, and secured major competition wins for Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral and the London Mosque. He also built large numbers of offices — in London ranging in scale from the National Docks Labour Board to Coutts Bank — and shopping centres. With his landscape and planning work in addition — including power stations, reservoirs and motorway projects, few offices were as large and successful in the postwar years, and it was as a planner and landscape architect that he ultimately excelled. He intended that his garden at Marsh Lane should be open to the public after his death, finally realised through the Gibberd Garden Trust in 1995, and also bequeathed his collection of English watercolours to Harlow. Knighted in 1967.

Patricia ‘Pat’ Gibberd (née Spielman) (1926–2006) Local politician and sculpture expert, born in Bristol and worked for the Ministry of Information before marrying the naturalist Gerald Fox-Edwards in 1946. They settled in the Harlow area in 1948, where she became a local Labour councillor and a founder member of the Harlow Art Trust. On her divorce in 1963 she moved to Blackheath, but through her work for the RIBA on its sculpture terrace she maintained contact with Frederick Gibberd (q.v.) whom she married in 1972 and with whom she developed their garden at Marsh Lane, Harlow. As well as the long-serving head of the Arts Trust, she was the first chairman of the Harlow Health Centres Trust and the begetter of the Harlow Civic Society, earning herself in later years the epithet ‘Lady Harlow’.

Alexander Gibson (1906–1977) Studied at the AA and worked for Gropius and Fry and for Norman and Dawbarn in the 1930s. He joined the Design Research Unit (q.v.) in 1948 and designed the Regatta Restaurant at the Festival of Britain. A variety of work followed, including interiors for Gilbey’s and the Wembley Conference Centre (1971, his last work), and small houses, pubs, offices and housing.

Donald Gibson (1908–1991) Architect, trained at Manchester and subsequently taught at Liverpool before working for the Building Research Station and serving as deputy architect to the Isle of Ely. He became Coventry City Architect in 1938 (started January 1939), and planned its post-war rebuilding. He was a leading member from the late 1940s of the ‘Chain Gang’, a lobby group who campaigned for greater recognition from the RIBA for architects in public service. He left Coventry in 1955 because councillors rejected his proposals to restructure his department and upgrade his staff. He moved to Notts, where until 1958 he supervised the development of the CLASP system and the consortium that promoted it. He furthered light, dry fabrication at the War Department from 1958, and thence in 1964 became director of research at the Ministry of Public Buildings and Works and its controller-general (1967–9).

Bob Giles (1938– ) Architect, raised in London and qualified at the Northern Poly in 1960. He worked for the LCC/GLC until he founded the Architects Workshop in 1980. He designed Bromley Hall School and Hammersmith & West London College for the GLC and the Marinara Tower, Kuala Lumpur.

Gillespie, Kidd & Coia Giacomo ‘Jack’ Antonio Coia (1898–1981) was born in Wolverhampton and raised in Glasgow. He joined the practice Salmon & Son & Gillespie in 1915, and returned in 1927 following travel in Europe and work in London. He inherited the practice in 1928 on the death of William A. Kidd (1879–1928) and sustained it through the 1930s by building churches, studying town planning during the war. Coia worked on the rebuilding of Clydebank and designed St Laurence, Greenock (1950–4), St Michael, Dumbarton (1952), and St Charles, Kelvinside (1959–60), before Metzstein & MacMillan (q.v.) took over most of the design work.

Gillinson Barnett & Partners Leeds-based practice founded by Basil Zaleg Gillinson (1925–2001), who studied at Leeds School of Architecture (1941–51), with wartime interruptions, and specialised in shop design in the 1950s. He was joined by Clifford Henry Barnett (1927– ) in 1960, designing housing for Leeds City Council (1966). Under Barnett and Peter Sargent, who trained at Sheffield, it produced leisure buildings for Mecca, Rank and Trust House Forte and created a Leisure Development Unit in 1967 inspired by visits to the USA.

Gerard Thomas Goalen (1918–1999) Architect, who studied at Liverpool School of architecture and worked briefly for F. X. Velarde (q.v.). After wartime service he joined Harlow Development Corporation, principally to work in its industrial areas. However his particular interest in church building was recognised, and in 1954 he designed our Lady of Fatima, begun in 1958. By that time he had joined Sir Frederick Gibberd’s practice, but both submitted an entry to the competition for Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, and when Gibberd’s won, in 1960 he formed his own practice with the Church of the Good Shepherd, Woodthorpe, Notts. (1961–4). This church further demonstrates his interest in stained glass. It was followed by the Church of St Gregory the Great, Ruislip (1965–7), St Gabriel, Holloway (1967–8), Holy Trinity, Leytonstone (1973–4) and the Catholic Chaplaincy in Cambridge (1976) assisted by his son Martin Goalen (1946– ), architect and historian.

Michael George Godwin (1923–2001) Architect, studied at Cambridge and formed Godwin & Cooper, a Worcestershire practice responsible for the Edinburgh Sports Dome (q.v. Dante Bini) at Malvern Girl’s College in 1977.

Ernö Goldfinger (1902–1987) Architect, a Hungarian refugee, who studied in Paris at the Beaux Arts and with Auguste Perret. He married an English heiress, Ursula Blackwell, and in 1934 they made their home in London. Before 1940 he designed shops, nurseries and children’s toys, and four houses which survive, one his own now run by the National Trust. He was more prolific after 1945, building offices, schools and private houses. But it was only from the late 1950s, with offices for the developers Imry’s, an LCC secondary school and two housing schemes that included Balfron and Trellick towers, that he realised his mature style of heavy but exquisitely detailed concrete. Many architects gained practical experience of strong design and careful concrete specification in his offices, and he was legendary for bullying the young assistants he hired and fired regularly.

Gollins, Melvin & Ward (from c.1952 Gollins, Melvin, Ward & Partners, later GMW) Frank Gollins (1910–1999; trained at Birmingham) and James Melvin (1912–2012) founded the practice in 1946 after working for small commercial firms before the war. In 1949 they were joined by Edmund Ward (1912–1998), who had studied with Melvin at the AA in 1931–5. Their first commission was to design flats for Lambeth MB; subsequently the firm specialised in schools and technical colleges, but came to prominence with their development of Sheffield University (1953 onwards) and a series of London office buildings in the manner of Gordon Bunshaft. They retired in 1974 but the practice continues.

Leslie Gooday (1922–2013) Architect and exhibition designer, qualified in 1951, his career interrupted by war service. He specialised in houses, influenced by Frank Lloyd Wright, but also designed swimming pools in Richmond and Teddington, near his home in East Sheen. Much of his business was in exhibition design, beginning at the Festival of Britain under Hugh Casson (q.v.) and including Expo 70 at Osaka as well as many commercial clients. He moved to Weybridge in c.1968. OBE in 1970.

Robert Goodden (1909–2002) Studied at the AA in 1926–31, but a competition to design a golf trophy led him to turn to industrial design, and to glass and wallpapers. He was appointed professor of silversmithing and jewellery at the RCA (1948–74), where students included David Mellor and Robert Welch. He worked with R. D. Russell (q.v.) on the Britain Can Make It exhibition and most notably the Lion and Unicorn Pavilion of the Festival of Britain, with Hugh Casson (q.v.) on SS Canberra and the Time and Life Building, and designed candlesticks for Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral. He also designed his own house in Higham, Suffolk.

Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel (1887–1959) Architect, studied music at Cambridge before serving articles with Sir Charles Richardson. He set up in practice in 1910, never entirely losing the Arts and Crafts idiom of that era, particularly in the church work on which he concentrated after 1945 and which combined decorative brickwork with innovative concrete roof construction. He was also responsible for the first phase of the rebuilt Guards Chapel, having served in the Grenadiers in 1914–18 and having trained recruits in the Second World War. Though he inherited large estates in Surrey and southern France, he combined practice with lecturing and writing, and with membership of many RIBA committees. The practice was continued by Francis George Broadbent (1899–1983) who joined him as a partner in 1947, and later formed Broadbent, Hastings, Reid & New, completing Prinknash Abbey Gloucs.

Howard Goodman (1928–1999) Chief architect to the Department of Health (1971–8) and Director of Health Building there (1978–86). Articled at sixteen, in 1948 he joined the Bristol Regional Health Board, and worked on hospitals with Watkins Gray (from 1956), Howard & Fairbairn (1956) and Powell & Moya (1958; qq.v), before joining the new Ministry of Health Design Unit in 1960, initially as assistant to William Tatton Brown (q.v.). His experimental designs, for outpatients at Walton Hospital, Liverpool, and Greenwich Hospital, aimed to rationalise hospital building. He was also active in replacing mental hospitals with smaller units and day-care centres, as in Worcester and Sheffield. He was a partner in MPA Health Planners in 1988–99.

Rodney Gordon (1933–2008) Architect, born in Wanstead to a Polish-Russian father and Chilean mother, went to University College, London, to study medicine at sixteen, then trained at Hammersmith School of Building and AA before joining the LCC in 1957. He developed a transformer station as the Faraday Memorial at Elephant & Castle, where he met Owen Luder (q.v.) in 1959. He ghosted a design for the shopping centre there, then joined Luder in partnership in 1960–7, producing the detailed designs. Eros House, Catford (1962), Tricorn Centre, Portsmouth (1967) and Treaty Centre, Gateshead (1968) were their principal collaborations. In the 1970s he worked with Abbott Howard before founding Batir International Architects with Ray Baum (1942– ) and Laurie Abbott (1941– ), later becoming Tripos Architects.

David Gosling (1934–2002) Architect and planner, born and trained in Manchester before undertaking post-grad studies under Kevin Lynch at MIT and Christopher Tunnard at Yale in 1958–9. He worked for Leach, Rhodes and Walker in Manchester, so had commercial experience before joining Runcorn Development Corporation as deputy architect and planner (1965–7) and Irvine as chief architect (1968–73). In 1973 he became professor and head of the school of architecture at Sheffield University, and collaborated with Gordon Cullen on an unbuilt project at Maryculter.

James Gowan (1923–2015 ) Architect, born in Glasgow, where he received a Beaux Arts education at the School of Art before spending the war as an RAF radar mechanic. He completed his studies at Kingston School of Architecture under Philip Powell, and he worked for Powell & Moya on Skylon before joining Stevenage Development Corporation, and from 1953 for Lyons, Israel & Ellis, where he designed a house in the Isle of Wight and met James Stirling (qq.v.). They worked together on flats at Ham Common from 1956, and formed an uneasy partnership that lasted until 1963, best known for the Engineering Building at Leicester. After the split, Gowan continued to teach extensively at the AA and worked mainly on housing, for the LCC/GLC in Greenwich, at East Hanningfield in Essex, at St David’s for Edward Parkes (his client at Leicester) and particularly for Chaim Schreiber, producing a calm architecture mainly of brick that reveals his early interest in Dutch modernism. From 1990 he worked extensively on hospitals in Italy.

(John) Roderick Warlow Gradidge (1929–2000) Architect, who as an AA student reacted against both the rigours of modernism and the decoration of the Festival of Britain. Instead he designed petrol stations in East Anglia before joining Benskins breweries in Watford, designing pub interiors with a Victorian spirit. In independent practice he created country-house libraries and restored Northampton town hall. He was a leading member of the Victorian and Thirties societies, campaigning for Lutyens and traditional styles in early twentieth-century architecture, on which he wrote several books.

Remo & Mary Granelli Practice formed by Remo Granelli (1929– ) and his wife, Mary Elizabeth (née Graham) (1928–1970). Remo trained at Birmingham, and Mary at Southend before working for Birmingham City Architect’s Department, where they met. They won a competition for housing in Halesowen in 1960 and formed a practice. It was followed by St Benedict’s Primary School, Birmingham, with Mary working from home; Our Lady and St Kenham, Halesowen, in 1967, and St Anthony Kingshurst, Birmingham, of 1965–6. They then formed a partnership with Brian Rush (c.1939–2014). Remo’s church work later led him towards conservation projects.

Alexander Stuart Gray (1905–1998) Architect, trained at the Royal Academy who joined W. H. Watkins in 1932. They formed a partnership when in 1939 he won a completion for the redesign of St George’s Hospital at Hyde Park Corner. Abandoned with the war, Gray eventually built a new St George’s at Tooting in the 1970s. He also rebuilt the Royal Free Hospital, designed extensions to Guy’s Hospital and worked extensively in the West Indies and Nigeria. He wrote extensively on Edwardian architecture in his retirement.

David Gray See Lyons, Israel & Ellis.

Milner Gray (1899–1997) Graphic artist and exhibition designer, trained at Goldsmiths’ College, London and taught there, at the RCA, Central School and the Sir John Cass School of Arts and Crafts. Frank Pick of London Transport invited him to join the Ministry of Information exhibition team, and thence he worked on the Festival of Britain. In the 1950s he was responsible for design work — mainly packaging and signage — for Unilever, ICI, British Railways, and Watneys pubs, along with interiors for the SS Oriana.

Curtis Green, Son & Lloyd William Curtis Green (1875–1960) had a varied career in commercial buildings before 1939. In 1927 he took into partnership his son Christopher Green (1900–1976) and son-in-law (William) Antony Sampson Lloyd (1900–1973). Christopher Green had studied archaeology at Oxford and architecture at the AA. They built churches, such as St George, Waddon, and All Saints, Shirley, both near Croydon; offices, notably for the Lessor Scheme including Fortress House, and fifteen branches for Barclay’s Bank. Lloyd restored St Clement Danes, London, in 1958. A mixed programme of banks and public buildings was continued by Jeremy Sampson ‘Sam’ Lloyd (1930–2009).

Walter Edward Greaves (1924–2004) Architect, one of Peter Moro’s students from Regent Street who worked for him on the Royal Festival Hall. Work with Moro (q.v.) on the latter’s Harbour Meadow and a new house in Chichester led to marriage with the client’s daughter, Annabel Tawse, and to his own practice based in Blackheath, with private houses, housing association work and commercial building for Leslie Bilsby. He later moved to Sussex, building private houses, including his own, Severels, near Chichester, completed in 1981.

Terence Gregory (1919–2000) Architect, trained at Birmingham and Wolverhampton. He was chief assistant architect to Wolverhampton (1949–54); deputy city architect and estates manager at Gloucester (1954–9); deputy city architect to Coventry, 1960, succeeding Ling on his recommendation in 1964–73. He was an organiser and manager in contrast to his predecessors Gibson and Ling (qq.v.).

David Gregory Jones (1925–1994) Architect, who studied at the AA before becoming a housing architect with the LCC. He briefly lived at Red House, Bexley in 1959–63, bought by his colleagues Dick Toms and Edward Hollamby (q.v.). Gregory Jones exemplified the LCC’s most humanist approach to architecture, a Communist Party member and authority on early LCC housing, whose entry for the Golden Lane competition was of masonry with pitched roofs and Scandinavian detailing. This he repeated at his Highbury New Park development for the LCC, though he also worked in a modern idiom on larger blocks at Brandon, Pepys and Tidey St estates.

Nicholas Grimshaw (1939– ) Architect, studied at Edinburgh College of Art (1959–62) and then the AA, graduating in 1965. He formed a practice with Terry Farrell (q.v.) that year, and established his own firm in 1980. Projects include No. 125 Park Road with Farrell, before the partners pursued independent commissions, Grimshaw specialising in flexible High-Tech factory, warehousing and office units. Later works have included Waterloo International Terminal (1993) and the Eden Project (2001).

Grunt Group A group of architects noted for minimalism who later wedded this to elements of postmodernism. The core four were Jeremy Dixon, Edward Jones (qq.v.), Christopher Cross and Michael Gold (all b. 1939), who, having studied together at the AA in 1957–62, formed an informal group in the mid-1960s while working together for Frederick MacManus, where they were joined by Adrian Sansom (q.v.). The rigorous, minimal style of their early years meant that they were known as neo-purists by Walter Segal and ‘the cool school’ by David Wild, but they were definitively dubbed ‘the Grunt Group’ by Peter Cook, ‘a grunt of seriousness and asceticism’ that may have had origins in their student way of working. Permutations of the group have practiced in various partnerships and styles since the mid-1970s.

Patric Guest (1928– ) Architect, trained at Edinburgh and worked as an assistant for Gollins, Melvin, Ward and Partners (q.v.), when he designed a house for the cutlery designer David Mellor. In 1963 he formed a partnership with Elie Mayorcas (1908–1995), a specialist in schools (many for Middlesex and Kent CC) and industrial buildings. Guest designed a house for another silversmith, Robert Welch, and a house near Stratford-upon-Avon. Other work included Epsom Hospital (1971) as well as more schools.

Gunton and Gunton Architectural practice formed by Josiah Gunton (1861–1930) and continued by his son William Henry Gunton (1881–1974) trained at King’s College, London, and with whom he was in partnership from 1916. Josiah Gunton had specialised in non-conformist churches but the successor practice was a largely commercial one, with W. H. Gunton joined by Thomas Anderson Moodie (1874–1948), mainly in London. The practice was continued into the 1960s by Andrew Hughes (1893–1982) and others, with buildings outside London including Exchange Buildings, Liverpool (1962) and St James’s House, Manchester (1964).

(Sir William) Tyrone Guthrie (1900–1971) Director and theatre designer, who studied history at Oxford but turned to acting and then theatre direction. He was director at the Old Vic from 1933 and also its administrator from 1938, resigning in 1948 when he felt overshadowed by the success of his actors. That year he staged Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis for the Edinburgh Festival in the Assembly Hall, building a narrow thrust stage with the audience on three sides. This gave him a vehicle for his domineering style of direction, and for bringing the audience closer to the actors, repeated at the Stratford Ontario Festival in 1952, Chichester Festival Theatre (1962) and in Minneapolis (1963). Knighted in 1961.

(Alban) Patrick Gwynne (1913–2003) Architect, who discovered the Modern Movement while a Harrow schoolboy and trained as an articled pupil (1930–2) with John Coleridge. He became an assistant to Wells Coates (1935–7), where his colleagues included Denys Lasdun (qq.v.). In 1937–8 he designed his parents a house, The Homewood, where Coates advised on suppliers but which was all his own work. After his parents’ early deaths it became his home and office. In private practice since 1946, a much-admired second-placed entry to the Festival of Britain’s competition for a restaurant led to work at Battersea Park and a career in restaurant design that paralleled his practice in private houses. Of the restaurants only The Dell, Hyde Park, survives, together with the foyer block of the Theatre Royal, York (1967), and it is as a private house architect that he is usually remembered. He bequeathed The Homewood to the National Trust and it is now open to the public.

Kalman Hajnal-Kónyi (1898–1973) Engineer, was born in Hungary and trained in Budapest and Zurich. He settled in Darmstadt but in 1936 he moved to London. There he worked as a consultant for Twisteel Reinforcement Ltd (from 1955 GKN Reinforcements) and on his own account, specialising in shell structures. He worked extensively with Sam Scorer (q.v.) who dubbed him ‘Honjie Konjie’.

Sir William Halcrow (1883–1958) Civil engineer, who took over a firm established by Thomas Meik in 1868. He designed deep air-raid shelters in London in the war, hydro-electric schemes in Scotland and the Clarewen (1952) and Clywedog (1967) reservoirs in Wales. His firm engineered railway tunnels at Woodhead and Potters Bar, and the Victoria Line. Knighted in 1944, when the practice became Sir William Halcrow & Partners.

Hall, O’Donahue & Wilson Multi-disciplinary Liverpool practice formed by George Arthur Hall (1922– ), James O’Donahue (1925– ) and Colin Renshaw Wilson (1924– ). O’Donahue studied engineering at Edinburgh while the others trained as architects in Liverpool. Works included Earlestown police station, Lancs. (1968), a fire brigade training station in Liverpool (1967), city centre offices and extensions to Liverpool Playhouse (1968; job architect Ken Martin).

Roderick Ham (1925– ) Architect, who demonstrated a passion for theatre as an AA student, when in 1952 he developed the college’s traditional revue into a full-scale public production in Battersea Park. His first jobs were shops for Macfisheries, exhibitions stands, a pool, school, and alterations to the Royal Court Theatre. The Thorndike Theatre, Leather-head (1967–9), confirmed his reputation as a theatre specialist, and led to commissions for the Derby Playhouse (completed 1975) and Wolsey Theatre, Ipswich (1979), with George Finch (q.v.). Unbuilt schemes included theatres at High Wycombe and most ambitiously at Bedford. He has written extensively on theatre planning, in particular on his dislike of overly mechanical and flexible stages.

Ian Bogle Monteith Hamilton (1891–1971) Architect and housing specialist, drawn to social housing when a student at Magdalen College, Oxford, despite his own semi-aristocratic background. Practising from 1920 to 1960 and specialising in social housing, he is best known for his work in the 1920s and 1930s for the St Pancras House Improvement Society, in a stripped neo-Georgian style repeated in his council work for Bethnal Green and St Pancras MBs after the war. This he combined with work for small country houses.

(Arthur) Donald Hamilton (1879–1955) Architect, who, from East End roots, worked extensively in housing for Bethnal Green and Wandsworth MBs, and in commercial work with, e.g., the developers Ravenseft. From c.1948 his practice operated as Donald Hamilton, Wakeford & Partners, with Kenneth Wakeford (1912–1968).

Paul Hamilton (1924–2004) Born Paul Albert Herschan in Vienna, he arrived in 1939 on the Kindertransport, his new name inspired by a Glasgow bus when he enlisted in 1942 and had to change it. He studied in 1947–52 at the AA, joined the LCC and thence British Railways; in partnership from 1964 with John Rupert Bicknell (1929–1997) who also studied at the AA and worked with Hamilton at BR Eastern and London Midland Regions. In partnership together they designed the Birmingham New St signal box (1966) and Paddington Maintenance Depot (1968). They also worked extensively on military housing, while Bicknell taught at Regent’s St Poly. After the practice folded, Bicknell worked privately, notably designing the Helen House Hospice for children and a chapel in Oxford.

Victor Hamnett (1908–1993) Studied estate management in London and architecture and town planning at Manchester. He was executive architect for Harlow Development Corporation (1948–73), before becoming a DOE planning inspector and studying law.

Thomas Hancock (1932–2006) Architect in private practice, in partnership with Geoffrey Copcutt (q.v.) in 1952–6. University work included additions to Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1963–6, and he designed buildings in Reading and at Carmel College, Wallingford, the Jewish boarding school. Hancock produced a plan for Oxford and the master plan for Peterborough’s expansion in 1967–71 (with John Hawkes (1933–2006), Michael Hopkins and Robert McKie (1934– ) as a series of townships, and planned the redevelopment of Shenley Hospital in the Metropolitan Green Belt. A Buddhist, he wrote on ecological issues and designed the Peace Pagoda in Milton Keynes, completed in 1980.

Cecil Charles Handisyde (1908–2000) Architect, worked from 1937 to c.1940 in partnership with R. Furneaux Jordan (q.v.) and George Fairweather (1906–1985), with whom he taught at the AA. After the war he worked at the Building Research Station near Watford studying building materials, on which he published New Ways of Building, with the photographer Eric de Maré and others (1948); Building Materials, Science and Practice (1953); Everyday Details (1976). He designed Trinity Congregational Church (1951), a convalescent home at Penn, Bucks (1939; unbuilt), Old Palace Primary School (1952), a factory in Huntingdon (1963) and research labs for the London Brick Co.

Alexander Hardy (1922–1991) Cambridge Professor, pioneer in the study of microclimates, green issues and the implications of the conservation of resources upon town planning. He was co-architect of the Cambridge School of Architecture extension (1959).

Dennis Rosslyn (Ross) Harper (1915–2001) Architect, studied at Birmingham School of Art and in 1937 joined his father Leonard Ewen Harper (1887–1954) in practice. His friend Robert Harvey (q.v.) also joined the firm, which in 1951 merged with that of F. W. B. Yorke, with Harper running the Birmingham office and specialising in commercial work, while building his own house in Solihull. He was additionally appointed chief architect to Corby New Town in 1951.

Harris & Sutherland Engineering firm created by (Sir) Alan Harris (1916–2000; knighted 1980), educated at the Northampton Engineering College (City University) who, after war service working on Mulberry harbours, worked for Freyssinet in Paris and became managing director of its English licensee, Prestressed Concrete. He opened his own consultancy in 1955 and began to specialise in building construction, aided by his brother John Harris (1922–1998) and from 1957 by (Robert) James Mackay Sutherland (1923–2013). They developed Laingspan pre-stressed concrete beams, used in school buildings, and Sutherland devised the roof of the Commonwealth Institute (1958–62). As well as many schools, Sutherland also engineered Essex University, with its towers of load-bearing brick, and Bath University. He founded the Institute of Structural Engineers’ History Study Group.

Emmanuel Vincent Harris (1876–1971) Architect, born in Devon-port, who worked for the LCC before setting up practice in 1908; the neo-Baroque and Georgian municipal styles of the late Edwardian period formed the basis of his successful career. He early won competitions for monumental public buildings: Glamorgan County Hall, Cardiff, in 1908; and offices in Whitehall, London, built only in the 1950s. His civic buildings graced many major English cities in the inter-war period, and included Bristol Council House (1935–56) and Kensington Library (1960). He also built extensively for Exeter University (1930–54) and, from 1943, for Durham University. RIBA Gold Medal in 1951, but later his work was disparaged by modernists, notably by Anti-Ugly Action.

John Seymour Harris (c.1923–2005) Architect, formed a partnership in Birmingham in 1947 as Harris & Gard, which in 1954 became J. Seymour Harris & Partners and on his retirement in 1962 the J. Seymour Harris Partnership. It produced a great range of offices and shopping centres, with some work abroad. After 1962 Harris built himself a circular house at Beaulieu with a pool and yacht landing, before moving to the Bahamas. The practice’s best-known building is Huddersfield Market by Gwyn Roberts (1936–2004) who trained at the Birmingham School of Art, where he met the artist Fritz Steller (b. 1941).

Austen St Barbe Harrison (1891–1976) Architect, British born, who worked mainly abroad. He studied architecture at McGill University, Montreal (1909–13) and the Bartlett. He joined the Department of Reconstruction in Eastern Macedonia, and in 1923–37 was chief architect to British Palestine, designing the Rockefeller Museum in collaboration with the artist Eric Gill. He resigned in 1937 in protest over Britain’s support for Jewish settlers and moved to Cyprus. He designed Nuffield College, remodelling the scheme with Robert Pearce Steel Hubbard (1910–1965) in a Cotswold style after his initial Mediterranean style proposals were rejected, and the University of Ghana in 1958. He also reported on the restoration of Valetta in 1945. Harris spent his last years in Athens.

Donald Dex Harrison (1909–1987) Architect, trained at Leeds, and in the 1930s he formed a partnership with Ernest Seel, but during and after the war he also worked for the Ministry of Works, notably on the Festival of Britain at Battersea. He published A Survey of Prefabrication (1948). The practice continued from the 1960s as Dex Harrison & Partners.

