Save
Save chapter to my Bookmarks
Cite
Cite this chapter
Print this chapter
Share
Share a link to this chapter
Free
Index
David Bindman (Editor), Henry Louis Gates Jr. (Editor)
Description: The Image of the Black in Western Art, Volume I: From the Pharaohs to the Fall of...
The Image of the Black in Western Art, Volume I: From the Pharaohs to the Fall of the Roman Empire
Index
Author
David Bindman (Editor), Henry Louis Gates Jr. (Editor)
PublisherHarvard University Press
Copyright© 1976 by Menil Foundation, Inc.
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00137.014
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-16930
View chapters with similar subject tags
Chapter images ()
Loading image navigation...
No image index could be found for this publication.
Close this Panel
Show previous images Show next images
Index
Page numbers in parentheses indicate details of illustrations.
Adoration of the Magi narrative. See Magi/Kings narrative
Africa/Africans: allegory of the four continents and, 311–12
blacks as allegory for continent of, 220, 221, 223, 224–25
blacks as metaphor for locality of, xi–xii, 313
central Africa/Africans, xii, 43
European knowledge of, 299, 300
as geographical entity, 24, 309–10
Old Testament narratives and, xv–xvi, 33–34, 292, 293, 308
use of term, xvii
west coast and, xv, 293, 310. See also Cush/Cushites; Egypt; Egypto-Roman antiquity; Ethiopia/Ethiopians; New Testament; North Africa; Nubia/Nubians; Pygmy image
Afrocentrism, 1–6, 12–13, 15, 17–18, 21
Albert of Brandenburg, 300, 311
allegories, 220, 221, 223, 224–25, 311–12
Amenhotep III (pharaoh), 22, 54, 63, 63, (64), 74, 77, 80
Amenirdis I (Cushite divine consort), 116, (120–21), 121, 122–23
America, 310–12. See also “white” Euro-American ethnic identity
American Indians, 310, 311–12
Amun Ra (Egyptian god), 21–25, 121, 122, 191–92, 192
“Ancient Model” of origins of Greek civilization, 1, 2–3, 5–6, 14
ancient texts. See texts, ancient
Andromeda theme: black image and, (162–64), 163, 163
animals as visual metaphor for blacks, 23, 39, 82, 84–85, 88–89, (88–89), 90
Anlamani (Napatean king), 124, 126, (126–27)
Antonio Nigrita (Congo ambassador), 292, 310
apotropaic charm: Bes (Egyptian god) as, 282, 285–87, 286, (286–87), 303
black image as, 16, 230, 233, 236, 250
macrophallic black image as, 16
artworks, and black image, ix, xi, xiii, 300–302, 311
“Aryan Model,” 1, 2, 3–5, 4–5, 6–7, 6–8, 10, 11, 13
Asia/Asiatics, 6, 22–23, 116, 116, 129, 134–35, 136, 310, 311–12
Aspelta (Napatean king), 124, 126
attendant/servant, and black image. See servant/attendant, and black image
bald head, and black image, 102, 102, 160, 161, 242, 244–45
baptism, ix, 295, 299, 306–14, 370
bath servant/attendant, and black image, 16, 223, 225, 258–59, 272. See also servant/attendant, and black image
bearded image, 142, 142–43, 147, 147, 160, 161
Benedict of Palermo (saint), and black image, 299, 310
Bes (Egyptian god), 282, 285, 285–87, 286, (286–87), 303
black-crocodile image: Egypto-Roman antiquity and, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281–83, (283), 306–7
Greco-Roman antiquity and, 30, 158–59, 159, 179, 182–83, 306–7
black/dark skin color: Cushite image and, 18, 24
Egyptian Nubian image and, 4, 4–5, 18, 63, 66, (66–67), 68, 90, (90), 94
Egyptian Nubian ruler/chieftain image and, 4, 4–5, (66–67), 68, 90, 90
Ethiopian image and, 25, (194–95), 195, 195
Greco-Roman antiquity images and, 37
iconographic/social context and, 18, 20–21, 21
blackness: blue skin color and, 303–4
grotesque features and, 303
iconographic/social context and, 18, 18–21, 19, 303
Night personification and, 302–3
reddish brown skin color and, xiv, 12–14, 18, 21, 33–34, 65, 66, (66–67), 303–4
as sign of fertility in Egypt, 282, 302
as sign of sin in Christian art, 302, 303
yellow skin color and, 18, 20–21, 21, 35, 218
blacks: as allegory for continent of Africa, 220, 221, 223, 224–25
animals as visual metaphor for, 23, 39, 82, 84–85, 88–89, (88–89), 90
artistic production, and effects on, vii–x
“Aryan Model,” and response from, 1–6, 12–13, 15, 17–18, 21
Christian Spain, and contact with, 15, 306
definition of, xiv–xv
as dissonant minority, 302
Europeans, and contact with, 15, 299, 300
freedom and, viii, xviii, 268, 297–98, 313
Greeks, and contact with, 15
history of, xvii–xix
humanization of, 309, 311
as isolated figure in artworks, 301
as metaphor for locality of Africa, xi–xii, 313
as metaphor for space, 306–7
mixed-race children and, xviii, 10, 12
Muslims/Islam link with, xvii, 306, 307
Negro, use of term, 293–94
Old Testament narratives and, xv–xvi
blacks 33–34, 292, 293, 308
as Other, 294, 305–6
racism and, 299
as scenery in artworks, 301, 311
use of term, xiii–xiv. See also Cush/Cushites; Egypt; Egypto-Roman antiquity; Ethiopia/Ethiopians; New Testament; North Africa; Nubia/Nubians; Pygmy image
black-white contrast: back-to-back image of heads and, 304–5
back-to-back white woman-black man contrasting heads and, xiv–xv, 31, 154–55, 155, 304–5
black image and, 303
duality in Western cosmology and, 307
Hellenistic period black image and, (194–95), 195, 195
salvation and, 306, 307
scenery in artworks and, 311
black-white relationship, viii, xv–xvi, 292, 305
blond hair in Greco-Roman antiquity, 8, 25, 26, 245
blue color, 154, 154–55, 303–4
bracelets, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
brachycephalic black image: Cushites and, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
Meroites and, 128–29, 128–29, 129, 131
brown/reddish brown skin color, and black image, xiv, 12–14, 18, 21, 33–34, 65, 66, (66–67), 303–4
Busiris (mythological pharaoh), 16, 27–28, 28, 30, 160–61, 161, 163, 172
Byzantine Empire and art, 302–3, 307
cap, and black image: Cushite and, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
Egyptian Nubian manservant/attendant image and, 65, 66, (66–67)
Meroë/Meroites and, 136, 137–39, 140
