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Index
Louis P. Nelson
Description: Architecture and Empire in Jamaica
Architecture and Empire in Jamaica
Index
Author
Louis P. Nelson
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2016 by Louis P. Nelson
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-21451
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Index
Abbot, John, 71
absenteeism, 8, 191–92, 217, 257, 258, 265, 267
absentees: architectural preferences of, 258–60
stereotypes of, 263
“Actor Boy” (Belisario), 184
Adam, Robert, 8, 135, 257, 264, 265
adobe, reinforced, 90
African architecture, 220–21
African house, 31
under construction (1820s), 76
Africanus, Scipio, 244
gravemarker for, 243
“A Front View of Hamden House” (n.d.), 43
“A Grand Jamaica Ball! or the Creolean Hop à la Muftee,” 202
agricultural improvement, 103, 115
A Harlot’s Progress (Hogarth), 257
Ainslie, Phillip Barrington, 42
air, quality of, architectural response to, 205–6
airflow, increasing, 70
A Linen Market in Dominica (Brunias, 1770), 182
A Liverpool Slave Ship (Jackson, 1780s), 27
Allaston, Robert, 254
American Revolution, 8, 216–17
Amsterdam Town Hall, 251, 252, 253
Amussen, Susan, 238
Anderson, Benedict, 4
Anderson, Jennifer, 243–44
“An Elevated View of the New Docks…” (Daniell; 1802), 266
Anglo-Georgian building tradition, 194
Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707, 132
animal mill (Labat; 1714), 103
Ankerwycke House, 147
Antigua, 73, 78, 178
Antiquities of Athens, 134, 135
anxiety, 6, 8, 64
British, 240
moral, 127
“A Plan of Good Hope Estate” (Schroeder; 1794), 101, 111
Appleby, John, 18
aqueducts, 107, 108
A Rake’s Progress (Hogarth), 257
arcades, 81, 178
arcade stair (1820), 195
Arcadia plantation (ca. 1820), 114, 115, 196, 193
archaeology: as interest of Jamaica’s elites, 134–36
classical, 135
Archdekin, John, 59
Archdekin family, 59
Archedekne, Andrew, 146
architectural engineering, 88
architecture: antiseismic, 88–96
as evidence of everyday life, 4–5
experimentation in, 3, 6
hurricane resilience of, 6, 8, 88, 89, 192, 194
Jamaica’s elites’ interest in, 142–50
responding to Caribbean climate, 67–96
Armitage, David, 132
Armstrong, Douglas, 74, 112, 125, 129
Arnold, Dana, 50
Arnold’s Repository, 175
Art and Emancipation in Jamaica (ed. Barringer et al.), 4
artificialia, 237
Art of Making Sugar, 127
Asante, 15
Asiento, 81
Atkinson, Mary, 168
Atkinson, Wilhemina, 168
Atwood, Thomas, 171
Auchincrive, 257
Auchindown Castle, 60
“A View of the Houses at Bath” (Du Simitière; early 1760s), 141
“A View in the Island of Jamaica, of Roaring River Estate…” (Robertson; 1778), 128
back lots, 7
Bacon, Francis, 47
Bacon’s Castle, 71
Baillie, John, 113, 129–30, 230–31
Bailyn, Bernard, 3, 6, 37, 47
Balcaskie, 53
balconies, 82–83, 179
balcony houses, 83
Bantanon, Godwin, 71
Baptist rebellion of 1831, 45
Barbot, John, 12
Barclay, Alexander, 224
barmkin, 39
barracoons, 19
Barrett, Edward, 158
Barrett, George Goodin, 232
Barrett House, 158–65, 168, 175, 183
Barrett’s wharf, 169, 170
barricado, 29–30
Barringer, Tim, 4
Barrycourt, 55
Bartram, William, 204
Bassett, Hayden, 115
Bates, Lyndsey, 124
bathing houses, 156
Battle of Kinsale, 56, 57
bawns, 47, 63
Beastall, W. E., 171
Beaufort House, 248
Beckford, Mary Ballard, 140
Beckford, Mrs. William, 264
Beckford, Peter (the elder), 257
Beckford, Peter (the younger), 257
Beckford, Richard, 157
Beckford, William (cousin to Lord Mayor), 122, 142, 203
on building quarters in straight lines, 129
on domesticating slaves, 32
on hospitality, 215
house of, 257
in hurricane, 91
on over-seer’s house, 128
on sugar works, 120
Beckford, William (Lord Mayor), 131, 134, 135on
Portman Square, 265
status of, 257
working on Fonthill Abbey, 260
Beckford, William (of Somerley), 279n1
Beckford, William Thomas, 260, 265, 279n1
Beeston, William, 140
Belchin, Thomas, 84
Belidor, Bernard Forest de, 88, 90, 91
Belisario, Isaac Mendes, 183, 184
Belle Isle House, Jamaica (unknown; ca. 1820), 197
Belle Isle plantation, 196
Bentham, Jeremy, 130
Berkeley Square, 247
Biet, Antoine, 68
Bindman, David, 238
Bindon, Howard, 49
blackamoor: British imagining of, 240
figures of, 237–39, 240, 260, 261
“Blackamoor in the Wood, The,” 240
Black Atlantic, 3
black bodies, British collection of, 236–40
Blackburn, John, 254
Blackburn, John (the elder), 254
Blagrove, John, 147–51, 157
Blagrove, William, 198
Blair, James, 105
Blaney, Edward, 56–57
Blathwayt, William, 236–38, 240–45
Blathwayt Atlas, 287n31
Blenheim Palace (Vanbrugh; 1705–24), 53
Blount, Charles, 46, 56–57
Bluehole, 41
board houses, 8, 171, 221, 226–28, 230, 233
Bodiam Castle (begun 1385), 259
boiling house, 97, 98, 118–21, 246
plan for (Good Hope; 18th cent.), 118
plan of (Labat; 1714), 104
booths (small shops), 170–71, 172
Borra, Giovanni, 134–35
botany, 138–39
Bourdieu, Pierre, 269n
Bourton House, 51–52
Bouverie, John, 134
Bow Porcelain Manufactory, 239
box framing, 227–28, 285n2
branding, 129
Brathwaite, Kamau, 112, 268n1
Brazilian Landscape with a Worker’s House (Post; ca. 1665), 87
Breen, T. H., 7, 161–62
Bright, Henry, 247
Bristol: docking capacity of, 246
merchants of, 248–49
slave trade and, 246–47
suburbs of, 247–48
sugar refining in, 245–46
waterfront capacity of, 246
Britain: cultural geography of, 262
white West Indians in, 192. See also England
British Caribbean, studies of, 268n1
British Empire: contested frontiers of, 64
early modern British art and, 4
improved workers’ housing in, 115
Jamaica’s architectural role in, 3
Jamaica’s importance to, 4, 6–7