Robert Harvey (1919– ) Architect, born in Coventry and studied architecture at the Birmingham School of Art, where he discovered the work of Frank Lloyd Wright in the late 1930s, then relatively little known in Britain. He joined the office of Leonard Harper, father of his friend Ross Harper (q.v.), which in 1951 merged with that of F. W. B. Yorke, with Harvey taking on its Stratford office. Thenceforth he specialised in private houses, many around Ilmington where he built his own home in 1955–7, with offices for the National Farmers Union Insurance Company, Flower’s Brewery, and the Midland Bank. He also worked for King Edward VI School in Stratford.

Hubert de Cronin Hastings (1902–1986) Proprietor of the Architectural Press in succession to his father, and editor of the Architectural Review. He studied architecture at the Bartlett and art at the Slade and was innovatory in graphic design and page layouts, with unusual typefaces and bleeds. Hastings also brought in new writers, encouraging modern architecture in the 1930s and articles on historical themes, notably the picturesque, while his interest in Victoriana saw fruition in the Architectural Press’s own bar. In the 1940s and 1950s he encouraged articles on planning and townscape, notably by Gordon Cullen and Ian Nairn. Hastings’s own articles were written under a pseudonym, usually Ivor de Wolfe, in which name he published The Italian Townscape (1963) and a theoretical study, Civilia: the End of Sub-Urban Man (1971). In 1969–70 a series of issues, MANPLAN, combined criticism of post-war society and its architecture with photojournalism whose dark imagery was enhanced by heavy matt-black ink. A commercial flop, they have since been admired for their marriage of architectural and artistic photography, and their layouts. He retired from AR in 1973, writing one more book, The Alternative Society (1980).

William Stanley Hattrell (1900–1977) Architect, born in Coventry and articled to his architect father, Walter Herbert Hattrell. He succeeded to the practice, Hattrell & Wortley, in 1925, changing its name to W. S. Hattrell & Partners on the retirement of P. S. Wortley in 1942. He specialised in hotels, restaurants and bars, but the practice diversified under his son Michael Walter Hattrell (1934–2015). The latter was articled to his father but also studied at Cambridge and spent a year (1959–60) with YRM before becoming principal and turning his father’s practice into a multi-disciplinary one. As well as schools and offices, the practice designed Crewe Civic Centre (1967) and theatres (see Norman Branson q.v.), with Hattrell personally designing St Andrew’s, Cippenham (1972). The practice is based in Coventry and Manchester, the latter now Hattrell DS Architects.

Birkin Haward (1912–2002) Ipswich-based architect, trained under H. Munro Cautley and studied at the Bartlett School (1932–4) before working for Erich Mendelsohn. Haward was secretary to the Association of Architects, Surveyors and Technical Assistants (a trade union) in the late 1930s, so he was at the heart of British architectural life, yet after war service he joined Martin Slater’s office in Ipswich rather than uproot his family. This became the practice Johns, Slater and Haward in 1948. Haward had won a second premium in the News Chronicle schools competition in 1937, and went on to specialise in schools, mainly around Ipswich, but also in the North Riding, Hertfordshire and elsewhere. In Ipswich he also built many offices, a chapel and his own house (1960).

George Stanley Hay (1903–1995) Architect to the Co-operative Wholesale Society, based in Manchester after growing up and starting his career in London. His was the most prolific of the CWS’s three offices, overseeing the building of the CIS offices in Manchester as well as shops, warehousing, dairies and facilities for many of the equitable societies.

Francis O. Hayes (1909–1991) Architect, born in Bristol and studied at the RWA. After working as deputy borough architect at Swansea, he became director of housing in Camberwell, which was amalgamated in 1965 with Bermondsey and Southwark. Hayes took charge of the perhaps the largest housing programme in the country in the late 1960s, with developments such as the North Peckham, Aylesbury and Heygate estates.

Sheila Haywood (1911–1995) Landscape architect, studied at the AA (1929–34) where she was introduced to landscape by Geoffrey Jellicoe, with whom she worked in 1939–49. She set up her own practice in 1949, working at Bracknell new town and Churchill College, Cambridge, while specialising in the restoration of gravel pits.

(Francis William) Lister Heathcote (1901–1991) A mechanical engineer from the car industry (Crossly Motors and Ford) who had studied at Manchester University, he developed light steel-framed structures for Brockhouse Engineering, working with Donald Gibson (q.v.) in Coventry. His system was refined as CLASP with spring bracing, originally to enable Notts. schools to ‘ride’ the extraction of coal from beneath them. The bracing system was later used to support Norwich cathedral spire in high winds.

Rolf Hellberg (1908–1981) Architect, moved to Coventry as a child and studied at Birmingham. He started his own practice after winning a competition for a Coventry school in 1938. After the war he worked extensively in Coventry on commercial buildings such as the department store Owen Owen.

Brian Henderson See Yorke, Rosenberg & Mardall.

Robert Hening See Anthony Chitty.

Herbert, Son & Sawday Architectural practice based in Leicester founded by Albert Herbert (1875–64), who also worked extensively in Coventry. Herbert trained at Leicester School of Art and under James Tait of Leicester, succeeding to his practice by 1914 after working for Lanchester and Richards. The firm designed the Herbert Art Gallery, Coventry (1962, extended by Pringle Richards Sharratt, 2008) and the Lady Herbert almshouses and gardens (1937), for his industrialist cousin Sir Alfred Herbert. It also designed RC cathedral at Northampton (1963) as well as many church restorations and additions including Mount St Bernard’s Abbey, Leics. Albert Herbert was additionally a noted local antiquarian.

Roger Fleetwood Hesketh (1902–1987; born Roger Bibby-Hesketh) Country landowner and antiquarian who studied at Christ Church, Oxford, and was admitted to Inner Temple in 1928. MP for Southport (1952–9). His brother Peter Fleetwood Hesketh (1905–1985) studied architecture at the Bartlett and served as architectural correspondent to the Telegraph, and Roger shared his interests, remodelling the ancestral Meols Hall in the 1960s.

Terence Ernest Berkeley Heysham (1897–1967) Architect, qualified in 1921 and was chief assistant and successor to Edwin Cooper’s practice, having worked on many of his buildings, including the Port of London Authority Building, Lloyds, St Marylebone town hall, library and crematorium. After Sir Edwin’s death he rebuilt London’s Corn Hill Exchange. He designed the second Lloyd’s Building in 1952–7, later named after him (demolished 2004–5).

Francis Kenneth Hicklin (1915–1995) Moved from Herts CC to become Cornwall county architect (1956–63), attracting bright young architects to design a series of libraries and schools, including Sir James Smith’s School, Camelford (1962), and the new county hall, completed in 1966 under his successor Alan Joseph Groves (1915– ), formerly at Sheffield. Hicklin’s assistants included Royston Summers (q.v.) and Mike Way (1930–2005). Hicklin was forced to resign having followed a more open purchasing policy to that preferred by his councillors, and he settled for the rest of his life in Derby, becoming a partner in T. H. Thorpe and Partners.

Howard Hicks (1914–1989) Engineer, born in Pontypridd and gave up a career as a civil engineer with Glamorgan CC to pioneer the design and build concept. In 1957 Hicks founded the International Designers and Constructors Group, which combined the skills of architects and engineers with builders to provide an integrated construction service. This was later expanded to provide plant and equipment.

Philip Arthur Hicks (1925– ) Architect turned landscape architect, trained at the AA and Newcastle, practising landscape architecture from 1956. He created the water gardens, landscaping over parking, for luxury flats of that name in Edgware Road, the landscaped courtyard for Sandersons in 1960 and landscaped setting for Birds Eye, Walton (1962). In 1974 he moved to Newfoundland, Canada.

Neil Higson (c.1937– ) Studied landscape architecture at Reading University (1955–8). He was head of landscape planning and design at Runcorn and (from 1977) at Milton Keynes, whence he went into private practice. He designed the Tree Cathedral at Milton Keynes in 1986.

George Noel Hill (1893–1985) Architect, educated at King William’s College, Isle of Man, and Liverpool School of Architecture. In 1912–26 he held posts with three private firms in Liverpool, interrupted by war service (1914–19). In 1926 he became senior assistant in Liverpool City Architect’s Department, and in 1938 went to Leicester as chief architectural assistant to the Surveyor’s Department. He was Manchester city architect (1932–45), designing the police headquarters, the first Ringway Airport and Wythenshawe bus garage, and became Lancashire county architect from 1945 to 1958, designing schools, police stations and libraries.

Oliver Hill (1887–1968) Architect, a family friend of Edwin Lutyens who advised he spend 18 months in a builders’ yard before commencing his training under William Flockhart and at the AA. In the inter-war period he designed in a variety of styles, his work of the late 1930s including a series of modern houses inspired by friendship with Raymond McGrath. He designed the Dorland Hall exhibition in 1933 and British Pavilion at the Paris Exhibition of 1937 thanks to his connections with the Council of Art and Industry. There, too, he met Frank Pick of London Transport, who commissioned work on the Central Line, of which only Newbury Park bus station was realised, in 1947–9. Thereafter he worked mainly on country houses in his native Aberdeenshire and near his home, Daneway, Gloucestershire.

Cecil Edward Hockin (1910–1996) Architect based in Bristol. He was architect to the Imperial Tobacco Company from the 1930s to the 1950s, for whom he designed factories in the late 1940s in Newcastle, Glasgow and Belfast.

Patrick Hodgkinson (1930– ) Architect, who studied at the AA and worked for Alvar Aalto before in 1959 becoming Sir Leslie Martin’s principal assistant. He worked on Harvey Court (1960–2) and St Cross libraries (1960–4) and on the West Kentish Town project. That led Martin and Hodgkinson to produce a medium-rise scheme for the Foundling Estate, which was developed from 1963 as the Brunswick Estate by Hodgkinson alone. He subsequently designed the first phases of the Arts Faculty Centre, Wellington Square, Oxford (1974), before becoming Professor of Architecture and Urbanism at Bath University.

Charles Holden (1875–1960) Architect, born and articled in Bolton, who came to London as assistant to C. R. Ashbee before joining H. Percy Adams in 1899, rising to a partnership in 1907. The practice became Adams, Holden & Pearson. Architect to London Transport (1924–39), and in 1931–7 he built the University of London’s Senate House. Town planning consultant for Canterbury (1943), for the City of London (1946–7) and South Bank (1946–8), with continued post-war work for London Transport.

William Holford (1907–1975) Architect and planner, born in Johannesburg and educated at Cape Town and Liverpool, where he became Lever Professor of Civic Design in 1937. In the war he became chief technical officer to the Ministry of Town and Country Planning, charged with the design of ordnance depots, camps and factories, a development of his pre-war work on industrial estates. In 1946 he was appointed consultant to the City of London with Charles Holden (q.v.), returning to plan Paternoster Square in 1956. Architect to Exeter University from 1953, for Eton College and for Trafalgar Square in 1959. Knighted in 1953 and Life Peer in 1965.

Edward (Ted) Hollamby (1921–1999) Architect, studied architecture at the School of Arts and Crafts, Hammersmith, and town planning at the Bartlett. After war service he worked in 1946–9 for the Miners’ Welfare Commission before joining the LCC. He was borough architect to Lambeth (1963–81), and also its chief planner from 1965, and in 1981–6, chief architect to the London Docklands Development Corporation. With the Toms family he acquired and restored Red House, Bexley, in 1952, which in 2000 passed to the National Trust.

James Holland (1905–1996) Exhibition designer and artist, studied at Rochester School of Art and the RCA, before working as an artist and in advertising. He worked with Misha Black (q.v.) on the Peace Pavilion in Paris (1937), and in 1940 joined him, Milner Gray and James Gardner at the Ministry of Information. They became the core designers of the Festival of Britain, with Holland primarily responsible for the FS Campania. Thereafter he returned to advertising and illustration, and in 1963 was appointed head of the Faculty of Visual Communication at Birmingham Poly.

Anthony Hollaway (1928–2000) Artist, raised in Dorset and trained at Bournemouth College of Art and in stained glass at the RCA in 1954–7, then was appointed consultant artist to the LCC Architect’s Department, with Bill Mitchell (q.v.). In 1963 he was introduced to the Manchester architect Harry Fairhurst (q.v.) for whom he worked in Cheshire and Liverpool, and designed five stained-glass windows in Manchester cathedral. He also made a sculptural wall at Manchester’s UMIST campus (1968). He taught at London’s Central School and became head of the 3D design department at Nottingham’s Trent Polytechnic. He later made glass for Leicester De Montfort University.

(Albert) Clifford Holliday (1897–1960) Architect and planner who studied at Liverpool and was civic adviser to the city of Jerusalem from 1922 and town planning adviser to the Palestine government from 1926. He also worked in private practice in Jerusalem from 1927 into the 1930s, before working as a consultant in Gibraltar and Ceylon (1939–46). From 1947 to 1951 he was chief architect and planner to Stevenage new town, but in 1952 he became professor of town and country planning at Manchester University.

Arthur H. Hope (1922–2010) Architect, studied architecture at Cambridge and worked for the military police in India before completing his training at Manchester and with the family firm, Bradshaw Gass & Hope, in Bolton, later joined by his brother John. Arthur Hope rose to be senior partner before retiring in 1982 and moving to Devon. His works included housing in Westhoughton and Adlington; Burnley Police Station and Law Courts (1950–5) and Salford Police Station (1953–7), in which he continued the traditional stance of the practice. This remained firmly neoclassical until the mid-1960s, when his Danish food centre in Manchester was one of the first buildings in the office to embrace modernism.

Michael Hopkins (1935– ) Trained at the AA and worked for Frederick Gibberd before forming a partnership with Norman and Wendy Foster in 1967, working on IBM Cosham and offices for Willis Faber Dumas. He formed a partnership with his wife, Patricia (Patty; b. 1942, née Wainwright, m. 1962), in 1976, beginning with a house for themselves in Hampstead.

Richard Horden (1944– ) Architect, trained at the AA (1963–9) and designed a house for his parents based on works by Craig Ellwood seen on a vacation study tour of California (1968) and realised in 1973–4. It secured him a job at Foster Associates in 1974–84, working on the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, the Sainsbury Centre and the BBC’s broadcasting centre in London. He left when in 1984 he won a competition for Land Securities’ large office block in Trafalgar Square, unrealised, but which led to Stag Place, and his later work combined high-tech offices (in partnership with Michael Wigginton, an expert on glass in architecture) with theoretical projects, houses and recreation buildings that explored yacht technology. He later taught at Munich Technical University, specialising in light microstructures.

Patrick Horsbrugh (1920–2014) Architect, born in Belfast to Scottish parents and trained at the AA following war service. He worked with Sergei Kadleigh (q.v.) on High Paddington and New Barbican schemes in 1952–3. A scholarship to Rome persuaded him to study landscape architecture at Harvard, where he stayed to teach, beginning a long career in the United States, based at Notre Dame University from 1968 onwards.

Geoffrey Farnell Horsfall (1915–1986) Architect, trained at Liverpool and in 1939–40 worked at Derbyshire CC and in 1946–7 at Surrey CC, specialising in schools. He joined the LCC in 1948, designing schools in the Hills 3′4″ system before becoming head of General Division from 1958. Architect for additions to Woolverstone Hall (LCC boarding school; 1958) and the London School of Printing (1974).

Brian Housden (1928–2014) Architect, the son of a Harrow schoolmaster who studied at the Northern Polytechnic (1950–3) and AA (1953–7). Housden may never have qualified, but continued to co-edit the AA Journal into the 1960s. In 1957 he and his wife, Margaret (m.1953), bought a site in South Hill Park from John Killick for their own house, its design revised in 1962–3 after visits to Berlin, the Netherlands and Paris and begun in October 1963. He entered competitions, built residential extensions and a house for a friend in Greece, and worked briefly for Max Fordham in the 1970s.

Howell, Killick, Partridge & Amis Practice founded by William Gough ‘Bill’ Howell (1922–1974) and John Alexander Wentzel Killick (1924–1971) in 1958 and formally joined by John Albert Partridge (1924– ) in 1959 and Stanley Frederick Amis (1924– ) in 1961. Three had met at the AA in 1948 while Partridge had studied at Regent Street Polytechnic on an LCC training programme. They first worked together on the LCC’s Roehampton Lane estate (Alton West). Howell was the natural leader of the group, feisty and with a zest for life. He left the LCC in 1956 to practice privately and to teach at Regent St, while Killick taught at the AA before being diagnosed with disseminated sclerosis; ‘he was gentle and he was tough’, wrote Hugh Morris of a dynamic personality cut down in his prime. They formed HKP in 1959, Amis joining after working for Easton and Robertson, Preston, Cusdin and Smith (q.v.) on the Shell Centre. Howell took most of the Cambridge jobs and the thoughtful Partridge the Oxford ones, with Amis leading on, e.g., Acton Burghley School and much of the Ministry of Defence work. Howell was fascinated by Victoriana, encouraged by his friend Barbara Jones (q.v.), and he converted a nineteenth-century chapel at Savernake into a weekend house. He became professor of architecture at Cambridge in 1973, just as he was developing a specialism in theatre design following the success of his Young Vic Theatre, but in 1974 he was killed in a car crash. He was survived by his widow, Gillian (née Sarson; 1927–2000), who similarly had trained at the AA and worked at the LCC. She later formed her own practice with Jean Elrington and also taught at Cambridge. Partridge and Amis continued HKPA into the 1990s, with law courts in Trinidad as well as public and further education buildings in Britain.

Leonard Cecil Howitt (1896–1964) Architect, born in Islington, who began his career in the Manchester city architect’s office before studying at Liverpool (1920–5). He then joined Herbert J. Rowse (q.v.), becoming his management assistant and working on the Mersey Tunnel before being appointed deputy to Lancelot Keay, Liverpool director of housing. He returned to Manchester in 1937 as deputy to G. Noel Hill (q.v.), whom he succeeded as city architect in 1946. He was responsible for rebuilding the Free Trade Hall, the Courts of Justice, Manchester Airport, Hollings College and Wythenshawe baths, displaying an interest in innovative concrete construction that set his buildings above the average. After his retirement in 1961 he entered partnership with Leonard J. Tucker.

(Thomas) Cecil Howitt (1889–1968) Architect, raised and based in Nottingham and was articled in 1904 to Albert Nelson Bromley, running his London office and attending the AA (1907–11). After war service, in 1919, he joined Nottingham Corporation as its housing architect, designing the Council House, which gave him the kudos to open his own practice in 1929, specialising in civic centres around England and offices, pubs and industrial buildings in Nottingham. After 1945, assisted by Charles Henry Hyde (q.v.) and Frederick Woolley, he designed buildings for Staythorpe power station, Nottingham University and the College of Technology, now Trent University.

Hughes & Bicknell Architectural practice formed in combination with teaching at Cambridge by Henry Castree (Hugh) Hughes (1894–1976) and Peter Bicknell (1907–1995), both of whom had previously studied at Cambridge. Hughes had earlier designed more arts and crafts style houses in Brooklands Avenue and Buckingham Road, but together they were the first architects to design modern buildings in Cambridge, including Fen Court at Peterhouse and the Mond Laboratory.

Humphrys & Hurst Derrick Raymond Humphrys (1914–1958) and Ronald Walker Hurst (1914–1998) formed a practice in 1937, having both worked for N. F. Cachemaille-Day (q.v.). Their churches included St Paul’s, Stratford; St Barnabas, Hadleigh; St Barnabas, Vange, Basildon; and St Paul’s, Harlow, completed after Humphrys’s death. Hurst later designed the LAMDA theatre in Earl’s Court.

Charles Henry Hyde (1915–1991) Architect, trained at Birmingham, and in 1939 joined T. Cecil Howitt (q.v.), though he almost immediately left for the Navy. In 1945 he returned to work on Newport Civic Centre, and later designed the Newton and Goldsmith Buildings at Trent Polytechnic, and Oldham Civic Centre.

Keith Ingham (1932–1995) Architect, studied at UCL, and in 1954 he worked for Tom Mellor in Lytham St Annes. He joined George Grenfell Baines (q.v.) in 1956, designing private houses, many to his winning design for the Ideal Home House competition in 1962, and Preston bus garage (1968–9). Passed over for promotion, he formed his own practice in Lytham in 1978, work including the restoration of Joseph Emberton’s Blackpool Pleasure Beach.

Basil Ionides (1884–1950) Architect, author and dilettante, began practice in 1908 and designed private houses and Art Deco interiors, notably at the Savoy Hotel and Theatre (1929) and Claridges. He and his wife, the Hon. Nellie Samuel, bought Buxted Park in 1931, and Ionides restored it in 1947 after a fire.

Alan Irvine See James Cubitt.

Jackson & Greenen Architectural practice based in Hampshire led by Alec Walter Jackson (1920–2006) and P. A. Down in succession to Gordon Wallet Jackson (1885–1965) and Wallace A. Greenen (1888–1938). Alec Jackson trained at Liverpool and worked for Minoprio & Spencely on the master plan for Crawley before becoming a partner in 1953. Down studied at Cambridge. The practice built offices and industrial buildings along the south coast either side of the war, later becoming Jackson, Greenen & Down.

Charles Edward Jacob (1918–1980) Architect, who began his architectural training at West Suffolk CC in 1934, moving to Surrey in 1936 and then Southgate BC. After wartime service, in February 1947, he was appointed housing architect for Hampstead MB and, beaten to the Camden job by Sydney Cook (q.v.), became borough architect for Haringey in 1965–9, working mainly on housing.

Charles Holloway James (1893–1953) Architect specialising in private houses and housing, and in large public buildings with Stephen Rowland Pierce (1896–1966). He worked as an assistant to Edwin Lutyens and to Parker & Unwin before the First World War, during which he lost a leg. He formed a partnership with Charles Murray Henell in 1919, working at Letchworth, Hampstead Garden Suburb and Lincoln. With Pierce he designed Norwich City Hall (1932–8) and Hertford County Hall (1939), and made additions to All Souls, Oxford. Wells House at Hampstead (1947–50) was his principal post-war work.

John Richings ‘Jimmy’ James (1912–1980) Town planner, born in Co. Durham. He studied geography at King’s College, London 1932–5, before turning to planning. He worked for MHLG from 1949, becoming chief planner in 1961–7. In 1970 he became the first professor of town planning at Sheffield University.

Bryan Jefferson (1928–2014) Architect, born and raised in Sheffield, where he trained at the university. He then worked for Sam Morrison in Derby, for whom he opened a Sheffield office in 1958 that in 1960 became Jefferson Sheard & Partners, with Gerry Sheard. Early projects included housing in Huddersfield and offices in Sheffield, where the Roxy and the electricity substation in Moore Street built in 1965–7 became his best-known building. There were later offices in London and Peterborough. He became president of the RIBA, was an advisor on post-war listing to the Department of the Environment, Department of National Heritage and Department of Culture, Media and Sport, and was a founder of the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment.

Geoffrey Alan Jellicoe (1900–1996) Architect and landscape architect, studied at the AA (1919–23) and was its principal in 1939–42. While he had a reputation as a leading housing designer in the 1940s, led by work on estates for munitions workers, and he ran a general practice in 1954–73, it was as a landscape architect that he excelled and is remembered today. His book Italian Gardens of the Renaissance (1925), following a Damascene study tour of Italy in 1923, led to a variety of pre-war commissions, notably at Ditchley Park, Oxon., from 1935. He was a founder in 1929 of the Institute of Landscape Architects, later the Landscape Institute, and its president in 1939–49. Master planner for Hemel Hempstead in 1947–8, he returned there to design the Water Gardens in 1957–9. His Walsall Memorial Gardens (1948–52) included housing, completed in 1954, and he created a roof garden at Harvey’s, Guildford, in 1956–7. His later gardens became more symbolic and exploring of subconscious ideas, beginning with the Kennedy Memorial in Runnymede (1964) and fully realised at Sutton Place (1980–4). His architectural work was realised with his partners Alan Robert Ballantyne (1920– ) and Francis Stephen Coleridge (1920–1992), who also studied at the AA.

Rudolph Jelinek-Karl (1910–1988) Architect, in practice in Paris and Algeria from 1931 to 1936, when he came to England. He worked in London for Harry Weston on cinemas and related flats in Rose Hill, and for Wells Coates (q.v.) at Palace Gate before setting up independent practice in 1938. His post-war work includes flats, houses and showrooms before, in c.1960–7, he specialised in multi-storey car parks for Multidek and at least one related hotel in Bournemouth.

David Caldicott H. Jenkin (1912–1987) Architect, who trained at the Bartlett and in 1947–9 taught at Regent St. In 1935–9 he was with the Office of Works and LMS, then he ran his own practice before joining Buckinghamshire as deputy county architect by 1953; in 1956 he became head of General Division, LCC. He became city architect for Hull in 1958, and from 1964 the first city architect at Nottingham.

Ronald Jenkins (1907–1975) Engineer, studied engineering (1928–31) at City and Guilds School, London, and was working for Oscar Faber when he met Ove Arup (q.v.), who invited him to join him, initially working for J. L. Kier & Co. He specialised in shells — publishing in 1947 The Theory of Design of Cylindrical Shell Structures — and indeterminate structures. He engineered the Bank of England printing works at Loughton, Smithfield Market, Brynmawr rubber factory and the first structural scheme for the Sydney Opera House. He co-curated the ICA exhibition A Parallel of Life and Art, having worked with the Smithsons on Hunstanton School.

Johns, Slater & Haward See Birkin Haward.

Francis Johnson (1911–1995) Traditional architect, trained at Leeds, who practised from Bridlington for his entire career. His earlier work, particularly his churches, show influences of Danish design, inspired by a visit in 1934; however, from the 1960s he gained increasing recognition as a designer and adaptor of country houses, in which he perhaps saw himself as the spiritual successor of John Carr of York. He became a celebrated figure in the 1980s classical revival.

Henry Arthur Johnson (1910–1998) Architect, who studied at the Bartlett. He worked for Adshead and Ramsey before joining his father T. A. Johnson in a practice that built houses and hotels in the Doncaster area. He carried on the practice after his father died suddenly in 1937 while working on the central Co-Operative store, and was a family friend of William Crabtree (q.v.), with whom he shared ideas on department stores. Johnson and Crabtree designed housing for Bilston and Southampton in the late 1940s.

William Johnson (1911–1984) He studied at Birmingham before becoming chief architect of Courtaulds.

