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Berlekamp, Persis

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Persis Berlekamp

Wonder, Image, and Cosmos in Medieval Islam

Index

Author

Persis Berlekamp

PublisherYale University Press

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-21571

Index

Note: The abbreviation t. indicates a table. Diacritics are used for personal names.

Abaqa (Ilkhanid ruler; r. 1265–82) 61

Abbasid dynasty, and Mongol Conquest ix–x, 1–2, 10–14, 28–9

ʿAbd al-Ḥsan al-Iṣfahānī, compiler of Kitāb al-Bulhān 52, 154, 155, 177

ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān (Umayyad caliph; r. 685–705) 139–40, 140, 144, 147

ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī al-Damāvandī (scribe) 165

Al-Abharī, Athīr al-Dīn (d. 1264) 28, 47–8, 48 t.1, 177

Abish Khātün b. Saʿd (Salghurid princess, daughter-in-law of Hülegü, ruler in Fars; d. 1286/7) 30–1

Abraham (Ibrahim; pre-Islamic prophet) 114–17, 115

abstraction:

and Platonic Forms 33–4, 42, 46, 174

and understanding 21–2, 90, 105, 113–14, 117, 174–6, 178

Abū Hanīfa al-Nuʿmān b. Thābit (d. 767) 49

Abū Jaʿfar b. ʿAbdallah 65–6, 68

Abū Maʿshar al-Balkhī (fl. 9th cent.) 148, 154

Abū Naṣr Muḥammad al-Fārābí (d. 950) 16

Abū Sāīd (Ilkhanid ruler, r. 1316–35) 30

acheiropoieton 144, 195 n.54

Active Intellect, in Ibn Sīnā 21

adab literature 24, 86

aesthetics, and wonder 5, 26, 38, 40, 57

agency, human:

and impact of Mongol Conquest 151–8, 169

increasing emphasis on x–xi, 1–2, 4–5, 26, 32–5, 130, 144, 169–74, 176–8

and talismans 34–5, 119–20, 146–8

Aḥmad al-Haravī (scribe) 6

Ahmad al-Tusi see Tusi, Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad al-Ṭūsī

Ahmed al-Jalayir see Sulṭān Aḥmad

Ahmet Bican Yazicioğlu (fl. 15th cent.):

The Hidden Pearl 158

translation of Qazwini’s Wonders of Creation 157–8

ʿajab (wonder):

at creation x, 22–6, 37–8, 54, 154

definition 23, 40

as intellectual experience 9, 22, 40, 57, 174

shown in gesture 37, 57, 99–100

and simple creatures 40–6

as visual pleasure 5, 9, 20, 26, 38, 40, 57

see also rūkh bird

Birūnī, Muhammad b. Aḥmad

Al-Jamāhir fī al-Jawāhir 137, 148

The Book of Instruction in . . . Astrology 134–5

Boll, Franz 121

book, definition 6

Book of Ascension (Miʿrājnāma) 60

Book of Demons (Dīvnāma) 8

Book of the Fixed Stars (Ṣūfī) 123–5, 123, 124, 128–30, 176

Book of Kings (Shāhnāma) 31, 60, 86

Book of Süleyman (Süleymanname) 93

Brethren of Purity (Ikhwān al-Ṣafā; fl. 10th cent.) 16, 46–7

Epistles 47, 50–1, 51

bronze (nuḥās) 137–8, 138, 144

Bruno, Giordano 195 n. 34

bureaucrats, religious scholars as 27–8, 61, 86

Buzurg b. Shariyār (10th cent.), The Wonders of India 171

caliphate, and Mongol Conquest 29, 33

camel 10, 43, 44, 45

Chagatai Khanate 2

change, social, and Mongol Conquest 30, 34, 77, 169

change, and time 34, 60, 64

chaos:

and ifrīt 168

and tannīn 81–3

Charlemagne (Frankish ruler; r. 768–814), and cup of Khusraw 95

Charles the Bald (Frankish ruler; r. 840–77), and cup of Khusraw 93–5

China:

and encyclopedias 173

and Ilkhanid art 18

landscape painting 55

‘strange writing’ 18, 170, 173–4

see also dragon; Great Khans; phoenix motif

cbuanqi see China, ‘strange writing’

codex, definition 6

The Compendium of Chronicles (Jāmīʿ al-Tawārīkh) 60, 86

constellations, iconography and compositional structure 17, 121–30, 123, 126, 149, 176

contemplation of iconic images 22, 23, 26, 42–3, 54, 60

cosmography:

Chinese 18, 173

and geography 152

Mongol 173

cosmos:

and chaos 81–3, 158

as divinely structured x–xi, 1, 5, 27, 32–3, 174

and time 76, 141

see also creation; hierarchy, cosmic

court culture:

Ottoman 93, 158–61

Persian 133, 134

Perso-Turkic 30–1, 83–5, 86, 92

crafts, human 4–5, 26, 33–5, 98, 119, 146, 157, 161

creation:

classification 15–17, 39, 43, 53, 55–7, 69, 87, 106–9, 176

by emanation 24, 34–5, 48, 53, 145–6, 149

and Neoplatonism 16, 25, 39, 48, 69, 133, 173

and shared sympathies 133–4, 137–8, 179

and time 16, 34, 69

crocodiles 24–5, 77

culture, history of 8

cup, world-showing see glass, world-showing

Dajjāl (Antichrist) 158

Damascus, ʿAziziyya Madrasa 46

De Materia Medica of Dioscorides (Arabic) 27, 52, 53

Devil (Iblīs), enthronement 69, 71, 72, 75–6

Dhūʾl-Kifl (Ezekiel) 81–3

Dihlavī, Amīr Khusraw (d. 1325) 92–3

Alexander’s Mirror (Aʾīna-i Iskandarī) 93

Dimashqī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Dimashqī al-Muṭabbib (copyist, active late 13th cent.) 60

Dioscorides, De Materia Medica 27, 52, 53

dragon, Chinese 77, 81, 81, 83–5, 172, 173

dreams, and understanding 80–1

Duan Chengshi, Nuogao ji 170

emanation, creation by 24, 34–5, 53, 133, 145–6, 149, 173

and Ibn Sīnā 16, 48, 69

and Neoplatonism 16, 25, 39, 69

encyclopedias:

Chinese 173

definition 6

see also wonders-of-creation manuscripts

enthronement scenes 69–76, 70, 72, 73, 74

Epistles of the Brethren of Purity 47, 50–1, 51

Europe:

and astrology 128

and books of wonders 9–10, 11, 30, 169

and Kunstkammers 8–9

evil eye 110–11, 146–7

eye:

structure 34, 91, 96–7

see also evil eye; vision

Ezekiel (Old Testament prophet) 81–3

faces, protective 34, 109–11

Fakhr al-Dīn ʿIsā (d. 1302/3) 29, 61

Fālnama (The Book of Omens) 177

Fārābī, Abū Naṣr Muḥammad (d. 950) 16

Farīd al-Dīn Dāmād al-Nishāpūrī (fl. 13th cent.) 48 t.1

Fars, Turko-Mongol rule 30–1

fativas 145

Ficino, Marsilio 135, 195 nn.30,34

fish:

rabbit-headed snake-tailed 174

saw fish 12

flasks, talismanic 140–1, 140

Forms, Platonic 33, 34, 37–57, 114, 151

and the bee 40–6

The Forms of the Zodiac and the Stars (Ṣuwar al-Burūj wa-l-Kawākib) 121, 126–7, 127, 135, 136, 138, 139

fortune-telling (fāl) 177

frontispieces 51, 51

Gabriel (archangel) 164

Genghis Khan 81

genre, and idiom 52

geography, wonders of 4–5, 24–6, 98, 152

gharīb (oddity) 23

Ghazzālī (Ghazālī), Abū Ḥāmid (d. 1111) 16, 46

glass, world-showing 32, 34, 90–7, 102

and Alexander the Great 90, 92–3, 94, 96

and cup of Khusraw 93–7, 95

as glass of Jamshīd 92

and Jahāngīr 97

as metaphor 97–8, 102, 117

and Solomon 92

and Süleyman 193, 94, 96–7

The Goal of the Wise (Ghāyat al-Ḥakīm) 121, 148

God, as First Cause 16, 24, 146

Gog and Magog 17, 24, 77–80, 83–5

and Alexander the Great 81, 82, 137

Mongols as 81

and tannīn 77–80, 83–5, 86–7, 98

Golden Horde 2

Gombrich, Ernst 122

Great Khans of Yuan 2, 2, 11, 29

Hafiz (Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ al-Shīrāzī; d. 1390) 31