slavery as element of, 1
British identity, 132
Britons in Jamaica, identity of, 132–33
Bromley, 40, 41
Brookes, 28
Brookes, James, Jr., 28
Brown, Capability, 137
Brown, Laurence, 231
Brown, Lawrence, 244
Bruce, William, 53
Brunias, Augustino, 172, 181, 182
Bryan Castle, 211
Buckridge, Steeve, 4
Bunratty, 273n100
Burke, Edmund, 157, 262
Burke, Richard, 57
Burke, William, 157
Burlington, Lord (Richard Boyle), 149
Burnard, Trevor, 132, 258
on absenteeism, 192
on egalitarian tyranny, 8
on hospitality, 215
on Jamaica’s mortality rate, 205
on Jamaica as society at war, 46
on Phibbah, 232
on preferred slaves, 222
on rape, 126, 210
on slave sale process, 31, 32
on slaves’ conditions, cultivated by masters, 228
on wealth of white Jamaicans, 13
on worth of slave trade, 30
Burnet, Gilbert, 83
Butterwalk, the, 81
cage (jail), 90
Cairness House, 259
Camerton Court, 262
Campbell, Archibald, 110
Campeche chairs, 7, 209–10
Canary Wharf, 235
candlestick (ca. 1770), 239
caning, for walls, 71
canoes, 15–16, 24
Cape Coast Castle, 16–23
capital flow, importance of, to early modern Atlantic studies, 3
capture, of slaves, 10, 12–16
Cardiff Hall (1789), 147, 151, 198
Caribbean, climate of, 67–78, 206
architectural response to, 227
effect of, on slaves’ housing, 224. See also heat; hurricanes
Carr, John, 257
Carter’s Grove, 194, 195
Carvalho, Sebastião José de, 89–90
casa baraccata, 90
Casali, Andrea, 257
Casid, Jill, 139, 244
castellated architecture, 6, 49, 53–54, 60, 258–60, 262–63
castles, 16–22
mock, 49
northern Ireland, 47
towers in, 36
Catesby, Robert, 52
cattle mills, 103, 106–8
Ceded Islands, 236
cement, 88
central passages, 62, 122, 164, 196–97, 215
chambers, 201–3, 210
for free blacks, 226
on piazzas, 215
Champion, William, 246
Chapman, William, 115, 163–64
Charles I, 59
Charles II, 80, 238
Charleston (SC), 167–68, 172–74, 176, 179–80
Chastleton, 52
Chelsea Porcelain Manufactory, 239
Chilham Castle (begun 1616), 258–59, 260
Chippenham Park, 67
entrance lodges and gates (Sandys, 1790s), 67
workers’ housing (late 18th cent.), 116
Chippenham Village, 115
Chiswick House, 145
churches, 70, 71
Churchill, John, 53
Clark, William, 122
Clarkson, Thomas, 14, 15, 27
Clifton Hill House, 247
Clifts Plantation, 37
clock time, used to measure slaves’ shifts, 128
Codrington, Christopher, I, 274n40
Codrington, Christopher, II, 78
Codrington College, principal’s house, 72
coffles, 14, 15, 16
Colbeck, John, 152
Colbeck Castle (ca. 1750–75), 7, 48–49, 50, 131, 132, 133, 142, 149, 151, 152–57, 281n111
cold water bathing, 155–56
collecting, 236–45
Colonial Frames, Nationalist Histories (Rajagopalan and Desai, eds.), 268n19
Colonial Modernities (Scriver), 268n19
colonnaded commercial streets, 181–82
colonnades, 177–78
colony, motherland and, 288n84
Colyear, Juliana, 135
commercial spaces, as social spaces, 160, 161
Company of Merchants Trading to Africa, 17–19, 21, 22
Company of Royal Adventurers to Africa, 238
consumer revolution, 243–44
consumption, patterns of, 161
containment, 10
Cooke, Anthony, 254
cookery, 112
cookhouses, used for solitary confinement, 126
coppers, 118–19, 121
corner features, houses with, 48–49
corner pavilions, 149–51
corner towers, 6, 47–54, 258–60
on Palladian houses, 54
square, 54–55, 63
Cornwallis House, 248
“Cottages with One Room” (Wood), 117
counters, 176
country houses, 7, 50–53, 257, 273n83
courtyard, Cape Coast Castle, 19, 22
Covent Garden (Jones), 83, 178
“Covent Garden” (Nichols; ca. 1720), 85
Covey plantation, 97
Craskell, Thomas, 281n108
Craton, Michael, 45
Crawford, Alexander, 176
crenellations, 54, 56, 57
Creoles, 217
British stereotypes of, 263
characterizations of, 190–92
dancing, 201
food, 201
free blacks described as, 233
housing, 7, 8 (See also Jamaican Creole houses)
racial blurring and, 216
social ambivalence associated with, 210
creolizing, 7, 207–10
Cromwell, Ralph, 50
Croome Court, garden rotunda (Brown; 1754–57), 137
Crowley, John, 206
Cugoano, Ottobah, 10, 12, 13, 16, 22
Cumberland, Duke of, 265
Cumberland, Richard, 263
curing houses, 118, 120
D’Alberet, M., 42, 44, 90–91, 147–49, 151, 157
dancing, 201
Daniell, William, 266
Dashwood, Francis, 260–61
Davidson, Thomas, 230
Davidson (Thomas) House, 166, 167
Davis, Howard, 162, 169
Davis, John, 71, 72
Davis, Ralph, 245
Davis, Susan, 183
Dawkins, Elizabeth Pennant, 134
Dawkins, Henry, 134, 135
Dawkins, James, 134–36, 261
Dawkins, William, 135, 157
Dawkins family, 140, 279n13
Day, Nathaniel, 247
Day (Nathaniel) House (begun 1709), 247
Deagan, Kathleen, 86
Decoy, The, 137, 139, 142, 156
defensive architecture, 8, 36–42, 47–49, 60–62. See also fortified houses; loopholes; palisades houses; tower houses
deforestation, 108
Dellap, Robert, 203
Delle, James, 47
Derby’s Dose, 126
Desborough, Samuel, 37
Descriptive Account of the Island of Jamaica, A (Beckford), 91, 120, 142
Desmond Rebellions, 46
Development of Creole Society in Jamaica (Brathwaite), 268n1
Dictionary of British and Irish Travelers in Italy, 1701–1800, 133
Différents projets relatifs au climat… (D’Albaret), 44, 91, 148
dining rooms, 200, 203
Discipline and Punish (Foucault), 130
diseases, 205
Dixcove Castle (Ghana), 5, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17
Doblen Act (1788), 28
donjon, 50–51
Donowell, John, 261
door surround, rusticated (ca. 1740s), 194
double arcades, 152
double house, 70
double porticos, 261
Drake, Francis, 73
drawbridges, 42
Drax, Erle, 265
Drax Hall plantation, 74, 75, 125, 146, 256
Drax family, 146
Drayton, Richard, 116
Dresser, Madge, 240, 246, 247