Percy Johnson-Marshall (1915–1993) The younger brother of Stirrat (q.v.) and primarily a town planner, he studied at Liverpool and worked for Middlesex and Willesden MB (1936–8), Coventry City Council (1938–41), the Greater London Region of the MTCP in 1948–9 (after war service with the Royal Engineers), and the LCC (1949–59), before joining the University of Edinburgh Department of Architecture in 1959 and setting up his own planning practice in 1962 as consultant to the university. His extensive archive is now with the University of Edinburgh, and his book Rebuilding Cities (1966) is strongly autobiographical.

(Sir) Stirrat Andrew William Johnson-Marshall (1912–1981) Architect and administrator, he trained at Liverpool (1930–5), and worked for Willesden MB and Isle of Ely CC, one of the first bright students to choose public service. He escaped the fall of Singapore to work in camouflage, which introduced him to prefabricated techniques he put to serve as deputy architect to Herts. CC in 1945–8. His success in producing humane, child-centred environments and demonstration that prefabrication could be effective led him to be headhunted as chief architect to the Ministry of Education, whence he attracted leading members of the Herts. team. But in 1956 he was persuaded to join Robert Matthew in partnership. The firm prospered though the two partners had little in common, with Johnson-Marshall concentrating on public buildings from the London office and pursuing prefabrication in the universities of York and Bath. Knighted in 1971.

Barbara Mildred Jones (1912–1978) Artist, writer and exhibition organiser, who studied at Croydon School of Art and the RA. She produced many murals, e.g., for P&O liners, the Britain Can Make It exhibition and the Festival of Britain, for which she also curated Black Eyes and Lemonade, an exhibition of folk art. She was influential in encouraging a revival of interest in Victoriana, and wrote on follies, grottoes and funerary monuments.

Edward Jones (1939– ) Architect, trained at the AA, who worked for Douglas Stephen in 1963–4 and Colquhoun & Miller in 1964–5 before joining F. MacManus & Partners (1966–70; see Grunt Group) and Milton Keynes Development Corporation (1971–3). He worked in Canada in 1982–4 and was honorary professor at Cardiff University 2002–10. His practice with Jeremy Dixon (q.v.) was formalised in 1991.

(John) Robert Furneaux Jordan (1905–1978) Architect, educationalist and writer, he trained at the Birmingham School of Art and the AA. He lectured at the AA (1934–63) and was principal there in 1949–51. His practice briefly flourished with housing in Wandsworth (1947) and a secondary modern school at Raynham, Essex (1947–50), but he suffered a breakdown in 1951, blamed on overwork and the death of his brother. He became architectural correspondent to the Observer, and wrote several popular books on architecture. This he combined with writing crime novels (mostly following his retirement in 1966) under the name of Robert Player.

JT Construction Design and build practice founded in Bristol in 1960 by John G. Pontin (1937– ), building surveyor and Tim Organ (1935– ), who met working for the builder John Knox. They used their Christmas bonuses of £100 each to create a new company that offered a more holistic approach to design and construction. Organ left in 1969 to form Artist Constructor (q.v.) while Pontin acquired a 1830s docklands warehouse for his office and the Arnolfini. He continued to develop Bristol docks into the 2000s while restoring Leigh Court, Bristol, and working at Dartington.

Archibald George Jury (1907–2003) Architect, who went through pupillage in Exeter and worked for Middlesbrough, Gravesend and Taunton councils before becoming chief housing architect at the City of Liverpool in 1946–9 (responsible for Speke), and housing architect at Glasgow in 1949–51. He was Glasgow’s first city architect from 1951 to his retirement in 1972.

Sergei George Kadleigh (1915–1998) Architect, trained at the AA. An inspiring lecturer at the RCA, Kadleigh was a visionary for high-rise housing. He published a radical and much debated scheme for High Paddington — high-rise housing over the goods yard at Paddington station — in 1952, followed by a scheme with Patrick Horsbrugh and William Whitfield (qq.v) for the New Barbican in 1953–4. He later settled in Washington, DC.

Ervin Katona (1903–1980) Architect, probably born in Budapest, who moved to Prague in the late 1930s, where he built several houses and apartment buildings, catalogued in a brochure he produced. He came to Britain in 1938, where he developed the Orlit system of housing, comprising a pre-cast concrete frame clad in concrete slabs with metal ties, with concrete for the roofs. 8,524 houses were built in England and Wales using the system.

Katz & Vaughan Architectural practice. Bronek Katz (1912–1960) was an émigré architect who worked for Walter Gropius and Max Fry (c.1936–9), and in the war on exhibition design. In 1948 he formed a partnership with Fry’s chief assistant, Reginald Vaughan (1906–1971), winning a competition for Richards shops that led to work around the country. They designed the Homes and Gardens pavilion for the Festival of Britain and many shoe shops. They had become Britain’s specialists in hotel design before Katz’s death in a skiing accident. The practice was continued after Vaughan’s death, most recently by Paul Gorringe, who joined in 1977.

John Kay (1929–1999) Architect, trained at the AA who joined the Building Research Station at Watford in 1953. In 1956 he joined the Ministry of Education, in 1965 heading the Department of Education and Science’s Higher and Further Education group and rising to become chief architect in the 1980s, while retaining a lifelong Communist Party membership.

Tom Kay (Knopfelmacher) (1935–2007) Architect, teacher and activist, born in Palestine, who studied at Regent’s Street Polytechnic in 1952–7, then worked for Ernö Goldfinger (briefly), the LCC and Austin Smith: Lord. He travelled widely before setting up in private practice in 1964. His small London practice included private houses, housing, offices and conversion work. He produced a mixed development for the Alexandra Estate (1978) and laboratories in 1983–5.

Arthur William Kenyon (1885–1969) Architect, was articled to H. L. Patterson in his native Sheffield before moving to London in 1906 to work for Niven & Wigglesworth, whose practice he succeeded to in 1926. He worked extensively with Louis de Soissons (q.v.) in Welwyn Garden City and in the war was consultant to the Ministry of Works, designing the Portal prefab and exhibition housing at Northolt. He designed two churches, in North Kenton (1939) and Crawley (1955), and the Lansdowne Green Estate for Lambeth MB, completed 1961.

George Kenyon (1908–1976) Architect, born in and trained at Liverpool, who spent his summer vacation in 1928 working for Shreve, Lamb & Harmon in New York. On graduation in 1930 he worked for Liverpool Corporation Housing Department, and in 1932 he assisted Herbert Rowse on the Mersey Tunnel. He joined Leeds Corporation as an architectural assistant in 1934, rising to become city architect of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1947–73).

Joseph Monson Kidall (1915–1989) Architect, designed munitions hostels under W. G. Holford (q.v.) during the war before joining the LCC’s Schools Division.

Laurence King (1907–1981) Church architect based in Brentwood, who trained at the Bartlett and with Mewès & Davis, Easton & Robertson, Oswald Milne (qq.v) and the Office of Works. He is best known for his restoration work on churches and cathedrals, e.g., at West Malling Abbey 1930s–63. New work includes St George, Brentwood (1933–4), St Nicholas, Fleetwood (1960), and St Nicholas Perivale (1963–5).

Arthur Korn (1891–1978) Architect, planner and teacher, born in Breslau and trained in Berlin, who settled in Britain in 1937 and worked for F. R. S. Yorke and Maxwell Fry (qq.v.). He worked on the MARS Plan for London. He taught at Oxford in 1941–5, but it was at the AA in 1945–65 where he had his greatest impact as a teacher of planning and third-year master.

Adam Kossowski (1905–1986) Polish-born artist, studied architecture in Warsaw before transferring to the Cracow Academy of Art. He was interned in a Russian labour camp in 1940–2, where he offered himself to God if he could escape. His wife meanwhile had escaped from Poland to England, and he settled in London in 1943 and joined the Guild of Catholic Artists and Craftsmen. A major commission came in 1950 from Fr Malachy Lynch at Aylesford Priory, mainly for ceramics. Kossowski had already begun working with the Fulham Pottery, and this became his prime medium, seen in many churches in England (including St Mary, Leyland, and St Aidan, East Acton) and the United States, and secular work at North Peckham Civic Centre (1964). In Poland he had begun using sgraffito work, used also at St Benet’s chaplaincy, Queen Mary College, London.

William (né Wilhelm) Kretchmer (1916–1983) Architect, born in Germany and studied in Florence and Milan before coming to England in c.1939. He then studied at the Hammersmith School of Building where he met Ted Hollamby (q.v.) with whom he initially worked at the LCC, staying in Schools Division until c.1960 (Holland Park comprehensive was his major work). He took a teaching post at Cardiff University but returned to London in 1964 as Hollamby’s deputy at Lambeth.

Stefan Kuszell (1919– ) Architect, born in Kiev and raised in Warsaw, who came to Britain to serve with the RAF, before training as an architect specialising in university and sports buildings. He worked on the Liverpool University Sports Centre and Hurva Synagogue project with Denys Lasdun (q.v.)

(William Daniel) Dan Lacey (1923–1985) Architect, born in Swansea, who served articles from 1938. He joined Herts. CC in 1946 and headed its primary group after 1949, refining the prefabricated system and standard plans. He became assistant county architect in Notts. in 1955, and succeeded Gibson (q.v.) as county architect in 1958, responsible for its school at the Milan Triennale. In 1964 he was appointed chief architect of the Department of Education and Science, and administrative head of the Architects and Building Branch, until in 1975 he became head of the Property Services Agency. As Henry Swain (q.v.) wrote, ‘Lacey was not in the business of producing great architecture. What he wanted was buildings which solved the users’ problems.’

Lanchester & Lodge Firm founded as Lanchester, Stewart & Rickards in 1896 by Henry Vaughan Lanchester (1863–1953), architect and town planner, based in London, active in Britain and India (1887–1939). After Rickard’s death in 1920 Lanchester took on Geoffrey Lucas (until 1930) and Thomas A. Lodge (1889–1967) to continue the practice. Lanchester and Lodge’s later public commissions combined grand, Baroque massing with neo-Georgian details, as at Leeds University, where they worked from 1926 to the mid-1960s, Lodge’s work continued by Allan Johnson, who trained at Leeds and remained local. Their work typifies inter-war public building, just the stuff the Modern Movement reacted against.

J. H. Langtry-Langton Practice based in Bradford, best known for its RC church work, founded by John Henry (Jack) Langtry-Langton (1899–1982) in 1936 when he designed the First Martyrs Church in Bradford. It was continued by his son Peter (1933– ), who worked for Basil Spence before joining his father’s practice and designing St Margaret Threshfield (1973). The firm also designed schools and a synagogue (1986), and is continued by Nicholas Henry Langtry-Langton (1963– ).

Jack Lankester (1921–2007) Surveyor to Oxford University, where he advised Alan Bullock on the design of St Catherine’s College and made extensions. He also designed the Mathematics Institute (1966), the reading room at the Radcliffe Science Library (1975) and accomodation at Green College (1979–81).

Denys Lasdun (1914–2001) Architect, trained at the AA, he left without a diploma to work with Wells Coates and Berthold Lubetkin (qq.v). His career was interrupted by distinguished war service, and following Tecton’s dissolution he became a partner in Fry, Drew, Drake & Lasdun in 1951, with he and Lindsay Drake (1909–1980) working mainly in Britain, though also carrying out projects in Ghana. In 1960 he formed Denys Lasdun & Partners with Alexander Redhouse and Peter Softley (qq.v.). Lasdun combined flats and a school with limited commercial work in the 1950s before he secured the first of two great commissions, for the Royal College of Physicians; the National Theatre was the other, with university work in the intervening years at London University and for the University of East Anglia. He later produced some large commercial works, for the European Investment Bank, Luxembourg (1974–80) and IBM (1979–83).

Law & Dunbar-Nasmith See James Dunbar-Nasmith.

Judith Ledeboer (1901–1990) Architect and public servant, born in the Netherlands, who studied at the AA from 1926 to 1931 after first securing an economics degree. She worked for Elisabeth Scott (q.v.) and from 1934 independently. She formed a partnership with David Booth in 1939–62, interrupted by the war, and with John Pinckheard (1911–1977) in 1956–70. Commissions included the Institute of Classical Studies (1953–8) and Waynflete Building (1958–61) for the University of London, Magdalen College, Oxford, and housing for Lewisham and Newham, as well as the old people’s home at Lansbury (1950–2). She designed shops and housing at Bennett’s End, Hemel Hempstead (1950–5). In 1941–6 she worked for the Ministry of Health on housing policy and served on the Dudley and Burt Committees, and in 1961 on the Parker Morris Committee.

Maurice Lee (1915–2002) Architect, who trained at Birmingham School of Art before joining Herts. CC and the Ministry of Education. Stirrat Johnson-Marshall (q.v.) brought him into RMJM in 1956 to work on New Zealand House, but he came increasingly to work as a landscape architect for the practice, notably at the Commonwealth Institute and York University.

(John) Dennis Lennon (1918–1991) Architect and designer, who trained at the Bartlett. After war service he worked for Maxwell Fry before becoming director of the Rayon Industry Design Centre in 1948, and in 1950 he started his own architectural and design practice in London. His work included showrooms for the fashion industry, including interiors for Sekers and shops for Jaeger and Lewis & Burrows. He also produced shopfronts and interiors for London Steak Houses and J. Lyons. He worked on many hotel interiors, including the Cumberland and Strand Palaces, and the Ritz, and on the QE2. He was architect to the Royal Opera House and a set designer at Glyndebourne. But he also produced large-scale schemes for developers, including the Chalcots Estate, Hampstead, with Max Rayne and LB Camden (1965–70), offices in Croydon and a block for the Piccadilly (Monico) scheme. He was joined in partnership in 1963 by Bernard Wiehahn (1926–1998), best known as the architect of Charles de Gaulle’s monument in London.

Jeremy Lever (1931– ) Architect and landscape architect, trained at the Brighton School of Art (1952–7), followed by a landscape course at UCL. He worked for Michael Lyell, Dennis Lennon and Tom Hancock (qq.v.) before joining Darbourne and Darke (q.v.), where he was a partner in 1966–82. He left to practice independently as an architect and landscape architect.

(Herbert) John Whitfield Lewis (1911–2010) Studied at the Welsh School of Architecture and worked for Joseph Emberton (q.v.) and W. E. and Sydney Trent before joining Mendelsohn & Chermayeff in 1935–8. He was an assistant to Norman and Dawbarn in 1938–40 and as their associate in 1945–50 made his reputation with housing in St Pancras Way and Greenwood Road, London, before becoming principal housing architect to the LCC in 1950 and county architect to Middlesex CC in 1959. In 1964 he became chief architect to the MHLG, retiring in 1971 to work for Clifford Culpin and Partners (q.v.).

Arthur George Ling (1913–1995) Architect and planner, who trained at the Bartlett and studied town planning at UCL under Adshead and Abercrombie (qq.v). He joined the LCC in 1936 and returned after working for Maxwell Fry 1937–9 and the City of London Corporation 1939–41. He also visited the Soviet Union in 1939. He combined work as chief planner with senior lectureships at UCL, from 1944. He became city architect and planning officer at Coventry in 1955 and was professor of architecture at Nottingham (1964–9), while planning Warwick University (1964) and Runcorn new town (1965–7). He also produced redevelopment plans for Cheltenham, Newbury and Boston. An indication of his politics was his chairmanship of the Architects and Planners Group of the Society for Co-Operation in Russian and Soviet Studies (1985–91).

Richard Alfred Harwick Livett (1898–1959) Architect, studied at the AA and worked for Paul and Michael Waterhouse before in 1925 he joined T. C. Howitt (q.v.) at Nottingham City Council as chief assistant on the civic centre. In 1930 he was appointed deputy housing director to Manchester, working on Wythenshawe, but it was his multi-storey flats that attracted attention and led to him becoming housing director to Leeds City Council in 1934, where he designed Quarry Hill flats, and in 1946 he became the city architect, developing his own system of prefabricated houses, and laying out the Seacroft Estate.

Richard Llewelyn-Davies (1912–1981) Irish-born architect, who studied engineering at Cambridge and architecture at the Beaux Arts, Paris, and the AA. He joined the LMS Architect’s Division in 1945, when he served on an RIBA Committee for Dimensional Coordination with Mark Hartland Thomas (q.v.), investigating metric systems for building. In 1950 he became architect to the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust Investigation into the Functions and Design of Hospitals, and in 1956 to the Nuffield Foundation. In 1960 he was appointed Professor of the Bartlett School of Architecture and founded Llewelyn Davies and Weeks with John Weeks (q.v.), later Llewelyn-Davies, Weeks, Forestier-Walker and Bor (with Walter Bor q.v.), and in 1969 Llewelyn-Davies Associates of New York. He hyphenated his name (c.1960) and was created Baron Llewelyn-Davies in 1964.

Howard Leslie Vicars Lobb (1909–1992) Studied at Regent St and was Edwin Lutyens’s office boy before setting up his own practice in 1935. He designed houses in the 1930s and many schools in the 1940s. Lobb was brought in as controller of construction to the Festival of Britain to make sure it was built on time – annoying most of the other architects on the site. Buildings included the City and Guilds Institution headquarters in London, Hunterston A and Dungeness B nuclear power stations, office headquarters for the Ross Group in Grimsby, multi-storey car parks in London, motorway service areas at Frankley and Leicester Forest, and race stands at Newcastle, Newmarket, Goodwood and Doncaster; the firm came to specialise in sports buildings after Lobb’s retirement in 1974.

(Cecil) Max Lock (1909–1988) Architect and planner, trained at the AA, where he became an influential teacher in the late 1930s with an interest in Scandinavian architecture and a belief in comprehensive planning much inspired by Patrick Geddes. He prepared plans for Lambeth (with Judith Ledeboer, q.v.) and Ocean Street, Stepney. A conscientious objector, he was head of Hull School of Architecture in 1939–43 and responsible for its civic survey, before producing the comprehensive Middlesbrough Plan. He continued as the Max Lock Group to produce plans for the Hartlepools, Portsmouth and Bedford, where he settled and as Max Lock & Associates designed many housing schemes, later also opening a London office. He also produced planning schemes in Iraq, Jordan, Libya and Nigeria.

Gordon Chalmers Logie (1912–1995) Architect and planner, city architect at Cambridge (active in 1965–70), after serving as a planner with the LCC. He wrote on planning: Industry in Towns (1952) and The Urban Scene (1954).

Sidney Loweth (1893–1977) Architect, articled to W. E. Trent, the cinema specialist, and studied at the RA schools. He joined Kent CC in 1930 and became county architect in 1946, organising an exceptionally large schools programme, much of it by private architects. He retired in 1954 to form a private practice (until 1965), based in Eastbourne.

Berthold Lubetkin (1901–1990) Architect, born in Tbilisi, Georgia, and studied in Moscow, Leningrad, Warsaw and Paris, where he designed No. 25 avenue de Versailles with Jean Ginsburg before settling in London in 1931. He founded Tecton in 1932 with a group of recent AA graduates that included (Russell Thomas) Francis Skinner (1908–1998, who became his dedicated right-hand man), Godfrey Samuel (q.v.), Anthony Chitty (q.v.), Michael Dugdale (1906–1973) and Lindsay Alexander T. W. Drake (1909–1980), later joined by Denys Lasdun (q.v.). Tecton designed many of England’s most important 1930s’ modern buildings, including Highpoints I and II, buildings for London, Whipsnade and Dudley zoos and Finsbury Health Centre. Housing for Finsbury MB was interrupted by the war and subsequent shortages, but continued under Skinner despite Lubetkin’s appointment as architect planner of Peterlee (1948–50). In 1950 he formed a new practice Skinner, Bailey & Lubetkin, with Lubetkin and Skinner joined by Douglas Carr Bailey (1915–1977), Lubetkin’s deputy at Peterlee who had trained at Cambridge (1934–7) and the AA (1946–8). They produced three major housing schemes for Bethnal Green MB. From the late 1950s Lubetkin spent increasing time at the Gloucestershire farm he had acquired in the war and subsequently settled in Bristol, where he was rediscovered and his work re-evaluated from the late 1970s.

Colin Anderson Lucas (1906–1984) Architect, former partner of Amyas Connell and Basil Ward (q.v.) in 1934–9 as Connell, Ward & Lucas, who in 1950 joined the LCC as group leader to a section in the Housing Division responsible for the Ackroydon, Roehampton Lane and Ferrier estates. Distaining higher office, he retired in 1978.

(Harold) Owen Luder (1928– ) Architect, studied at the Brixton School of Building and Regent St Poly while working for a number of City practices. He opened his own office in c.1952, building flats at Hendon Court but specialising in commercial offices and shops, where he made the site assessments and outline proposals, from 1960 worked up in detail by his partner Rodney Gordon (q.v.) and with Dennis Frederick Drawbridge (1929– ), supervising the working drawings. They collaborated at Eros House, Catford; Tricorn Centre, Portsmouth and Treaty Centre, Gateshead. Subsequent office buildings and shopping centres were simpler, but many of these as well as most of the earlier iconic works have been demolished. Luder served twice as President of the RIBA.

Sir Edwin Lutyens (1869–1944) A leading architect of Arts and Crafts and classical buildings, including the master plan and viceroy’s palace at New Delhi. Among his last works were designs for a national theatre in South Kensington and on the South Bank. His practice was continued by his son Robert Lutyens (1901–1971). Knighted in 1918.

Michael Lyell (1924– ) Trained at the AA. He set up in practice in 1956 on the death of Wells Coates (q.v.) whose partner he had become in 1954. Lyell’s was a very different practice, specialising in large commercial developments, beginning in Chester in 1961, and including offices and hotels in the Middle East. Associated Continental Architects ran most of the overseas work, while Michael Lyell Waller & Partners was an associated partnership in Bradford specialising in commercial and central area development, and housing.

Jack Lynn (1926–2013) Architect, who trained at King’s College, Newcastle, where his friends included Gordon Ryder (q.v.), with whom he entered the Golden Lane competition. His college examiner was Donald Gibson (q.v.), for whom he worked in Coventry after a brief time for the health board in Cambridge. In 1953 he and Ivor Smith, a Cambridge friend, joined Lewis Womersley (qq.v.) at Sheffield. When Womersley left Sheffield he persuaded Lynn to join his Manchester practice. Unhappy with the work, Lynn quit after 18 months, preferring to teach in Newcastle, where he formed a practice with Donald Kendrick, who had trained at Manchester, designing mainly social and student housing.

Lyons, Israel & Ellis Architectural practice formed by Edward Lyons (1904–1983) and Lawrence Israel (1909–1990), who met studying at Regent St in c.1930 and worked for Mssrs Joseph before they won a competition for Wolverhampton Civic Halls in 1935 that allowed them to set up independently. They were joined in 1947 by Thomas Bickerstaff Harper Ellis (1911–1988), who studied at the AA and RCA, and taught after the war at Newcastle while working on hospital projects. He became a partner in 1949. The firm was renamed Lyons Israel Ellis Gray in 1970 when David F. Gray (1930–2014) became a partner, having studied at the AA before joining the practice in 1957. Israel was an expert technician and the administrative lynchpin of the firm, but the practice was largely transformed by Ellis, a fan of Le Corbusier, who attracted a stream of young and talented assistant designers, including James Stirling, James Gowan, Alan Colquhoun, Neave Brown (qq.v.) and many more who went on to run their own independent practices. They specialised in schools (designing 25 in all) and higher-education buildings, moving on to health buildings and council offices at Finchley and Middleton, Lancs. Beginning with their school in Falmouth, Cornwall (1954), a response to the local geology, they developed a hefty concrete idiom on a massive scale, and their extensive work all round the country for the public sector was a most significant and often under-recognised contribution to early Brutalism. Gray combined practice with teaching at the AA.

Eric Lyons (1912–1978) Architect, articled in 1930 to Stanley Beard and part-time student at Regent St Poly, qualifying in 1936 and then working for Gropius and Fry (q.v.). At Regent St he met Geoffrey Paulson Townsend (1911–2002), a draughtsman turned architect interested in speculative housing, and they formed a partnership in 1938, resumed after the war. In 1953 he formed Eric Lyons & Partners, while Townsend formed Span (q.v.). Lyons also designed public housing. In 1963 he formed the Eric Lyons Cunningham Partnership with Ivor Cunningham (q.v.) and also worked with H. T. Cadbury-Brown (q.v.), who brought Lyons’s scheme at World’s End to fruition. Lyons was an outspoken President of the RIBA 1975–7, at a time when there was little construction and architects were caught up in the reaction against modernism and new building.

Ian MacCallum (1920–1987) Journalist, assistant to J. M. Richards (q.v.) at the Architectural Review, was promoted to executive editor (1949–59). He wrote extensively on the USA and in 1959 became the first director of the American Museum at Bath.

Richard MacCormac (1938–2014) Architect, trained at Cambridge (where he studied low-rise housing under Leslie Martin) and the Bartlett, worked for LB Merton before founding a partnership with Peter Jamieson and later David Prichard in 1972. This achieved prominence in university architecture for a synthesis of modern and postmodern ideas, beginning with the Sainsbury Building at Worcester College, Oxford (1984), the first of a series of university buildings.

Stephen Macfarlane See Whicheloe and Macfarlane.

Kate Macintosh (1937– ) Architect, studied at Edinburgh School of Art and then worked for two years in Warsaw, Stockholm and Copenhagen before assisting Denys Lasdun on the National Theatre in 1964. She worked for LB Southwark in 1965–8, where she designed Dawson’s Heights, and later for LB Lambeth, where she produced housing for the elderly. She then joined East Sussex CC and Hampshire CC, and from 1995 was in practice with her life partner, George Finch (q.v.).

Anthony Mackay (1937– ) Architect, trained at Liverpool and worked for Lyons, Israel & Ellis, before in 1964–7 he worked in Denmark. He met Norman Whicheloe in 1966 and was invited to join Whicheloe & Macfar-lane (q.v.) to design High Kingsdown the next year.

Iain Mackintosh (1937– ) Theatre historian and stage designer, co-founded the touring Prospect Theatre in 1961 and was its director until in 1973 he joined Richard Pilbrow (q.v.) as a director of Theatre Projects and designed the interiors of the Cottesloe Theatre, Tricycle Theatre, London (1980 and 1989) and the Wilde Theatre, Bracknell (1984).

Michael McLellan (1925– ) Architect, studied at the Northern Polytechnic in 1941–9, interrupted by war service, and worked for Easton and Robertson (q.v.) and the Metropolitan Police before joining Coventry City Architect’s Department. In 1974 he moved to Waverley BC as chief architect, retiring in 1987.

Frederick Edward Bradshaw MacManus See Armstrong & Mac-Manus.

Andy MacMillan See Izi Metzstein.