Minoan period and, 143, 144–45
Napatean and, 95, 96–97
Cathedral of Notre Dame (Paris), and black image, 299, 308
central Africa/Africans, xii, 43. See also Pygmy image
Cepheus (Ethiopian king), 163, 172
cheekbones, high: black image and, 24, 96, 98–101, 100, (100), 102–3, (103), 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115, 119, 119, 126, 126
mixed-race type and, 121, 122, 304
children: black image and, (66–67), 68, 82, 84–85, 87, 228, 228, 234, 236
mixed-race type and, xviii, 10, 12, 172, 174, 242
chin, powerful, 121, 122. See also prognathism
Christian art: chronological phases and, 297
exoticism and, 308
Pygmy image in judgment of Solomon narrative and, 33–34
turban feature and, 312
warrior black image and, 305
Christian Spain, 15, 306, 310
chronological phases, and scholarship, 296–98
circumcised/uncircumcised man image, 17, 27–28, 28, 160, 161. See also penis iconography
clothing, and black image: Egyptian dress for Nubian chieftain and, 4, 4–5, (66–67), 68, 90, 90
Egyptian Nubian woman with waistcloth and, 63, (66–67), 68
feathers and, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
Minoan short skirt and, 143. See also loincloth, and black image
collar/rope around neck, and black image, xii, xviii, 4, 4–5, (66–67), 68, 90, (90), 94
colors. See skin colors; specific colors
continents, allegory of the four, 311–12
cosmology: back-to-back white woman-black man contrasting heads and, 304–5
Cushite image of gods and, 121, 122
Egyptian, 21–23, 25, 121, 122
Meroite, 127, 129, 131, 136, 136
mixed-race-type image of gods and, 121, 122
pharaoh as counterpart to gods and, 21–23. See also specific goddesses and gods
Crusades, 308, 309, 311
curled/woolly hair: Cushite image and, 114–15, 115
description of, xiv–xv, 303
Egyptian Nubian image and, 63
Egyptian Nubian woman tribute bearer and, 59, (60–63), 61, 63
Egyptians in Greco-Roman antiquity and, 26
Egyptians on Nubian, 21
Egypto-Roman image and, 26
Ethiopians in Greco-Roman antiquity and, 26, 38
Greco-Roman black image and, xiv–xv, 26, 35, 38, 147, 147, 154–55, 155, 158, 158–59, 161, 161, (162–64), 163
Meroë/Meroites black image and, 136, 137–39, 140
Meroë/Meroites royalty image and, 128–29, 128–29
for Others, 18
as symbol of cowardice in Greco-Roman antiquity, 26
“curl of youth” hair feature, and black image, 65, 66, 82, 84–85
Cush/Cushites: Amenirdis I (Cushite divine consort), 116, (120–21), 121, 122–23
Asiatic image on tombs and, 116, 116
black image under lion cub and, 114–15, 115
bracelets feature and, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
brachycephalic feature and, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
conquest iconography and, 115–16
fear of, 115
feathers feature and, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
formalist art style and, 124–25, 126, (126–27), 128, 130–31
gods as black and, 121, 122
Harmakhis (Cushite priest), 102, 102
Harpocrates (Cushite god), 121, 124
headdress and, 101, 102, (102–3), 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
history of, 95
hooked nose and, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
mixed-race type and, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
nasolabial furrow/Cushite fold and, 24, 100, 100, (100), 102–3, (103), 104, 119, 119, 126, 126
necklace feature and, 102, 102, (102–3)
nobleman image and, 124, 125
Osiris (Cushite god), 121, 124, 136, 136
Other as black and, xv, 140, 141, 305–6
Piye (Nubian king), 24, 95–96, 96
Ptah (Cushite god), 122
queen image and, 116, 116–17
racial ideologies in modernity and, 12–14
ram triad and, 96, 100, (100)
realistic features and, 124, 125
round head shape and, 24, 96, 98–101, 100, (100), 102–3, (103), 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115, 119, 119, 126, 126
Shabaka (Cushite king), 24, 96, 98–101, (100–101), 102, 146
Shabataka (Cushite king), 102, (102–3), 116, 116
Shepenwepet (Cushite divine consort), 116, (120–21), 121, 122–23
somatic features and, 24, 100, 100, (100), 102–3, (103), 104, 119, 119, 126, 126
symbols in images of, 96, (100), 100–101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
Taharqa (Cushite/Nubian/Ethiopian king), xvi, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
Tanutamun (Cushite king), 116, 118–20
tomb image and, 116, 116. See also Ethiopia/Ethiopians; Nubia/Nubians
Cushite fold/nasolabial furrow, 24, 100, 100, (100), 102–3, (103), 104, 119, 119, 126, 126
dancer, and black woman image: Egyptian Nubian and, (70–71), (72), 73, 77, 82, 84–85, 87
Greco-Roman antiquity and, 182, 184, 186, (186–87)
Nilotic groups and, (72), 73. See also women
dark skin color. See black/dark skin color
devil as black, 302, 307
dolichocephaly, 41
earring: Egyptian Nubian chieftain image and, 4, 4–5, (66–67), 68, 90, 90
Egyptian Nubian child image and, 82, 87
Egyptian Nubian image and, 63, 75, 76–79
Egyptian Nubian manservant/attendant image and, 65, 66, (66–67)
Egyptian Nubian prisoner and, 4, 4–5, (66–67), 68, 90, (90), 94
Egyptian Nubian servant/attendant image and, 65, 66, (66–67)
Greco-Roman black woman image and, 172, 176–77
Egypt: Amenhotep III (pharaoh), 22, 54, 63, 64, 74, 77, 80
Amun Ra (Egyptian god), 21–25
“Ancient Model” of origins of Greek civilization and, 1, 2–3, 5–6, 14
animals as visual metaphor for Others and, 23
Asiatic stereotypes and, 22–23, 116
Bes (Egyptian god), 282, 285, 285–87, 286, (286–87), 303
child black image and, 82, 87
body type characteristics, 41
central Africa/Africans and, 43
“curl of youth” hair feature in Nubian image and, 65, 66, 82, 84–85
Egyptians as white, 17
geographical location, 41, 251
Hamitic black man tribute-bearer image and, 4, 42, 55, (56–58), 58–59, 59
history of blacks in, xv, 41–43, 46, 54–55, 86, 89, 90, 94
Huy (Nubian Egyptian viceroy) tomb with Nubian image and, 18, 22, 63, (64–69), 65, 68, 70, 82, 94
Hyksos foreigners and, 2–3, 21, 51, 54
