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Pelkonen, Eeva-Liisa

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Index

Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen

Alvar Aalto: Architecture, Modernity, and Geopolitics

Index

Author

Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen

PublisherYale University Press

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-23395

Index

A. Ahlström Company, 117–18, 132, 134

Aalto, Aino (née Marsio)

and the Artek furniture company, 214(n52)

background, 29, 32

books owned, 36, 209(n15)

and the Finnish Pavilion at the N.Y. World’s Fair, 171–72 (figs.)

in Italy, 39

marriage, 29, 209(n16)

and the Minimum Apartment Exhibition, 99, 100–101 (figs.), 102, 104, 105(fig.)

on the Turku Exhibition, 64

Aalto, Alvar:

Association of Finnish Architects chaired, 192

in Athens, 162–63

Bryggman’s partnership with, 52

and CIAM, 97–98, 162–63

design process, 188–90

drawing, 153–55, 154(fig.)

education and student years, 11–12, 16, 32, 80–84

European travels (generally), 16, 19, 93, 97

family background, 16, 31–32, 76

as historicist, 17–18

in Italy, 39–44

in Jyväskylä, 29, 31–32, 38, 44–47 (see also Jyväskylä, Finland)

languages, 16, 31, 32

library, 2–3, 62, 85, 95, 207(n3), 213(n29)

marriage, 29, 209(n16) (see also Aalto, Aino [née Marsio])

move to Helsinki, 117

in Paris, 93–95

in Riga, 80–84, 83(fig.)

in Turku, 49, 51 (see also Turku, Finland)

in the U.S., 122–25, 127, 129–30, 176, 178, 215(nl4)

wartime activities, 117, 125–27

writings on geography, 1–2. See also specific buildings, artistic works, and publications Aalto Mania:

Readings Against Aalto (Connah), 204

AA-System of houses (Aalto), 132, 133(fig.), 134, 137(fig.)

Åbo Underrättelser (newspaper), 5

“About Our Medieval Art” (Lindgren), 14, 14(fig.)

abstract art, 168–69, 188

Acceptera (Asplund et al.), 3, 68–71, 69–70(figs.), 106, 107(figs.)

acoustics, 155–56, 155(fig.), 216(n24). See also Viipuri Library (Aalto)

advertisements:

Aalto on, 172

for Aalto’s architectural firm, 38

for Artek, 114, 115(fig.)

Turku Exhibition, 64, 64(fig.). See also Finnish Pavilion (Aalto; New York World’s Fair, 1939)

Finnish Pavilion (Aalto; Paris Exposition, 1936–37)

Agricultural Cooperative Building, Turku (Aalto), 52, 62, 63(fig.)

Ahlberg, Håkon, 39

Ahlman, Erik, 21

Åhren, Uno, 66, 93–94, 217(111). See also Acceptera (Asplund et al.); Stockholm Exhibition (1930)

Aitta (magazine), 48, 52, 210(n37)

Albers, Josef, 189, 189(fig.), 219 (nn32–33)

Alberti, Leon Battista, 42

Alexander, Christopher, 182

“Alvar Aalto:

Between Humanism and Materialism” (MoMA exhibition, 1998), 201

Alvar Aalto Museum, Jyväskylä, 182, 183(fig.)

alvar aalto:

systematic and structural reading (Mosso), 182–83

Alvar Aalto:

The Decisive Years (Schildt), 7, 144

ambiguity, and Aalto’s architecture:

Aalto on, 184

Aalto’s design approach, 188–90

in popular perception, 181

postwar buildings, 194–97, 194(fig.), 196–97(fig.)

Venturi on, 181. See also confusion, need for; humanism, in Aalto’s thought and works

America. See United States

America Builds exhibition, 137

“An American Town in Finland” (Aalto), 1

Amerika (Neutra), 123–24

Amphora (Arp wood relief), 151, 151 (fig.)

Anderson, Perry, 120

The Annunciation (Fra Angélico fresco), 47–48

apartments:

Hansaviertel apartment building, Berlin (Aalto), 193–94, 194–95(figs.)