Donald McMorran (1904–1965) Architect, worked for E. Vincent Harris (1927–35), in partnership with Horace Farquharson from 1935, and with George Whitby from 1958 – though an informal connection began earlier. Most of the design work was his. He shunned publicity, but amassed an extensive oeuvre and good connections. Following his adjudication of the Golden Lane competition, he worked extensively for the Corporation of the City of London, for whom he produced his finest buildings: Wood Street Police Station and additions to the Old Bailey, as well as housing schemes, e.g., in Sydenham Hill and Holloway. He also designed Devon County Hall, offices for West Sussex, buildings in Nottingham for the university and Players cigarettes, and the King’s School, Chester. George Whitby (1916–1973) designed the ambitious Plashet School, East Ham, in 1950–4, and completed the Old Bailey — contributing the planning to McMorran’s elevations.

John Hardcastle Dalton Madin (1924–2012) Architect and planner, worked extensively in Birmingham in the 1960s and defined much of its modern character. The son of a local builder, he trained in Birmingham, and came to prominence in the 1950s with his extensive work on the Calthorpe and Gooch Estates in Edgbaston — including a headquarters office for the Engineering and Allied Employers’ Association in 1957. This was followed by headquarters for the local Chamber of Commerce, a holiday development on the west Wales coast at Bron-y-Mor (1962), and major buildings in Birmingham city centre that included the central library, completed in 1973. In December 1964 he was described as ‘Britain’s busiest architect’. He was the master planner for Dawlish, and later for Telford, and the extension to Corby. In 1967 the partnership was reorganised as the multi-disciplinary John Madin Design Group with thirteen partners and a hundred staff. Madin retired from the practice in 1975 but continued to work independently abroad and in Wales.

Robert Maguire (1931– ) and Keith Murray (1929–2005) Architect and designer, who formed a partnership in 1959. After a year with Laurence King (q.v.), Maguire studied at the AA (1948–53), then worked as buildings editor for the Architects’ Journal. Murray trained at the Central School of Art and worked first in metals and textiles under the pseudonym Keith Fendall (to avoid confusion with the silversmith Michael Murray, perhaps) at the Royal Foundation of St Katharine, with Maguire producing the drawings. This was seen by Fr Gresham Kirkby who in 1955 commissioned St Paul, Bow Common. Subsequently they worked on new churches and remodelled old ones. They also built schools, notably also in Bow, and student housing at the University of Surrey, Guildford (1967–70), St John’s, Bramcote (1969–71), University of Sussex (1971–6) and Worcester College, Oxford. The practice ended in 1988, when Maguire & Co. was established.

Andrew Mahaddie (1939–2014) Architect and urban designer, who trained at the AA (1958–63) and studied urban design at Washington University, St Louis. He joined Milton Keynes Development Corporation in 1970 and came to prominence with his imaginative concept designs for Campbell Park, where his realised elements included the Belvedere. He then worked for Conran Roche and YRM, producing master plans for new towns, hospitals and universities in the UK and subsequently in India. He also taught at the Bartlett and South Bank Poly.

Leonard Manasseh (1916– ) Architect, studied at the AA (1935–41). In 1937 he won the subsidiary News Chronicle schools competition; after war service he worked for Herts. CC, Stevenage Development Corporation and on the Festival of Britain. In private practice from 1950, with Ian Baker (1923–2007), who was primarily responsible for the Furze-down Teacher Training College, Tooting, and law courts at King’s Lynn (1981). For a decade Manasseh also taught at the AA, where he headed the preliminary school. Work for the LCC included Rutherford School, 1961, and the practice produced public housing in Hackney (led by Manasseh), Walworth, Harlow and Pitsea. The architects’ most extensive work was for the Montagu Motor Museum at Beaulieu, where they designed the museum and grounds, one of many schemes produced in conjunction with the planner Elizabeth Chesterton (q.v.).

Tom Manning (1924–2013) Architect, who trained at the Barlett, where he taught in the late 1950s; his students included John Darbourne. He founded Manning Clamp & Partners with Hugh Clamp in 1956 in Richmond. He designed housing at The Green, Richmond (1970), the Carnatic Halls of Residence for the University of Liverpool and the St Mary Magdalen Almshouses in Winchester (1984), schools and swimming pools and undertook restoration work. He and Darbourne collaborated on housing at Queen’s Road, Richmond (1978–84).

Michael Manser (1929– ) Architect and journalist, trained at Regent Street Polytechnic. National Service brought out management skills. He worked for Armstrong & MacManus on local authority housing and for Norman & Dawbarn (q.v.) on schools and labs and in Jamaica. In 1960 he set up in private practice supported by journalism, in 1964 forming a partnership with Peter Turnbull (1931–71). He is best known for his use of steel frames in houses and offices, but also swimming pools and Horniman Primary School, Lewisham (1972); the success of Hilton Hotel at Heathrow Terminal 4 in 1990 led to his commission for Southampton Airport.

(Sir) Herbert Manzoni (1889–1972) Civil engineer, born in Birkenhead and trained in that borough engineer’s office while studying at Liverpool. In 1923 he moved to Birmingham as an engineering assistant to the council’s Sewers and Rivers Department, rising to become head of department in 1928 and in 1935–63, city engineer and surveyor, leading the council’s dynamic slum clearance and road building programmes. His influence on post-war Birmingham was profound. Knighted in 1954.

Lionel March (1934– ) Architect, mathematician and theorist, studied under Leslie Martin (q.v.) at Cambridge and worked on his Whitehall project. He was the first director of the Centre for Land Use and Built Form Studies, later the Martin Centre, at Cambridge University, before going to teach in California.

Cyril Mardall See Yorke, Rosenberg & Mardall.

John Hatton Markham (1883–1961) Chief architect to the Office of Works, which he joined in 1911 and retired from in 1942, though he continued as assistant director of post-war building for a time. In the 1950s he practised with Leo O. L. Hannen (1910–1973) and conducted public inquiries for the MHLG.

Douglas Marriott (1918–1989) Architect, partner of Ronald Ward (q.v.) responsible for Millbank Tower. In 1963 he set up his own practice, Douglas Marriott, Worby & Robinson with Leonard Philip Worby (1920– ) and Derek Leonard Robinson (1925– ), who trained at the Bartlett. Their works included the conversion of New Scotland Yard for MPS, the UN Maritime Organisation headquarters on the south side of the Thames and the National Farmers Union headquarters.

Horace George Marsh (1925–1998) Architect, born and trained in Birmingham, where – after articles with Bradley and Clark — he worked for Harry Weedon & Partners in 1939–46. After a brief time with R. Jelinek-Karl, he joined Sir John Burnet, Tait & Partners in London, in late 1946; and Richard Seifert (qq.v.) in 1956, becoming a partner six months later. He was the design architect for ATV Studios, Birmingham; Royal Garden Hotel, Kensington; Metropole Hotel, Birmingham; Birmingham Exhibition Centre; Centre Point, London; and Central TV studios, Nottingham. His chief independent work was his own house in Radlett.

Arthur Albert John Marshman (1929–1997) Architect, born and raised in Northampton. He established the practice Marshman, Warren and Taylor, with John Charles Crisfield Warren (1929– ) and John Taylor. They worked extensively outside London from a base in Plymouth, where they designed the Chapter House at Truro cathedral (1974) as well as large offices and housing association schemes. Marshman also worked around Northampton, extending the vestry at Weston Favell church and building his own home at Horton Rounds in 1966, together with a house at Bury St Edmunds the same year.

Bruce Martin (1917–2015) Architect and theorist, raised in Portsmouth and trained at Cambridge (initially in engineering) and the AA (1936–41). After war service, he worked on schools at Herts. (1946–53), progressing from its earliest programme to developing a 3′4″ system. In 1953–60, he was architect to the British Standards Institute and its head of Modular Coordination Studies, before going to teach at Cambridge. Private works include a junior school for the Stella Maris Convent, Bideford (1963), the K8 telephone box (1965–6) and his own studio (1981).

(Sir John) Leslie Martin (1908–2000) Architect and teacher, his studies at Manchester (1926–31) were followed by an MA on Juan de Herrera (1932) and a phD on the position of José de Churriguera in the development of Spanish baroque (1937). He was head of the Hull School of Architecture (1934–9); deputy architect, LMS Railway (1939–48); deputy architect, LCC (1948–53) and chief architect, LCC (1953–6). He was professor of architecture at Cambridge (1956–72), while conducting a private practice at Shalford Mill, Great Shalford in association (never a partnership) with Colin St John Wilson (q.v.), Trevor Dannatt (q.v.) and a small team of assistants that included Patrick Hodgkinson (q.v.). His pre-war work was designed in conjunction with his wife, Sadie Speight (1906–1992), whom he met at Manchester University; she withdrew from practice in 1950. A powerful committee man and intellectual, Martin used his academic position to encourage modern architecture in universities, and supported younger architects. His designs were mainly conceived working in ‘atelier’ situations with like minds, whether at the LCC or in private practice. His university career was dominated by theoretical works, best expressed in his unrealised scheme for Whitehall (1965). Knighted in 1957.

Donald F. Martin-Smith See Braddock & Martin-Smith.

Stewart Carlton Mason (1906–1983) Educationalist, the son of a musician, studied at Worcester College, Oxford, then taught at Berkhamsted and Harrow schools. In 1937, however, he became a Ministry of Education schools inspector in Cambridgeshire where he was deeply impressed by the chief education officer Henry Morris. In 1944 he went as inspector to Leicestershire, produced the development plan for the septuagenarian director of education Sir William Brockington and succeeded him in 1947, retiring in 1971. He appointed the county’s first music adviser, created a symphony orchestra and encouraged a programme of art in schools, and reorganised a comprehensive programme based on a change of schools at 14. He also worked in art education, chairing the visual arts panels of the East Midlands and Eastern Arts Association, and he was a trustee of the Tate Gallery responsible for inaugurating its modern prints collection.

Edmund Douglass Jefferiss Mathews (1907–1992) Architect and surveyor, trained at the College of Estate Management and by pupillage to his father, Henry Edmund Mathews (1868–1947), in the firm founded by his grandfather, Joseph Douglass Mathews (1838–1923). He also worked in 1931–4 as architect to W. Hile and Son, caterers. He went on to work for Heinz, in London and Wigan, in a practice that combined commercial work with hospitals, houses and the Strand addition to King’s College, London, as well as restoration work in his native Surrey. He retired in 1972 and the practice was continued by Michael Ryan.

(Sir) Robert Hogg Matthew (1906–1975) Architect, raised and educated in Edinburgh, where he studied at the Edinburgh College of Art. In 1936 he joined the Department of Health for Scotland, becoming chief architect in 1945 after working under Patrick Abercrombie (q.v.) on the Clyde Valley plan. He became the (chief) architect to the LCC (1946–53), responsible for the building of the Royal Festival Hall and for the return of housing to his department’s aegis. He returned to Edinburgh to become Professor of Architecture at Edinburgh (1953–68; after separating the university’s course from the ECA) and to set up private practice, from 1956 as Robert Matthew, Johnson-Marshall & Partners (q.v.). His role was increasingly an ambassadorial one, as President of the RIBA (1962–4), International Union of Architects (1961–5), and Commonwealth Association of Architects (1965–8), while taking a greater involvement in conservation. Knighted in 1962.

Robert Matthew, Johnson-Marshall & Partners (RMJM) Partnership founded in 1956 by Robert Matthew and Stirrat Johnson-Marshall, with offices in London and Edinburgh that had separate identities. The early commissions were largely for education buildings, but the practice later moved into the private sphere, and expanded into a multi-disciplinary firm with structural and services engineers among the partners.

Denis Dearman Matthews (1912–1986) Engineer, the son of a builder, founded Matthews & Mumby in Denton, Manchester, a specialist firm in shell construction.

Alan Maudsley (1914–1999) Architect in the public sector from 1935, who became chief assistant at Herts. CC, and Birmingham city architect in 1966–74. Responsible for Birmingham’s housing programme, he worked with the contractors Bryants using the high-rise Bison system, most extensively at Chelmsley Wood, a new estate in a boundary extension. Maudsley was the most powerful chief architect in England in the early 1970s, but also among the most notorious. He pleaded guilty to charges of conspiracy to corrupt in 1974, accepting rewards from private architects James Sharp (1918–1988) and Evan Ebery (1918– ), and was sentenced to 2½ years imprisonment, losing his CBE and (more controversially) his pension.

(Sir) Edward Brantwood Maufe (1882–1974) Architect, born Edward Muff in Ilkley, Yorkshire, studied at the AA after leaving articles with W. A. Pite to read classics at St John’s, Oxford. Commencing practice in 1912, he built several houses, including Kelling Hall, Norfolk, and Yaffle Hill (1929), and worked extensively for Heal’s, where his wife, Prudence, was a director. However, he came increasingly to specialise in churches following acclaim for two chapels for the Deaf Society and that at Broadcasting House. In 1932 he won a competition for Guildford cathedral (dedicated in 1961), which prompted further church commissions and work for the Imperial (later Commonwealth) War Graves Commission in 1943–69 that included the Air Forces Memorial, Runnymede (1950–3) and earned him a knighthood in 1954. His churches adopted a Scandinavian style into the 1960s, but his university work at Oxford and Cambridge, like Dolphin Quad, St John’s, and for Middle Temple and Gray’s Inn, is more classical.

F. A. Charles Maunder (1918–1972) Architect, graduated from Newcastle in 1933 and studied town planning there and in Rome. He became deputy city architect at Portsmouth in c.1936 and from 1941 was its city planning officer and reconstruction architect. In 1946 he became county architect for Buckinghamshire, and subsequently was regional architect to the North West Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board, advising on the design of the Queen Elizabeth II Hospital in Welwyn and New Lister Hospital in Stevenage.

David Mawson See Bernard Feilden.

Robert Maxwell (1922– ) Architect turned teacher, educated at Liverpool (interrupted by war service in India) and worked in London for the LCC and in 1962–90 for Douglas Stephen & Partners (q.v.), while teaching at Kingston from 1957, the AA from 1958 and the Bartlett in 1962–81. In 1982–9 he served as Dean of Architecture at Princeton, having been a visiting lecturer there since 1966.

Elie Mayorcas See Patric Guest.

Henry Anthony Mealand (1896–1965) Planning officer for Bath, and co-author with Patrick Abercrombie of the post-war plan for Bath (1945) before joining the City of London as its planning officer by 1950. He is remembered for his contributions to the planning of Route 11 (London Wall).

David Medd (1917–2009) Architect, trained at Aberdeen (1935–6) and AA (1936–40), where work experience included six weeks at Finsbury Health Centre and extensive travels in Scandinavia and Switzerland. He served in a camouflage unit in the war, then worked on schools at Herts. CC (1946–9), where he met his wife, Mary Crowley (q.v.), and at the Ministry of Education (DES), Architects and Building Branch (1949–78). After specialising in prefabrication at Herts. and in their first schemes for the Ministry, the Medds returned to simple brick structures, more concerned with devising mainly primary and middle schools that combined elements of open planning within firmly structured layouts.

Alan Meikle (1928– ) Architect, trained at the Birmingham School of Architecture, and was first employed as a furniture designer at Herts. CC in 1952. He moved to Notts. CC in 1955 as a development architect for CLASP, progressing to deputy county architect, and in 1967 he set up the Research into Site Management Project to involve builders in the design and production process, bypassing contractors. In 1971 he was appointed county architect for Worcestershire, and on the merger of the two counties of Hereford and Worcester in 1974 he became county architect for the combined authority.

Michael George Mellish (1930– ) Architect, trained at Northern Polytechnic (1947–52) before joining Fry, Drew, Drake & Lasdun, and then formed a partnership with Peter Moro (q.v.). He was responsible for all Moro’s later theatre work.

Frank Mellor (b. c.1910) Architect, was raised in Yorkshire and worked for Leeds city council and in the West Riding before joining the Middlesbrough education authorities in 1937–46, interrupted by war service in South East Asia. He was borough architect of Widnes in 1946–9 before becoming city architect to Portsmouth in 1949, producing distinctive housing with shops in Southsea, schools, and the technical college in Anglesea Road (1952).

Tom Mellor (1914–1994) Raised in Lytham St Anne’s, Lancashire, and studied architecture and civic design at Liverpool (1932–8), where he made a study of architecture on the Isle of Man. Rejected for military service, he worked for William Holford (q.v.) and Lancelot Keay, and then for Grenfell Baines (q.v.) on industrial building and the planning of Newton Aycliffe. He began his own practice in Lytham in 1949 building war memorial housing that included a chapel, followed by schools and churches. He later designed halls of residence at Birmingham University, the library at Lancaster University and Senate House at Liverpool, where he also taught civic design. He was a fan of Swedish architecture, especially Sven Markelius, and had a pointed dislike of Brutalism.

Edward Mendelsohn (1928– ) Architect, born in Vienna, who studied at the AA and worked for the LCC/GLC, designing Sarah Siddons School (1958–61), the Cockpit Theatre (1970) and Rushmore Road School (1987)

John Nelson Meredith (1892–1971) Bristol city architect, who produced a plan for its redevelopment in 1941, developed further in 1944, when the shopping centre was moved northwards. He rebuilt the Colston Hall after fire damage in 1949–51 and extensive housing.

Oliver Messel (1904–1978) Artist and stage designer, the grandson of Linley Sambourne, the illustrator, and studied at the Slade, London. He became a stage set designer in the 1930s, which led to his meeting Sir Nicholas Sekers, for whom he designed the Rosehill Theatre. In 1953 he designed a suite at London’s Dorchester Hotel, restored in the 1980s. His nephew Antony Armstrong-Jones married HRH Princess Margaret, for whom he designed a house on Mustique, West Indies, and he built for friends there and on Barbados where he himself had a home.

Isi Metzstein (1928–2012) and Andrew MacMillan (1928–2014) Architects and teachers. Metzstein was born in Berlin and moved to Scotland in 1939. Aged 18, he was hired by Jack Coia of Gillespie, Kidd and Coia (q.v.), and met MacMillan (then working for East Kilbride Development Corporation) when studying at Glasgow School of Art in 1954. In the 1950s the pair did a small Grand Tour to Rome, Florence and Pisa, and saw Le Corbusier’s work. With Coia they designed Scotland’s most interesting post-war churches, and undertook university work in England that culminated in Robinson College, Cambridge, opening in 1980. By then the church work was ending and some of their buildings were being discredited (the tower of St Bride, East Kilbride, was demolished in 1983 and St Peter, Cardross, vacated), so they turned to teaching, with MacMillan becoming head of the Glasgow School while Metzstein taught there and at Edinburgh University. The Glasgow School of Art encouraged a revival of interest in their work from the 1990s onwards.

John Meunier (1936– ) Architect, trained at Liverpool and Harvard, who worked for Marcel Breuer in 1957–8, and in Germany in 1960–2. He taught at Cambridge School of Architecture (1962–76) and at Cincinnati University (1976–7) and has been dean of the College of Architecture and Environmental Design, Arizona State University, since 1987. His British work was mainly designed in conjunction with Barry Gasson (q.v.), and together with Brit Andresen (1935– ) they won the competition for the Burrell Museum, Glasgow, in 1972.

Stanley Meyrick (1913– ) Architect with a particular interest in laboratory buildings, appointed to the University Grants Committee in 1956, and later worked in Welwyn Garden City, long his home.

Albert Ernest Miller (1902–1970) Architect, studied under Beresford Pite at the Brixton School of Building and worked for Romilly Craze at the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Company before joining the LCC in 1925. He came to specialise in hospitals, rebuilding the North East Fever Hospital and designing the Woodberry Down Health Centre.

Bernard Miller (1894–1960) Architect, trained at Liverpool and taught there for many years while designing churches and fittings. His churches include St Columba, Anfield (1932); St Christopher, Withington (1934–6; demolished); St Michael Eccles (1939–57); St Michael, Tettenhall (1951–5); St Aidan, Speke (1956–7) and Holy Spirit, Harlescott (1959–61). He was also architect to Chester cathedral.

John Miller See Colquhoun and Miller.

Edward David Mills (1915–1998) Architect and writer, the son of a builder, who joined Smee and Houchin in 1930 and studied at Regent Street under Maxwell Fry (q.v.), whom he joined in 1934 as his first assistant. He set up his own practice when in 1937 money was found for Colliers Wood Methodist Church, where he commissioned Hans Feibusch’s first religious mural. He specialised in industrial buildings and churches, on which he also published extensively. A conscientious objector, he found work with May & Baker in Dagenham, designing laboratories and a canteen using shell roofs. In 1947 his flats in Kenmure Road, Hackney, adopted Ove Arup’s refined box-frame construction. He later designed Methodist churches at West Greenwich, Mitcham and Woking, and the Anglican cathedral at Mbale, Uganda. His Building Maintenance and Preservation (1980) became a standard work.

Oswald Partridge Milne (1881–1968) Architect and local councillor, born the son of an architect and articled to Sir Arthur Blomfield; he was Lutyens’s assistant before setting up practice in 1905, forming a partnership with Paul Phipps in 1919. He is best known for inter-war work such as Coleton Fichacre, Devon, the ballroom at Claridges and several town halls. A specialism in designing schools led to post-war university work at Durham. He served on Hampstead MB Council and Housing Committee (1937–53) and as mayor (1947–9), where he was a major patron of continuing traditional architecture.

William George ‘Bill’ Mitchell (1924– ) Artist, primarily working in concrete, but also in bronze, brick and glass fibre. He joined the navy in 1941, and developed an enthusiasm for painting murals working in NAAFI stores. After being refused admission to the Southern School of Art, Portsmouth, he became an agent for Pearl Assurance and paid his way through the course; then he went to the RCA. He turned briefly to furniture design, but in 1958 he became consultant artist to the LCC, where he developed strongly modelled concrete techniques. Subsequently he set up a design consultancy, with over 40 staff (he has suggested that there were up to 70); later clients included Mohamed Al-Fayed at Harrod’s. Early works are ascribed to George Mitchell as he thought the name more posh, while remaining ‘Bill’ to his friends and family.

Hal Moggridge See Brenda Colvin.

Moir & Bateman Berkeley Lowndes Moir (1912–2006) and Winifred H. Bateman (1911–1990) were a husband-and-wife architectural practice in Rochdale, designing garages for Shell and Total, as well as additions to Birch Hill Hospital in Rochdale, Hollingworth Lake Sailing Club and St Thomas’s church, Kirkholt.

W. Peter P. Moiret (1920–1979) Architect, born in Vienna the son of a sculptor, he trained under Oskar Strnad and Clemens Holzmeister before moving to London in 1937. He met Leslie Wood while both were engaged on war damage repairs and they formed a partnership in 1948–63, working on housing in Barnet, schools for Kent CC and the headquarters of the NUM in Euston Road, with a sculpture by Moiret’s father. The two formed separate practices, with Moiret founding Pearlman Moiret with (Mordecai) Monty Pearlman (1915– ) in 1967.

Tanya Moisewitsch (1914–2003) Theatre designer, born in London and studied at the Central School of Arts and Crafts while working as a scene painter at London’s Old Vic Theatre. Her work in theatre design led her to work with Tyrone Guthrie (q.v.) on set design and thence became involved in theatre planning. They collaborated on the theatre at Stratford, Ontario, and the Guthrie Theatre in Minneapolis. She also designed the chapel interior at Massey College, Toronto, before returning to England to plan the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield. She additionally designed many theatre and opera productions in Britain, Ireland, Canada and the USA.

Sir Charles Anthony Monoprio (1900–1988) Architect and town planner, trained at Liverpool and in partnership with Hugh Spencely (1900–1983), a friend since they attended Harrow School together. In 1947 he became master planner to Crawley new town. He worked extensively abroad and designed Whitgift Centre, Croydon (1965–70).

Geoffrey James Monro (1907–1985) Architect and founder of Monro & Partners in 1932, specialising in industrial buildings. The most famous was the 240ft-span aluminium hangar for the Comet airliner (1953).

Peter Moro (1911–1998) Architect, who trained in Munich, Berlin and Zürich before coming to London in 1936, where he joined Tecton. He designed a house at Birdham, Sussex (1938–9), with Richard Llewelyn Davies (q.v.), and after internment taught at Regent Street Polytechnic and produced exhibition work with Robin Day (q.v.). He was the architect for the interiors of the Royal Festival Hall (1948–51), leading a team assembled largely from his former students. His private practice, with Michael Mellish (q.v.) and Michael Heard in 1952–85, specialised in theatres, but also produced schools for the LCC and Leicestershire, and — in the 1970s — public housing for LB Southwark.

Henry Morris (1889–1961) Educator, who studied theology at Lam-peter and moral sciences at Oxford in 1914–20, interrupted by war service. He was assistant county education secretary at Kent before becoming county education secretary in Cambridgeshire in 1922–54, reforming its religious teaching before setting out on his life’s work, to create ‘village colleges’ to bring social and cultural facilities to rural areas as part of the county’s secondary schools programme. In this he was inspired by Hastings Randall’s exposition of the role of Oxford colleges in the Middle Ages as cultural centres for the surrounding community, and by the city’s beautiful architecture. The first village college opened at Sawston in 1930. In 1947 he was seconded to the MTCP to advise on social and cultural facilities in the new towns and founded the Digswell community in Welwyn Garden City.

Sir Parker Morris (1891–1972) Solicitor, raised in Manchester who became deputy town clerk of Salford (1919–23), town clerk of Chesterfield (1923–9) and of Westminster (1929–56). He thereafter chaired many committees, the most important of which was the Housing Standards Subcommittee, which in 1961 published Homes for Today and Tomorrow. Its recommendations included minimum space standards for housing that became statutory in 1967–9. He co-founded the Housing Associations Charitable Trust in 1960. Knighted in 1941.

(Randolph) Stuart Mosscrop (1938– ) Architect, who came to Milton Keynes Development Corporation with Derek Walker (q.v.) and worked on Milton Keynes Shopping Building (1973–9) and Station Square (1982). On Walker’s departure he became head of the central team and later became design director with Conran Roche.

Mott, Hay & Anderson Civil engineering practice, founded by Basil Mott and David Hay in 1902, joined by David Anderson (1880–1953) in 1920 and specialising in bridges and tunnels. The practice designed pedestrian and bicycle tunnels under the Tyne, the Dartford tunnel in 1956, Mersey Kingsway tunnel in 1966, Blackwall southbound tunnel in 1967, second Dartford tunnel in 1972, Forth Road Bridge and Severn Bridge (1960–6) with Freeman Fox & Partners (q.v.), Tamar Bridge, the Victoria Line and Melbourne Underground Rail Loop. The firm merged in 1989 with Sir M. MacDonald & Partners.

Hidalgo Moya See Powell and Moya.

William Mullins (1926– ) Architect, who studied at Regent Street and the AA, initially while also working for Robert Atkinson and Partners. He joined Richard Sheppard and Partners in 1947, becoming a partner in 1960. After designing schools in Essex and Berkshire, he was the chief designer for Weeks Hall, Imperial College and Churchill College, Cambridge. He designed the Sheppard Robson offices in Camden (1963) and Wood Green Shopping City (1981), and was associated architect for the National Gallery Sainsbury Wing.