Drumlanrig Castle, 53
dry docks, 26
Duke, Antera, 15
Duke Street (Falmouth), 230
Duncan, William, 215
dungeons, 17, 19–22
Dunkinfield, Robert, 83
Duperly, Adolphe, 158–59, 171, 172
Du Simitière, Pierre Eugène, 82, 127, 137, 139, 141, 145, 190, 280–81n88
Dyrham Park (begun 1692), 237, 240–43, 245
early modern Atlantic, studies of, 3
Earnshaw, Brian, 255
earthfast construction, 74–75, 77–78
earthfast framing systems, 88
earthquakes, 78–79, 88–96
Edge of Empire (Jasanoff), 4
Edinburgh Castle (late 18th cent.), 60, 62, 214, 216
Edwards, Bryan, 14, 120, 160
on boiling houses, 119
on Falmouth’s growth, 160
on fear, 125
on hospitality, 215
on Jamaica’s crops, 201
on slave hospitals, 109
on slaves’ housing, 75, 221
on trash houses, 109
on water mills, 106–7
Edwards, Jay, 284n1
egalitarian tyranny, 8
Egypt, 4
Egyptian Hall, 149, 201, 249
18 Pitt Street (Falmouth; ca. 1820), 167, 225
“Elevation of the South front of the row of buildings on the market wharf” (1793), 174
Elizabeth I, 46, 56
Elliott, William, 173
Eltis, David, 20
Elton, Isaac, 247
Emblemes (Wither), 255
empire of goods, 7, 161–62
empires: through collection, 237
interconnected worlds of, 4
making of, through visual culture, 4
prevailing view of (17th cent.), 132
England: agricultural improvement in, 115
corner towers in, 49, 50–54
covered walkways in, 81
industrialization emerging in, 121
landscape of, reorganized (16th–18th cent.), 50
occupation of Ireland, 55–56
sugar refineries in, 245
English South Sea Company, 81
entertainment, West Indian style, 200–201
entrance halls, 196–203
Equiano, Olaudah, 16, 23, 24, 26–27, 28, 30, 31, 32
Essay on Prints (Gilpin), 141
European slaver’s house, 16
Ewe houses, 220–21
Exchange Building, 248–49
executions, public, following slave riots, 45
exercise, 204
exotica, British collecting of, 236–38, 244
exploitation, capitalist, 140
“Exterior of a boiling house” (Clark), 122
Eyer, John, 251
Facey, Laura, 1–2
Faerie Queen (Spenser), 47, 49
Falconbridge, Alexander, 27
Falmouth: free blacks in, 218–20
growth of, 160
house-stores in, 162–69
imports to, 169–70, 175
piazzas and galleries in, 84
plan of (1844), 161
stores of, 160, 161, 175–77
streets of, 177–83
wharves of, 169–75
Falmouth Field School, 285n1, 286n17
Farr, Thomas, 248
fear, landscape of, 214
Fearon, Thomas, 140, 147, 157
Ferraresi, Vincenzo, 90
figural representation of America (Paty), 250
figurines, depicting Africans, 239–40
First Empire optimism, 8
Fisher, Paul, 247–48
five-foot way, 178
floods, architectural response to, 92–93
floors, in Creole houses, 200, 201
Floyd, Thomas, 173
Floyer, John, 156
Fonthill Abbey, 260, 261
Fonthill House, 257, 258
food: Creole, 201
West India style, 201
Fordham, Douglas, 4
Forrester, Gillian, 4
Forsythe, John, 151
Fort Balcarres, 170
fortified houses, 6
in English building strategies, 47
in mainland colonies, 37
forts, 16–20
Foucault, Michel, 130
foundations, masonry, 91–92
Four Books of Architecture (Palladio), 145, 149
framing, exposed, 198
Fredensborg, 25
free blacks: agency of, 8
architectural practices of, 4
described as Creoles, 233
distancing from the slave population, 219
frame houses of, 8
harboring runaway slaves, 228
housing for, 218–20, 226–28, 230–34
shotgun houses and, 234
villages of, 231–32
wealth among, 230–31
women homeownership among, 218, 230–33
free women of color, houses built for, 287n88
Freke, Thomas, 247
Fremantle House, 248
French Caribbean, house planning tradition in, 202
Friendship plantation, 140
Frome Plantation, 211, 212
Fuller, John, 259, 260
furniture, 7. See also Campeche chairs; March chair; Spanish chairs; Windsor chairs
Gable, Samuel, 13, 14
Gainsborough, Thomas, 255, 265
gaiola system, 90
Gairdner, Mary, 230–31
Gale, John, 139
Gale, Jonathan, 166
galleries, 86–87, 191
gardens: architectural follies in, 137
land enclosure and, 138
Gardiner, Edward, 83
Geiger House, 176
George III, 89, 137, 265
Georgia plantation, 259
gibbet, in untitled Jamaican scene (Du Simitière; ca. 1760s), 127
Gibbons, Elizabeth (Countess of Home), 264–65
Gibbons, William, 264
Gikandi, Simon, 260, 269n4
Gilbert, Humphrey, 46
Gilpin, William, 141
Gilroy, Paul, 3
Girouard, Mark, 51
Gladstone, 261–62
Glasgow, trade with the Caribbean, 254
glebe house, 71–72
Glenbuchat Castle, 37–38, 39
Gold Coast (West Africa), house forms of, 4
Golden Grove plantation, 103, 106, 120
Good Hope (Kidd; 1835–36), 123
Good Hope: great house (ca. 1790), 213
plantation, 7, 97–103, 105–6, 109–10, 111, 115–16, 118–20, 122–24, 126, 129, 199, 216
Goodwin, Elizabeth, 233
Gordon, Adam, 142
Gordon, Charles, 259
Gordon, John, 38
Goree Warehouses, 250
Gothic tower garden folly (Henbury estate; 1766), 248
Graces, the, 59
grand tours, 3, 133, 136, 147, 151
Grant, Francis, 259
Grant, John, 259
Great Abshott House, 147
great houses, 39 (1820s), 50
Scottish emigrants and, 61
targeted in slave riots, 45
greed, prompting agricultural improvement, 105
Greenbank house, 254
Greene, Jack, 132
greenhouses, 244, 245
Greving, Justin, 191
ground floor shop, 7
“Ground Plan of Cape Coast Castle, 1756” (Watson), 18
“Ground Plan Dix Cove Fort Africa surveyed, May 1756” (Watson), 11
Guineamen. See slave ships Guinea Street (Bristol), 246–47
gun loops. See loop holes gutters, lead, 94
Gwynn, John, 265
Hagley Hall (ca. 1751), 54, 258, 259
Hakewill, James, 107, 108, 125
Halbert, Martin, 20
Haldane, Colonel, 135]
Half-Way Tree, 145
Hall, Douglas, 229
Hallowes, John, 37, 38
halls, 163–65, 168, 215
conflated with piazza, 211–12
in Jamaican Creole houses, 195–203
Halse Hall, 48, 149, 202