“minimum dwelling” projects, 99–102, 100–101 (figs.), 104, 105(fig.), 113

Tapani apartment building, Turku (Aalto), 53–54, 53(fig.). See also housing: mass housing

Architectural Forum (magazine), 197

architectural research, 124

“Architecture:

A Challenge to Our Opponents” (Frosterus and Strengell), 76–77

Architecture and Furniture:

Aalto (MoMA catalog), 166–67

“Architecture of Landscape” (Aalto), 43

“Architettura e arte concreta (Architecture and concrete art)” (Aalto, published in Domus), 188, 194

Arendt, Hannah, 204

Arp, Hans (Jean):

drawing process, 153

exhibited, 160, 177

on form and elementalism, 148

McAndrew on, 167

wood reliefs, 150–52, 151(fig.)

Artek furniture company, 113–15, 214(n52). See also furniture of Aalto

Asplund, Gunnar, 39

Acceptera, 3, 68–71, 69–70(figs.)

MoMA’s 1938 exhibition visited, 170

and the Stockholm Exhibition, 66–68, 89, 90 (fig.)

Association of Finnish Architects. See SAFA

Athens CIAM meeting, 162–63

The Attack (Isto painting), 11, 12(fig.)

automatic drawing process, 153–55, 154(fig.). See also design process(es) of Aalto

“Avant-Garde and Kitsch” (Greenberg), 170

Baker House dormitory, MIT (Aalto), 181

Barbusse, Henri, 86, 212(n21)

Baroni, Ernesto, 183

Barr, Alfred H., 161–62, 168–69, 168(fig.), 177

Barthes, Roland, 173

Bassi, Charles, 21–23, 22(fig.)

Bauentwurslehre:

Handbuch für den Baufachmann, Bauherren, Lehrenden und Lernenden (Neufert), 104

Bauer, Catherine, 178

Bauhaus school, 101, 147, 219(n41). See also Gropius, Walter; Moholy-Nagy, László; and other individuals

“A Beautifying Measure Undertaken in Our Town, and Its Chances of Success” (Aalto), 44

Beethoven, Ludwig van, 90

Behne, Adolf, 156–57, 213(n5)

Behrendt, Walter Curt, 95, 214(nn39, 44)

Bergson, Henri, 101, 103

“Between Humanism and Materialism” (lecture; Aalto), 195

Bildung, 29. See also culture

biocentrism, 143–44, 152, 155, 185. See also organic line

biodynamism, 99–103. See also dynamism

Biotechnik, 150, 155

Blomstedt, Aulis, 147

Book of Our Land (Topelius), 32–33, 209(n7)

Brandes, Georg, 3, 48, 76

Brinkman, J. A., 94, 213(n5)

Brunelleschi, Filippo, 40–42

Bryggman, Erik:

Alto contrasted with, 147

Atrium Housing, 49

Frankfurt visited, 210(n6)

interest in classical culture, 39

library, 52, 210(n3)

partnership with Aalto, 52

Turku Exhibition, 63–66, 64–65(figs.)

Die Bühne im Bauhaus (Moholy-Nagy), 62–63, 104, 144

Building and Decoration Styles (Lindgren), 11

Built in U.S.A.: 1932–44 (exhibition), 177

the Bulevardi, Helsinki, 75, 76(fig.)

Calder, Alexander, 177

“Call to Elemental Art” (Moholy, Arp, Haussmann, and Puni), 148

Carelia:

Land of Memories (Paavolainen), 130–31, 133(fig.)

Carelia region, 130–31, 133(fig.), 134–37, 136(fig.), 139

cartography, 6

Casa Aalto (project; Aalto), 40, 41(fig.)

Casa Lauren (Aalto), 39–40, 40(fig.)

Cassirer, Ernst, 197–98

Caudenhove-Kalergi, Richard N., 3, 85–86

Choir Stand, Turku Exhibition (Aalto), 66, 67(figs.), 71

Church Square project, Jyväskylä (Aalto), 46, 46(fig.)

churches:

medieval, 14–15, 14(fig.)

traditional wooden, 24, 34. See also Taulumäki Church design

CIAM (Congrés International d’Architecture Moderne), 94, 97–99, 115, 162–63, 2–13(n5)

cinema. See theater designs (Aalto)

Circle:

International Survey of Constructive Art (Martin, Nicholson, and Gabo, eds.), 169, 169(fig.)

cities:

city-country divisions, 109, 111–12

city-country interdependence, 121

importance of urban planning, 44

as living organism vs. work of art, 106, 214(n39)

May’s design proposal for Tirgan, 110, 110(fig.)