Ernest Brander Musman (1888–1972) Studied art at the Slade and architecture at the Bartlett, qualifying in 1914. After the war he joined Richardson and Gill until 1922 when he set up his own practice, sustained by drawing perspectives and teaching. Based in Hampstead, he specialised in public houses, those from the 1930s being the best known and including the Comet, Hatfield, and the Nag’s Head, Bishop’s Stortford (1936). Later pubs were designed in association with W. N. Worrall and those of the 1950s with Edgar Norman Cousens (1912–1980).

Ian Nairn (1930–1983) Journalist and critic, born in Cardington, Bedford, but moved to Frimley after the crash of R101; in later years he claimed his birthplace was Newcastle upon Tyne. He went into the RAF after studying maths at Birmingham University, but then turned up at the Architectural Press seeking a job in 1954. He is best remembered for his ‘Outrage’ issue of AR in June 1955, which coined the word ‘Subtopia’ and was reissued as a book the next year. Counter Attack followed in December 1956, and Your England Revisited in 1965, all attacks on individual and municipal myopia. He turned to writing guides in the 1960s, with Surrey (1962) and West Sussex (1965) in Pevsner’s Buildings of England series, Modern Buildings in London for London Transport (1964), Nairn’s London (1966), Nairn’s Paris (1968) and a series of Listener articles and television programmes (published as Britain’s Changing Towns, 1967) before despairing of architecture, planning and life, and drinking himself to death.

Jack H. Napper (1905–1978) Architect, who turned from the cotton industry to architecture, studying at Manchester and lecturing at Hull. He moved to Newcastle upon Tyne in 1938 as a lecturer. He became head of the School of Architecture at Newcastle from its formation as a separate university in 1963 until 1970. His private practice was founded in 1946. With John Errington (1926–1979; who joined Napper in 1950) and (Terence) Alexander Collerton (1933– ). This became (among many permutations) Napper, Errington, Collerton & Associates, designing Felling baths (1963) and housing in Usworth, Washington, County Durham (1964).

(George) Edric Neel (1914–1952) Architect and theorist, founder of Arcon (q.v.) with Raglan Squire and Rodney Thomas in 1943. Trained at Cambridge, he then worked for Wells Coates (q.v.) 1935–8, qualifying in 1937. He worked for the Cement and Concrete Association from 1939, where he first explored the possibilities of working in prefabrication with private manufacturers. His understanding of manufacturers’ plant and his eye for detail were exceptional. Although best known for the Arcon prefab, he produced and published a range of prefabricated houses, schools and churches in the late 1940s and 1950s, and although little was built this work embodies many of the ideals of the times.

Max Neufeld (1931– ) Architect, trained at Regent St Polytechnic in 1949–55, and worked from 1955 until 1980 with the LCC and GLC, on the design of old people’s homes and on infill schemes for Covent Garden, and for the Town Development Division in Andover. He made a study of Israeli new towns, published in 1971. In 1964 he built his own house in Fitzrovia, an elegant minimal box.

Michael Newberry (1930– ) Architect, best known as the designer of early steel houses at Capel, Surrey (1957) and Porth Navas Creek, Cornwall (1962). He later designed a steel house for himself at Bishopstrow, Wilts. (2001). He also designed hotels and factories, and rebuilt stands at Loftus Road stadium for Queen’s Park Rangers FC. A scheme for Charlton Athletic (1989) was unrealised.

Frank Newby (1926–2001) Structural engineer, studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, and after national service in 1949 joined Felix Samuely in London, working on the design of Skylon. He worked in the United States in 1952, then returned to Samuely to work on pre-cast concrete, becoming a partner in 1956. He worked on the Expo 58 exhibition in Brussels, and after Samuely’s death in 1959 he continued the practice, working on the Leicester Engineering Building (1959–63), the US Embassy in London (1960–2), the Snowdon Aviary (1962–5) and Boots D90 in Nottingham (1967–8). He convened the history group of the Institute of Structural Engineers.

John Newsom (1910–1972) Educationalist, studied at The Queen’s College, Oxford, and worked as a community warden for the LCC and in Durham before turning to education. He served as chief education officer for Hertfordshire in 1940–57 after joining as deputy in 1939, responsible for evacuated children and a school meals’ programme in the war and for increasing its school building programme after 1945. He was chairman of the committee that produced the report Half Our Future in 1963, looking at the education of average and below average children, which encouraged more funding for secondary education and the raising of the school leaving age.

Michael Neylan (1931–2012) and William F. ‘Bill’ Ungless (1934– ) Architects, trained at Kingston and the Bartlett respectively (after Ungless had worked for Johns, Slater & Haward q.v.), who met in 1960 while working for Chamberlin, Powell & Bon (q.v.) on the latter stages of the Golden Lane Estate. Neylan left, returned and regretted it. They came to specialise in housing after Neylan won the competition for Bishops-field, Harlow, and formed a partnership between 1967 and 1998, Ungless working for Denys Lasdun on UEA meanwhile. Much of their work was for LB Southwark, LB Enfield and housing associations, where they rejected building high, in part a reaction to their CPB experience, and adopted a tempered, vernacular modernism.

Frederick Edward ‘Ted’ Nicklin (1925–1994) Architect, studied at Newcastle before working for Sheffield City Council on Park Hill, and with Chamberlin, Powell & Bon before in 1963 he joined Ryder & Yates (qq.v.), becoming a partner in the multi-disciplinary practice following Yates’s death in 1982.

Ernest Bower Norris (1888–1969) Architect, born and raised in Manchester. He was taken into partnership in 1917 by T. H. Sandy of Stafford, who died in 1922, though Norris continued to practice as Sandy and Norris in Stafford, and as Hill, Sandy and Norris in Manchester, in the 1930s in partnership with Francis M. Reynolds (q.v.). He designed large numbers of RC churches across the north and Midlands, his domed churches of the 1930s being the best known, turning to rectangular brick basilicas in the 1950s that included Most Blessed Sacrament, Leicester (1956–7) and St John Vianney, Blackpool (1958).

Thomas Eugene North (1905–1985) Architect and planner, worked with Patrick Abercrombie on the Greater London Plan. In 1965 he was appointed architect and planning officer to LB Newham, where he spent the rest of his career. He favoured large, prefabricated schemes deliberately out of scale with their surroundings, of which Ronan Point gained notoriety when it collapsed in May 1968.

Guy Oddie (1922–2011) Architect and planner, trained at Newcastle in 1939–45. In 1945 he worked for Glasgow Corporation, then joined Donald Gibson (q.v.) in Coventry, who recommended him to the Building Research Station. He taught at Birmingham before working for the Ministry of Education designing university halls of residence, and in 1957 he joined the University Grants Committee. He joined the Organisation of European Co-operation and Development in 1963, but returned to the Ministry of Education before in 1969 he moved to Edinburgh as Robert Adam Professor of Architecture.

William Reginald Oram (1905–1988) Architect, born and trained in Oxford. He was staff architect to the Cement and Concrete Association from 1939 to 1971 and designer of many buildings at its Research Station at Wexham Springs near Slough, acquired in 1947, including the Meynell Building, Chemistry and Physics Building, and demonstration hall (all opened in 1957) and the Materials Building opened in 1961, all built as models of different types of new concrete construction and all demolished c.1994. From 1957 he worked for the University Grants Committee.

(Edward) Brian O’Rorke (1901–1974) Architect and designer, New Zealand born, studied at Cambridge and the AA before working for Adams, Holden & Pearson and for Easton & Robertson (q.v.) in 1928–9. He is best known for his work for the Orient Line, particularly the Orion (1935), the first time that an architect had taken the lead in designing an ocean liner. He also designed flying boats and the Coronation Scot. His pre-war work included Ashcombe Tower, Devon (1933–5). He was appointed architect to the National Theatre in 1947, but his designs were not realised. He designed a major office building for the Orient Line in Sydney (1958), and more classical buildings in Britain including the Equatorial Centre, Herstmonceux (1953–8), Derby Hall, University of Nottingham (1961–3) and the Berkeley Hotel (1972).

Frederic Osborn (1885–1978) Worked as a clerk in London until 1912, when he secured a job as secretary of the Howard Cottage Society in Letchworth. He moved to Welwyn Garden City in 1919 and served as its company secretary until 1936. He was dedicated to the Town and Country Planning Association as its secretary, chairman and president, and was editor of Town and Country Planning.

Ronald E. Owens (1930–1986) Architect, partner in Patterson, Macaulay & Owens, founded in 1957 with John Patterson and John Stuart Macaulay (1925– ), after qualifying at Liverpool and working for Weightman and Bullen (q.v.). They produced commercial work, churches and public buildings, including Bebington Library. Owen ran the Mold office.

David Owers (1934– ) Architect, trained at Cambridge and based there since completing graduate studies in the USA. He worked with Leslie Martin (q.v.) at Kettle’s Yard, completed in 1971, and designed university buildings and private houses in the area.

George Gaze Pace (1915–1975) Architect, articled to James Ransome and Cootes, and worked for Darcy Braddell and Humphrey Deane, and for Pite, Son & Fairweather while studying at Regent St Poly. He qualified in 1939, teaching at Regent St, but in 1942 was stationed with the Royal Engineers in York, where he began to work on churches and established a practice in 1949. He succeeded Sir Charles Nicholson as consulting architect to the cathedrals of Llandaff and Litchfield, and became architect to the diocese of Sheffield. He designed many churches across northern England and worked on Durham, Ely, Peterborough and St Albans cathedrals; he extended Durham University Library (1961–6) and added the King George VI Chapel at St George’s, Windsor (1967–9). His practice was continued by Ronald Sims (1927–2007).

Herbert Padget (1917–1987) Architect, born in Wakefield and studied at Leeds College of Art, working for West Riding CC meanwhile. After war service he worked for Southampton city council and then Norwich, before in 1948 he became chief assistant at Newcastle, designing the polytechnic library and running the civic centre construction programme, as well as the early development of the Tyne and Wear Metro.

Philip Pank (1933–1991) Architect and artist, trained at the AA while also taking art classes at St Martin’s and the RA. He used natural materials in a monumental manner, mainly in private houses. ‘A big-boned man of great physical stature, his architecture was also big boned’, wrote one biographer, but his works had sometimes to be realised on a tiny scale, as with his own house in Kentish Town (1966–7). He also designed houses in Fingringhoe, Essex (1968–81) Highgate (1969; with Robert Howard) and Frognal Way (1975).

(Hilary) June Park (1920– ) Architect and author. She designed housing in Holland Park, Ireland and the West Indies with her husband, Cyril Mardall (m.1947; q.v. Yorke, Rosenberg & Mardall), but mainly worked independently as YRM discouraged wives and children joining the practice. She was primarily responsible for the architects’ own house, in 1950, extended 1967, with a smaller adjoining house for her mother. Her principal book, Houses of Today, was published in 1971.

Joseph ‘Jo’ Parker (1926–2000) Architect, raised in Blackpool and studied at Liverpool. He formed a partnership with John Nelson (1906–1994), but was the principal designer, publishing much of his work under the adopted name of J. Roy Parker. He designed mainly private houses around Merseyside, including his own house at Upton (1956–63), with some restaurants and theatre work. These latter interests came together in the Everyman Theatre (1975–7; rebuilt 2012–14).

Peter Parkin (1917–1984) Engineer and acoustician. He began working in acoustics in the Second World War, helping to defeat underwater acoustic mines. He then joined the British Research Establishment, where he advised on the Royal Festival Hall and invented a system of assisted resonance to raise the reverberation time for low frequencies in 1962, initially keeping it secret. He was co-founder with Derek Sugden (q.v.) and Richard Cowell of Arup Acoustics in 1980.

Victor Pasmore (1908–1998) Artist, supported himself until the 1940s by working in the Health Department of the LCC. He moved from figurative painting to abstraction in 1948 and took a teaching job at King’s College, Newcastle, to support his work in 1954. In 1955 he was invited to become consultant to Peterlee, using his artist’s eye to inform layouts and landscaping in the south-west part of the new town, a post he held until 1977.

Gordon Patterson (1928– ) Landscape architect, studied at Reading and worked for Stevenage Development Corporation from 1948 before forming his own practice in 1962. Individual jobs included the landscaping of Radcliffe Power Station, Notts., and work for health authorities and Forestry Commission, where he was chief consultant. He ran the Landscape Department at the Gloucestershire College of Art and Design and was secretary to the Landscape Design Trust.

Patterson, Macaulay & Owens See Ronald E. Owens.

Martin Pawley (1938–2008) Writer and critic, studied at the AA before writing on environmental architecture and taking up jobs at the Building Design and Architects’ Journal to champion modernism and particularly High Tech.

Sir Standen Leonard Pearce (1873–1947) Electrical engineer, who made a career with Manchester Corporation (1901–26), before becoming engineer-in-chief to the London Power Company and designer of Deptford and Battersea power stations.

Charles B. Pearson & Son, later Charles B. Pearson, Son & Partners Architectural practice based in Lancaster, founded in 1904 by Charles Bulman Pearson (1876–1944). He was joined in practice by his son Charles Edward Pearson (1907–1982), who first worked for Lancashire CC before joining his father and by his grandson Charles Michael Pearson (1933– ) who studied at Manchester before opening a London office for his father in 1958 and becoming a partner in 1961. George Ronald Lovell (1918–1985) opened a Manchester office in 1949 having served articles with the two elder Pearsons. Buildings include civic centres, hospitals at Llandudno, Whitehaven and Barnsley, and Burne House telecommunications centre (1969–77).

John Penn (1921–2007) Architect and teacher, began studying history at Cambridge, but after war service transferred to the AA, working for Frederick Gibberd (q.v.) at Harlow before qualifying in 1951 and moving to the USA to work for Richard Neutra and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. Returning in 1955, he taught at Cambridge and the Hammersmith School of Building to support his small Suffolk practice, where he designed symmetrical private houses, classical in their proportions but modern in their details.

Edmund C. Percey See Scherrer & Hicks.

David Eyre Percival (1914–1995) Deputy at Coventry before becoming city architect for Norwich in 1955–73. He built the city baths (1959–61) and city library (1960–2; destroyed 1994), and many small-scale housing developments, e.g., at Pope’s Buildings (1972–3) and Hopper’s Yard (1973–4), work he continued in private practice with Edward Skipper and Associates. Some of these housing schemes were noted for incorporating public sculpture.

Petter, Warren & Roydon Cooper Yeovil practice led in the post-war years by William Reginald Roydon Cooper (1902–1978) and producing offices and industrial buildings. They remain best known, however, for their inter-war prefabricated housing, including the group at West Camel. Cooper’s son, (William) Philip Roydon Cooper (1933–1980) continued the practice.

Claud Phillimore (1911–1994) Second son of 2nd Baron Phillimore, succeeding to the title as 4th Baron in 1990. He studied architecture at Cambridge (1930–3), but set up practice without completing his qualifications. He served in the Royal Artillery in the war, restarting practice in 1947. He was joined in 1948 by Aubrey Jenkins (1911–1994), his almost exact contemporary at school and university, and their practice lasted into the 1970s. They built and remodelled many country houses in an early nineteenth-century classical style, few published, and including Tusmore House, Oxon. (1964; demolished) and Cubberley, Herefordshire (1971).

Phippen Randall & Parkes Architectural practice founded by Peter Phippen (1934– ), Peter Randall (1933– ) and David Parkes (1931–2008) who met at the RWA. Randall and Parkes worked for the MHLG on model low-rise housing, which led to a commission for shared-ownership housing at The Ryde, Hatfield, in 1963–5, and brought in Phippen, then with the LCC. Parkes also worked for RMJM from 1963, becoming a full-time partner at PRP in 1972. PRP produced low-rise housing for the Crawley Co-Partnership Housing Association led by John Pennell, at Kingswood in Basildon and at Simpson, Milton Keynes, also mainly for housing associations.

James Austin Pickavance (1905–1976) Assistant architect for further education to Stoke CB, raised locally, who worked in his spare time for Keele University before being appointed its first architect in 1952.

Monica Pidgeon (1913–2009) Editor of Architectural Design from 1946 until 1975, with Theo Crosby (q.v.) turning it into the most dynamic monthly architectural magazine in Britain. She was born in Chile, to a French father and Scottish mother, but was educated in London, going on to study architecture at the Bartlett. She began working for AD in 1941 and on succeeding Tony Towndrow as editor several male architects were appointed ‘consultants’ to reassure readers and advertisers, such were the doubts about a having a woman in charge. She proved a dynamic leader, promoting the Smithsons and Team 10, but shortages of advertising revenue in the 1970s prompted her to run it on a book economy, with cheap web printing and hand-pasted lithography. She left in 1975 to run the RIBA Journal and promoted a series of audio visual presentations, interviewing architects about aspects of their careers, which survive as Pidgeon Audio Visual.

Jan Piet (né Zbigniew Jan Pietruszeweki; 1924–2003) Studied in Poland and qualified in London after the war. He joined Bryan and Norman Westwood (q.v.) as an assistant in 1955, becoming an associate in 1957 and a partner in 1964, working mainly on military and religious buildings.

Charles William Pike See Slater, Moberly and Uren.

Richard Pilbrow (1933– ) Lighting designer and theatre design consultant, who became a stage manager in 1956 but, frustrated, founded Theatre Projects in 1957, and became consultant technical designer for the Oliver and Lyttelton theatres.

Stephen Rowland Pierce See Charles H. James.

Playne & Lacey Architectural practice that succeeded those of Sir Aston Webb and G. Grey Wornum, formed by Edward Playne (1907–1997), Wornum’s former partner, and John Stephen Lacey (1916–2005), who trained at the AA. Their work included an extension to the RIBA (1956–9), the Greek Embassy in London (1962) and university buildings in Birmingham, Manchester. Extensive work at Queen Mary College, University of London, included departments for Engineering (1956–61), Physics (1958–62), Chemistry (1963–4), alterations to the People’s Palace (1956), and St Benet’s Chapel (1961–2).

Francis Pollen (1926–1987) Introduced to architecture through summer visits to Edwin Lutyens’s Lambay Castle, built for his grandfather. He worked in Lutyens’s office before studying architecture at Cambridge. His first commission was for an RC chapel and he worked in traditional and brutalist styles, despite forming a partnership in 1959–71 with Lionel Brett (q.v.), noted for his gentle architecture and planning styles. Pollen designed the Lion’s Boy’s Club (1961–2), but largely concentrated on RC churches and private houses, including Cray Clearing. His masterpiece was Worth Abbey, a synthesis of Louis Kahn for a religious complex. He designed many banks and carried out Brett’s design for Exeter College, Oxford (1964).

Frederick ‘Fred’ Pooley (1915–1998) Educated at West Ham Grammar School and studied at the Northern Poly while working in West Ham CB’s Engineering Department. After service in Royal Engineers he was deputy borough architect to West Ham (1949–51), deputy architect at Coventry (1951–4), county architect at Buckinghamshire (1954–74), where he made his greatest mark as one of the initial planners of Milton Keynes and of Buckingham University. Following reorganisation in 1974 he became controller of planning and transportation at the GLC, to 1980, to which he added the role of chief architect in 1978 and where he was primarily responsible for Thameslink. The AJ described him as ‘a quiet voiced pragmatist, but one whose leaps of imagination could surprise’. Experience of prefabrication at Coventry persuaded him of the merits of traditional construction, a hallmark of Bucks under him and developed by group leader Ron Walker (1921–2013), who trained at Newcastle and who followed him from Coventry in 1954 and designed many of the more interesting schools and libraries.

Anthony Pott (1904–1963) Architect, who studied at Oundle and the AA before becoming senior architect at the Building Research Station (1943–9). Principal architect and head of Development Group, Ministry of Education Architects and Building Branch 1949–53, he became chief architect there in 1956–63.

Potter & Hare Robert Potter (1909–2010) specialised in churches and conservation work, studying at the Regent Street Polytechnic before establishing a practice in Salisbury. After war service he worked firstly with W. H. Randoll Blacking (q.v.) and from 1954 was in partnership with Richard Hare (1924–89; from 1967 as the Brandt, Potter, Hare Partnership, based in Southampton). Following a series of churches, mainly in the south west, with ciboria and some degree of central planning under shell roofs, they turned to conservation work, notably at the Bodleian Library and at Chichester cathedral where, with Dean Walter Hussey, Potter encouraged the incorporation of new works of art.

John Garlick Llewellyn Poulson (1910–1993) Architect/ businessman who opened an office in Pontefract in 1932 despite limited training and secured many lucrative wartime contracts through contacts at the Ministry of Works. In the 1950s and 1960s he established a network of contacts in junior but significant posts in local authorities, nationalised industries and government agencies, building hospitals, railway stations, the resort of Aviemore, shopping centres and system-build housing. A more significant collaborator was T. Dan Smith (q.v.) in the North East. However, his attempts to get work abroad, aided by the MPs John Cordle and Reginald Maudling, led him to file for bankruptcy, and the network of bribery behind his commissions was exposed in 1972–4. Poulson was imprisoned in 1975.

Geoffry Powell See Chamberlin, Powell & Bon.

Michael Powell (1916–1971) Architect brother of Sir Philip Powell (q.v.), he studied at Cambridge and the AA, and joined Powell and Moya after war service. He left for the LCC in 1950 and found he liked it, working first in housing, particularly on the Ackroydon Estate, before in 1956 becoming its schools architect, heading Schools Division and much admired for the support he gave to young architects.

(Sir) (Arnold Joseph) Philip Powell (1921–2003) and Hidalgo (Jacko) Moya (1920–1993) Architects, who trained at the AA and formed a practice when they won the Churchill Gardens competition in 1946. Another public housing scheme followed at Gospel Oak, and a school and baths at Putney. However, most of their work was in hospitals, including those at Swindon (1957–65), Wexham Springs (1961–6), Wycombe (1966–75) and Wythenshawe (1967–71), combined with prestigious accommodation at Oxford and Cambridge colleges. They were the first practice to win the RIBA Gold Medal together. They deliberately kept their office small to keep hands-on control of their work, and notoriously turned down much work offered them. Powell was knighted in 1975.

Preece, Cardew & Rider Firm of electrical engineers formed by Arthur H. Preece, J. H. Rider and J. H. Woodward in 1920 out of an older firm formed by Sir William Preece and Philip Cardew in 1898. They built Fulham and Kingston power stations in 1936 and 1948 respectively, and worked extensively abroad in the power industry.

Cedric Price (1934–2003) Architect, theorist and raconteur, the son of cinema architect Arthur Price. He studied at Cambridge in 1952–5 and the AA in 1955–7. He worked for Fry, Drew, Drake & Lasdun and Ernö Goldfinger (qq.v.), while teaching at the AA, and formed his own practice in 1960. Following his major built commission of the Snowdon Aviary, he produced a series of increasingly theoretical projects, with the Fun Palace (1961–4) followed by the Potteries Thinkbelt (1964) and an interest in flexible temporary structures realised only with the Interaction Centre (1974; demolished 2003). He championed planning deregulation and suggested better workplace conditions for builders and ‘intelligent buildings’.

Martin T. Purdy (1939– ) Architect, trained at Birmingham and found early success with St Philip and St James, Hodge Hill (demolished). He specialised in churches, but was also involved in an art gallery for the West Midlands (1991). He formed a practice in 1969, Architects’ Planning and Ecclesiastical Consultants (APEC), concerned with church and conservation work based in Birmingham, but including work to Sheffield and Wakefield cathedrals.

Arthur Quarmby (1934– ) Architect, studied at Leeds, then joined British Rail’s research and development team. His time there was spent researching plastics in buildings, including the circular ‘speak here’ device in ticket offices. He worked for twelve years for BP chemicals as a consultant with an interest in dome structures, and a book, The Plastic Architect, led to a boat commission. He turned to earth-sheltered housing when in 1974–5 he built his own home in Yorkshire into the side of a hill, a response to the site and to ecological times. A second, Mole Manor in Gloucestershire, followed in 1983–5 along with a school extension at Huddersfield. Further houses and offices followed into the 2000s. He is president of the British Earth Sheltering Association.

Thomas Rayson (1889–1976) Architect, born in India and trained in Oxford, where he developed an interest in and knowledge of Cotswold buildings. He continued the Arts and Crafts tradition in that area, and was a founder member of the Oxfordshire branch of the Council for the Preservation of Rural England.

Donald Reay (1914–2002) Architect, born and trained in Liverpool, before studying planning at Columbia University (1937–9). He became architect to the Royal Commonwealth Air Force in Canada. He then joined the Ministry of Town and Country Planning, becoming its technical officer for new towns before becoming chief architect of East Kilbride and later Stevenage. He and his American architect wife, Sylvia, moved to Berkeley, California, in 1955.

Henry (Harry) Redfern (1861–1950) Architect, articled to Henry Woodyer and who worked for William Butterfield and William Young, and in independent practice in Derby before forming a partnership with J. J. Stevenson — an office that continued after the latter’s death. He worked extensively for Oxford and Cambridge colleges, and in Abingdon, but is best known as architect to the Home Office State Management Scheme, designing fourteen public houses in Carlisle and Gretna Green. One of the last of these, produced by his assistant Joseph Seddon, was named The Redfern in his honour.

Alexander Redhouse (1920–2004) Born in the East End and studied at Regent St. He worked in 1944–8 for the Admiralty in India before joining Lindsey Drake and Denys Lasdun (q.v.) becoming the site architect for Hallfield and a junior partner. He became a full partner when the practice was reorganised as Denys Lasdun & Partners in 1960 and Denys Lasdun, Redhouse & Softley in 1976.

Verner Owen Rees (1886–1966) Architect, trained with Caröe and Passmore and studied at the RA Schools. He worked for Edwin Lutyens in 1911–12 and in New York. He taught at the AA (1921–5) and was its principal from 1929 to 1933. He designed the London School of Tropical Medicine with Percy Morley Horder, his partner, in 1925–9, and specialised in public buildings in the 1930s including Westmorland county offices in Kendal in 1935. He produced a plan for Birmingham University from 1944 and designed the library and arts faculty there in 1956–61. He also worked at Swansea University in 1938–40, and again in 1963 as Verner Rees, Laurence & Mitchell.

John and Sylvia Reid Architects and designers. John Robson Reid (1925–1992) and Sylvia Reid (1925– ) studied architecture at Regent St, where they met. While John did his national service Sylvia worked for Maxwell Fry and then freelance, gradually breaking away to join her husband in private practice. They were mainly designers of interiors for hotels, coffee bars and public houses, and of exhibitions, though they produced also a few private dwellings. They were consultants in the 1950s to Thorn Electrical Fittings and George Forrest and Son Ltd producing light fittings; to the Stag Cabinet Company of Nottingham, for whom they designed modern furniture; and to Izons and Co, makers of culinary wares. Sylvia was Lady Master of the Worshipful Company of Chartered Architects in 1996.