Hamden plantation, 41–42
Hamilton, Gavin, 136
Hamilton, Malcolm, 63
hammocks, 68, 274n17
Hancock, David, 133, 236, 257, 288n84
Handler, Jerome, 24
Hardwick Hall (Smithson; 1590–97), 70
Hardyman, James, 225
Harewood House, 244, 257, 287n2
Hart, Jonas, 175
Havana, plazas in, 81
hawking, 162
Hay, Michael, 50, 79, 83, 143
health: humoral theory of, 205
related to temperature and air, 205–6
heat, 67, 68–73
effect of, on behavior, 191
Heiser, Joseph, 201–2
Henbury estate, 248
Henrietta Marie, 25
Henry VIII, 46, 50
Henry, Bernard, 152
Herbert, James, 201
Hermitage (ca. 1700), 74
Hibbert, 266
Hibbert, George, 8, 32–34, 235, 265
Hibbert, Thomas, 6, 8, 32–34, 143, 157, 235
Hibbert Gate, 266, 267
Hibbert House, 32–35, 93, 94, 143–44, 147
Hibbert and Spriggs (merchant house), 32–34
Hickey, William, 146
Highgate, Jamaica (Mendes; ca. 1836–42), 75
Higman, Barry: on absenteeism, 236
on First Empire optimism, 9, 217
examining slave quarters at Montpelier, 221
distribution of slaves in Kingston, 174
on plantation management, 105–6, 121, 161
on slaves’ housing, 124, 129, 222–23
on urban slave population, 166
High Street (St. John’s), 178
Hine, John, 245–46
hipped roofs, 65, 76, 93–95
History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies, A (Edwards), 106
History of the Island of Barbados (Ligon), 120
History of Jamaica, or General Survey of the Antient and Modern State of that Island (Long), 86, 88, 89, 103, 140, 142, 145, 204, 205–6
Hobson, Daphne, 73, 77
Hogarth, 257
Holkham Hall, 149
Holland, William, 263
Holland estate, 262
Home House (Adam; late 1770s), 264–65
Hooke, Robert, 194
horn work, 23
Horton, Anne, 265
hospitality: Jamaican architecture and, 214–16
white-to-white, 8, 215
hospitals, for slaves, 109–10
hot-houses. See slave hospitals hot springs, 140–41
Houghton, 54
hourglasses, 129
houses: performance of goods and, 7
planning strategies for, changing, 196–97
house-shops, 179–81
house slaves, 216
house-stores, 162–69, 186, 282n16
house-yard burials, 112
Howard, Charles William, 244
Howard, Harriett, 244
“How the Indians Spin Cotton,” 69
Hoyle, Richard, 116
Hume, John, 63
humoral theory, 205
Hurricane Danny, 158
hurricane houses, 276n153
hurricanes, 6, 8, 67–68, 73–78, 88–89, 192, 194, 274n17
Hutchinson, Jedidiah, 71
Hutchison, Lewis, 60
Hyde Hall (ca. 1820), 92, 93, 95, 194–96, 203
imperial power, representations of, 236–45
India, 4
industrialization, emergence of, 121
interior partition (board house), 233
International Slavery Museum, 1
interracial sex, 8, 191, 210
Ireland: Anglo-Norman authority in, 46
corner towers in, 55–56
English authority over, 46–47
historical parallels of, with Jamaica, 6
house forms of, 4
laborers’ rebellion in, 47
parallels with Jamaica, 63–64
plantations in, 46–47
tower houses in, 57–60
iron straps, as corner braces, 95
I sette libri dell’architettura (Serlio), 152
Jackson, William, 26, 27
Jacobsfield, 45
jalousies, 84, 187, 198, 211–12, 226–27
Jamaica: absenteeism from, 8
American Revolution’s effect on, 216–17
anxiety in, 6, 8, 64
British occupation of, 42–43
coastal towns of, 160–61
colonial identity of, 7
commerce in, 7
corner towers in, 47–49, 63–64
Craskell and Simpson map of (1765), 136, 152
defensive houses in, 60–62
earthquakes on, 78–79
elites of, 131–34, 182
farming in, 276n8
free blacks in, 219–20
French attack on, 45
healing sites of, 140–41
historical parallels of, with Ireland, 6
hospitality of, 215
hurricanes in, 67–68, 88–89, 96
importance of, to British Empire, 4, 6–7
industrialization and, 121–22
influence of, on British landscapes and architecture, 235–36
as landscape of death, 126
as largest consumer of slaves, 30
martial character of, shaping built environment, 46
military barracks in, 48
mortality rate in, 205, 216
parallels with Ireland, 63–64
political oligarchy of, 157
racial intermixing in, 191
racial makeup of, 43–45, 224
royal governor withdrawing from, 132
Scottish immigrants to, 61–62
sex in social practices of, 210
Sheffield’s map of, 152
slave rebellions in, 62, 216
social hierarchies in, blacks ignoring, 183
social openness of, 212–13
Spanish architecture in, 42–43
Spanish Cuba and, 81
supplying mahogany, 243–44
transatlantic scope of architecture, 236
transformation of, 8
violence in, 6, 43–46
visual culture of, 4
wealth in, 3
white solidarity in, 215
Jamaican Assembly, 32, 88, 94, 107, 127, 131–32, 157, 215
Jamaican Association, 145, 157
Jamaica National Heritage Trust, 34, 192
Jamaican Creole house, 7, 8, 187–91
features of, 192
hall in, 195–203
hospitality and, 214–16
as performance site, 192
piazzas in, 203–14
single-story living in, 192–95
Jamaican mahogany. See mahogany
Jamaica Planter’s Guide of 1823 (Roughley), 107
Jamaicans: self-identity of, 192
social disparity among blacks in, 228
Jamaica train, 119
James I, 46
James, Abraham, 208, 210, 263
James, William, 215
James Dawkins and Robert Woods Discovering the Ruins at Palmyra (Hamilton; 1758), 136
“James Stuart, James Dawkins, and Robert Wood at the Funerary Monument of Philopappos” (Revett), 134
Jarrett, John, 262
Jasanoff, Maya, 4
“Jaw-Bone, or House John-Canoe” (Belisario), 185
Jeaffreson, Christopher, 73, 76–77
Jefferson, Thomas, 139
Jeny, Elizabeth, 173
“Johnny New-come in the Island of Jamaica” (James), 208
Johnson, Matthew, 53
Jolivet, Maurice-Louis, 261
Jones, Inigo, 83
Jones, Noble, 37
Jones, Walter, 52
Jonkonnu festival, 183–86
Josiah Wedgwood and Sons, 240
Kanturk (ca. 1609), 57–58, 59
Karras, Alan, 61
Kenilworth. See Magotty
Kenseth, Joy, 237
Kew Park (late 18th cent.), 60, 61, 62