kneeling man black image and, 77, (79), 80, (82–83), 94, 94
list of conquered Nubians image and, 73, (74–79), 75
Maat (Egyptian goddess), 21–23
maps, 378–79
military expeditions and, 68, 68–69, 70, (70), 73, 86, 89
mixed-marriage acceptance and, 46–47, 49, 86
mixed-race-type image of gods and, 121, 122
Mut (Egyptian goddess) temple, 22–23
naked black child image and, (66–67), 68, 82, 84–85
necklace feature on Nubian image and, 63, 77, 82, 84–85
Nubian chieftain image and, 4, 4–5, (66–67), 68, 90, 90
Nubian child image and, (66–67), 68, 82, 84–85
Nubian conquest and, 51, 54
Nubian Hamitic black tribute-bearer image and, (56–57), 58–59, 59, 61, 68, (68–69)
Nubian image and, (70–71), 72, 73
Nubian image in tombs and, 21–23, 64–69, 65–66, (66–69)
Nubian image on temple walls and, 21–23, 64–69, 65–66, (66–69), (74), 75, 82, 82–83, (83)
Nubian manservant/attendant image and, 65, 66, (66–67)
Nubian tribute-bearer image and, 63, 64–65, 65
Nubian on temple walls and, (72), 73
Nubian prisoner image and, 4, 4–5, 43, 44–47, 46, 63, 64, (66–67), 68, 75, 76–79, 77, 80–81, 88–89, (88–89), 90, 90–91, (90–93), 94
Nubian royalty and, 65, 66, (66–67)
Nubian royalty image and, 66, (66–67)
Nubian woman image and, 46–47, 48–49, 49, 51, (52–53), 82
Nubian wrestlers on temple walls and, (72), 73
Others and, 21–23, 305
pendulous breasts in Nubian woman image and, 59, 61, (62), 63
Pepy I tomb, 43, 45
Pepy II temple, 42, 43, 46
pharaoh as counterpart to gods and, 21–23
prognathism and, 304
Ptah (Egyptian god), 121, 122
Pygmy black image and, 43, 44, 46
racial ideologies in modernity and, 12–14
racial representation of blacks scholarship and, 15, 17
Ramses II (pharaoh), 24, 77
Ramses III (pharaoh), 12, 18, 20–21, 77, 79, 80–81, 82–83
reddish brown skin color for black image and, 12, 18, 65, 66, (66–67)
round coiffure on Nubian image and, 4, 4–5, (66–67), 68, 90, (90), 94
sculpture in the round Nubian image and, 43, 44–46, 46–47, 48–49, 65, 66, 77, 82, 84–85, 84–87, 86
Sesostris I (pharaoh), 2, 43, 49
Sesostris II (pharaoh), 2
Sesostris III (pharaoh), 49, 88, 89
skin color and iconographic/social context in, 18, 19–21, 21
slaves/slavery and, 4, 66–67, (67), 90, 91
Sobekhotep (pharaoh) tomb, 58, 59, 60, 63, 68, (68–71), 70, 73
social presence of blacks and, 46–47, 48–49, 86
symbols in images and, 25, 96, 103
Thutmose III (pharaoh), 23, 25, 42, 54, 59, 73
Thutmose IV (pharaoh), 54, 59
tribute-bearer black image and, 90, (90–91), 94, 305
tufts of hair on black child image and, (66–67), 68, 82, 84–85
warrior black image and, 49, (50–53), 51–53, 54, 54–55, 88, (88), 90, (142–43), 145–46, 305. See also Tutankhamen (pharaoh)
Egyptology, and chronological phases, 296
Egypto-Roman antiquity: Bes (Egyptian god), 282, 285–87, 286, (286–87), 303
black as metaphor for space and, 307
black image and, 279–80, (281)
blacks as element in flora and fauna and, 32
body
type characteristics, 32
crouching black image and, 277, 278
bust black image and, 277, 279
Ethiopian hunters and, 32
Ethiopian warriors and, 32
exoticism in black image and, 280
grotesque Pygmy image and, 32–33, 278–80, 279, 282, 282–83, 303
Hellenistic Alexandrian art and, 31–32, 277–78, 279, 303, 305, 307
history of blacks and, 275–77
Isiac ceremonies with black image and, 282, 286–87, 286–87, (286–87)
Isis (Greco-Roman goddess) statue and, 282, 285, 288, 288
ithyphallic black image of fertility and, 282, 302
macrophallic black image and, 32
Nubian hunters and, 279, (280–81)
Ptolemies and, 31, 128, 275–76
Pygmy as parody image and, 279
Pygmy-crocodile image and, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281–83, (283), 306–7
Pygmy image and, 281, (283)
racial representation of blacks scholarship and, 17–18
servant/attendant black image and, 270–71, 277, 305
slave black image and, xvii, 32, 34, 35, 206–7, 207, 211, 211, 217, 217, 270, 270–71
warrior black image and, 276–77, 276–77. See also Greco-Roman antiquity
entertainers, and black image; Hellenistic period and, 212, 212–15, 217
Roman period and, 229, 229, (229), 230, 232–33
Sicily and, 174, 176–79, 177
eroticism, and black image, 35, 36–37, 37–38
Ethiopia/Ethiopians: about use of term, 16, 32, 229, 294
ancient texts and, xvi, 142, 145–46, 158–59
black/dark skin color in images of, 25, (194–95), 195, 195
blackness, and image of, 303
Cepheus (Ethiopian king), 163, 172
curled/woolly hair black image in Greco-Roman antiquity and, 26, 38
diplomat black image in Roman period and, 218, 218
Greco-Roman black image and, 25, 28, 28–31, 150–53, 154, 158, 158–59, (162–63), 163, 163
hunter image in Egypto-Roman antiquity and, 32
Memnon (Greek student), 242, 248, 248–50
Memnon (mythical king of Ethiopia), xv, (152–53)
mixed-race-type image in Greco-Roman antiquity, 163, 172
monarchy and, 293
Old Testament and, xvii
Ptolemies’ military relations with, 195–96
racial representation of blacks scholarship and, 16
realistic features in black image and, xv, 248, 248–50
salvation and, 308
Taharqa (Cushite/Nubian/Ethiopian king), xvi, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
warrior black image and, 32, (142–43), 145–46. See also Cush/Cushites; Nubia/Nubians
ethnocentrism, 7, 39, 294
eunuch of Candace baptism narrative, 295, 299, 307, 312–13, 314
Europe/Europeans: allegory of the four continents and, 311–12
black as metaphor for space and, 306
blacks, and contact with, 15, 299, 300
ethnocentrism and, 7, 39, 294
explorations and, 293
Muslims/Islam, and contact with, xvii; racial ideals in
Greco-Roman classical art and, 6–7, 6–12, 9, 11
Western, use of term, xii–xiii. See also Western art scholarship, and black image
“white” Euro-American ethnic identity
evangelization, ix, 295, 299, 306–14, 308–13, 370
executioner/torturer as black, 299, 302, 305, 307, 309 exoticism, and black image
America and, 310
Egyptian image of Nubians and, 22
Greco-Roman antiquity and, 30, 34, 35
Hellenistic period and, 302–3
locality of Africa and, 313