Soviet city planning, 110–11. See also land urbanization; urban culture

Civil Guard Building, Seinäjoki (Aalto), 24, 24(fig.), 211(n21)

Clarté (pan-European organization), 86, 88, 212(n22)

class:

and culture, 29–30, 48

and ethnic divisions, in Finland, 51–52. See also working class

classicism:

Aalto buildings, 23–24, 23–24(figs.), 47, 47(fig.)

Finnish architects’ investigation of, 23–24, 39

Olkkala Manor (Bassi), 21–23, 22(fig.), 24

Clean Up; or, Notes from the Literary Nursery (Paavolainen), 147–48

collage, 89

collectivization, 98–99

color debate, 162

commercial design and manufacturing. See Artek furniture company

Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (Venturi), 181

Con Variazioni (project; Aalto), 133(fig.)

confusion, need for, 192–93. See also ambiguity, and Aalto’s architecture

Congrés International d’Architecture Moderne. See CIAM

Connah, Roger, 204

constructivism, Russian, 104

“Contemporary Architecture:

An Interview with Alvar Aalto,” 1

“The Contemporary Role of Painting” (Giedion), 160

Continuation War, 136. See also Finland:

and World War 11

Copenhagen City Hall (Nyrop), 16, 17

cosmopolitanism, 80–82

Cubism and Abstract Art (Barr), 168–69, 168(fig.), 177

Cultural Center of Siena (project; Aalto), 187

culture:

in Aalto’s thought, 29–31, 34, 36–38, 43 (see also Italy, Aalto in)

class and, 29–30, 48

in Mosso’s thought, 183–84

national, as concept, 30–38

pan-European culture, 85–86

Spengler on, 33–34

urban culture, 44–47. See also national culture, Finnish; national style, Finnish; national style (generally)

curvilinearity. See organic line

decentralization, 112, 121, 128

Decline of the West (Spengler), 33–34

Deleuze, Gilles, 89, 212(n25)

Denmark, 19. See also Copenhagen City Hall (Nyrop)

design process(es) of Aalto, 153–55, 154(fig.), 188–90

diversity, 121, 125

Domus article. See “Architettura e arte concreta” (Architecture and concrete art) (Aalto) drawings by Aalto. See automatic drawing process

The Dwelling of Our Times (Berlin exhibition), 98

dynamism, 103–4. See also biodynamism

Eames, Charles, 177, 178

Eames, Ray, 177

Ebeling, Siegfried, 106, 108

Eco, Umberto, 181–82

Ekelund, Hilding, 39, 147

electric lighting, 61–62

elementalism, 148, 152

Enäjärvi, Elsa, 97

Engel, Carl Ludwig, 75, 76(fig.)

Essen Opera House (Aalto), 194, 194(fig.)

ethnic cleansing, 90

Europe:

A- and B-Europe, 93, 106, 107(figs.), 108–9, 2.12.–13(n1)

pan-European idea(l), 5–6, 86–89

post–World War II idea of, 191–92. See also World War II; and specific countries

European Security Conference Summit (1975), 198–200, 200(fig.)

eurythmie dance, 156, 216(n25)

Fields, Factories, and Workshops

or, Industry Combined with Agriculture and Brain Work with Manual Work (Kropotkin), 121

Finland:

A- or B-Europe membership, 93, 106

Aalto on (see “Finland” [Aalto])

geopolitical narratives of Aalto; Carelia region, 130–31, 133(fig.), 134–37, 136(fig.), 139

class, 30–32, 51

decentralization, 128

and the eastern Baltic nations, 84

East-West dichotomy, 4–6, 5 (fig.), 82–83

electric lighting, 62

ethnicity and languages, 21, 30–33, 51–52, 76, 118, 125

fairs and festivals, 63, 66, 211(n33) (see also specific fairs)