Kidd, Joseph Bartholomew, 122, 123
kidnapping, 13–14
Kilgraston House, 259
Kimbolton Castle, 54
King, Benjamin, 173
King’s Circus (Wood and Wood; 1754–68), 254–55, 256
King’s House, 149–51, 281n108
Kingston: colonial merchants in, 160
growth of, 142
piazzas in, 81–84
plan of (Hay; ca. 1745), 79, 83, 84
replacing Port Royal, 79–81
kitchen sheds, 224
Knight, James, 43, 45, 68, 77, 146, 178
Knight, John, 245
Knowles, Charles, 136–37
Kostof, Spiro, 178
Kupperman, Karen, 67
Labat, Jean-Baptiste, 72
Labat, Pierre, 103
Lady Home. See Gibbons, Elizabeth
La Historia general y natural de las Indias (Oviedo), 73
Lake, Rebecca, 220
landholding, status and, 273n81
landscapes, 260, 262
aesthetic power of, 139
British, Jamaica’s influence on, 236
colonial authority over, 139
colonial intermixing of 244
as interest of Jamaica’s elite, 137–42
Long’s descriptions of, 141–42
picturesque mode in, 137, 138
picturesque, 155
taming of, 142. See also gardens
landscaping, 7
land seizure, resistance to, 64
Language of Dress (Buckridge), 4
Lansuinet plantation, 97
Lascelle family, 244, 257
Lawes, James, 265
Lawes, Nicholas, 265
Laws of the Indies, 80–81
Leeward Islands: architecture in, hurricanes and, 77
masonry houses on, 78
Leeward Maroons, 45
Lefebvre, Henri, 268n2, 269n22 (Introduction)
Legacies of British Slave-ownership (University College of London), 258
leg irons, 28
Leslie, Charles, 77, 79, 87, 205
Leslie, John, 56
Letters on the Slave Trade (Clarkson), 14, 15
Lewis, Lesley, 265
Lewis, Matthew (Monk), 194, 210
on Jamaica’s social mores, 212–13
on planters’ houses, 190
on slaves’ housing, 75, 124, 221
Ligon, Richard, 68–71, 120–21, 203
Lilly, Christian, 45, 91, 206
Lindo, Alexander, 169
Lindo’s wharf, 169, 170
Lindsay, John, 109
Lisbon earthquake of 1755, 89–90
Liverpool: becoming leading port in African slave trade, 253
Eyer’s map, 251
shipbuilding in, 25, 26
transformation of, 249–54
Liverpool Exchange, 250–51
livestock, shelter for, 205
Lodge, Robert, 80
lodging rooms, 215
Loftus, Adam, the Elder, 56
loggias, 152–53
London: growth of, 265
West Indian interests in, 264–67
Long, Catherine Maria, 140
Long, Edward, 43, 46, 49, 105, 139, 140–42, 145, 147, 157, 178, 190, 202
on British interest in black bodies, 237
charting stages of race, 191
on Creoles, 191
on The Decoy, 1327
on detached kitchens, 166
on domestics as part of the household, 216
on health and building styles, 205
on jalouises, 211–12
on Jamaica’s children, 156
on loopholes, 41
on piazzas, 207
on plantation improvements, 103
on Richmond, 149, 210–11
on runaway slaves, 229
on slave labor, 125
on Spanish buildings, 86, 88, 89, 91
on Stokes Hall, 48
on sugar works, 120
on Tacky’s Rebellion, 45
on walking’s benefits, 204
warning about tropical climate, 205–6
writing on architecture, 142
Long, John, 59
Long family, 59
loopholes, 36–42, 48, 53, 56–63, 91, 214, 216
Louisiana, placage in, 232–33
louvers, 211
Love, Thomas, 220
Lucky Valley Estate, 105–6, 140
Lulworth Castle (ca. 1607), 49, 51
Lyttleton, Charles, 258, 259
Lyttleton, George, 258
Lyttleton, William, 131, 135
MacFarlane, Alexander, 143
MacFarlane house, 143
MacLeod, John, 152–56, 157, 208
Magotty plantation, 147, 151
mahogany, 25, 236, 242, 243–44, 257
Malby, Nicholas, 46
Manesty, Joseph, 26, 30
Manning, Edward, 157
mansion house, 143–44
Marble Hill House (ca. 1720), 242, 244
March chair, 209
marchlands, 6, 37, 47, 64
market buildings, 172
market day, 171
Market Street (Falmouth), 158–59, 161, 182
“Market Street, Falmouth” (Duperly, 1844), 159
Maroons, 47, 64, 156
attacks from, 45
runaway slaves and, 229–30
Martha Brae River, bridge crossing (Good Hope plantation), 102
Martin, Samuel, 121
Martinez-Ruiz, Barbaro, 4
masonry foundations, 91–92
masonry houses, 78, 94–95
Matilda, 134
mats, woven, for walls, 71
Maynard, Lord, 265
McCarthy, MacDonagh, 58
McGhie, James, 230
McGhie, Sarah, 230
McGhie House, 231
McKean, Charles, 53
Meade, Lewin, 246
Meade (Lewin) Sugar House, 246
medallion (Josiah Wedgwood and Sons; ca. 1787), 240
Meissen manufactory, 239–40
Mendes Belisario, Isaac, 75
merchant houses, 7, 32–33, 162, 230
Merchants’ Dock, 246
Merchant Venturers, 246
Mereworth, 145
Merrywood plantation, 97
metopes, 255, 256
miasma, 205–6
Michelgrove, 259
middle passage, 23–30
military barracks, 48, 205
Miller, William, 30
Milligen, Robert, 8, 235
Mintz, Sidney, 121, 125
mistresses, kept, 232–33
mock castles, 49
molasses, 119–20
Mona plantation, 107, 108
monasteries, dissolution of, 50
Monea (ca. 1616), 63
Monkstown Castle (ca. 1636), 59, 60
Monrad, Hans Christian, 14, 17
Montagu, Elizabeth, 265
Montagu House, 265
Montpelier, 60, 116, 125, 221, 223–24, 278n166
Montserrat, 73, 78
Moore, Daniel, 107
Moore, Henry, 135, 137, 140, 281n108
moral anxiety, 127
morasses, 229
Moreton, J. B., 191, 201, 210, 211
Morgan, Kenneth, 30, 31
motherland, colony and, 288n84
Moulton, Charles, 158
Moulton-Barrett, Edward, 265
Moulton-Barrett House (ca. 1795), 84, 85, 166
Mount Plenty: Great House (late 18th c.), 2–3, 5, 187–89, 197–98, 210, 211, 214–15, 216
Mount Plenty plantation (ca. 1770), 8, 113–15
Mountjoy (tower house; begun 1602), 56–57
Mountjoy, Lord. See Blount, Charles
Mountlong Castle, 59
Mowl, Timothy, 255
Munster plantation, 46
muscavado, 245
music, 201
Natural Bridge, 139
naturalia, 237
nature walking, 262
Navigation Acts, 175, 216–17
Neale, Eleanor, 230
Neale, Thomas, 220, 230
Neale Tavern, 230, 231
Nedham, Robert, 68
“Negroes Sunday Market at Antigua” (Beastall; 1806), 171, 233
Negro Seaman Acts, 282n65
Nevis, 73, 78
board houses in, 233