Magi/Kings narrative and, 312
New Testament and, 308
nonreligious art and, 310–11
Others/otherness and, 314
Roman period and, 302–3
Roman period in North Africa and, (256–57), 257, 270, 272
eye color, blue, 154, 154–55
facial features. See somatic features
facial scarification, 146–47, 146–47
feathers, and black image, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
flat/heavy nose, and black image: as black somatic feature, xiv–xv, 6, 41
Cushites and, 24, 100, (100), 100–101, 102–3, (103), 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115, 119, 119, 121, 122, 126, 126
description of, xiv–xv, 304
Egyptian Nubian image and, 63, 82, 84–87, 86
Greco-Roman black image and, 31, 147, 147, 161, 161, (162–64), 163, 163
Minoan period black image and, 142
Napatean black image of, 95, 96–97
Francis Xavier (saint), 310, 313
freedom from slavery, and blacks, viii, xviii, 268, 297–98, 313
Gauls, 14, 26, 39
Germany/Germans, 2, 8, 9–10, 12, 14, 25, 26
gladiator ring, and black image, 251–52, (252–53), 274, 274
Greco-Roman antiquity: “Ancient Model” of origins of Greek civilization and, 1, 2–3, 5–6, 14
Andromeda theme black image and, (162–64), 163, 163
back-to-back black woman-black man image and, xiv–xv, 31, 154–55, 155, 170–71, 172, 174, 304–5
black-crocodile image and, 30, 158–59, 159, 179, 182–83, 306–7
black image and, 16, 31–35, 34, 36–37, 37–38, 141–42, 172, 176–77, 236–37, 237, 240–41, 240–41
black man-white woman contrasting image and, 154, 154–55
blacks and, 142
black-white contrast and, 31, 154, 154–55
body type characteristics, 8–9, 9
Busiris (mythological pharaoh), 16, 27–28, 28, 30, 160, 160–61, 161, 161, 163, 172
child black image scholarship and, 228, 228, 234, 236
chronological phases and, 296
Circe black image and, 168, 168–69
coinage with black image and, 168, 170
colored marble and black image in, 35, 36–37, 37
color prejudice and, 12–14, 25–27
eroticism in Greco-Roman antiquity (continued)
black image and, 35, 36–37, 37–38
Ethiopian, use of term, 32, 229
Ethiopian black image and, (162–63), 163, 163
Ethiopian image and, 28, 28–29, 30–31, 150–53, 154, 158, 158–59
on Ethiopians, 25
Ethiopians in ancient texts and, 142, 145–46, 158–59
European racial ideals based on art of, 6–7, 6–12, 9, 11
exotic as black image and, 30, 34, 35
genre figure black image and, 184, 188, (188–91)
geographical/climatic environment interrelationship with physical characteristics, 6, 14–15, 26–27, 29, 154, 156
Greek contact with blacks and, 15
Greek sacred prostitute black image and, 116, (120–21), 121, 122–23
grotesque black image and, 12, 26, 248, 250
hair feature for black image and, 154, 154–55, 304
hair feature for white image and, 8, 25, 26, 154, 154–55, 245, 304
Isis (Greco-Roman goddess), 225, 225–27, 282, 285–88, (286–87), 286–88
Italian black image and, 177, 179, 180, 182, 182–85, 184, 186, (186–87), 282
macrophallic black image and, 27–28, 28, 30, 36–37, 37
maps, 380–82
Meriotic black image and, 146–47, 146–47
Minoan period, 59, 142, 142, 142–43, 144–45, 145, 145
Mycenaean period, 9, 59
necklace on black woman image and, 172, 176–77
Nilotic black image and, 32, 33, (194–95), 195, 195, 279, 280–81
nose feature and, 6
nude black woman image and, 182, 184, 186, (186–87)
Others and, 14, 25–26, 27, 29–31, 39, 148–50, 148–50
parody black image and, 27–28, 28, 30, 158–59, 158–59, 159, 159, 161, 182–83, 182–83
pendulous breasts in black woman image and, 182, 184, 186, (186–87)
penis size in self-representation and, 16, 27
Pygmy as parody image and, 30, 33–34, 279, 280–81
Pygmy dwarf image and, 42–43, 178, 278, 282
self-representation and, 27
servant/attendant black image and, 16, 172, 172–73, 305
slave black image and, 26, 30, 34, 35, 236–37, 237, 240–41, 240–41
social presence of blacks and, 13, 34, 34–35, 36–37, 37, 143, 144–45, 196, 197, 250
sympathetic attitude toward blacks and, 154, 156
tribute-bearer black man image and, 143, 145, 145
warrior black image and, 30, 146–48, 148–53, 153, 154
on white Germans, 14, 26
on white Persians, 25, 26
white skin color somatic feature, 26
white woman image and, 154, 154–55
woman black image and, 172, 176–77
young man black image and, 196
Zeus Ammon (Greco-Roman god), 191–92. See also Egypto-Roman antiquity; Hellenistic period; Memnon (mythical king of Ethiopia); Roman period; Sicily
Greece. See Greco-Roman antiquity
grotesque features, and black image: about, 16, 37, 177, 182, 304
blackness and, 303
Egypto-Roman Pygmy image and, 32–33, 278–80, 279, 282, 282–83, 303
Greco-Roman antiquity and, 12, 26, 248, 250
Roman period in North Africa Pygmy image and, (256–57), 257, 270, 272
hair: blond hair and white image, 8, 25, 26, 245
“curl of youth” for black women and, 65, 66, 82, 84–85
Greco-Roman antiquity and, 8, 25, 26, 154, 154–55, 245
red hair for white woman image and, 154, 154–55
round coiffure in black image and, 4, 4–5, (66–67), 68, 90, (90), 94
tufts of hair on black child and, (66–67), 68, 82, 84–85. See also curled/woolly hair; white image; widow’s peak
Harmakhis (Cushite priest), 102, 102
Harpocrates (Cushite god), 121, 124
head, bald, 102, 102, 160, 161, 242, 244–45
headdress, and black image, 101, 102, (102–3), 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
head shapes, 41. See brachycephalic black image
round head shape, and black image
head size, racial representation of blacks scholarship, 33
Hellenistic period: black as metaphor for space and, 306–7
black image and, xvi, 14–16, 34, 35, 36–37, 37
blacks in, xv
black-white contrast in artistic skill and, (194–95), 195, 195
crouching/exhausted black image and, 211, 211
draped men black image statuettes and, 205, 210, 211, 212
entertainers black image and, 212, 212–15, 217
genre figure black image and, 184
Greeks as not “white,” 13
head sculptures of black image and, 196–97, 196–205, 200, 205
Meroë trade and, 275
nude black men image statuettes and, 205, 206–10