Sir Charles Reilly (1874–1948) Architect and teacher, who after training in private practice became a lecturer at the Bartlett School in 1900. In 1904–33 he headed the Liverpool School of Architecture and secured its dominance in these years. He continued to exert an influence on his leading students thereafter. He embraced modernism in the 1930s. He also took an increasing interest in housing layouts, championing open spaces or ‘Reilly greens’ with unrealised work on the 1944 plan for Birken-head, belatedly published in 1947, leading to schemes elsewhere, notably at Bilston. Knighted in 1944.

Andrew Renton (1917–1982) Architect, born in Dunfermline and studied at Edinburgh College of Art. He worked for Burnet, Tait & Lorne in 1938 and for Robert Lorimer & Matthew in 1946–8, before joining Basil Spence (qq.v.) in 1948. He became the partner in charge of Spence’s London office in 1949, responsible for jobs in Shrewsbury, Hatfield, Liverpool, Ecclesfield (Sheffield), Sydenham, Basildon and Southampton, and at Nottingham University, while being given most of the administrative responsibility. Thorn House was his own project, however, and disputes led to his setting up his own practice in 1961, initially as Renton Associates and from 1966 as Renton Howard & Wood with a nucleus of ex-Spence colleagues: Peter Howard (1929– ), who studied at the Bartlett and worked for Campbell-Jones (q.v.) and Monoprio & Spenceley in Kuwait before joining Spence in 1958; and Humphrey Wood (1925–2008), who studied engineering at Cambridge and architecture at the AA. In 1970 the practice became Renton Howard Wood Levin with Gerald Levin (1933– ), who was born and trained in South Africa before coming to work for Spence in 1957 at Thorn House and Nottingham University — schemes continued by the new practice — while studying planning at Regent St. For RHWL, as the firm became, he designed housing in Docklands and Tolmers Squares. The practice was responsible for the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield, and Warwick Arts Centre, establishing a specialism in theatres — led by Nick Thompson (q.v.) and Clare Ferraby — as well as considerable commercial work. In 1965 it designed St Katherine’s Dock House and the Tower Hotel (led by Howard), and in 1978 the firm became responsible for the redevelopment of the whole docks. An Edinburgh office opened in 1973.

Reynolds & Scott Architectural practice founded by Francis M. Reynolds (1910–1967) in Manchester with Col. William Scott (1904–1996) in 1946, after dissolving a practice with E. Bower Norris (q.v.). Specialised in RC churches including English Martyrs, Elvaston (1953), St Michael and St Bernadette, Whitefield (1955–6) and St Joseph, Timperley (1958–9).

(Sir) James Maude Richards (1907–1992) Architect turned writer, studied at the AA 1924–9, who worked for Oliver P. Bernard and J. Lyons and Co. before joining Owen Williams (q.v.) as an architectural assistant and then Cowles-Voysey (q.v.). But he had meanwhile become attuned to modern architecture, and found his metier as an assistant editor of the Architectural Review in 1933; he became its editor in 1937–71. An Introduction to Modern Architecture for Penguin (1940) brought further success in a prolific career in architectural journalism and criticism. A member of the MARS Group, he became more influential when in 1951 he joined the RFAC. In the 1970s he moved away from modernism, furthered by disagreements with de Cronin Hastings (q.v.). Knighted in 1972.

(Sir) Albert Richardson (1880–1964) Architect and teacher, articled aged 15, and from 1903 an improver with Frank Verity. He was in partnership with Charles Lovett Gill (1908–1939), mainly designing offices. He began teaching at Birkbeck College in 1897, and held the Bartlett Chair of Architecture, London University (1918–47). In the 1950s he worked with his son-in-law, E. A. S. Houfe (1911–1993), in the City and increasingly around his home in Ampthill, Beds., where he indulged his taste for the eighteenth century with increasing but conscious eccentricity in the face of modernism. He became President of the RA in 1955. Knighted in 1956.

Martin Richardson (1929–2001) Architect, trained at Cambridge and Regent St before joining the LCC (1956–63), working on its Piccadilly redevelopment and then in housing, where he led the team responsible for the prefabricated Morris Walk. He continued this specialism in prefabrication as development architect to the Yorkshire Development Group (1963–9), before opening a private practice to produce traditional low-rise housing, notably in Milton Keynes.

David Wyn Roberts (1911–1982) Architect and teacher, raised in Wales and trained at the Welsh School of Architecture. He taught in the late 1930s at Newcastle and (after war service) at Cambridge. In 1952 his remodelling of Magdalene College led to a spate of commissions from colleges wanting his low-key modern blocks, mainly in Cambridge but also at Oxford, Durham, Liverpool and Bangor. His early, best work has a residual classical purity; his work of the 1970s had something of Ralph Erskine’s vernacular style. He worked extensively with other architects, particularly Geoffrey Clarke, his partner from 1964.

Gwyn Roberts See John Seymour Harris.

James A. Roberts (1922– ) Architect, born, trained and based in Birmingham, where he ran an extensive commercial practice and lectured at the school of architecture. He later moved to Lymington, Hampshire, where he was still practising in 2010. His work is concentrated in Birmingham, but he also designed the St John Precinct and Beacon in Liverpool and the national Albany chain of hotels.

Howard Robertson (1888–1963) American born, Beaux-Arts trained architect, who taught at the AA from 1920 and became its principal in 1926, later its Director of Education. With the AA’s administrator and photographer Frank Yerbury he toured Europe and America, sometimes taking the students to widen their experience of modern architecture directly. His own work was designed with John Easton (Easton & Robertson, Preston, Cusdin & Smith, q.v.), and in the post-war years was dominated by London’s Shell Centre (1954–62), developed from his proposals as the British delegate to the committee charged to design the United Nations building in 1947. He had earlier served as technical adviser to the League of Nations building in Geneva.

Geoffrey Robson See Richard Sheppard.

Frederick Lloyd Roche (1931–1992) Architect turned administrator, who trained at Regent St and in 1958 became a schools architect in Coventry and then principal development architect for the Midlands Housing Consortium. In 1965 he became chief architect and planning officer for Runcorn where he hired James Stirling to design Southgate. In 1970 he was enticed to Milton Keynes as its General Manager, until 1981. Subsequently he joined Terence Conran (q.v.) to form the consultancy Conran Roche.

Roche & Dinkeloo Practice formed by Eamonn Kevin Roche (1922– ) and John Dinkeloo (1918–1981) following the death of Eero Saarinen. Roche was Irish, and worked for Michael Scott and Maxwell Fry (q.v.) before in 1948 he went to study at the Illinois Institute of Technology. In 1950 he joined Saarinen and in 1954 became his chief assistant. Dinkeloo worked for SOM in Chicago before becoming Saarinen’s office manager. Their factory at Darlington was among their earliest works, in which Saarinen’s influence was still strong.

David Rock (1929– ) Architect and graphic designer, he studied at Newcastle before working for Basil Spence in 1954–9 as a principal designer. He joined Grenfell Baines & Hargreaves (q.v.) in 1959 as an associate partner to open its first London office, which in 1961 transformed into the Building Design Partnership. He set up his own practice in 1971, forming Rock Townsend with John Townsend in 1972 and opening Workspace, offices for small design-related businesses.

Richard Rogers (1933– ) Architect born in Florence, who came to Britain in 1939. He studied at the AA in 1953–9 and at Yale School of Architecture in 1961–2, where a fellow student on his course was Norman Foster (q.v.), with whom he travelled to California. On their return to Britain they set up in partnership with the sisters Georgie Wolton (q.v.) and Wendy Cheesman as Team 4, with Rogers’s wife Su (q.v.) combining the roles of assistant and client on their house for her parents. When Team 4 folded in 1967 Richard and Su set up on their own, joining forces with the Italian Renzo Piano, with whom in 1971 they won a competition for the Pompideau Centre, Paris. Forming the Richard Rogers Partnership in 1977, Rogers led a team that won a competition for the Lloyd’s Building in 1978, completed 1986, and in 2007 the practice was reconstructed as Rogers Stirk Harbour & Partners.

Su Rogers (c.1939– ) Daughter of Marcus Brumwell, co-founder of the Design Research Unit (q.v., Misha Black), studied sociology and turned to architecture after she and her husband Richard Rogers (q.v.; m. 1960) returned from the United States. They set up their own practice, designing houses for Humphrey Spender and Richard’s parents before divorcing in 1970. Su designed another, smaller, house for her parents in 1972 with John Miller of Colquhoun and Miller (q.v.), whom she married in 1985.

Michael Rosenauer (1884–1971) Architect, who studied in Graz and Vienna. He came to London in 1928 to advise on low-cost housing. He came to specialise, however, in middle-class flats, as well as offices, private houses and the remodelling of theatres and clubs. He worked in New York in the Second World War, and contacts made there led to a post-war specialism in hotels, and offices for the Time and Life Corporation.

Eugene Rosenberg See Yorke, Rosenberg and Mardall.

Colin Rowe (1920–1999) Architect, historian and theorist, born in Rotherham and studied in Liverpool, to where he returned after completing an MA under Rudolf Wittkower at the Warburg Institute (1945). His teaching influenced James Stirling (q.v.), acknowledging that modernism could (and did) incorporate features from history. He admired Le Corbusier, but came to denounce modernist urban planning and in the 1970s taught at Cornell University, where his urban theories developed those of Camillo Sitte, best seen in Collage City, published with Fred Koetter (1978). He became a naturalised American citizen.

Eric Anthony Ambrose Rowse (1896–1982) Studied at the Edinburgh College of Art and founded the School of Planning and Research for National Development. President of the AA (1935–8).

Herbert James Rowse (1887–1963) Architect, who trained at Liverpool (1905–7) after pupillage and visited North America before opening a practice in 1914. He produced many of Liverpool’s finest inter-war buildings, and Pilkington’s offices in St Helens (1938–9). He bought an estate in Anglesey, but the war precluded its rebuilding. He built Wood-church, outside Birkenhead in 1947–51, upstaging his mentor Charles Reilly, and renovated the Rows in Chester shortly before his death.

Richard Drew ‘Dick’ Russell (1903–1981) Architect and furniture designer, was the younger brother of the designer Gordon Russell (1892–1980). They both developed an interest in furniture working in the repair shop of the Lygon Arms, their parents’ hotel. Dick Russell studied at the AA, and designed furniture and radio sets in the 1930s. He was Professor of Wood, Metal and Plastics at the RCA (1944–64). His furniture included designs for Coventry cathedral, University of Essex and the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society.

Ryder & Yates Multi-disciplinary practice founded by (John) Gordon Ryder (1919–2000), who studied architecture and planning at King’s College, Durham (Newcastle) in 1940–5 before joining Berthold Lubetkin at Peterlee, where he met Peter Yates (1920–1982), who studied at Regent St Poly and met Le Corbusier serving in the forces liberating Paris in 1944. Yates worked for Ove Arup (q.v.) before joining Lubetkin in Peterlee, but returned to Paris in 1950, meeting Ryder again only in 1953. They designed a series of private houses, shop interiors and exhibition stands before dramatically expanding their practice with Patterson’s garage, Newcastle (1962–4) and work for the Northern Gas Board, beginning with Norgas House (1963–5) and a research station (1965–8). They brought in the engineer (Marian) Leszek Kubik (1925–91) as a partner in 1963, joined later by a mechanical engineer, Jack Humphrey, and another architect, Ted Nicklin (q.v.). This evolution was important to this large-scale commercial and industrial work. They went on to design social services buildings in Newcastle and Sunderland, housing, Tyne Tees TV studios and factories for Vickers Armaments. The practice was continued by Nicklin and (from 1994) by Peter Buchan, today as Ryder.

Edward Frewin Samuel (1923–2013) Architect who turned from engineering at Cambridge and the Fleet Air Arm to study at the AA (1945–9) where he met and married Stella Helps from Ireland, with whom he visited Scandinavia, important to his belief in human scale and natural materials. He worked for the Ministry of Education (1949–52) and then for Basil Spence (q.v.), progressing from schools to assist on Thorn House. Meanwhile he bought a site on Southwood Lane in 1952 and eventually built himself a house, followed by a terrace there in 1966. Forming his own practice in 1960 after Spence passed on a house commission in Tring, he built in Stanmore, at Fairford in Wiltshire and rebuilt Shalford Hall, Essex, before building extensively in County Cork where he had a holiday home. Stella worked for the LCC before becoming a writer and photographer with Homes and Gardens.

Godfrey Samuel (1904–1982) Son of the politician Viscount Samuel, read philosophy at Oxford before going to the AA, and was a founder member of Tecton. He was a member of the MARS Group responsible for organising its exhibition in 1938 and its ‘Plan for London’ of 1942. He was secretary of the Royal Fine Art Commission in the 1950s and 1960s.

Felix Samuely (1902–1959) Engineer, born in Vienna and trained in Berlin, where he formed a practice with Stephen E. Berger. He moved to Moscow in 1932 and came to Britain in late 1933, first working for Ove Arup (q.v.) before constructing welded steel frames for the Bexhill Pavilion, Simpson’s Piccadilly and No. 10 Palace Gate before 1939. He taught at the AA from 1937 to his death. At the Festival of Britain he was responsible for the pavilions of Industry and Transport and for Skylon, having been Powell and Moya’s AA tutor, and worked on offices and factories, and schools and high-rise flats for the LCC, and on the U.S. Embassy. Most of his post-war work was in precast and pre-stressed concrete, for economic reasons, developing external frames for the National Dock Labour Board and the US Embassy, and folded plate construction. He also devised the crystalline spires of the Government Pavilion for the Brussels Exhibition of 1957 using a timber folded plate construction and devised a latticed steel folded plate roof for the industrial pavilion.

Adrian Sansom (1945–1991) Architect, studied at RWA, where he collaborated with Jack Smith on a house and worked for RMJM and John Hunt at Chelsea before joining Frederick MacManus (q.v.) in 1967, where he designed and supervised the building of a large clinic and designed public housing in Lewisham. He moved on to Lambeth to design housing at Central Hill and rebuilt Cranford School, before forming a practice with Christopher Cross in 1971. They were joined by Jeremy Dixon, Mike Gold and Ed Jones following their success in the Northampton CC competition, parting in 1977. From 1983 Sansom concentrated on teaching.

Scarlett Burkett Associates Frank Scarlett (1900–1981), architect, studied at the Bartlett and in the USA. He worked at the Paris Exhibition in 1925 before specialising in houses and after the war in office buildings. From c.1960 he was in partnership with John Burkett (1926– ). Led by Burkett, they produced modern farm buildings in Devon and the underground Cavendish Conference Centre for the National Federation of Building Trades Employers, with Frank’s son Christopher Scarlett as engineer.

Scherrer & Hicks Emil Scherrer (1911–2006), architect, son of a Swiss father and English mother, studied at Manchester Grammar School and School of Architecture, qualifying in 1933. He taught at Regent St Poly from 1937, serving as superintendent in 1943–7 and was a partner in Scherrer & Hicks (1943–72). (Joseph) Kenneth Hicks (1908–2001) was head of the Brixton School of Building with a commission to build housing on land at Croydon Airport, and brought in more work from Croydon. From bases in Manchester and London, their work included offices and laboratories, schools for the West Riding, the City of Bradford (including Rhodesway School), Keighley and the LCC/GLC. Their Maths Building at Manchester University, opened in 1926, was demolished 2005. Edmund C. Percey (1929– ) joined the practice in 1959 and became a partner in 1970. He was architect to the Lee Valley Water Company and subsequently Thames Water, specialising in water towers. In 1972 he took charge of the London office and the firm in the 1980s became Percey, Scherrer & Hicks.

John Schwerdt (1924–1989) Studied architecture after wartime service in the Navy and formed a practice in Lewes in 1954, later opening an office in London. The practice designed a church and extended and restored many others, and undertook conservation work as well as designing new schools and many private houses. The firm merged with R. N. Mackeller & Partners in 2003 but retains its Lewes office.

(Hugh Segar) ‘Sam’ Scorer (1923–2003) Architect and painter, studied mechanical sciences at Corpus Christi before war service, but afterwards turned to architecture at the AA (1946–9). He changed his name to Sam by deed poll. Scorer worked for Grey Wornum, then for Denis Clarke Hall (q.v.) with whom he formed a partnership in 1954 as Denis Clarke Hall, Scorer & Bright, with Roy Bright (1927– ), working from an office in his native Lincoln. He designed schools in Scunthorpe, a factory in Ilkeston (1956), garages at Markham Moor, Notts., and in Lincoln, and St John, Ermine (1963) as well as his own house and a gallery in Lincoln. He became a dynamic campaigner for the Victorian Society.

Adrian Gilbert Scott (1882–1963) Younger architect brother of Giles Scott (q.v.), he followed in the latter’s footsteps, working before 1914 as his assistant, particularly on secular work. After 1918 he enjoyed a separate small practice, though he assisted Giles in rebuilding the House of Commons. He designed many Roman Catholic churches, of which he built a great many after 1945 that followed the catenary arched form introduced by Sir Giles in his design for Coventry cathedral. These included St Joseph, Upton, Birkenhead (1953–4), SS Mary and Joseph, Poplar (1951–3) as well as the rebuilding of the Anglican St Leonard’s, Hastings (1953–61). His nephew Richard (q.v.) inherited his practice.

Elisabeth Whitworth Scott (1898–1972) Architect, a great-niece of both George Gilbert Scott and George Frederick Bodley and described as ‘gentle yet determined’ by her tutor Geoffrey Jellicoe, was raised in Bournemouth and studied at the AA in 1919–24. She worked for Niven and Wigglesworth, Louis de Soissons and Maurice Chesterton (qq.v) before in 1928 she won a competition for a new Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon — the first major public building by a woman architect. She worked at Newnham College, Cambridge, built an infant school in Henley and secondary school at Northallerton (1941), and the Marie Curie Hospital in Hampstead. In the war she settled in Bournemouth where she worked for A. J. Seal & Partners on houses and hotels, as well as one-off private commissions including Bournemouth Pier Theatre.

Sir Giles Gilbert Scott (1880–1960) Architect grandson of Sir George Gilbert Scott and son of George Gilbert Scott junior, who with his younger brother Adrian (q.v.) was articled to his father’s former assistant Temple Moore. In 1901 he entered the competition for Liverpool Anglian cathedral, and won. He developed a love of simple masses and plain walls, which he combined in his churches with clever planning, for both Anglicans and his fellow Roman Catholics. From the mid-1920s he brought these ingredients to secular work, beginning at Clare College, Cambridge, and including the Cambridge University Library (1930–4) and New Bodleian, Oxford (1935–46) as well as Battersea Power Station (where he redesigned the elevations in 1930). More power stations followed after 1945 at Rye House in Essex, Teesside and Bankside, when he restored the House of Commons and designed more churches, e.g., Our Lady of Carmel, Kensington (1957–9), and Christ the King, Plymouth (1960–2), recognisable for their simpler forms and paler brick. Knighted in 1924.

Richard Gilbert Scott (1923– ) Architect, who trained at the Bartlett and Regent St. He was in partnership with his father, Sir Giles Scott, and Robert Brandt, working extensively on Charterhouse School and the City’s Guildhall precincts where he designed the west wing (1974) and the Guildhall Art Gallery (1999). He was consulting architect for the Forth Road Bridge in Scotland and Redheugh Bridge, Newcastle, and designed churches at Biggin Hill, Kent (1959), Tile Cross (1966–7) and Sheldon, Birmingham (1968–9), the Birmingham commissions inherited from his Uncle Adrian (q.v.).

Wilfred John Scott (1910–1999) Architect, trained at Newcastle in 1928–33, and assistant to Cordingley and McIntyre (1933–8). In 1938–9 and 1945–9 he was chief architect to South Shields CB where he designed a hospital, clinic, library and schools. Chief Architect to Peterlee Development Corporation 1949–60, where an assistant described him as ‘a kind and gentle man’. He went on to work for Durham CC, and restored the west towers of Durham cathedral.

Scott, Brownrigg & Turner Newman George Effingham Turner (1918–2000) and John Brownrigg (1911–2002) set up in practice in 1946, and were joined in 1955 by Robert Duncan Scott (1928–1971). The principal designer, John Brownrigg, trained under H. S. Goodhart-Rendel before studying at the Bartlett and working at the LCC. He was also an assistant art director of Fox-British films, producing film sets. He inherited his father’s practice in 1935 and established a reputation for residential work around Guildford.

Seely & Paget Practice formed in 1926 without formal qualifications by the Hon. John Seely (1899–1963; from 1947 Lord Mottistone) and Paul Edward Paget (1901–85), who adapted No. 45 Cloth Fair, City of London, as their home in 1930 and No. 43 in 1954 for John Betjeman. With Seely the designer and Paget the business partner they extended Eltham Palace (1933–6), restored Mottistone Manor, Isle of Wight, and built Temple-wood in Norfolk for Paget’s uncle, Samuel Hoare, Viscount Templewood. They were introduced to church work by Paget’s father, the Bishop of Chester. The first of many new churches was St Faith, Lee-on-the-Solent (1933), noted for its catenary arches. After 1945 they restored Lambeth Palace and churches such as All Hallows, Barking (1949–58) and St Mary, Islington (1956), and built new ones that included All Hallows, Tower Hamlets (1954–5), St Luke, Leagrave (1956) and St George, Stevenage (1957–60). They also restored Windsor Castle and London Charterhouse (1949–56). They served in turn as surveyors of St Paul’s Cathedral.

Walter Segal (1907–1985) Architect, born to an artistic family and raised in Berlin, he grew up there and in Ascona, Switzerland, where he was much inspired by the nearby model community of Monte Verita. He studied architecture in Delft, Zurich and Berlin. Segal moved to London in 1936 where he taught at the AA and met his wife, the architect Eva Bradt (1914–1950), published and built model low-rise housing as well as small offices. In 1963 he married Moran Scott, and rebuilt her house in Highgate, in the interim erecting a timber garden house based on American balloon framing that became a model for the self-build housing he developed with LB Lewisham for awkward sites in the 1970s, at Segal Close and Walter’s Way. This system assumed great popularity with the work of the Walter Segal Self Build Trust following his death.

Ruben (Richard or Robin) Seifert (1910–2001) London-born son of a Swiss doctor, trained at the Bartlett and had a career in speculative housing until the war brought out his talents for organisation. He set up an office with two assistants in 1948; by the 1960s he had 200, and gave London many of its most eye-catching office towers. His personal skill was in understanding and maximising plot ratios for central London office developments, which attracted him to clients like Harry Hyams, developer of Centre Point (1961–6) and Drapers’ Gardens (1964–7). Design partners included George Marsh (q.v.). Striking offices outside London include Gateway House, Manchester (1968), NLA House, Croydon (1969) and Alpha Tower, Birmingham (1972). Following restrictions on office building introduced in 1964, the practice turned to designing hotels.

(Colin) Graeme (Lindsay) Shankland (1917–1984) Architect and planner, studied at Cambridge before the war intervened, when he worked for William Holford (q.v.) on hostels for factory workers before military service in India and Burma. He qualified at the AA, studying with Oliver Cox and Michael Ventris (qq.v.) before specialising in planning. In 1949 he joined the LCC and was chief planner for the South Bank and Hook new town, also instigating that scheme’s subsequent publication. He produced ‘Living Suburb: Boston Manor’ with CPB and David Gregory Jones (qq.v.). In 1961 he formed his own planning consultancy, following a commission to produce a master plan for his native Liverpool, in which he was joined by Cox in 1962, and for the centre of Bolton. He worked extensively abroad and was responsible for Kingston Waterfront and Ocho Rios in Jamaica and advised on the planning of Cergy-Pontoise near Paris.

Thomas Sharp (1901–1978) Town planner and writer, came to prominence in 1932 with Town and Countryside, an attack on suburbia and the Garden City Movement. He worked on the Scott Report on Land Utilisation in Rural Areas, which stressed the importance of agricultural land and led to the creation of the first national parks, and to Anatomy of the Village (1946). He designed villages for the Forestry Commission in Northumberland, and produced town plans for Durham (1945), Exeter (1946) and Oxford (1948).

Moira Shephard (neé Parpaglio) (1933–1974) Italian landscape architect, taught and worked in Italy before marrying Ronald Shephard in 1946, and was responsible for plants and pots at the Festival of Britain. She worked in Italy again from 1954.

(Sir) Peter Shepheard (1913–2002) Architect, planner and landscape architect, who saw these disciplines as indivisible. He studied architecture at Liverpool (1931–6), continuing with landscape design in 1936–7. He worked for his friend Derek Bridgwater (1899–1983; Mitchell and Bridgwater) in 1937–40. He then produced munitions factories until his godfather, Patrick Abercrombie (q.v.), gave him a job on the Greater London Plan, and thence he worked with William Holford at the Ministry of Town and Country Planning and as deputy architect to the Stevenage Development Corporation (1947–8). In 1948 he formed a partnership with Bridgwater and in 1955 with Gabriel Epstein (1918– ), in 1968 joined by Peter Hunter to form Shepheard, Epstein, Hunter. They adopted a gentle brick style for schools and housing notably at Lansbury and in Royal College St, Camden (1958–68) somewhere between traditional and modern in style but achieving high densities with four storeys, developed further at Spey Street and Gough Grove, LB Tower Hamlets. Shepheard was architect to Keele University and the firm designed Lancaster University and worked at Winchester College, Bishop Otter College in Chichester and the University of Ghana. Shepheard’s landscape work included the Festival of Britain and London Zoo as well as the book Modern Gardens in 1953. He combined practice with teaching landscape architecture at Pennsylvania University (1959 and 1962–71), where he was Dean of Fine Arts in 1971–9, together with increasing work as a committee man. Knighted in 1980.

(Sir) Richard Herbert Sheppard (1910–1983) Architect, raised in Bristol and studied at the Royal West of England Academy and at the AA, qualifying in 1934. He began practice in 1938 with his first wife, Jean Shufflebotham (1911–1974), joined in 1958 by his former assistant Geoffrey Robson (1918–1991), and became Richard Sheppard, Robson & Partners. Always preferring brick to prefabricated techniques, the practice advanced from schools to university work at Cambridge and Brunel, and also designed Collingwood College at Durham (1971–3), the School of Navigation at Warsash (by Robson, as were buildings at Newcastle University) and planned Manchester Polytechnic (Manchester Metropolitan University) in 1971–2. The practice later turned to commercial work. Knighted in 1981.

Brian Courtney Sherren (1905–1986) Architect to the National Provincial Bank in the 1950s, responsible for branches in Westminster, Islington, Plymouth and elsewhere.