New Hope, 214
New Orleans, shotgun houses in, 234
Newstead Abbey, 260
Newton, John, 29
Nichols, Sutton, 85
Nine Years War, 46, 56
nogging, 6, 65, 66, 91, 92, 93, 115
Northrup, David, 15
Nouveaux voyages aux îsles de l’Amérique (Labat), 103
Nugent, Maria (Lady Nugent), 126, 142, 149, 190, 191, 194, 204, 205, 207, 208, 224
Nuova Sevilla, 192
Obeah, 112–13, 229
Observations on the Nature and Cure of Hospital and Jayle-Fevers (Pringle), 206
Old plantation, 136
O’Neill, Hugh, 46
Orange Cove, 141
Orange Grove plantation, 118
Orange Valley plantation, 109, 111, 118, 147
ornaments, architectural, 198
Orphan House, 204–5
Oswald, Richard, 257
Oszuscik, Philippe, 284n1, 285n83
Overby, Nicholas, 51
overseers, increasing prevalence of, 127–28
overseers’ houses, 45, 122–24, 128–29, 130
overshot waterwheels, 107–8, 116
Oviedo y Valdés, Fernández de, 73
Owen, Francis, 12–13
palisades houses (mainland colonies), 37
Palladian houses, 54
Palladio, Andrea, 145, 149
palmetto trees, 69–70
Panmure House, 53
panopticon, 130
pantiles, 88
Pantrepant plantation, 97
parade ground, Cape Coast Castle, 19, 22
parades, 183
Pares, Richard, 46
Park, John, 93
Parker, Peter, 265
parlor, 197
Parr, 25, 26
Parr, John, 25
Parr, Thomas, 25, 254
Parrey, Captain, 28
partition ventilator (board house, Falmouth), 227
partition walls, boarding of, 198–200
Paty, Thomas, 249, 250–51, 252–53
pavilions, 48, 210
Pechon, Major, 170
Pembroke plantation, 147
Pemrhyn Castle, 259
Pennant, Edward, 134
Pennant, George, 259
Pentice, the, 81
pepper-pot, 112, 201
Perbi, Akosua, 14, 15
Percivale, Valentine, 93
Perry, Victoria, 262
Peters, Eliza, 232
Petley, Christer, 191
Phibbah (Thistlewood’s mistress), 232
Philip II, 46, 80
Phillippo, James, 206
Philpsale, Mathias, 206, 209, 215
Phoenix plantation, 113, 203, 204
piazzas, 6, 7, 68, 80–88, 95, 109, 177–78
at absentees’ houses, 260, 262–63
changing form of, 211–12
conflated with halls, 211–12
in Creole house style, 203–14
creolizing on, 207–10
end rooms on, 210
health benefits of, 204–6
incorporated into rural housing, 84–86
irregularity of, 204
in Jamaican Creole houses, 190
outfitted for water, 206
as private spaces, 204
privatizing of, 211
racial boundaries relaxed on, 207
rear, 206
receiving informal visitors on, 207
enclosing of, 206
as site for hospitality, 206–7
on slave housing, 224
surveillance and, 128–29
use for, in houses, 203–5
used as walks, 204–5
picturesque tradition, 137, 138, 141, 158
piers, elevated, 205, 206, 223
Pinnock, Phillip, 48, 144–45, 149, 157
Pinnock house, 144–45
Pitt, William, 131, 265
placage, 232–33, 287n88
“Plan and Elevation of the House, Stores and Wharf Belonging to Alexander Lindo, Esquire” (Pechon; 1805), 170
“Plan of the Hospital for the Sick Slaves upon Good Hope Estate” (Campbell; 1798), 110
“Plan of the Poggio Reale in Naples” (Serlio; 15th cent.), 153, 154
“Plan and Sections of a Slave Ship” (1789), 2
plantations, 3–4, 64
centrality of, to British Empire’s economy, 103
centralized works for, 103, 105–6
construction of, 92
economic impact of, 3
improvements at, 7, 102–17
landscapes of, and slave resistance, 229
as landscapes of control, 125–30
as machines, 105, 121, 125
management of, 106
new building types for, 108–16
northern Ireland, 47
organized in concentric zones, 105–6
plats for, 105, 129
wells of, 113. See also defensive architecture
plant collections, 244
planters, self-image of, 128
“Plan of a Township” (Long; c. 1774), 49
Plas Teg (begun 1610), 52–53
Plaza Vieja, 178
Pocius, Gerald, 214
Pocock, Nicholas, 25
Poggio Reale, 152–53
polite spaces, 71, 154, 155, 194–95, 214
Pollock House, 254
Pombal, Marquis of. See Carvalho, Sebastião José de
Pope, Nathaniel, 37
porches, 86, 122
portales, 178
port cities: Britain’s relationship with, 245
significance of, 282n9
porticos, 178
Portland Square, 247
Portman Square, 264, 265–66
Portrait of an Unknown Jamaican Couple (Wickstead; ca. 1760s), 190
Port Royal, 280n80
balconies in, 82
earthquake of 1692, 78–79
Portumna (1609), 57, 58, 59
Post, Frans, 87, 88
Potosi plantation, 97, 259
pots, for stewing, 112
Practical Essay, on Cement and Artificial Stone, A, 88
Price, Charles, 135, 136–40, 141, 142, 152, 157, 244
Price, Charles, Jr., 139, 157
Price, Francis, 136
Pringle, John, 206
privacy, 129–30, 214–15
Privilege Controversy (1760s), 131–32, 140
public executions, 126
punishment, 7
pushcarts, 171–72, 282n49
Queen Square (Bristol), 247
quincha, 90
racial hierarchy, 8
racial intermixing, 191
racial inversion, 183–86
Ragley Hall, 194
rape, 8, 127, 139, 174, 210
Raphoe, 56
Rask, Johannes, 16
Rathfarnham Castle (ca. 1585), 56, 57, 59
rear doors, 228
rear halls, 203
rear yards, 166–67, 228
Recopilación de las Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias (Compilation of the Laws of the Kingdoms of the Indies), 80–81
Redemption Song (Facey), 1
Reeves, Samuel, 220
refineries, 288n48
“Representation of an Insurrection aboard a Slave Ship” (Wadstrom, c. 1794), 29, 30
“Representation of a Lott of Fullanis…” (Gable, 1793), 13, 14
resistance, by slaves, 22, 24, 30, 127, 130, 183, 186, 229, 234
retail interiors, 176–77
Revett, Nicholas, 134–35
Richards, James, 175
Richards, Robert, 146–47
Richards home, 146–47
Richardson, David, 246
Richmond plantation, 137, 149–51
Roberts, George, 206
Roberts, Justin, 106, 118, 121, 221
Robertson, Anthony, 138
Robertson, George, 96, 128, 207
Robertson, James, 32, 43, 92, 96, 107, 121, 224–25
Rochefort, Charles de, 73, 74, 77, 78
Rodney, Lord, 265
Roehampton: great house (ca. 1810), 214
slave quarters at, 113, 116, 129