Ptolemies’ military relations with Ethiopians and, 195–96
racial ideologies in modernity and, 12–13
realistic features and, 35, 196–97, 196–212, 200, 205, 211–12, 214–15, 248
realistic features in black image and, 35, 196–97, 196–212, 200, 205, 211–12, 214–15, 248
sitting black image and, 211, 211–12, 214–15
slave black image and, xvii, 30, 275–76
small objects with black image and, 198–202, 200, 205
social presence of blacks and, 196–97, 196–215, 200, 205, 211–12, 215, 217
sympathetic attitude toward blacks and, 35, 196–97, 196–212, 200, 205, 211–12, 214–15, 248. See also Greco-Roman antiquity
high cheekbones. See cheekbones, high
hooked nose, 25, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 112–13, 115, 115
Huy (Nubian Egyptian viceroy) tomb, 18, 22, 63, (64–69), 65, 68, 70, 82, 94
India/Indians, xv, xvi, xvi–xvii, 129, 134–35, 136, 308, 310
Isis (Greco-Roman goddess), 225, 225–27, 282, 285–88, (286–87), 286–88
Italy, and black image, 177, 179, 180, 182, 182–85, 184, 186, (186–87), 282
jewels, and black image: bracelets, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
Meroites and, 128–29, 128–29
necklace, 63, 77, 82, 84–85, 102, 102, (102–3), 172, 176–77
Jews, as anti-type, xvii, 10, 11, 302, 308
Juba II (king of Mauretania), 272–73, 274
judgment of Solomon narrative, 33–34
Kashta (Napatean prince), 95
Kerma, 41, 95
Last Judgment narrative, 308, 309
literature, ancient. See texts, ancient
Locke, Alain LeRoy, viii–ix
loincloth, and black image: Egyptian image and, 4, 4–5, 63, (66–67), 68, 90, 94
Greco-Roman warrior and, 30, 147, 148–50
Maat (Egyptian goddess), 21–23
Magdeburg, Cathedral of St. Maurice and St. Catherine, xv, 299–300, 305, 308, 309, 311
Magi/Kings narrative, ix, xvii, 299–301, 304–5, 308–10, 312–13
Malaquais, Jean, ix–x
maps, 277–383
marriages between blacks and Egyptians, 46–47
Matthew (saint), 308
Maurice (saint), black image of, xv, 299–300, 305, 308, 309, 311
Maurice of Nassau, 310–11
Memnon (Greek student): black image of head and, 248, 248–50
realistic features in black image and, 242, 248, 248–50
Memnon (mythical king of Ethiopia): xv
story of, 28–29
warrior black image and, 28–29, 148, 152–53, 154
white image in sculpture and, 37–38, 248, 250
Menil Collection, vii–x
Meroë/Meroites: brachycephalic black image and, 128–29, 128–29, 129, 131
facial scarification in black image and, 146–47, 146–47
goddess image and, 127, 129
gods black image and, 129, 131, 136, 136
history of, 95, 128, 140, 140
Indian/Asiatic influence on black image and, 129, 134–35, 136
jewels on black image and, 128–29
nobleman black image and, 136, 136
prisoner black image and, 140, 140
ram triad image and, 129, 134, 136
royal black man image and, 128–29, 128–29, 129, 132, 134–35, 136
royal black woman image and, 129, 131, 134, 200
slaves, and use of term Meroës, 270
statues with black image and, 136, 137–39, 140
steatopygous black image and, 127, 129, 131
warrior black image and, 129, 132
Minoan period, and black image, 59, 142, 142–43, 144–45, 145, 145
miracle of the black leg theme, 299, 306
mixed-race marriages, and Egypt, 46–47, 49, 86
mixed-race type: children and, xviii, 10, 12, 172, 174, 242
cosmology and, 121, 122
high cheekbones, 121, 122, 304
hooked nose, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
powerful chin, 121, 122
somatic features and, 25, 111
thin lips, 163, 304
widow’s peak and, 156, 156–57, 158. See also mixed-race-type image in Greco-Roman antiquity
mixed-race-type image in Greco-Roman antiquity: about, 13–14
Andromeda theme with, 163, 163–64, (164), 165, 172
Busiris (mythological pharaoh), 160–61, 161, 163, 172
Cepheus (Ethiopian king), 163, 172
equestrian black image scenes and, 192, 192–93, 195
Italian black image and, 179, 182, 184–85
male youth image and, 182, 184, 186
Minoan period, 143, 145, 145
mixed-race children and, 172, 174
texts about mixed-race children and, 174
Zeus Ammon (Greco-Roman god), 191–92, 192. See also mixed-race type
Moor, use of term, xiv, 294. See also blacks
Muslims/Islam, xvii, 306, 307
naked/nude, and black image: Egyptian image of woman and, 84–87, 86
Greco-Roman black woman and, 182, 184, 186, (186–87)
Greco-Roman guests clothed vs., 30
Greco-Roman warrior black image and, 148, 153, 154
Hellenistic period realistic features in black statuettes and, 205, 206–10
Roman period realistic features for male youths and, 228, 229, 230–31, 234, 236
Napata/Napateans, 24–25, 95, 96–97, 124, 126, (126–27), 275
nasolabial furrow/Cushite fold, 24, 100, 100, (100), 102–3, (103), 104, 119, 119, 126, 126
necklace feature, 63, 77, 82, 84–85, 102, 102, (102–3), 172, 176–77
Negro, use of term, 293–94. See also blacks
New Testament: black image and, xv, 308–9
Last Judgment narrative, 308, 309
Magi/Kings narrative, ix, xvii, 299–301, 304–5, 308–10, 312–13
Matthew (saint), 308
Pentecost narrative, 308, 309
Thomas (saint), 308
Night personification as black, 302–3
Nilotic groups: black image and, 21, 59, 68, 68–69, (70–71), (70–71), 94
body type characteristics and, 59
definition of, 59, 68
Greco-Roman black image
and, 32, 33, (194–95), 195, 195, 279, 280–81
list of conquered people black image and, 73, (74–79), 75
prisoner black image and, 68, 70, (70–71), 73
slaves in Roman period and, 270
temple walls with black image and, 21–23, 64–69, 65–66, (66–75), 75, 82, 82–83, (83)
tombs with black image and, 59, 59–60, (62–63), 63, 68, (68–71), 70, 73
wrestler black image on temple walls and, (72), 73
noble man/woman, and black image, 124, 125, 136, 136, 242, 246–47, 311
North Africa: ancient texts and, 251–52, 274
black image and, 254–55, 270
camel driver black image and, 252, 253, (263), 272, 274
Garamantes and, 251–52, 252–53, 264, 268, 270, 274, 274
gladiator ring with black image and, 251–52, (252–53), 274, 274
history of, 251, 254
history of blacks in, 251–52, 254, 272
macrophallic black image and, 258–59, 272
maps, 383