Colin Ivor Michael Shewring (1924–1996) Architect, studied at Regent St. He specialised in churches, including Holy Family, Blackbird Leys (1964–5), St Peter, Ravenhead, Newark (1972) and St Martin of Tours, Strelley, Notts. (1972). Shewring also designed a few private houses, as at Pollard’s Hill, Norbury. He later settled in King’s Lynn as the borough architect, where he wrote a book on railways, Steam in East Anglia (1980).

Derrick Shorten (1926– ) Architect, born in Manchester and trained under Norman Barrett and at Liverpool School of Architecture. He worked for Hemel Hempstead Development Corporation and British Railways before joining BR London Midland Region and NW Metropolitan Health Authority. He was a partner in Watkins Gray International (q.v. A. Stuart Gray) in 1971–4 before working for Haringey BC and as coordinating architect to Alexandra Palace (1976–88). His principal works are Coventry Station and the Lister Hospital, Stevenage. His own house in Stevenage (1966) is heavily Scandinavian inspired.

Philip Sketcher (1926–1995) Birmingham architect active in the 1950s.

Charles Howard Simmons (1909–1962) Raised in London, he became county architect for Lancashire (1958–62), having previously been at Shropshire. He was taken ill and died while in office.

Slater, Moberly & Uren Practice formed in 1936 by John Alan Slater (1885–1963), Arthur Hamilton Moberly (1886– ; already in partnership) and Reginald Harold Uren (1903–1988), New Zealand architect of Hornsey Town Hall (1933–6). They were joined after the war by Charles H. Pike (1912– ). The firm worked extensively for John Lewis, rebuilding the Oxford St store in 1957–60, and for the Berners Estate in St Marylebone. Local authority work included Kidbrooke School, Greenwich (by Pike) and Norfolk County Hall (1968; by Uren). Pike left in 1956 to form his own practice to specialise in education buildings, in which he was joined by many of his assistants, eg., Herbert Clifton Wilson (1918–1986), later a partner.

Ivor Stanley Smith (1926– ) Studied at Cambridge and the AA, before joining Sheffield City Architect’s Department and working on Park Hill with Jack Lynn (q.v.). He settled in Wallingford in 1961, working in a team of architects and designers called Townmaker, redeveloping Gloucester Green, Oxford, with Bill Berrett. Smith went on to become professor of architecture at University College Dublin in 1969, the University of Bristol in 1976 and Edinburgh College of Art in 1985–90.

Thomas Daniel ‘T. Dan’ Smith (1915–1993) Painter and decorator, turned politician and public relations man. Born in Wallsend, Smith grew up in the Newcastle Labour Party, becoming chairman of the housing committee in 1958 and dynamic leader of the city council in 1960–5. He was passionate for the city’s slum clearance and replanning as what he called ‘the Brasilia of the North’. In 1962 he formed his own public relations company and began to seek financial reward. This concern developed further when he failed to secure national political office, though he was chairman of the North East Planning Council and served on the Buchanan and Redcliffe-Maud committees. He was charged with corruption in 1970 and 1972, the second time successfully. Following his time in prison he worked for the Howard League and in amateur dramatics.

Alison Margaret (née Gill; 1928–1993) and Peter Smithson (1923–2003) Architects and writers, met at the King’s College School of Architecture, Newcastle, and married in 1949 when they secured jobs with the LCC. They formed their own practice when in 1950 they won a competition for Hunstanton School, but then found work in short supply, turning to competitions, teaching and increasingly in the 1960s–70s to writing. They coined the term ‘New Brutalism’, looking at natural materials, with a fascination for the vernacular and everyday art, but despite such brutalist projects as the simple hut for the ‘Patio and Pavilion’ exhibit of 1956 at the This is Tomorrow exhibition, their permanent work was often serene, their largest work the Economist Building in London using natural stone panels. They were the chief British representatives and chroniclers of Team 10, a small international debating group of the Smithsons’ generation that succeeded in dismantling CIAM in 1959 and is the basis of their substantial international standing. Alison published in the AJ under the name Margaret Gill, Peter as Waldo Camino.

Julian Sofaer (1925– ) Architect, born in Iraq, who trained in Bombay and at the AA. He worked for YRM on the Elizabeth Lansbury Nursery School, Poplar (1951–2) and Dick Sheppard School, Lambeth, which he later also extended. He set up in private practice in 1955, ‘hot-headed and immature’ he says. He survived on conversion and modernisation work for LCC schools, most notably at Minet Road, extended 1959–60. His principal new school was Hugh Myddelton, Islington (1966–70). He also designed old people’s housing and social buildings, much of it for the Jewish community, and one private house, Meridian West (1963–5).

Peter Softley (1922–1997) Architect, who trained at Regent St Poly and worked for Jim Cadbury-Brown (q.v.) in 1950–7, and designed a house in Gerrards Cross. In 1957–9 he was project architect for C. H. Elsom (q.v.) on Eastbourne Terrace. As a partner in Denys Lasdun & Partners from 1960 and Denys Lasdun, Redhouse & Softley from 1976, he worked on the Royal College of Physicians and National Theatre, where he was noted for his clarity of mind and attention to detail.

Lewis Soloman & Son Architectural practice formed by Lewis Solomon (1848–1928) who was articled to Matthew Digby Wyatt. He was honorary architect to the Federation of Synagogues and surveyor to the United Synagogues, while also producing schools and commercial work. His son Digby Lewis Soloman (1884–1962) was articled to him and took over the practice in 1904. Sidney Kaye (1915–1992) joined the practice in 1951 and became a partner the next year, responsible for the Hilton Hotel and for the firm’s Hong Kong office. In 1968 the practice merged to become Sidney Kaye, Eric Firmin & Partners.

Ellis Somake (1908–1998) Architect, born in India, who specialised in shop design as architect to the British Shoe Corporation in the 1950s, and later settled in Vancouver.

Gabriel Somorjay (1942– ) Architect, born in Budapest, who came to London c.1947 and studied at Regent St Poly. He worked for Shepheard Epstein before joining Darbourne & Darke (q.v.) in 1969. He worked primarily with Darbourne, leading on the design for Chelsea FC’s stadium at Stamford Bridge.

Span Housing development company based in South London, formed in 1956 by Geoffrey Paulson Townsend (1911–2002) and Leslie Bilsby (1910–1991) with Eric Lyons (q.v.) as its architect. Lyons had worked with Townsend since 1938, but in 1954 Townsend renounced his RIBA membership to become a developer. They had worked with Bilsby in Blackheath since 1952. Their pioneering scheme at Parkleys, Ham, was begun in 1954 as Bargood Estates. Though spelt out in capitals in much of the company’s literature, the name was not a series of initials but referred to the possibilities of a beam or of an idea — Ivor Cunningham (q.v.) was not consistent in his explanations. The company folded in 1970 over New Ash Green but was refounded in 1976, with Bilsby taking the most active role.

Sadie Speight See Leslie Martin.

(Sir) Basil Spence (1907–1976) Architect, educated in Edinburgh and trained at Edinburgh College of Art (1925–31), who worked in 1929–30 for Sir Edwin Lutyens. He set up a practice with William Kininmonth, merging in 1934 with that of Rowand Anderson & Paul, with Spence concentrating on private houses and exhibition design, in independent practice from 1936. After war service he set up his own Edinburgh practice with (William Alexander) Bruce Robertson (1911–1984), again with exhibition work for Britain Can Make It (V&A) in 1946, and opened a London office in 1948 to work on housing and the Festival of Britain. Spence’s practice grew rapidly after he won the Coventry cathedral competition in 1951, followed by more churches, schools and especially university buildings — at Queens’ College, Cambridge; Glasgow, Nottingham, Exeter, Newcastle, Durham, Southampton, Edinburgh and Sussex — and extensive housing in Scotland.

Spence moved to London permanently in 1953 and opened an office in 1956 at his Canonbury home that became the hub of his practice, with a core design staff. Architects from the main London and Edinburgh offices would work in Canonbury under his supervision at the crucial point of a building’s design. John Hardie Glover (1913–1994) and Peter Scott Ferguson (1916–1969), trained in Edinburgh and joined Spence in 1948; they became partners in 1956 and in 1964 the Edinburgh practice became Sir Basil Spence, Glover & Ferguson. The Canonbury Place office became Sir Basil Spence OM RA and a new office was opened at Fitzroy Square as Sir Basil Spence, Bonnington & Collins, with partners Jack Bonnington (q.v.) and Gordon Collins. Later work included the Hyde Park Cavalry Barracks (1959–70), the British Embassy in Rome (1960–71), New Zealand Parliament Building (1964–5), Glasgow Airport (1962–6), 50 Queen Anne’s Gate (1964–6) and Salters’ Hall (1968–77), the latter typical of his structurally expressive late style. Knighted in 1960 and OM in 1962.

Douglas Rogers Stark (1908–91) Architect, with the LCC. He was a group leader in Schools Division who led the design team for, e.g., Holland Park School (1956–8). Privately he was architect for Trinity Congregational Church, Lansbury, commissioned by his architect father with Cecil Handisyde (q.v.).

Douglas Stephen & Partners Practice formed initially in 1950 by Douglas Stephen and his wife, Margaret Dent (m. 1947; dissolved 1962), while still students, initially to work for the Festival of Britain in Glasgow. Douglas Cruden Stephen (1923–1991) studied for at year at Liverpool and then transferred to the AA. He worked for Ernö Goldfinger (q.v.) until his own practice was formalised in 1954. Margaret Olivia Dent (1928–1995) studied at the AA in 1943–54, working part time in private practice and for the LCC. She brought her knowledge of public housing to Stephen’s office, working on the satellite town of St Paul de L’Etoile in Var, France and public housing in Haringey. The office was noted for its rational design, inspired by early modernism, and was one of the first to reappraise the Italian modernism of Giuseppe Terragni. The Mount, Campden Hill, Kensington, of 1961 is a remarkably early example of this rationalist revival, and Stephen attracted such architectural theorists as Kenneth Frampton and Robert Maxwell (qq.v.) to work for him, and Panos Koulermis and Elia Zenghelis. Maxwell and Barnaby Milburn became partners in 1974. The practice’s largest work was the Brunel Centre, Swindon (1970–9), in the tower of which there are reminiscences of 1930s styling without a direct quotation. The practice was refounded as DSP in 1993.

Gordon Stephenson (1908–1997) Architect and planner, trained at Liverpool University and worked with Patrick Abercrombie (q.v.) on the Greater London Plan before returning to Liverpool to head the School of Civic Design. In 1953 he moved to Perth, Western Australia, to produce a master plan, and this became his base (where he was Professor of Architecture at the University of Western Australia (1960–72)), though he also worked in New Zealand, Canada and America.

Cecil George Stillman (1894–1968) County architect for East Suffolk (1928–32), having previously worked for Cheshire and Hampshire, and then county architect for West Sussex (1932–45) and Middlesex (1945–59). He moved from the neo-Georgian style of Beccles Police Station (1932) and West Sussex County Hall (1936) to pioneer prefabricated school building at Sidlesham (1937), which he developed further at Middlesex in the late 1940s with standardised top-lit finger plans, but subsequently abandoned in favour of more varied construction. Most prominent in Middlesex are a series of large brick technical colleges.

Stillman & Eastwick-Field Partnership established in 1949 by John Stillman (1920– ), the son of C. G. Stillman (q.v.) and John and Elizabeth (née Gee) Eastwick-Field (both 1919–2003), who all met at UCL in 1937. They specialised in schools, many in London like Clissold Park (1967–70), and in prefabricated construction, as at Hide Tower, London (1959–61), with hospitals, residential homes and workshops for the public sector. Later jobs included the West of England residential school for the partially sighted in Exeter (1966), Trevelyan College, Durham (1968) and the Princess Marina psychiatric hospital, Northants (1972).

Hector John Watt Stirling (1907–1970) Architect, trained with Gardner & Gardner-McLean of Glasgow and at the School of Art there. He joined the LCC in 1935 and Leicester City Surveyor’s Department in 1936. In the 1940s he worked for Derby County Architect’s Department and by 1950 was Deputy City Architect at Newcastle, before becoming Plymouth city architect in 1954. He spent the rest of his career there and lived in the city until his death.

(Sir) James Stirling (1926–1992) Architect, born in Glasgow but was raised in Liverpool, where he studied architecture (1945–50) and found inspiration in its nineteenth-century buildings. He worked for Lyons, Israel & Ellis (q.v.) until in 1956 he and James Gowan (q.v.) formed their own practice to design flats at Ham Common, followed by proposals for Churchill College, and realised designs at Leicester University and for the LCC. The partnership split in 1963 shortly after it was commissioned to design the Cambridge History Faculty, Stirling taking with him their assistant Michael Wilford (1938– ), who trained at the Northern Poly and who joined in 1956; he formed a partnership with Stirling in 1971. Their work moved from red-tile Brutalism to the industrial, culminating at Runcorn, but in the 1970s his work became more post-modern and classically inspired, with museum projects for Dösseldorf, Cologne and Stuttgart. Wilford continued the practice as Michael Wilford Architects and in Stuttgart, Germany, has established Wilford Schupp. Knighted in 1992.

Rosemary Stjernstedt (1912–1998) Birmingham-born architect, who worked in Sweden during the Second World War after marrying a lawyer there. In 1946 she joined Stevenage Development Corporation and in 1950 the LCC, becoming its first woman group leader, before joining LB Lambeth in 1964.

Stone, Toms & Partners John Thomas Stone (1898–1970) and Richard William Toms (1913–2005) established a commercial practice in the 1920s that after the war designed the Empress State Building (1961) and Ormond House in Victoria Street, London (1975).

Roy Stout (1928– ) and Patrick Litchfield (1928–2002) Architects in private practice, who met as students at the RWA, Bristol (1948–53). Stout then worked for the LCC and Litchfield for Richard Sheppard and Partners, until they up in practice in 1962 with a house at Shipton-under-Wychwood, Oxon. They taught part-time at the AA until 1967 and converted a house into two maisonettes for themselves. They are best known for their private houses, but they also produced a design for St Cross College, Oxford, conversions in Pimlico and housing for the GLC, LB Lambeth and in Docklands.

Derek Acton Stow (1929–2014) Architect, who studied at Kingston School of Art and worked with Brown and Chamberlin (q.v.) on the Seaside exhibit of the Festival of Britain. After National Service he joined Powell & Moya in 1953, until he formed his own practice in 1962 specialising in health buildings, working with Raymond Moss of the Medical Architecture Research Unit. Jobs included Thamesmead’s Lakeside Health Centre, while his wife, Gwyneth, did landscaping work, and evolved into a series of modular health buildings. In 1991 he began the Halpin Stow Partnership, which produced master plans for the Royal Susex Country and Whipps Cross hopsitals, and extended King’s College Hospital.

Derek Sugden (1924– ) Civil engineer, served an apprenticeship in construction engineering during the war. He joined Ove Arup & Partners in 1953 and was a co-founder of Arup Associates (q.v.). He gained a second career as an acoustician when he was commissioned by Benjamin Britten to remodel Snape Maltings as a concert hall in 1966–7, followed by work at the Theatre Royal Glasgow, and the Buxton and Glyndebourne opera houses. He co-founded Arup Acoustics in 1980 and became Chairman of Arup Associates in 1983. He is also known for the house built for him and his wife, Jean, by Alison and Peter Smithson.

Royston Summers (1931–2012) Architect, who studied classics and English at Cambridge, graduating in 1954, and after six months with John Lewis he entered the AA, qualifying in 1961. He then joined Cornwall CC, working on New County Hall and designing Saltash Library. In 1964 he set up his own practice in Blackheath, designing North Several in Orchard Drive there, innovative energy-efficient housing, and Lakeshore Drive, Esher in 1969–74. He then worked for LB Lambeth on high-rise housing that was never built, and for LB Lewisham at Redfern Road.

(Robert) James Mackay Sutherland See Harris and Sutherland.

Henry Swain (1924–2002) Architect, who was educated at Bedales and the AA, the latter interrupted by war service on the Murmansk convoys. He worked at Hertfordshire (1948–55) before heading to Notts to develop CLASP, rising to become Chief Architect (to 1988). He was described in his Guardian obituary as ‘a rare combination of romantic rebel and good technician’.

Arthur Swift (c.1912–1995) Architect who worked for the Ministry of Works before (by 1958) setting up an extensive private commercial practice specialising in shopping centres, but also building flats, with offices in London and later Edinburgh and Dublin.

Peter Taborí (1942– ) Architect, was born in Hungary and studied at Regent St Poly. While a student he asked LB Camden for a diploma project and was given the brief for its Highgate New Town estate. After working for Goldfinger and Lasdun (qq.v.) he was invited by Sydney Cook (q.v.) to join Camden Architect’s Department and realise his scheme, built in 1973–8.

Thomas Smith Tait See Sir John Burnet, Tait and Partners.

William Tatton Brown (1910–1997) Architect, trained at the AA and Cambridge, who worked briefly for André Lurçat before completing his qualifications at the AA. He worked with Berthold Lubetkin in 1934–8, mainly on Highpoint II, and with Lionel Brett (1938–40; qq.v.). He and his wife, Aileen Tatton Brown (née Sparrow; 1912–1997), then worked for Finsbury MB, producing a scheme for its rebuilding before he saw service with the Royal Engineers. In 1946 he joined the Ministry of Town and Country Planning, then in 1948 succeeded Stirrat Johnson-Marshall (q.v.) as deputy architect at Herts. In 1959 Tatton Brown became chief architect to the Ministry of Health, staying on after official retirement in 1971.

Herbert Tayler (1912–2000) and David Green (1912–1998) Architects, trained at the AA (1928–33), in practice together from 1939 (Tayler solo in 1938), designing a studio in Highgate and a Kensington flat. They moved to Lowestoft in 1940 to work on war-damage repair and take over Green’s father’s practice. Six cottages for Lothingland RDC in Suffolk (1943) were followed from 1945 to 1973 by housing as consultants to Loddon RDC in Norfolk. They also designed sheltered housing and a public house in Lowestoft, and housing in Norwich (1973). More diverse works included a house, offices and a shop for Geoffrey Imhof, some private houses for friends, a school and a hospital. In 1973 they retired to Altea, Spain, and built themselves a house there.

Tecton See Berthold Lubetkin.

Harry Sheridan Teggin (1932– ) Architect, based in Glasgow and worked for Brett and Pollen (qq.v.) to 1974 then formed his own practice with David Guy Taylor. He also produced a scheme in 1966–8 for a barrier across the Wash, and in 1972 Teggin and Taylor produced a study of Foulness for the CPRE. Teggin was involved in the 1990s in creating a bagpiping college in Glasgow.

Quinlan Terry (1937– ) See Raymond Erith.

Dewi-Prys Thomas (1916–1985) Architect born and trained in Liverpool. He taught at the Liverpool School of Architecture from 1947 until in 1960 he became head of the Welsh School of Architecture, from which he retired in 1981. Teaching gave him little time for building, save for private houses at Woolton and on the Wirral, though he aided in the design of Y Pencadlys, the headquarters of Gwynnedd CC in 1982–6.

Mark Hartland Thomas (1916–1973) Architect, after first studying classics at Cambridge. He trained at the RWA and went into partnership with his father, and in 1940 became deputy chief architect to United Diaries. He became chief industrial officer to the Council of Industrial Design in 1947, and oversaw exhibits for the Festival of Britain. His preoccupation was with modular coordination, as secretary of the Modular Society founded by him in 1953, and with inventions, for example of a fire-resistant curtain wall. In 1969 he reported for the United Nations on modular coordination in low cost housing. He spent his last years running a small practice specialising in the care of churches based at Upchurch, Kent.

(Sir) Percy Thomas (1883–1969) Architect, born in South Shields but raised in Cardiff, who entered articles in 1898 and won his first competition in 1903. He formed a partnership in Cardiff with Ivor Jones in 1913 after working with J. C. Prestwich. Most of his work was in Wales, but he also built in England, especially around Bristol. After the war, his practice worked on power stations, factories and public buildings such as the Severn Bridge. Thomas was consultant architect to the universities of Nottingham and Bristol, and judge of many competitions. Knighted 1946. His son Norman Thomas (1915–1989) succeeded to his extensive practice in 1963, which became the Percy Thomas Partnership (to 2004), noted for works such as Clifton cathedral.

Nicholas Thompson (1936– ) Architect with Renton Howard Wood Levin (q.v.), qualified at Oxford School of Architecture (Oxford Brookes) in 1957 and worked for Norman and Dawbarn before joining Renton in 1961. He worked on the development of St Katharine by the Tower and London Docks before specialising in building or remodelling theatres, with his wife, (Alice) Clare Ferraby (1938– ), responsible for their decoration. Hers is often the dramatic difference to a scheme, in her use of colour and additional enrichment, as seen in new works at the Crucible Theatre and the Art Deco additions to the Prince Edward Theatre, London.

David Thurlow (1939– ) Architect, studied at Cambridgeshire College of Art (1955–9) while working for West Suffolk CC and thence joined Kent CC’s School’s Division. In 1963 he joined Cambridge City Council, finally qualifying in 1965. In 1967–9, he was an assistant to Colin St John Wilson. In 1970 he co-founded Cambridge Design Group, combining practice with teaching at the university; and in 1979 he formed Cambridge Design with Syd Furness (1936– ; best known for his own house in Hills Avenue). He later taught at Nottingham and South Bank universities, and then formed a practice Thurlow, Cornell & Curtis.

Patricia Randall ‘Pat’ Tindale (1926–2011) Architect, who studied at the AA (1943–8), and in 1949 joined the Welsh office of the Ministry of Education under Stirrat Johnson-Marshall (q.v.). She progressed to the research and development group in 1951–60, then moved to the MHLG as the founder member of its Research and Development Group under Cleeve Barr (q.v.), studying low-rise prefabricated housing as an alternative to tower blocks. On the formation of the Department of the Environment in 1970 she joined its Housing Development Directorate, becoming head of its Building Regulations division in 1972 and overall head in 1974–81. She took over the Central Unit for the Built Environment before becoming chief architect in charge of general policy in 1982. In 1982–6 she served as chief architect at the Department of the Environment, the only person to ever hold this post and the last architect within the Civil Service to shape government policy on the design of public housing. A talented administrator, her few designs included Arnold Grammar School, Notts, 5M housing at Gloucester Street, Sheffield and her own timber-framed house in Clapham developed in conjunction with that by John Kay (q.v.) alongside.

Stavers Hessell Tiltman (1888–1968) Architect based in Sussex, specialising in public houses for the Brighton-based Rock Brewery; he also designed Shoreham Airport (1934–5). He was the son of Alfred Hessell Tiltman (1854–1910), a London-based architect who designed hospitals, and served articles with him while also studying at Regent St.

Tomei & Matthews Architectural practice based in London and Croydon specialising in church work, with an office in Bournemouth that concentrated on commercial jobs. Lawrence Tomei (1909–1989) began his independent career after articles working for the Salvation Army. This continued after 1947 when he was joined in partnership by John Maitland Maxwell (1917–2001), but from the 1950s the practice was dominated by commissions for schools and churches from the RC Archdiocese of Southwark and the order of the Ladies of Mary. Aided by Brian George Mackley (1931– ) who became a partner, the firm designed a teacher training college at West Wickham for the Ladies of Mary (1950s) and as Tomei and Mackley since the 1970s the firm has diversified into housing and planning.

Hugh Tottenham (1926–2012) Engineer, who trained at Cambridge and worked from 1954 for the Timber Development Association on timber hyperbolic parabolid shell structures. He lectured at Southampton University and the Wessex Institute of Technology.

Frederic E. Towndrow (1897–1977) Architect and journalist, who specialised in new building construction. He worked on the Wembley Exhibition for Simpson and Ayrton (1923–4), and for Herbert Rowse (q.v.) before joining the Office of Works as an assistant to James West rebuilding Regent St. He was first editor of Architectural Design and Construction (1933–4), and experimented with low-cost flat-roofed housing. In 1941–5 he returned to the Office of Works and in 1943 took charge of its studies into experimental building, working with F. R. S. Yorke, Anthony Chitty, and Richard Sheppard (qq.v.). In 1947 he emigrated to Sydney as Professor of Architecture at University of New South Wales.

Robert Townsend (1910–1987) Architect, born in Bath where he later practised. He studied at the AA and wrote for the Architectural Press in the 1940s, particularly on his hero Frank Lloyd Wright, who influenced a series of private houses in the south-west and Midlands, notably his own at Durrington, Wiltshire, in 1951–2. Wright also inspired a series of factories with timber shell roofs, beginning at Wilton Carpet Factory for his wife’s family. He was ordained into the Roman Catholic church in 1965, to whom he devoted most of his later architectural career and later served as a deacon.

Trehearne & Norman, Preston & Partners Architectural partnership founded in 1900 by Alfred Trehearne (1874–1962) and joined by Charles Frederick Norman (1884–1925) in 1902. Their early success came in Kingsway and Aldwych. Peter Robert Preston, who trained at Cambridge, but who was primarily an administrator, led the practice from 1951. The principal designers were George Gneditch and Harold Mortimer, who produced large numbers of office buildings in the City, including St Bridget’s House in Bridewell Place and Gateway House, Cannon St, the first modern offices in a modern style there. Clements House (1954–7) remains indicative of their style but their work is disappearing fast, as with their most prominent buildings, those at Paternoster Square, the last of which was demolished in 2011. They also worked extensively for banks and building societies, and designed the Water Gardens and other residential buildings on the Church Commissioners’ Hyde Park Estate (1958–66). The practice also worked in Europe and the Middle East.

Hans Peter (Felix) Trenton (1925–1987) Architect and town planner, born in Vienna, who trained by evening classes at Regent St Poly.

He designed police housing for Devon CC at Middlemoor (1959–61), a robust block of twelve flats with four houses. He became deputy architect to Frank Hayes at Camberwell MB and his successor at LB Southwark, retiring in 1977. He knew the radical pre-war housing schemes of his native Vienna and thought big, designing the vast medium-rise Aylesbury Estate (from 1963) and the Heygate Estate (called ‘townships’) as a counter to tower blocks and to give private open space, though his department also produced modest, low-rise housing at Scovell Road. Trenton later returned to Devon, developing a co-ownership project in Ugborough (1976) and housing for the Devon Community Housing Society at Seaton and Exeter.

George Albert Trevett (1921–1995) Architect, with the LCC’s Schools Division, group leader for Elliott School. He went on to become borough architect at Hounslow in 1965–78.

Sir (Herbert) Alker Knight Tripp (1883–1954) Tripp followed his father into the civil service and police force, despite an early interest in art. Based at Scotland Yard from 1902, he rose to become assistant commissioner of the London Metropolitan Police (1932–47). In his work he became a pioneer in traffic planning, publishing Road Traffic and its Control in 1938 and Town Planning and Road Traffic in 1942 as well as a book on yachting (1928). Knighted in 1945.