Rogers, Francis, 71
Rogers, Woodes, 247
roofs: built for hurricane resistance, 73–74
framing systems for, 93
Rose Hall, 147, 214
Roughley, Thomas, 107, 109–10, 122
Rows, the, 81
Royal African Company, 12, 16–19, 21, 27, 31
Royal York Crescent, 247
Ruins of Baalbec, The (Wood), 135
Ruins of Palmyra, The (Wood), 135, 261
rum, 120, 245
runaway slaves, 228, 229–30
Rutherford, James, 203
Saint-Domingue (Santo Domingo; Haiti), 8, 171
Salaga (market town; modern Ghana), 15
sale, of slaves, 12
Salthouse Dock, 249
Sampson, William, 206, 215
Sanders, Hannah, 206
Sandown, 27, 28, 31
Sandys, Francis, 67
sash windows, 62, 73, 162, 168, 187, 196, 210, 226
Saunders, Edmund, 246–47
Schroeder, John Henry, 101, 111
Science des ingénieurs (Belidor), 88, 90, 91
Scotland: corner towers in, 53, 54, 259
tower houses in, 38–39, 62, 259
Z-plan houses in, 39, 62
Scottish sojourners, 61–62
scramble (method of salve trade), 31
Seaforth House, 262–63
“Segar Smoking Society in Jamaica!” (James), 263
Series of Plans for Cottages or Habitations of the Labourer, A (Wood), 115
Serlio, Sebastiano, 152
Serres, Dominic, the Elder, 80, 81
service range, 225
Seven Books of Architecture, The (Serlio), 152
7 King Street (Falmouth), 165
7 Lower Harbour Street (Falmouth), 226
7 Upper Harbour Street (Falmouth), 162, 163
Seville: Jamaica house at, 192–95, 203
plantation, 74, 112, 129
Sevion, Edward Warner, 71
sex, social practice of, 210. See also interracial sex; rape
Seymour, Sarah, 206–7
shade, creating, 70, 71
shade rooms, 84–86
shades (structural style), 71–72, 73, 80, 87–88
Shakespear, Anne, 147
Shambles, the, 173
Sharp, Granville, 263
Shaw, Janet, 87
shed roofs, 70, 205, 211
shed rooms, 215
sheds, 71
Shelbourne, Lord, 257
shelves, 176
shew (show) glass, 176
shingle houses, 221
shopfronts, 173
shopping, 160, 162, 182
shops, small, 170–71, 172
shotgun house, 234
show glasses, 283n74
shutters, 71
single-story living, 192–95
slave barracks, 108, 113–16, 129, 156, 166, 225
slave holes (slave rooms), 10, 12, 16, 17, 269n2
slave hospitals, 108, 109–10, 111, 116, 123, 151
slave markets, 15
slave revolts, 43–45, 47, 125, 216
slavery, 1
architecture of, 10
economics of, 12
end of, 8, 217, 263
influence of, on built environment, 3
moral critique of, 240
operation of, 3
predominance of, in Jamaica, 3
spaces of, 10–12
stages of, 3
trading network of, 15
transforming architecture, 6
Slavery, Family, and Gentry Capitalism in the British Atlantic (Simon), 257
Slavery Abolition Act of 1833, 258
slaves: appearing in portraits, 238–39
attached to their land, 125
branding of, 129
conditions for, cultivated by masters, 228
cooking by, 112
corporal discipline of, 125–26
crops cultivated by, 112
death rituals of, 112
elites of, 221
as exotica, 236
free blacks distanced from, 219
houses of, 110, 124–25, 221–25 (See also slave barracks; slave holes; slaves quarters)
inspection of, 22
keeping fires continuously, 124
land for housing of, 124
managerial timekeeping of, 129
movement of, 10–16
mutilation and dismemberment of, outlawed as form of discipline, 127
necessary for plantations’ efficiency, 125
plotting at the wharves, 175
possessions of, 124
preferences for, among planters and overseers, 222
rape of, by planters and overseers, 126–27
resistance of, 22, 30, 228–30 (See also slave revolts)
retail market for, 32
runaway, 228, 229–30
sale of, 22, 30–34
seasoning of, 31–32
segregation of, 26–29
sleeping in the house, 191
sources of, 12–15
stealing from each other, 124
suicides among, 24, 30
surveillance of, 127–30
ticketing of, 129
transfer, 12
transportation of, 23–30
urban, 165–66, 224–25
at the wharves, 174–75
slave ships (slavers), 23–30
slave trade, moral legitimacy of, 254
slave villages, 129–30, 216, 223, 229
slave yards, 19, 168
slaving forts, 270n52
Sloane, Hans, 72, 86, 88, 203
Small, Lydia, 228
Smeaton, John, 255
Smith, Frederick, 120, 229
Smith, Simon, 257
Smythson, Robert, 51, 52, 70
Sneed, Robert, 82
Society of Arts, 138
Society of the Dilettanti, 260
Society of West Indian Merchants, 264
Somerhill (ca. 1605), 58
Somerset Act of 1772, 240
Somerville, Elizabeth, 218
Somerville (Elizabeth) House (ca. 1840), 218, 219, 220, 226
South Carolina: slave sales in, 32
slaves’ quarters in, 224. See also Charleston
South Sea Company, 244
Southwell, 24
Southwell Frigate, 255
Sowing Empire (Casid), 139
Spain: Creole house plan derived from, 202–3
streets of, 4
Spanish chairs, 208, 209–10
Spanish Empire, 4
Spanish houses: hurricanes and, 77, 88
recessed logia of, 86
Spanish wall, 89, 223, 224
spatial inversion, 183–86
specialty shops, 176, 177
Spenser, Edmund, 47, 49
spyglasses, 129
staircase, walnut (Dyrham Park), 241
stall windows, 173
Stapleton, William, 73
St. Croix, slave barracks in, 115
St. Eustatius, 203
Stewart, James, I, 36–37, 60
Stewart, James, II, 36
Stewart, John, I, 41, 62, 92, 191, 200, 201, 209, 210, 211
Stewart, John, II, 60
Stewart Castle, 6, 36–38, 47, 60, 62, 63, 124, 286n34
Stewart’s Fort, 61, 62
St. George, Robert Blair, 7, 47
Stirling, Archibald, 41–42
St. Kitts, 73, 77
Stobart, John, 180
stock, display of, 175, 176
Stogdon, John, 169
Stokes, Luke, 48
Stokes Hall, 47–48, 59, 64
stone: health concerns with, 205
for slave quarters, 116
store fronts, 176–77
Storer Sketchbook, 39, 76, 211, 222, 223
stores, 7, 175–77
Storrow, Ann, 168, 191, 207
St. Peter’s Anglican Church (Port Royal), 91–92
street festivities, 183
Stuart, James, 134–35, 265
St. Vincent’s Rocks, 248
suburban villas, 254
sugar: British consumption of, 245
production of, 97–109, 118–22, 245–46