maritime routes and, 254, 260, 268
mosaics with mixed-race-type image and, 141–42
Punic period, 251, 254, 254–55, 260, 264, 268, 270
racism and, xv
slaves/slavery and, xvii, 268
terms for blacks in, xiv
terms for Muslims in, xiv
trans-Saharan routes and, 254, 260, 264, 268
Trinitarian Order, and ransom of Christians in, 310. See also Roman period in North Africa
nose: Greco-Roman self-image and, 6
hooked, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115. See also flat/heavy nose
Nubia/Nubians: animals as visual metaphor for, 23
Egyptian temple walls with black image and, 21–24, 64–69, 65–66, (66–69), (72), 73, (74), 75, 82, 82–83, (83)
Egyptian tombs with black image and, 21–24, 64–69, 65–66, (66–69)
Huy (Nubian Egyptian viceroy) tomb and, 18, 22, 63, (64–69), 65, 68, 70, 82, 94
kingdom of, xvi
maps, 379
as Others, 22, 306
racial representation of blacks scholarship and, 17
representation and self-representation of, 23–27
skin color and iconographic/social context in, 18, 18–19, 21
Taharqa (Cushite/Nubian/Ethiopian king), xvi, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
white image and, 17
wrestler black image on temple walls and, (72), 73. See also Cush/Cushites
nude/naked black image. See naked/nude, and black image
Old Testament narratives, xv–xvi, 33–34, 292, 293, 308
Osiris (Cushite god), 121, 124, 136, 136
Other(s)/otherness: American Indians as, 310
animals as visual metaphor for, 23, 39, 82, 84–85, 88–89, (88–89), 90
in artworks, xi
back-to-back black woman-black man image and, xiv–xv, 31, 154–55, 155, 304–5
black color as, 314
blacks as, 294, 305–6
Christian Spain and, 306
curled/woolly hair as, 18
Cushite as, xv, 140, 141, 305–6
Egypt and, 21–23, 305
exoticism and, 314
Greco-Roman antiquity and, 14, 25–26, 27, 29–31, 39, 148–50, 148–50
miracle of the black leg theme and, 299, 306
Nubian as, 22, 306
penis iconography in Greco-Roman antiquity and, 16
Saracen as, 306
paganism, 286, 288
papacy in Rome, xv, 292, 299–300, 305, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312
paradise theme, 307, 308
parody, and black image: “Aryan Model” and, 11
black as metaphor for space and, 306–7
blackness and, 303
Busiris (mythological pharaoh) and, 30
Greco-Roman antiquity and, 27–28, 28, 30, 158–59, 158–59, 161, 182–83, 182–83
Pygmy image in Egypto-Roman antiquity and, 279
Pygmy image in Greco-Roman antiquity and, 30, 33–34, 279, 280–81
pendulous breasts, and black woman image, 59, 61, (62), 63, 182, 184, 186, (186–87)
penis iconography: circumcised black image in Greco-Roman antiquity, 17, 27–28, 28, 160, 161
ithyphallic black image in Greco-Roman antiquity, 42–43, 178, 282
macrophallic black image in Egypto-Roman antiquity, 32
macrophallic black image in Greco-Roman antiquity, 16, 27–28, 28, 30, 36–37, 37, 223, 225
macrophallic black image in North Africa, 258–59, 272
small/dainty penis in Greco-Roman self-representation image and, 16, 27
white uncircumcised man image in Greco-Roman antiquity, 160, 161
Pentecost narrative, 308, 309
Permoser, 311
Persians, 25–26, 28, 29–30, 39, 158–59, 111, 278
Piye (Nubian king), 24, 95–96, 96
Portugal, 293, 301, 309, 310
positive/sympathetic image of blacks: Christian art and, 308–9
history of, vii
nonreligious art and, 310
social presence of blacks during Hellenistic period and, 196–97, 196–215, 200, 205, 211–12, 215, 217
social presence of blacks in Greco-Roman antiquity and, 13, 35, 36–37, 37, 196, 197, 250
Prester John (legendary king of Ethiopia), xv, 293, 308, 309
prisoners, and black image: Christian art and, 310
Egyptian Nubian image and, 4, 4–5, 43, 44–47, 46, 63, 64, (66–67), 68, 75, 76–79, 11, 80–81, 88–89, (88–89), 90, 90–91, (90–93), 94
Meroites and, 140, 140
Nilotic groups and, 68, 70, (70–71), 73
rope/collar around neck and, xii, xviii, 4, 4–5, (66–67), 68, 90, (90), 94
prognathism: as black somatic feature, 41
Cushite image and, 96, 98, 98–101, 102, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
Egyptian Nubian image and, 4, 4–5, 63, 65, 66, (66–67), 68, 75, 76–79, 90, (90), 94
Egyptian Nubian servant/attendant image and, 65, 66, (66–67)
Egyptian Nubian woman image and, (66–67), 68
Napatean black image and, 95, 96–97
as symbolic, 304
protection from evil charm, and black image. See apotropaic charm
Ptah (Egyptian god), 111, 122
Pygmy image: black-crocodile image in Egypto-Roman antiquity and, 111, 278, 219, 280, 281–83, (283), 306–7
blackness and, 303
dwarf image in Greco-Roman antiquity and, 42–43, 178, 278, 282
Egypt and, 43, 44, 46
as grotesque image in Egypto-Roman antiquity, 32–33, 278–80, 279, 282, 282–83, 303
as grotesque image in Roman period in North Africa, (256–57), 257, 270, 272
in judgment of Solomon narrative, 33–34
as parody image in Egypto-Roman antiquity, 279, 281, (283)
as parody image in Greco-Roman antiquity, 30, 33–34, 279, 280–81
Ra (Egyptian god). See Amun Ra (Egyptian god); Zeus Ammon (Greco-Roman god)
racial characteristics, and modernity, 4, 4–5
racial ideals in Europe, and Greco-Roman antiquity, 6–7, 6–12, 9, 11
racial ideologies in modernity, 12–14
racial representation of blacks scholarship, 14–18, 21, 33, 38–39, 228, 236
racism: classical art and, 1, 6–7, 6–12, 9, 11, 38–39
scientific racism, xii, xix, 6–7, 6–7
use of term, 7
against whites, 14
white supremacy and, 313–14
Ramses II (pharaoh), 24, 77
Ramses III (pharaoh), 12, 18, 20–21, 11, 79, 80–81, 82–83
ram triad, and black image, 96, 100, (100)
realistic features, and black image: about, vii, xv, xvi, 12, 16, 31, 301
Cushites and, 124, 125
Hellenistic period and, 35, 196–97, 196–212, 200, 205, 211–12, 214–15, 248
Memnon (Greek student), 242, 248, 248–50
Meroë/Meroites black image of soul bird statue and, 136, 137–39, 140
Roman period and, 228, 229, 230–31, 234, 236
recessed chin. See prognathism
reddish brown skin color, and black image, xiv, 12–14, 18, 21, 33–34, 65, 66, (66–67), 303–4