Haft Paykar (Seven Princesses) 69

ḥaira (bewilderment) 23, 40, 42–3, 54

Hamadānī, Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd see Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd

Hanafi school of law 28, 50

see also Abū Ḥanīfa

Hanbali school of law 28, 50

Hārūn al-Rashīd (Abbasid caliph; r. 786–809) 11, 30, 95

Hārūt and Mārūt (fallen angels) 83, 84

Ḥaydar b. ʿAbd al-Karīm 154

Ḥayy b. Yaqẓān 24, 86

Hebrew Bible, and tannīn 81–3

herbals 27, 152, 176

Herbert, Sir Thomas 178

hierarchy, cosmic:

disruption 75–6, 80, 86–7

and Qazwini 15–18, 25–6, 39, 53, 69, 97, 125, 158, 168, 173

and Tusi 97–8, 130

hive, and proportionality 40–2, 41, 57

Holy Grail 92

Hophra (Egyptian Pharoah; r. c.588–566 BC) 81

horizon, horizon line in Persian painting 98–101

Hülegü Khan (Ilkhanid ruler, r. 1256–65) 28, 30, 61

Humāy and Humāyūn 100–1, 103

Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq (d. 873) 97

ḥurūf, ʿilm al- see letters

Iblīs (Devil), enthronement 69, 71, 72, 75–6

Ibn ʿArabī (d. 1240) 16, 153

Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, Abū ʿAbd Allāh (d. 1377) 13, 28

Ibn al-Fuwati, Kamāl al-Dīn 48

Ibn Ghīlān, ʿUmar b. ʿAlī (fl. 12th cent.) 48 t.1

Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), al-Ḥosan b. al-Ḥusayn (d. 1039) 97, 106, 111

Ibn Khaldūn, Walī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (d. 1406) 28

and efficacious writing 145–6

and evil eye 147

and jinn 156

Muqaddimah 119

and talismans 120, 138–9, 145, 147–8, 149, 156

Ibn Muqaffa, ʿAbd Allāh, Kalīla wa-Dimna 42, 69

Ibn Muqla, Muḥammad b. (calligrapher; d. 940) 40

Ibn Rushd (Averroes; d. 1198) 16, 24, 91, 97

Ibn Shahriyār see Buzurg b. Shariyār

Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna; d. 1037):

and creation by emanation 16, 48, 69

The Healing 37

influence x, 16, 28, 32–3, 46–8, 48, 1, 1, 50, 104, 174–8

and internal senses 114, 115

and intuition 21–2

and perception 46, 57, 87, 174

and rainbow 102–4

and sciences 53–4

and sympathy 87

and vision 104, 110–11, 113

Ibn Taymiyya, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad (d. 1328) 29

and astrology 133

and talismans 120

Ibn Tufayl, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Malik (d. 1185) 16

Ḥayy b. Yaqẓan 24, 86

Ibrāhīm ʿAdil Shāh (King of Bijapur Sultanate; r. 1534–58) 161–2

Ibrahim see Abraham

iconography, astrological 120–30, 148, 154, 158–60, 176

and compositional structure 122–3, 149

idiom, visual 50–4, 64

Idrīs 117

ifrīt 165–8, 166–7

ijāza (diploma) 196 n. 5

Ikhwān al-Ṣafā see Brethren of Purity

Ilkhan Mongols 2, 2, 11–14, 26, 31

and Chinese influence 18

and education and scholarship 27–30, 153

and propagation of Sunni Islam 60

and scholar bureaucrats 29–30, 61, 86

and Turko-Mongol families 30–1, 34, 59

illusion, and reality 104–5

images:

and audience 26–32, 34, 161, 169, 177–8

color palette 39, 54–7

“Commercial Turkmen” style 157

cumulative impact 39–40, 54–7

figurai, licitness of 147

and Forms 40–6, 114

hierarchy 39–40, 168

iconic 37–57, 59, 62–4, 64, 65, 98, 114

and contemplative awe 22, 23, 26, 42–3, 54, 60, 64, 161

in European manuscripts 169

and timelessness 53, 59, 60, 77–85, 174

and invisible wonders 90–1, 114

mental 125–6, 176

as mirrors 26, 32–3, 34, 89–117

narrative 34, 18, 59–87, 98

early modern use 151, 169

in European travel literature 169

frequency 54–5

increasing emphasis on 59–60, 61–2, 85–6, 176–7

and surprising stories 60–4, 65–8, 76, 86, 111–13

and textual repetition 64–8

and time 34, 60, 64, 76, 77, 86–7, 102, 176

and visual repetition 68–76

nativity 127–30, 129, 148

paired 65

and personification 156

role 21–2, 24, 33–5, 37–57, 174–8

size 106–9

talismanic 119–49, 158, 176–7

composite structure of 35, 123, 134–5, 137, 149

and symbiotic relationships 120, 130–7, 149, 176

and visual inventories 123–4, 130, 132, 137, 149

and visual idioms 50–4, 64

imagination, and truth 80–1

India:

as location of wonders 170–4

see also Bijapur Sultanate; Mughal Empire

Inju family 30, 31

intellectual history, and art history 5

intellectuals, female 28

intuition, and Ibn Sīnā 21

inventories, visual 123–30, 132, 137, 149, 174–6

Iraq, marshlands 13, 13

iron, in talismans 137, 141

Isfahani (traveler rescued by rükh bird) 58, 60–1, 62, 63, 86

Iskandar see Alexander the Great

Iskandar b. ʿUmar Shaykh (Iskandar Sultan; Timurid prince of Shiraz, r. 1409–14), anthology for 27, 100, 100, 101, 130–2, 131, 132, 134–6

isnāds (chains of transmission) 47–9, 196 n.5

Izrā’īl see Angel of Death (ʿAzrāʾīl)

Jabir b. ʿAbd Allāh 71

Jahāngīr (Mughal Emperor; r. 1605–27) 97

Jahiz (Abū ʿUthmān ʿUmar b. Baḥr; d. 869) 24–5

Jalayirid dynasty 3, 26, 31–2, 52, 83–7, 89

and emphasis on human agency 174

and Islamic astrology 124, 127–8, 148

and Persian painting 91, 148

and talismans 130

jām-i Jamshīd see glass, world-showing

Jamshīd 92

jinn 30, 33, 154–6, 161, 154–6, 161

and angels 71, 75–6

hybrid forms 173

origins 76

and Solomon 30, 33, 92

Justinian I (Byzantine Emperor; r. 526–65), and cup of Khusraw 95

Juvaini, Juwayni see Juvaynī

Juvaynī, ʿAlā al-Dīn ʿAṭā Malik (d. 1283)

Genghis Khan 61

as patron of Qazwini 15, 29–30, 61, 86

Juvaynī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad (d. 1284) 29, 61

Kalīla wa-Dimna 42, 69

Kamāl al-Dīn al-Ḥusayn 161

Kamāl al-Dīn b. al-Fuwaṭī (d. 1323) 48

Kamāl al-Dīn Mūsā b. Yūnus al-Shāfiʿī (d. 1242) 47–8, 48 t.1, 50

Kay Khusraw, and world-showing glass 92–3

Khurasan, and study of philosophy 47–9, 48 t.1

Khusraw II (Sasanian king; r. 590–628) 93

Khusraw and Shirin 100, 100, 136–7

Khwājū Kirmānī, Kamāl al-Dīn (d. 1352), Dīvān 100–1, 103, 148

Khwarazimshah empire 28

Kindi, Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb b. Isḥāq (fl. 9th cent.) 16, 110

Kirman:

ʿAdudi madrasa 31

Turko-Mongol rule 30–1

and wonders-of-creation manuscripts 27

kirttimukha faces 109–10

Kitāb al-Bulhān 52, 154, 155, 177

knowledge, and vision 113–17

Ktesias of Knidos 24

Kunstkammers, European 8–9

Kürdüjin (fl. 14th cent.) 30–1

law:

and continuum of legality 154

and philosophy x, 49–50

schools see Hanafi school; Hanbali school; Maliki school; Shafiʿi school

lawḥ-i mahfūẓ (tablet of destiny) 141

Lawkārī, Abūʾl-ʿAbbās (fl. 12th cent.) 48 t.1

lemon 66–8

letters:

and numerology 145

on talismans 133, 138, 138, 144–8, 149

see also writing, efficacious

Livre des merveilles 11

madrasas:

ʿAdudi (Kirman) 31

ʿAziziyya Madrasa (Damascus) 46

al-Kamaliyya (Mosul) 47, 48

Nizamiyya 47–50, 48 t.1

and philosophy x, 46–9, 48 t.1,177

al-Sharabiyya (Wasit) 14, 15, 48 t.1

magic:

and human crafts 4–5, 26, 87, 157

magic squares 119, 138, 146, 149, 157

picture-magic 33

and talismans 145

Maliki school of law 28, 50

Mamluk dynasty:

defeat of Mongols 152–3

fall 161

and scholars 28

and wonders-of-creation manuscripts 152–3, 180

Mānī (founder of Manichaeism; fl. 3rd cent.) 37, 57, 92

manuscripts:

geographical 4, 24

pharmaceutical 52–3

maps:

in wonders-of-creation manuscripts 4, 25–6, 152

world 81–2, 82, 157

Maqāmāt 69

Maria the Jew 141

Marv, Nizamiyya madrasa 48 t.1

Masʿūdī, Abūʾl-Ḥasan ʿAlī (d. 956?) 25

Mehmet II (Ottoman Sultan, r. 1444–6, 1451–81) 158

memory, and perception 136–7

men:

dog-headed 10, 12, 11, 170

soft-legged 10, 13

men of the pen 27–8, 30, 31

as trans-regional class 153

Mesopotamia, and dragon myths 82–3

metal:

mirrors 34, 91, 110

talismans 137–8

Michael (Archangel) 36, 51

mirrors:

and evil eye 110–11

metal 34, 91, 110

paintings as 26, 32–3, 34, 89–117

and reflection 106, 111

and vision 110–13

Miṣrī, Shaykh Aḥmad, The Order of the World and its Wonders 183

Mongol Conquest ix–x, 1–2, 10–14, 33, 59

impact on wonders-of-creation texts 11–13, 17–18, 28–9, 33, 59, 81, 151–8, 169–72

Mongol Empire:

khanates 2, 2

and Mamluks 152–3

Mongols:

as Gog and Magog 81

passport (paiza) 109–10, 109, 111, 137, 147

as tannīn 81, 83, 173

Mosul:

Nizamiyya madrasa 47, 48 t.1

and palace of Ashurnasirpal II 75

and study of philosophy 47–8, 48 t.1, 61

and wonders-of-creation texts 27, 28, 61–2

motion, and the Soul 16

Mount Qaf, and Alexander the Great 88, 89–90

Mubāriz al-Dīn Muḥammad (Muzaffarid prince, r. 1314–58) 30–1

Mughal Empire 4, 162

Mughals, and wonders-of-creation texts 2, 161, 164–8

Muḥammad b. Maṣʿūd al-Hamadānī (scribe) 187 n.61

Munsak people, in Qazwini 24

Mustafa I (Ottoman sultan; r. 1617–18) 161

Mustaʿṣim, ʿAbd Allāh (Abbasid caliph; r. 1242–58) 11, 28

Mu‘tazila 76

Muzaffarid dynasty 31–2, 154

Nature, created by the Soul 16

Neoplatonism:

and creation by emanation 16, 25, 39, 48, 69, 133, 173

influence 177–8

and Qazwīnī 126

and sympathy 87

and theory of Forms 43–6

Nishapur, Nizamiyya madrasa 48, 48 t.1

Niẓām al-Mulk (d. 1092) 49–50

Niẓāmī Arūḍī:

Khamsa 136

The Four Discourses (Chahār Maqāla) 32, 133

Niẓāmī Ganjavī (poet), Khusraw va-Shīrīn 37, 136

Nizamiyya madrasas, and study of philosophy 47–50, 48 t.1

numerology, and power of letters 145

oddities:

in Chinese cosmography 18

images of 39

in Qazwīnī 17–18, 22, 23, 24, 59–60, 77–85

increasing emphasis on 59, 87

and narrative images 60–4, 65, 86

Odes of Solomon 141

One, The 16

Orientalism, and Islamic art 7, 185 n.4

Otherness, markers of 10, 170

Ottoman Empire 4, 158, 161

and Islamic art 2, 159

painting:

Arab 27

Chinese landscape 55

patronage 4, 14–15, 29, 32

Persian x, 27, 91, 93, 96, 98–102, 148

Inju 31

Jalayirid 32, 100, 107, 127

Wasit school 15

paiza (Mongol passport) 109–10, 109, 111, 137, 147

Panofsky, Erwin 121, 185 n.4

particulars, and universals 46, 57, 68

patronage:

Ilkhanid 27–30, 153

Jalayirid 26–7, 77, 83, 86–7, 89, 98, 117, 119–20, 122, 132, 151

Mamluk 153

Timurid 154

pepper, harvesting 171

perception:

and imagination 81, 114

and memory 136–7

and natural science 54

theories 34, 46–7, 87

Perfect/Reason 16

Persia, and manuscript painting x, 27, 91, 93, 96, 98–102, 148

Persian:

as language of government 29, 31

and wonders-of-creation manuscripts 1, 6–7, 26, 32, 85–6, 152, 154–68

Persian Sea 60, 62–4 perspective, linear 101

pests 39, 106, 168

pharmaceutics, images 52–3

philosophy:

and cosmology 32–3

and madrasa curriculum x, 46–50, 48 t.1, 177

and Qazwīnī 28, 32, 46–7, 50, 174–6, 177

and sciences 53–4

and wonders-of-creation literature 46, 86

see also Ibn Sīnā

phoenix motif 172–3, 172, 173

physiognomy 177

Picatrix 121–2, 122, 148

Pingree, David 121–2

planets:

and color 135

compositional structure of images 120, 123

iconography 120–1, 121, 126–7, 135, 154

Jupiter 128, 129, 138, 139, 158–60, 160

Mars 121, 128, 129, 134

Mercury 134, 158, 160

Planetary Terms 127, 127, 128

and power of letters 138–9, 145, 147, 149

Saturn 128, 129

and sympathetic correspondence 133–4, 137–8, 144, 146, 149

Venus 128, 129, 135, 136

in wonders-of-creation manuscripts 17, 17, 125, 133–4

plants 19, 39, 52, 54, 149, 161, 165

Plato, Theaetetus 23

Platonic Forms 33, 34, 37–57, 114, 174

and the bee 40–6

Pliny (elder), and wonders of creation 9, 170, 188 n.62

Plotinus, and doctrine of emanation 16

poetry, Persian 9, 55, 83, 86, 92–3, 169, 177

portraits, Ottoman 161

prescriptions, talismanic see recipes

Proclus, Elements of Theology 16

prophets, pre-Islamic 81–3

proportionality, and beehive 40–2, 57

Qajar dynasty 161

Qandahārī, Muḥammad ʿArif (fl. 1574–1605) 37, 57

Al-Qarāfī 96

Al-Qazwīnī, Zakariyya b. Muḥammad (d. 1283)

geography (The Monuments of the Lands) 7–8, 24, 83, 98, 152

influence of Ibn Sīnā 16, 28, 32–3, 46–8, 48 49, 50, 104, 174–7

and Mongol Conquest 13–14, 28–9, 81, 169

patron 15, 29–30, 61, 86

as qadi of Wasit and Hilla 29, 46, 61, 82

study in Damascus 153

study in Mosul 47

see also The Wonders of Creation and the Oddities of Existence (Qazwini)

Queen of Sheba (Bilqīs) 71, 91–2

Qurʾan:

and Abraham 115–17

and the bee 40, 42–3

and creation by emanation 173

and jinn 156

and molten metal 138

and power of writing 145

and wonder at creation 172

Rābiʿa al-ʿAdawiyya al-Qaysiyya (d. 801) 28

races 157, 161, 171

Plinean 170, 172

Al-Raghīb al-Iṣfahānī (d. 1109) 23

Al-Rahim, Ahmed 47

Rahman, Fazlur 114

rainbow 102–6

and Qazwini 102–5, 105

and Tusi 102

The Rarities of Beings 8

Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb 14, 29, 31

reality:

and illusion 104–5

and sensory experience 178

reason:

as emanating from God 16

and revelation 49

recipes, for talismanic rings 133

reflection:

in Qazwini 89, 105

and the rainbow 102–6

in Tusi 105–6

and world-showing glass 91–2, 96, 102, 105–6

see also mirrors

repetition:

textual 64–8

visual 68–76

revelation, and reason 49

rings:

signet 135–6, 137, 144

talismanic 119, 130–7, 131, 144, 147

Roc see rūkh bird

rūkh bird 18, 60–1, 62, 63, 86

Saba, people of 98–9, 99

ṣabr (patience) 68

Safavids:

Empire 4

and Islamic art 2, 161

Salmānī, Ṭusī see Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd

ṣannāja 34, 106–13, 107, 108, 112

and evil eye in, 147

and talismans 147

Sarākhsī, Ṣadr al-Dīn 48 t.1

scholars, religious, as state bureaucrats 27–8, 61, 86

sciences, Islamic 49

and manuscript paintings 50

and philosophy 53–4

seas 17, 19, 60

Mediterranean Sea 139–41, 140, 142

self, and other 10

Shaddād b. Aflaḥ al-Muqriʾ 77

Shafiʿi, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Idris (founder of Shafiʿi school; d. 820) 49–50

Shafiʿi school of law 28, 49–50, 82, 86

Shāpūr (painter) 100

Shiraz:

and Inju painting 31

and Qazwīnī manuscripts 154, 180

wonders-of-creation manuscripts 27

Shīrāẓi, Abū Isḥāq (d. 1083) 49–50

Shirin of Khusraw and Shirin 100, 100, 136–7

Sincere Brethren see Brethren of Purity

skeleton, human 157, 157

Solomon (pre-Islamic prophet and king) 18, 91, 169

and control of demons 140–1, 144, 147

enthroned 69–76, 70, 73, 74, 86

and ifrīt 165–8, 166–7

as Jamshīd 92

and jinn 30, 33, 92

and world-showing glass 92

Soul, as created by Reason 16

spirits 18

stones:

in Qazwīnī 26

and talismanic rings 130–7, 131

stories:

amazing see oddities

frame 69

style, and idiom 51–2

Ṣūfī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī (d. 986), Book of the Fixed Stars 123–5, 123, 124, 128–30, 176

Sufis (Muslim mystics) 146

Sulayman (pre-Islamic prophet and king) see Solomon

Süleyman I (Ottoman Sultan; r. 1520–66) 41

and Qazwīnī manuscript 158–61

and world-showing glass 93, 94, 96–7

Sulṭān Aḥmad al-Jalāyir (Jalayirid prince, r. 1382–1410)

and court culture 31–2, 83, 86, 91, 92, 154

and Dīwān of Khwājū Kirmānī 100

and Nasīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī 124

and Ṭūsī manuscript of 1388 26–7, 77, 83, 86–7, 89, 98, 117, 119–20, 122, 132, 151, 153, 173

and world-showing glass 92

sun, disk 116, 117

Sunni Islam, and Ilkhanid period 60

ṣūra/ṣūrāt (picture, form) 176

and khayāl/khayālāt 42

see also Platonic Forms

surprise, and narrative images 60–4, 65–8, 76, 86, 111–13

Süruri (d. 1562), Book of Wonders and Oddities 158, 159, 183

symbioses:

materials and letters 137–44

talismanic 120, 130–7, 149, 158, 176

symmetry, oppositional 106, 110–13

sympathies, and astrology 133–5, 137–8, 144, 146, 149, 178

sympathy, and Ibn Sīnā 87

Syriac language 141

taʿajjub (wonder) 23, 37–8, 43; see also ʿajab

talismans:

and astrology 133, 158

compositional structure of imagery 35, 120, 123, 149, 151

and evil eye 146–7

and human craft 4, 26, 33–5, 119, 146

as licit/illicit 144–8, 149, 154

materials 137–44

and Qazwīnī 26, 125–6, 130, 134, 141–4, 145–9

and symbiotic relationships 120, 130–7, 149, 158, 176

and sympathetic correspondence 134–5, 137–8, 144, 146, 149, 178

in wonders-of-creation manuscripts 28, 32, 35, 119–49, 176–7

and writing 138, 144–8

tannīn 77–85, 78, 79, 86–7, 98, 173, 175

Ṭarsūsī, Abū Ṭāhir (fl. 12th cent.) 92

taṣawwur (conceptualization) 37, 46

Tawhīdī, Abū Ḥayyān (d. 1023) 40

text, definition 6

Theodore of Antioch 47, 48 t.I

The Thousand and One Nights:

and amazing stories 60–1, 66, 191 n.25

and frame story 69

tick 10, 38

ṭilasm/ṭilasm (talisman) 120

time:

and change 34, 60, 64, 77

and narrative 34, 60, 64, 76, 77, 86, 102, 176

in Qazwīnī’s Wonders 161

and visual repetition 68–76

timelessness, and creation 16

Timurid dynasty:

geographical extent of control 3, 26, 165

and Islamic art 2, 52, 100, 154–7, 161

and local histories 34

Tirmidhī, al-Ḥākīm (mystic) 197 n.28

tradition, authority of 24–5

trees 39, 54–7, 98, 130, 161

lemon 64–8, 66, 86

peach 144, 147

plane 19, 24, 55–7, 36

sandarac 156

truth, and imagination 80–1

tsi pa ṭa faces 109–10

Turkish, and wonders-of-creation manuscripts 1, 152, 157–60

Turkmen dynasties 154, 161

Turko-Mongol dynasties 3, 30–1, 86

and interest in wonders-of-creation texts 59–60

Ṭūsī, Aḥmad see Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad, ʿAjāʾib

al-Makhlūqāt 6, 69, 185 n.2

1340 manuscript 97

1388 manuscript 6, 8, 32, 153–4, 173–4, 180

compared with Qazwīnī 1280 manuscript 25–7, 77, 9°, 98, 119, 156–7

and astrological images 122

early manuscripts 152

and geography 26, 98

and human agency 26, 34, 98, 119, 154, 174

and maps 97

and mirrored visions 34, 89, 91, 97–102, 113–15

narrative images 69, 77–87, 117, 169

paintings 26, 88, 89–91, 97–8

and talismans 118, 119, 120–3, 130–9, 141, 144, 145, 147–8, 151

and world-showing glass 97–102, 105–6, 117

Ṭūsī, Nasīr al-Dīn (d. 1274) 47–50, 48 t.1, 54, 104, 110, 124, 124

Ṭūsī, Salmani see Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd

Uighur language 30, 31

Ulugh Beg (Timurid prince; r. 1447–9) 124–5

ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb (1st caliph) 142–4, 147

ʿUmar b. Sahlān al-Sāwī (d. 1145) 104

understanding:

and abstraction 21–2, 90, 105, 113–14, 117, 174–6

and dreams 80–1

universals, and particulars 46, 57, 68

Vaṣṣāf al-ḥaẓrat, ʿAbd Allāh b. Faẓl Allāh (d. 1329) 29, 30–1

verticality, in Persian painting 101–2

vision:

as extromission 104, 110, 147

in Ibn Sīnā 104, 110–11, 113–14

as intromission 34, 104, 110–13, 147

limitations 113, 114–15

in Qazwīnī 105–6

visions, mirrored 33, 34, 89–117

Warburg, Aby 121

Warburg school 121–2, 128, 135

Wāsiṭī, Wajīh al-Dīn (d. 1215) 50

Wāsiṭī, Yaḥyā b. Maḥmūd (artist; fl. 13th cent.) 43, 44

Wash (Iraq) 13

and Baghdad 51

madrasa 14, 14, 31, 48 t.i

and Mongol Conquest 14–15, 28–9

and Qazwīnī 14–16, 28, 31

school of painting 15, 27

and wonders-of-creation manuscripts 27

Waṣṣaf see Vaṣṣāf al-Ḥaẓrat

wind, personification 156, 156

women:

as intellectuals 28

Turko-Mongol 30–1

wonder see ʿajab (wonder)

wonders:

amazing stories as 60–4, 66–8, 71

divinely created 4–5, 24

European books of 9–10, 11, 30, 171, 172

and evocation of wonder 8–10, 18–23, 33–4, 38–9, 114

and foreignness 110, 170–1

geographic 4–5, 24–6, 98, 152

and geographical remoteness 170

invisible 18, 90–1 man-made 25

penumbral 90

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