sugar houses, 245–46
Sugarloaf folly (Fuller; 1820s), 260
sugar mills, 106
sugar plantations, industrial nature of, 7, 118–25
Summerson, John, 54, 264
surveillance, 7
of slaves, 127–30
slaves obscuring, 229
Sweetness and Power (Mintz), 121
swept yard, 226
Swymmer, William, 246
Sylvester, John, 220
Tacky’s Rebellion, 8, 45, 64, 267
Taino, 71, 73–74, 77
Tattershall Castle (1434–46), 50–51, 53
Taylor, Charles, 103
Taylor, John, 67, 68, 78, 92, 106
Taylor, Simon, 120
Taylor, William, 224
Tebber, James, 201
telescopes, 129
Termon, 63
Tertre, Jean-Baptiste du, 72
Tharp, 30
Tharp, John, 6, 7, 8, 30–31, 65, 97–101, 109, 110, 115, 122, 212, 222, 265
Tharp (John) House (ca. 1790), 65–66, 89, 92
Their Spirits Gone Before Them (Facey), viii, 1
“The North Front of the House of Allexr Mcfarlane, Esqr” (Hay; ca. 1745), 143
“The North Front of the House of Robert Dukinfield, Esqr.” (Hay, ca. 1745), 83
The Piazza at Havana (Serres; 1762), 80, 81
thermal management, 70
“The South Front of the House of Robert Turner, Esq.” (Hay, ca. 1745), 50
“The Southwell Frigate, Trading on the Coast of Africa” (Pocock, 1760s), 25
“The West Front of the House of Robert Dukinfield, Esqr.” (Hay, ca. 1745), 83
Thirlestane Castle, 53
Thistlewood, Thomas, 31, 45, 68, 91, 112, 142, 207, 274n5
on defensive housing, 41
garden of, 139, 140
hospitality of, 215
on hurricanes, 95–96
on punishments for slaves, 126, 128–29
referring to piazzas, 203
sexual activity of, 126–27, 139, 201, 210
on slave celebrations, 112
slave escaping from, 229
wooden slave quarters of, 222
Thompson, Michael, 54–55
Thorne, Joseph, 231
Thorpe, John, 53
Thurger, Robert, 68, 206
ticketing, 129
timber framing, on masonry houses, 93–95
Top Hill plantation, 97
towered architecture, 258–60
tower houses, 51–59
densities of, 55
in Jamaica, 62
in Scotland, 38–39
towers. See defensive architecture
townhouses, 65–66, 82, 166, 254, 264
trade, spaces of, 162
trash, as fuel source, 108–9, 120
trash houses, 108–9, 116
Treaty of Paris (1763), 157, 236
Trevor, John, 53
Trinity Estate, 107
“Trinity Estate” (Hakewill), 108
“Triumphal Arch at the Decoy” (Simitière; 1761), 138
tropical plants, 236
Tryall plantation, overshot water wheel at, 108
Tuan, Yi-Fu, 39
Tully (begun 1619), 63, 64
Turner, Robert, 142–43
Turner house, 142–43, 149
23 Market Street (Falmouth), 168–69
Two Gentlemen Surveying Their Estate in Jamaica (Robertson; early 1770s), 96
Tyrone. See O’Neill, Hugh
Ulster plantation, 47, 56, 63
undertakers, 46
Unity plantation, 147
Upton, Dell, 173
urban hall, 163–65
urban squares, 80
urban yard tradition, 224–25
Valmarana, Gianfrancesco, 145
Vanbrugh, John, 53–54
Venables, Robert, 136
venetian blinds, 211, 212
ventilation, 206, 227, 233
Vermont (Thomas) House, 164, 165, 168
vertical rollers, 277n34
Vesey, Denmark, 175
View of Falmouth (ca. 1800), 86
“View in the Island of Jamaica” (Du Simitière; ca. 1760s)), 145, 190
“View of a Spanish Building” (Long), 89
villages, 125
fences in, 125
organic planning of, 125
overseers’ houses and, 124
siting of, 124
for slaves, 110, 112–13
“Villa Valmarana” (Palladio), 146
Virginia: central passage plan in, 197
slaves’ quarters in, 224
Virgin Valley plantation, 109, 203, 211
“Vista de la Procession que fue hecha en la Havana…” (Simitière), 82
Vitruvius Britannicus, 53, 149, 257
Vlach, John Michael, 268n11
Vorchild, Philip, 71, 93
voyage aux îsles de l’Amérique (Labat), 72
Voyages (Eltis and Halbert), 20–21
Wadstrom, Carl, 14, 29
Walden, George, 84
Wales: plantation, 97
plantation house (early 19th cent.), 200, 214
Walker, Richard, 259
Walker, Richard Watt, 259
walks, 70, 203–5
wall plate, 220
Walsh, Claire, 177
Walsingham, Frances, 57
Wanstead, 54
war, as social institution, 46
warehouses, 23, 169–70
watercourse, construction of, 107
water mill (Good Hope plantation), 102
water mills, 100, 103, 106–8
Water Square, 171, 182, 218
“Water Square” (Duperly), 172
waterwheels, 107–8
Watson, Justly, 11, 18
wattle-and-daub chimneys, 224
wattle-and-daub houses, 224
wattle houses, 75, 76, 115, 124, 142, 166, 202, 221–22
Wedgwood, Josiah, 240
Weekly Jamaica Courant, 77
Welch, George, 78
Welch, Pedro, 224, 231
Wenger, Mark, 197
West India Committee, 264, 266–67
West India Customs and Manners (Moreton), 211
West India Docks, 8, 235, 236, 266–67
West Indian, The (Cumberland), 263
Weston, William, 139, 156
West Wycombe Park (late 1750s), 260, 261, 262
wetlands, 229
wharves, 169–75, 182
whipping posts, 126
Whitefield, George, 204–5
whiteness, preserving, 181
White River, 139
whites, framing technology associated with, 227–28
Wickstead, Philip, 190
Wilberforce, William, 263
Wildman, James, 258–59
Wildman, Thomas, 260
Wiles, James, 138–39
Williams, Cynric, 129, 205, 207, 211
Willoughby, Francis, 51
Wilson, William, 176
wind braces, 73, 74
Winder, Elizabeth, 71
windmills, 277n45
windows: airflow through, 71
circular, 49
glazed, 72
window shopping, 176
Windsor chairs, 208–9
Windsor plantation, 97
Windward Maroons, 45
Winefields: house, 39–40, 42
plantation, 216
Winkelmann, Johann, 136
Wither, George, 255
Wollaton Hall (1580–1588), 51, 52, 53
women’s spaces, 163–64
wood, imported, 93–94
Wood, John, Jr., 254–55
Wood, John, Sr., 115, 117, 248, 249, 250, 254–55
Wood, Robert, 134–35, 261
Wormsloe, 37, 39
Wright, William, 173
Wunderkammer, 237
Wyatt, James, 6, 67, 260, 265
Wynter, Mary, 237
yabbas, 112, 124
yard (11 Queen Street, Falmouth), 224–25
yard gardens, 125
yards, swept, 226
yokes, 14, 15, 269n20
Zacek, Natalie, 231
zaguan, 86
Zierden, Martha, 179–80
Z-plan houses, 39, 62, 272n11