red hair in Greco-Roman antiquity, 154, 154–55
Roman period: ancient texts and, 215
apotropaic charms with black image and, 230, 233, 236
bath servant/attendant black image and, 16, 223, 225
black as allegory for Africa and, 220, 221, 223, 224–25
black image and, xvi, 224–25, 225, 238–42, 239
coinage with black image and, 215, 216–17
entertainers black image and, 229, 229, (229), 230, 232–33
equestrian black image scenes and, 229
Ethiopian black diplomat image and, 218, 218
Isiac ceremonies with black image and, 225, 225–27
macrophallic black image and, 16, 223, 225
mixed-race children in ancient texts and, 242
mixed-race image on utilitarian objects, 234–35, 236, 236–37
mixed-race-type draped statuettes, 228–29, 229–30
mixed-race type in ancient texts and, 239, 242
Nilotic slaves and, 270
noble woman black image and, 242, 246–47
priest black image and, 242, 244–45
realistic features in black nude statuettes, 228, 229, 230–31, 234, 236
servant/attendant black image and, 34–35
slave black image and, 194–95, 194–95, 215, 217, 279, 280–81
slaves, and use of term Meroës, 270
slaves/slavery, xvii, 282
social presence of blacks and, 223–25, 239, 242
utilitarian objects with black image and, 230, 233, 236
warrior black image and, 215, 236, 238, 239
white marble statues for high-status blacks and, 37, 244–48, 244–50
youths black image and, 242, 248. See also Greco-Roman antiquity; Roman period in North Africa
Roman period in North Africa: ancient texts and, 220
bath servant/attendant black image and, 258–59, 272
black image and, 264–65, 266–67, 268–69, 272
camel driver black image and, 252, 253, (263), 212, 274
cook black image and, (270–71), 272, 274
equestrian black image scenes and, 262–63, 212, 274
exotic as black image and, (256–57), 257, 270, 272
freedmen black image and, 268
grotesque Pygmy image and, (256–57), 257, 270, 272
hunter black image and, (260–61), (266), 272, 274
Juba II (king of Mauretania), 272–73, 274
lamp shape black image and, 264–65, 212
musicians black image and, (258), 272
slave black image and, 34, 218, 220, 220, (222–23)
sorcerer black image and, (270–71), 212
trans-Saharan routes and, 260, 264, 268
warrior black image and, 218, 218–19, 220, 220, 271, 272, 274
youth black image and, 273, 274. See also Roman period
rope/collar around neck, and black image, xii, xviii, 4, 4–5, (66–67), 68, 90, (90), 94
round coiffure, and black image, 4, 4–5, (66–67), 68, 90, (90), 94
round head shape, and black image, 24, 96, 98, 98–101, 100, (100), 102–3, (103), 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115, 119, 119, 126, 126
sainthood for blacks, xv, 299–300, 305, 308, 309, 310, 311
salvation, ix, 295, 299, 306–14, 308–13, 370
Santo Domingo revolt, 297, 313
Saracens, and black image, 302, 305, 306, 307, 314
satyrs, and black image, 31, 163, 165, 165–68, 166, 179, 303, 304–5
scarification, facial, 146–47, 146–47
Scythians, 29–31, 154
Senkamanisken (Napatean king), 124, 126
servant/attendant, and black image: apotropaic
charms and, 16
bath servant/attendant and, 16, 223, 225, 258–59, 212
black-white relationship and, 305
cap feature and, 65, 66, (66–67)
earring feature and, 65, 66, (66–67)
Egyptian Nubian manservant/attendant image and, 65, 66, (66–67)
Egypto-Roman antiquity and, 270–71, 211, 305
Greco-Roman antiquity and, 16, 34, 35, 161, 163, 172, 172–73, 212, 305
history of, ix, xi–xii
locality of Africa and, 313
prognathism and, 65, 66, (66–67)
Roman period and, 16, 34–35, 223, 225
Roman period in North Africa and, 258–59, 212
turban feature and, xviii
women and, 82, 86, 301, 305
Sesostris I (pharaoh), 2, 43, 49
Sesostris II (pharaoh), 2
Sesostris III (pharaoh), 49, 88, 89
Seti I (pharaoh), 12, 18, 20–21
Shabaka (Cushite king), 24, 96, 98–101, (100), 102, 146
Shabataka (Cushite king), 102, (102–3), 116, 116
shaven head, and black image. See bald head, and black image
Sheba (queen) as black narrative, xv–xvi, 292, 293, 308
Shepenwepet (Cushite divine consort), 116, (120–21), 121, 122–23
Sicily: Benedict of Palermo (saint) with black image and, 299, 310
black image and, 156, 156–57, 158, 174, 176–79, 111
sin as black, 302, 303
skin colors: blue, 303–4
iconographic/social context in, 18, 20–21, 21, 35
reddish brown, xiv, 12–14, 18, 21, 33–34, 65, 66, (66–67), 303–4
yellow, 6, 18, 20–21, 21, 35. See also black/dark skin
slaves/slavery: abolitionism and, xix, 313–14
black image in Greco-Roman antiquity, 172, 172–73
chronological phases and, 297
collar/rope around neck and, xii, xviii, 4, 4–5, (66–67), 68, (90), 94
description of, xvi–xix
freed black, viii, xviii, 268, 297–98, 313
master/slave relationship and, ix, xviii, 35, 236–37, 237, 240–41, 240–41
Meroës, use of term, 270
physical characteristics of, 26
Santo Domingo revolt and, 297, 313
slave ownership in social hierarchy and, 30
slave trade and, xvi–xviii, 268, 297, 310–11, 313
social hierarchy among slaves and, 34
snake/double snake image, 25, 96, (100), 100–101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
social hierarchy: among slaves, 34
artwork creation and, ix
black image and, 35, 236, 236–37, 239, 240, 240–41
blacks as dissonant minority and, 302
racial characteristics and, 4, 4–5
white marble statues for high-status black people in Roman period and, 37, 244–48, 244–50. See also slaves/slavery
social presence of blacks: black image and, 1, 4, 21–22, 25–26, 27–28, 33, 37
Egypt and, 46–47, 48–49, 86
Greco-Roman antiquity and, 13, 34, 34–35, 36–37, 37, 196, 197, 250
Hellenistic period and, 196–97, 196–215, 200, 205, 211–12, 215, 217
Minoan period and, 143, 144–45
Roman period and, 223–25, 239, 242
Solomon (king) narratives, xv–xvi, 33–34, 292
somatic features, and black image: bald head, 102, 102, 160, 161, 242, 244–45
bearded, 142, 142–43
beardless, 147, 147
blackness and, 303
Cushite fold/nasolabial furrow, 24, 100, 100, (100), 102–3, (103), 104, 119, 119, 126, 126
description of, 6, 24, 304