Ralph Tubbs (1912–1996) Architect and exhibition designer, who studied at the AA in 1930–5, and worked for Ernö Goldfinger and Maxwell Fry (qq.v.). Unfit for military service, he worked on munitions buildings while he established a career in exhibition design during the war with Living in Cities and The Englishman Builds. These led to a commission for the Festival of Britain’s Dome of Discovery in 1949–51. The Indian YMCA (1952) and Baden Powell House (1956–61) led in turn to a specialism in halls of residence for the University of London, but his later career was dominated by the building of Charing Cross Hospital (1959–72).

Wayland Tunley (1937–2012) Architect, born in Sudan. He was architect to Milton Keynes Development Corporation (1972–81) before forming a partnership with a colleague, Trevor Denton, in c.1981.

Richard Twentyman (1903–1979) Architect, studied engineering at Cambridge before entering the AA, qualifying in 1931 when he joined H. E. Lavender in practice in his native Wolverhampton. After the war he practiced with Geoffrey Percy until the latter’s death in 1963. Until his retirement in 1977 he produced a variety of buildings, notably schools and a series of churches in the West Midlands that move from the Scandinavian styled All Saints, Darlaston, of 1952 to the starkly modern St Andrew’s Whitmore Reans (1965), the latter noted for glass by John Piper, introduced through Twentyman’s brother Anthony.

(Mary) Jaqueline Tyrwhitt (1905–1983) Planner, educator and writer, born in South Africa where her father was working on schools. She studied architecture at the AA and landscape architecture under Ellen Willmott, but Patrick Geddes’s work on town planning was her greatest inspiration. She worked in 1935 at Dartington and studied in Germany in 1937. She studied planning under E. A. A. Rowse, graduating in 1939 when with the war she was left to take over his course. While campaigning for greater recognition for Geddes’s work she worked on exhibitions and for the MARS group, and following Rowse’s return in 1948 she devoted herself to CIAM, responsible for much of its administration and establishing an international network of contacts. In the early 1950s she worked in Canada, sometimes with Wells Coates (q.v.), her CIAM colleague. In 1954 she was appointed by J. L. Sert to teach at Harvard, and in 1955 she co-founded the journal Ekistics with Constantinos Doxiados and was associated with it until her death. A memorial issue was published in 1985.

Francis Xavier Velarde (1897–1960) Roman Catholic architect of Spanish (Gallician) descent. After war service in 1914–18 (when he was gassed at Paschendaele), he studied under Charles Reilly at Liverpool (1920–3) and taught there (1928–54). He worked briefly for Weightman & Bullen (q.v.). He designed schools but is best known for his RC churches. His inter-war work was dominated by St Gabriel, Blackburn (1932–3), his only Anglican work, and St Monica, Bootle (1936–7). They were north European expressionist in feel. His post-war work was more Romanesque and thoroughly individual, including English Martyrs, Wallasey (1952–3), St Teresa’s, Up Holland (1955–7) and Holy Cross, Bidston (1957–9) as well as the shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes, Blackpool (1955–7). Many of these were decorated by the sculptor Henry Tyson Smith. All these churches are in the North-west, but he left designs for churches in Borehamwood, Potters Bar and Twickenham in the diocese of London that were completed by his son Julian Velarde (1932– ) and Richard O’Mahoney.

Michael G. F. Ventris (1922–1956) Architect, trained at the AA where he met his wife Betty (1920–1987). He worked for the Co-operative Society in Sweden 1948, and then with the A+B Branch of the Ministry of Education. His chief works are St Crispin’s school, Wokingham, and his own house in Highgate (both 1953), but he is best known for deciphering early Greek tablets from Mycenan sites (Linear B) in 1952–3, having heard a lecture by Sir Arthur Evans in 1935.

Austin Vernon & Partners Architectural and surveying practice established in 1948 when Russell Vernon (1916–2009) became a partner in the practice of his uncle, Frederick Austin Vernon (1882–1972), surveyor to the Dulwich College Estate. Russell Vernon had studied at Regent St Poly and, in 23 years as the estate’s surveyor, went on to design over 2,000 modern homes on the Dulwich Estate and in Tunbridge Wells. He also worked on the Dulwich Picture Gallery, restoring it after war damage, and built offices for Otis Elevators and Luthansa, as well as public housing and a church and training centre for the Church Army.

Leonard Grange Vincent (1914–2007) Architect and planner, born and educated in Ilford and studied in London before serving in the war with the Royal Engineers. He completed his training in private practice in Essex. In 1949 he became assistant chief architect to Stevenage Development Corporation, rising to chief architect in 1954. In 1962 he set up in private practice with Raymond Gorbing (1920–2013) to carry on as consultant architect and planner to the town while seeking other work elsewhere and producing a plan for the expansion of Ipswich. He retired in 1979 to become a planning inspector.

John Voelcker (1927–1972) Architect who trained and taught at the AA, one of the brightest of his generation and noted for his thesis ‘Zone’, produced with Pat Crooke and Andrew Derbyshire (qq.v.). This he exhibited at CIAM (Aix) in 1953, and he was involved in the dissolution of CIAM at Dubrovnik and the formation of Team 10 before becoming disillusioned. After working with Derbyshire for Farmer & Dark (q.v.) he formed a small rural practice in Kent, producing the auction ring at Ashford Cattle Market and standardised farm buildings, a single-storey house for Humphrey Lyttelton at Arkley, Barnet, and council offices at Swanscombe, his Brutalism comprising simple, honest structures mainly of brick. He was professor of architecture at Glasgow University before his early death from cancer.

Anthony Wade (1935–1976) Architect, grew up in South Africa and studied at the University of Natal before reading PPE at Oxford. He worked for ACP but in 1962 took a Master’s degree under Louis Kahn in Philadelphia. He worked for William Holford (q.v.) on Kent University, designing Eliot College, then set up in private practice in Kent, working there and in Africa. He was head of the Canterbury School of Architecture in 1974–6.

Cyril Henry Walker (1890–1976) Valuer. Raised in Leeds, where he worked for the Great Northern Railway in 1906–12 and in the Housing and Town Planning Division of Leeds City Council in 1919–24. He became the estate and planning officer at Preston (1924–5) city estates surveyor, Norwich (1925–30), housing director at Bolton (1930–5) and borough valuer and housing officer at Croydon (1935–44), before joining the LCC. He became director of housing and valuer there in 1946 after serving as deputy. The architect to the council (Robert Matthew q.v.) resumed responsibility for housing in 1950, but Walker retained control over the out-county estates and land management.

Derek Walker (1929–2015) Architect, trained at Leeds, who set up practice in 1958, designing houses (e.g., the Gould house) and three RC churches, including Holy Family, Pontefract, before forming the Architects Design Group with John Attenborough and Bryn Jones in 1966. Work in Runcorn was combined with teaching, as head of architecture at the RCA. In September 1970 he was appointed chief architect to Milton Keynes Development Corporation; private practice since 1976.

Ronald Walker See Fred Pooley.

Walls & Pearn Architectural practice based in Plymouth by Herbert Forrest Walls (1909–1973) and Charles Henry Paul Pearn (1920–1992). They built a series of public buildings in war-damaged Plymouth, including the Athenaeum in 1958–61, the Pannier Market in 1959–60 and the ambulance station at Crownhill (1954). The practice was continued as Pearn and Proctor.

Basil Ward (1902–1976) New Zealand architect who formed a partnership with Amyas Connell and Colin Lucas (q.v.) in the 1930s. After service in the Royal Navy he became a partner in Ramsey, Murray White and Ward, subsequently Murray Ward and Partners, joining a group of fellow New Zealanders, with science buildings at Oxford and Hammersmith Hospital. He discovered the Lake District while working on the Provincial Insurance building in Kendal, and settled near Amble-side, where he built a house (1961), and taught at Manchester Polytechnic and Lancaster University.

Ronald Ward (1909–1973) Architect, serving articles in Winchester while studying at the RA schools. He worked for Essex, London and Surrey county councils before joining Saxon Snell & Philips (hospital specialists, leading him to publish a book on hospital planning in 1949). He set up his own practice in 1936. Ward had the city connections, and his partners and assistants designed buildings as varied as the neo-Georgian Farmers’ Union building at Hyde Park Corner, Millbank Tower (1959–63) and St George’s (Nestlé Tower) and Katherine houses, Croydon (1964), the National Farmer’s Union in Knightsbridge, Holborn Viaduct Station and Dungeness lighthouse (1960). The practice also practiced in Africa. The irony noted by the architectural press was that while Millbank Tower was briefly London’s highest building, Ward himself was only 5V4W tall. He lived in a penthouse over the 100-strong office in Belgravia.

Watkins Gray See A. Stuart Gray.

James Fletcher Watson (1913–2004) Architect and artist. He began his career serving articles for his uncle, Cecil Upcher (1884–1972), an architect working in Norfolk and a member of a distinguished local family. He then worked for Maurice Webb (Aston Webb’s son) while attending classes at the RA in 1935–6. He joined his uncle in partnership in 1946 or 1947, working in the classical style in Norfolk, as with All Saints’, Bawdeswell (1953–5) and the Bishop’s Palace, Norwich (1959) but developing a more mixed practice once he opened a London office, when in 1959 he was offered the job of rebuilding Coutts Bank. This is seen in his esoteric additions to Nottingham University (1963–7). He retired to Windrush, Oxon., in the late 1970s and established himself as a water-colourist, hyphenating his name.

James Paton Watson (1898–1979) Qualified as a civil engineer in Dundee in 1923 and in 1928 was appointed borough engineer and surveyor at South Sheilds, moving to Scarborough in 1934 as borough and water engineer. He became city engineer at Plymouth in 1936. He assisted Patrick Abercrombie on his Plan for Plymouth, and was credited with efficiency and haste in putting the plan into practice. He retired in 1958.

E. Berry Webber (1896–1963) One of the most accomplished specialist designers of civic centres in the inter-war period. His work included those at Southampton (1928–39), Dagenham (1936–7; extended 1963) and Hammersmith (1938–9). His principal post-war work was at Portsmouth where he rebuilt the civic centre and designed a clubhouse for the United Services’ Offices Ground (1952), assisted by the local architect H. J. Lynn.

John Weeks (1921–2005) Architect, trained at the AA, and after wartime service in the Royal Navy contacted Leslie Martin at the LMS, who was sufficiently intrigued to offer him a job. There he met Llewelyn Davies (q.v.) whom he followed in 1950 to the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust and in 1956 to the Nuffield Foundation, and later to a partnership. Weeks was the designer, who following housing at Rushbrooke specialised in hospitals, developing theories of indeterminacy that combined easy through routes with ready extension.

Weightman & Bullen Architectural practice founded in Liverpool in 1912, led in the 1950s by Alfred Gabriel Bullen (1912–1992). In the 1950s and 1960s it designed a large number of churches in the North West, including St Catherine of Siena, Lowton (1957) and St Mary, Highfield St, Liverpool (1953). The practice, now led by Peter Bullen, opened a London office in 1979 and now designs a wide range of buildings. See also Jerzy Faczinski (q.v.)

Gerald Wellesley, 7th Duke of Wellington (1885–1972) Diplomat and architect, he served articles with H. S. Goodhart-Rendel in 1919–21 and was surveyor of the King’s works of art in 1936–43. In 1943 he succeeded his nephew Henry as Duke of Wellington. He designed the Faringdon folly tower for Lord Berners and built Portland House, Weymouth, both in 1935. He worked with Trenwith Wills (q.v.) from 1921, collaborating on interiors and on the remodelling of country houses such as Castle Hill, Filleigh, Devon and Biddick Hall in County Durham.

John Wells-Thorpe (1928– ) Architect, trained at Brighton School of Architecture, Rome scholar 1953 and studied in Spain 1956. He joined Gotch and Partners, and set up his own practice after designing Hove Town Hall. He designed a number of offices for financial institutions and was founding chairman of South Downs Health NHS Trust. He produced his memoirs, Behind the Façade, in 2009.

Frank West (1906–1975) Architect and planner to the LCC from 1937, and deputy chief architect under Hubert Bennett (q.v.), until in 1965 he became director of architecture and planning at Westminster City Council.

Bryan Westwood (1909–1990) and Norman Westwood (1912–2008) Architect brothers, born in Surrey, who succeeded to their father Percy Westwood’s practice in the 1930s after studying at the AA. They refounded it in 1946. They inherited their father’s work for Austin Reed and developed a specialisation in shops and public houses that led to their book The Modern Shop in 1952. They built laboratories for Associated Portland Cement and the Agricultural Research Institute, schools for Lancs CC, additions to Liverpool University, the Congress Theatre in Eastbourne, Queens Theatre London and Theatre Royal St Helens, with low-rise housing for the GLC (e.g., Half Moon Crescent, Islington; 1968–72), and the Rose Garden restaurant in Regent’s Park. They also built extensively for the Ministry of Defence, at Shorncliffe, Kent, in the 1960s and Bordon, Hants, in the 1970s. They were joined by Jan Piet (q.v.); and by Roger Poole (1927–1988) in 1963, who became a partner in 1971 and a specialist in shop design.

Norman Whicheloe and Stephen G. P. Macfarlane Practice formed in 1955 by two ex-AA students. Whicheloe (1927–2002) first studied at Beckenham Technical College, qualifying at the AA in 1951 and he won a postgraduate year under Steen Eiler Rasmussen in Denmark before joining Misha Black and DRU (q.v.). He moved to Bristol in 1955 and was teaching at the RWA in 1956 when he and Macfarlane (1928– ) founded a practice that combined architecture and industrial design. Macfarlane had studied at the AA in 1945–50 and worked for the LCC and Bristol city council, with a period of voluntary work for village community centres. He was later seconded to RMJM to work in Nigeria, living there in 1967–9. After building commercial and industrial buildings, mainly in the South West but also in Yorkshire, with some private housing, they expanded into a multi-disciplinary practice in 1972. Works include housing at Frome and High Kingsdown (Bristol), Bristol University School of Mathematics, the theatre at Clifton College (1965–7), St Brandon’s Junior School at Clevedon and additions to Ashton Court, Bristol. By 1973 the practice also had a small London office led by Colin Hodson.

Christopher Whittaker (1925– ) Architect and planner, studied at the AA in 1943–4 and 1947–51, then turned to planning. He worked in Basildon, and on the LCC’s Brandon Estate in 1950–60. He was an associate with Trehearne and Norman, Preston & Partners (q.v.) in 1960–5; then worked for the MHLG/DOE in 1966–72 on the Barnsbury Environmental Study, and in 1972–80 as a partner with Stephen George & Partners where he had many tenants’ and residents’ association clients.

George Whitby See Donald McMorran.

William Whitfield (1920– ) Architect, trained at King’s College, Newcastle. His buildings, inspired by Louis Kahn but often very carefully contextual, include Durham University Library (1963–5), the library and Hunterian Museum extension in Glasgow (1962–81) and the extension to the Institute of Chartered Accountants, partly in a pastiche of Pite and Belcher’s original building (1964–70). He extended Richmond Terrace, Whitehall (1987) and built the chapter house at St Alban’s cathedral (1975–83). In 1996 he produced the master plan for the rebuilding of Paternoster Square, where he also produced most of the buildings, completed in 2003.

Jack Whittle (1933–2013) Deputy architect to the GLC before becoming Cheshire county architect and by February 1977 was in private practice.

(Harold) Alan Wightman (c.1925– ) Architect, studied at the AA and UCL (1952), and worked for Farmer & Dark before joining Robert Matthew Johnson-Marshall in 1957, working in their Edinburgh office on Ninewells Hospital, Dundee (from 1958) and the universities of Strathclyde and Stirling.

Sir Evan Owen Williams (1890–1969) Engineer, came to prominence with the Wembley Exhibition of 1924–5, earning a knighthood and a series of bridges. In the 1930s he produced a series of buildings independently of specialist architects, including offices for the Daily Express and manufacturing and packaging plants for Boots the Chemists. Postwar work included headquarters and hangars for the BOAC at Heathrow (1950–6), Daily Mirror building and motorway work at Newport, Wales, and for the M1 between Luton and Dunchurch, assisted by his son Owen Tudor Williams (1916–1996).

Thurston Williams (1923–1985) Architect, studied at the AA and worked for the LCC in 1951–65, designing Old Street fire station when in General Division. He then became borough architect for Hillingdon, establishing a multi-disciplinary practice there. He left in 1978 to become managing director of the National Building Agency, and when in 1982 this was closed by the Government he became director of technical services at LB Camden.

Williamson, Faulkner Brown & Partners See Harry Faulkner Brown.

Trenwith Wills (1891–1972) Educated at Liverpool and the RA before joining Ferdinand Billery’s atelier, where he met Lord Gerald Wellesley, with whom he formed a partnership. Wills also produced war memorials at the Royal School of Mines, the RIBA and RA, all with the sculptor Herbert Tyson Smith. Wills continued the practice with his wife Simonne after Wellesley retired to become 7th Duke of Wellington, and restored Castle Howard and designed Hinton Ampner.

(Sir) Colin St John Wilson (1922–2007) Architect, who studied at Cambridge and, after war service, at the Bartlett. He joined the LCC in 1950 and was one of the team who developed its slabs of maisonettes inspired by the Unité d’Habitation. In 1955 he left to work for a developer in Hereford Square, Kensington, while collaborating with Theo Crosby (q.v.) and others as one of the co-organisers of the This is Tomorrow exhibition at the Whitechapel Gallery. He was headhunted in 1956 by Leslie Martin (q.v.) to join him in Cambridge, mixing teaching and practice. A seminal moment came in 1957 when he met Alvar Aalto, who inspired most of his subsequent work with Martin and independently from 1965 with his wife, Mary Jane ‘M. J.’ Long (1939– ), who was born in the USA and studied at Yale, meeting Wilson when he was teaching there in 1964. Their works included the British Library, a scheme Wilson took over from Martin in 1968, producing the first scheme for its present site in 1972. Long formed a new practice, Long & Kentish, with Rolfe Kentish in 1994. Knighted in 1998.

Hugh Wilson (1913–1985) Architect and planner, studied at Regent St Poly 1930–5, and joined Canterbury city council in 1939. In 1945 he became Canterbury city architect, producing its redevelopment plan; in 1956 he was appointed chief architect and planner for Cumbernauld, until 1962 when he established an independent practice there, joined in 1964 by Lewis Womersley (q.v.) when they opened offices in London and Manchester. Wilson advised on the master plan for Manchester University and the Institute of Technology (UMIST), polytechnic and hospital, and the controversial redevelopment of Hulme, and acted as consultant for the creation of the Department of the Environment in 1970.

Roy Seaton Wilson-Smith (1918–1993) Architect, and the foremost specialist in themed pubs. He produced a series of public houses for Watney’s that included the Birds Nest pubs in Twickenham and Chelsea, each with a discotheque, and Schooner Inns. His most famous design was the Windsock in Dunstable, opened in 1971 and demolished in 1984.

Peter Winchester (1935– ) Architect with Basil Spence & Partners and Arthur Swift & Partners (qq.v.), before setting up in independent practice.

John Winter (1930–2012) Architect, studied at the AA in 1950–3 after pupillage in Norwich. He developed his personal style after winning a scholarship to Yale, where he came under the influence of Louis Kahn, before driving to California to work for Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and for Charles Eames. On his return to Britain he worked for Ernö Goldfinger (q.v.), but California infused him with an interest in steel-framed houses which he adapted to the needs of an English climate, notably with houses for himself overlooking Regent’s Park and in Highgate. More extensive housing projects were in Wroughton and Stantonbury, Milton Keynes, and he extended Morley College, London, from 1972, as well as making alterations and extensions to the AA. In the 1990s he established a second career as a restoration architect of 1930s’ modern houses.

Claude Richard Graham Winteringham (1923– ) Architect, born in Louth and studied at Birmingham School of Architecture after war service in the Royal Navy. He became a partner in the firm of S. T. Walker & Partners, designing Hodge Hill School and Garretts Green church, the chapel at Sebright School, Kidderminster (1966–7) and low-rise public housing. His theatre work was in his own name. The Crescent Theatre in Birmingham opened in 1964 (demolished) and the Repertory Theatre there in 1969–71, remodelled 2012–13, were his principal buildings before he turned to conservation work in Ironbridge.

Georgina ‘Georgie’ Wolton, née Cheesman (1934– ) Architect and landscape architect, studied at the AA in 1955–60 and worked for Middlesex CC. She was a founder member of Team 4 in 1962 and the only one who was qualified. Her sister Wendy married Norman Foster (q.v.). She rejected the competitive atmosphere of Team 4 to work alone, and left to convert a house and design landscapes, followed by Fieldhouse, Surrey (1968), two blocks of live-work studios at Cliff Road, for which her husband David (m. 1962) acted as developer (1967–71) and her own house and studio (1975–6), amid conversion work and landscaping, including projects with Richard Rogers.

(John) Lewis Womersley (1910–1990) Qualified at the Huddersfield School of Architecture and then took a degree in town planning. After working in London he joined Herbert J. Rowse (q.v.) in Liverpool in the war and became his principal assistant. He became borough architect and planner at Northampton in 1946, where he built the King’s Heath estate, before becoming Sheffield city architect in 1953. A shrewd administrator, leader and encourager of young staff, he was the force behind its new estates, including Park Hill. He entered private practice with Hugh Wilson (q.v.) in 1964, to work on a master plan for Manchester’s higher education area, followed by a transport plan for London’s Regent St and new town plan for Redditch. He also produced plans for Teesside, Oxford and Northampton, and later worked in his native Huddersfield (1981).

Peter Womersley (1923–1993) Architect, born in Newark and raised in Huddersfield, where he designed a house, Farnley Hey, for his brother, in 1952–6, after studying at the AA in 1947–52 and gaining 3 travel scholarships. In 1955 he settled at Gattonside near Galashiels with its strong connections to Huddersfield through the textile industry, and built four houses there, and in 1962–4 designed houses in Camberley, Stratford-on-Avon, Manchester and Ayrshire. A third house for his brother followed in Bath. He won several hospital commissions in Scotland, and designed a sports centre at Hull and stand for Fairydene Football Club in Galashiels. From 1962 he began to travel regularly to Hong Kong, where he formed a partnership with Walter Marmorek to work on the Peninsula Hotel and to redevelop Repulse Bay for apartments, but there, too, success eluded him.

Woodroffe, Buchanan & Coulter Norman Frederick Woodroffe (1891–1957) merged his practice in 1946 with that of James Wardrop Buchanan (1904–1983) and Herbert George Coulter (1909–1988) when he was appointed surveyor to the London diocese. The firm also built Hockerill Training College, Hertfordshire (1963–5) and vehicle licensing offices in Swansea. The practice amalgamated with Upchurch Associates in 1991 with John Wimbleton (1925– ) remaining as a consultant.

Christopher Woodward (1939– ) Architect, trained at the AA in 1958–63, he worked briefly as an assistant to Colin Buchanan (q.v.) on Traffic in Towns before joining Alison and Peter Smithson (q.v.) as an assistant in late 1963. On leaving, he worked on a constructivist exhibition at the Hayward Gallery where he was headhunted by Derek Walker (q.v.) to join the Milton Keynes Development Corporation. He was later a senior lecturer at the Bartlett School of Architecture and author with Edward Jones (q.v.) of A Guide to the Architecture of London.

(Sir John) Hubert Worthington (1886–1963) Architect, was the youngest son of the architect Thomas Worthington and studied at Manchester University before being articled to his half-brother Percy. In 1912–14 he worked for Edwin Lutyens, and in the 1920s worked with Percy. After 1945 he restored Manchester cathedral and the Inns of Court, the latter with Edward Maufe (q.v.), as well as working extensively in Oxford, where he had been appointed lecturer in 1929. Post-war work includes the Dolphin Gate, Trinity (1947–8) and many science buildings. Knighted in 1949.

Peter Yates See Ryder and Yates.

F. R. S. Yorke, E. Rosenberg & C. S. Mardall (later Yorke Rosenberg Mardall, YRM) Architectural practice formed at the Café Royal in 1944. Francis Reginald Stephens (Kay) Yorke (1906–1962) trained at Birmingham University and with his father F. W. B. Yorke (1879–1957), making his reputation with a book, The Modern House (1934) and private houses, some with Marcel Breuer. He became interested in prefabrication working with the Ministry of Works in the war, and in the 1950s was adept in securing the practice commissions, especially, schools. Eugene Rosenberg (1907–1991) was born in Slovakia and worked for Le Corbusier and in Prague before coming to Britain in 1939 where he worked with Yorke in Liverpool and later in London. He dominated the firm’s housing and university schemes, notably at Warwick University, and was a specialist in hospitals. He earned a reputation for incorporating artworks, mainly by British artists. The Finnish-born Cyril Sjöström (1909–1994) adopted his English mother’s name of Mardall after studying at Northern Polytechnic and teaching at the AA. He specialised in prefabrication, building at Brynmawr and later producing schools and housing in a Scandinavian style, together with the Finnish Church (1957–8). A sense of discipline can be seen in his schools and factories for YRM.

Transition for the practice came with the commission for Gatwick Airport in 1955–8, when Yorke was joined by David Alford (1927–1997) and Brian Henderson (1920–2014; who trained at Edinburgh University and worked for Basil Spence before joining YRM). Together they produced an idiom of crisp glazing and white tiles that became a YRM signature. They combined offices and university work with factories, including bespoke headquarters in Nottingham and Bristol as executant architects for Skidmore Owings & Merrill. They added the North Terminal at Gatwick and designed Sizewell B power station.

Young & Purves Multi-disciplinary practice formed in Manchester and led by John S. A. Young (1915–1975). Its works included Clipstone Colliery, Notts., and housing in Pendleton, near Manchester.

Peter Youngman (1911–2005) Landscape architect; he trained with the garden designer George Dillistone and planner Thomas Adams after reading history at Cambridge. He worked on Brynmawr and the Festival of Britain with ACP, Southampton University and at Cumbernauld (1957), before working on the master plan for Milton Keynes (1967), and was consultant to Gatwick Airport and Sizewell. He combined this practice with teaching at the Bartlett and Thames Polytechnic.

(Sir) Jack (Gerhard Jacob) Zunz (1923– ) Engineer, grew up and studied in Johannesburg, and came to London to join Ove Arup (q.v.) in 1950. He worked on Hunstanton School, but returned to South Africa in 1954–61 to open an office there for Arup. He returned to lead the team that designed the roof of the Sydney Opera house, and engineered Britannic House, London and the Emley Moor transmission tower. He was chairman of Ove Arup and Partners in 1977–84 and co-chairman of the whole Arup group in 1984–9, and in 1989–96, the first chairman of the Ove Arup Foundation. Knighted in 1989.

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