dolichocephaly and, 41
facial scarification and, 146–47, 146–47
hooked nose, 25, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 112–13, 115, 115
round head shape, 24, 96, 98, 98–101, 100, (100), 102–3, (103), 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115, 119, 119, 126, 126. See also brachycephalic black image; cheekbones, high; flat/heavy nose; mixed-race type; prognathism; stereotypes, and black image; white image
Song of Songs (Song of Solomon), xv–xvi
steatopygous, and black image, 127, 129, 131
stereotypes, and black image: about, ix, xi–xiii, xix
blacks represented as, 301
scholarship and, 294
Western art and, 299. See also somatic features
symbols: curled/woolly hair as cowardice in Greco-Roman antiquity, 26
Cushites as, 96, (100), 100–101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
devil as black in Christian art, 302, 307
executioner/torturer as black in Christian art, 299, 302, 305, 307, 309
prognathism, 304
sin as black in Christian art, 302, 303
thick lips in Greco-Roman antiquity, 26
uraeus in Egypt, 25, 96, 103
sympathetic/positive image of blacks. See positive/sympathetic image of blacks
Taharqa (Cushite/Nubian/Ethiopian king), xvi, 101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
Tanutamun (Cushite king), 116, 118–20
texts, ancient: Ethiopians and, xvi, 142, 145–46, 158—59
mixed-race children and, 174, 242
North Africa and, 251–52, 274
Roman period and, 215, 239, 242
Roman period North African blacks and, 220
Western art scholarship on black image and, 295–96
theater performers. See entertainers, and black image
thick lips: as black somatic feature, xiv–xv, 6, 24, 304
Cushite image and, 24, 96, 98–101, 100, (100), 102–3, (103), 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115, 119, 119, 121, 122, 126, 126
Egyptian Nubian image and, 63, 84–85, 121, 122
Egyptian Nubian woman image and, 84–87, 86
Greco-Roman black image and, 31, 147, 147, 154–55, 155, 163, 165–68, 166, 303
Minoan period black image and, 142, 142–43
Napatean black image and, 95, 96–97
as symbol in Greco-Roman antiquity, 26
Thomas (saint), 308
Thracians, 29–31, 154
Thutmose III (pharaoh), 23, 25, 42, 54, 59, 73
Thutmose IV (pharaoh), 54, 59
torturer/executioner as black, 299, 302, 305, 307, 309
Trinitarian Order, 310
tufts of hair, and black child image, (66–67), 68, 82, 84–85, 87
turbaned iconography: exoticism and, xviii, 312
servant/attendant with black image and, xviii
Tutankhamen (pharaoh): Egyptian Nubian image in tombs and, 18, 22, 23, 63, 64–69, (64–69), 65, 65–66, (66–69), 68, 70, 75, 76, 82, 88, (88), 90, 94
iconographic/social context for skin color in image of, 18, 18–19, 19
universalism, ix, 295, 299, 306–14, 308, 370
Upper Nile: history of, 95
Kerma, 41, 95
North Africa, and blacks from, 252, 270. See also Cush/Cushites; Ethiopia/Ethiopians; Meroë/Meroites; Nilotic groups; Nubia/Nubians
uraeus, 25, 96, (100), 100–101, 103, 104–13, 107, 111, 115, 115
waistcloth, and Nubian woman image, 63, (66–67), 68
warrior black image: Christian art and, 305
Egypt and, 49, (50–53), 51–53, 54, 54–55, 88, (88), 90, (142–43), 145–46, 305
Egypto-Roman antiquity and, 276–77, 276–77
Ethiopians and, 32, (142–43), 145–46
Greco-Roman antiquity and, 30, 146–48, 148–53, 153, 154
loincloth feature and, 30, 147, 148–50
Memnon (mythical king of Ethiopia) and, 28–29, 148, 152–53, 154
Meroites and, 129, 132
nude, 148, 153, 154
Roman period and, 215, 236, 238, 239
Roman period in North Africa and, 218, 218–19, 220, 220, 271, 272, 274
W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research, vii, x, xxi
West Africa/Africans, xv, xvii, 293, 310
Western art scholarship, and black image: about, 298
chronological phases and, 296–98
frequency and distribution of artworks and, 300
history of black image and, 294, 305
identification of blacks in artworks and, 300
literary sources, and synthesis with, 295–96
Night personification as black and, 302–3
photo archives, and effects on, 295
use of terms for, xiii–xv
Western art definition of, 294, 307. See also Europe/Europeans
“white” Euro-American ethnic identity: “Aryan Model,” 1, 2, 3–5, 4–5, 6–7, 6–8, 10, 11, 13
black response to, 1–6, 12–13, 15, 17–18, 21
white supremacy and, 313–14
white image: bearded, 147, 147, 160, 161
black image contrasted with woman’s, xiv–xv, 31, 154–55, 155
blond hair, 8, 25, 26, 245
blue eye color, 154, 154–55
Busiris (mythological pharaoh) and, 160, 161
eunuch of Candace narrative and, 295, 307
Germans, 14, 26
hair feature in Greco-Roman antiquity and, 8, 25, 26, 154, 154–55, 245
Magi/Kings and, 301, 308
Night personification and, 302–3
red hair, 154, 154–55
skin color as white and, 8–9, 14, 18, 25, 26
uncircumcised man image in Greco-Roman antiquity and, 160, 161
whites: “Ancient Model” of origins of Greek civilization and, 1, 2–3, 5–6, 14
black as metaphor for, 314
black-white relationship, viii, xv–xvi, 292, 305
blond hair in Greco-Roman antiquity, 8, 25, 26, 245
mixed-race children and, xviii, 10, 12
monogenesis and, xviii–xix
racism against, 14
skin color somatic feature and, 8–9, 18, 26
use of term, xiv
white supremacy, 313–14
widow’s peak, 156, 156–57, 158
women: in allegory of strength, 312
“curl of youth” black image of, 65, 66, 82, 84–85
Cushite queen and, 116, 116–17
Egyptian Nubian prisoner image and, (66–67), 68
Egyptian Nubian with waistcloth image and, 63, (66–67), 68
Meroë/Meroites goddess image and, 127, 129
Meroë/Meroites royal black image and, 129, 131, 134, 200
noble woman black image and, 242, 246–47
pendulous breasts in black image and, 59, 61, (62), 63, 182, 184, 186, (186–87)
red hair for white image and, 154, 154–55
Sheba (queen) as black narrative, xv–xvi, 292, 293, 308
steatopygous black image of, 127, 129, 131. See also dancer, and black woman image
wrestlers, and black image, (72)
yellow skin color, 6, 18, 20–21, 21, 35, 218
Zeus Ammon (Greco-Roman god), 191–92, 192