Giedion on, 159–60

history and borders, 4, 5(fig.), 6, 12–13, 18–19, 137 (see also Carelia region; World War II)

image and identity, 6, 38–39, 143, 159, 161, 172–77, 198

industry, 117–20, 119(figs.), 122, 214(n1)

interwar period, 93, 96–97, 111–12, 115, 117, 122, 214(n1)

landscape reflected in Alto’s works, 1, 2(fig.)

mass media in, 58

national character, 30–33, 43, 205, 209(n6)

national unity, 66

protectionism, 114

regional planning, 138–39, 138(fig.)

relations with Russia/USSR, 111, 125, 127, 130, 139, 190, 195

relations with Sweden, 18–19, 96–97, 12.5, 208 (n12)

since World War II, 129, 179, 190–91, 191(fig.), 198–200, 204–5

sports, 59

theater in, 62, 211(n26)

universities, 52

urban culture, 44–46, 48–49

and World War II, 125–27, 134, 136–37, 139, 176, 201. See also national culture, Finnish; national style, Finnish; and specific cities and towns

“Finland” (Aalto), 1, 127–29, 128(fig.), 134–36, 216(n40)

“Finland and Scandinavia” (Aalto), 1

“Finland as a Model for World Development” (Aalto), 1

Finland Builds exhibitions, 192, 196

“Finland Wonderland” (Aalto), 1

Finlandia House, Helsinki (Aalto), 198–99, 200(figs.)

“Finnish Homes” (Aalto), 1

Finnish independence, monument/stadium to commemorate (Aalto; competition entry), 58–60, 59(fig.)

“The Finnish National Fair” (thesis project; Aalto), 80, 81 (fig.)

Finnish Pavilion (Aalto; New York World’s Fair, 1939), 1, 2(fig.), 123, 136, 170–76, 171–73(figs.)

Finnish Pavilion (Aalto; Paris Exposition, 1936–37), 164–66, 164–66 (figs.), 174, 174(fig.)

Finnish Pavilion (Gesellius-Lindgren-Saarinen, Paris Exposition Universelle, 1900), 174, 175(fig.), 218(n33)

“Finnish-European?” (Enäjärvi), 97

First National Fair (Lindberg, with gate by Aalto), 63, 80, 82(fig.)

“floating log” theory, 201

Forest Pavilion (Aalto), 143, 143(fig.)

form:

and biocentrism/Biotechnik, 155

elementalism, 148

Giedion-Welcker on, 152

investing with multiple meanings, 153–55, 154 (figs.)

living form (defined), 26

Schwarz on, 192–93. See also organic line

Fra Angelico, The Annunciation, 47–48

fragmentation, 86–89

Frampton, Kenneth, 200

Francé, Raoul, 150

Frankfurt CIAM meeting, 98–99, 110

Free Form, 177–78. See also organic line

freedom, Finland and, 125–26, 190

Freud, Sigmund, 153, 216(n20)

“From Doorstep to Living Room” (Aalto), 47–49, 52

Frosterus, Sigurd, 76–79, 78–79(figs.), 212(n5)

functionalist (“sachlich”) architecture, 156–57, 161. See also specific buildings

furniture of Aalto:

Artek company, 113–15, 214(n52)

bentwood furniture, 113–14, 144, 150, 150(figs.), 214(nn51–52)

exhibited at MoMA, 167, 167(fig.)

material studies and, 144, 145–46(figs.)

MoMA exhibition (1938), 167,167 (fig.)

organic line (curvilinearity), 143, 150, 150(figs.), 167. See also Paimio chair (Aalto); Savoy vases (Aalto)

Gabo, Naum, 104, 151, 169

Gahn, Wolter, 66. See also Acceptera (Asplund et al.); Stockholm Exhibition (1930)

Geddes, Patrick, 210–33)

Der Geist der Gotik (Scheffler), 3

Genius Loci:

Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture (Norberg-Schulz), 4

“The Geography of the Housing Question” (Aalto), 1–2, 106–9, 107–9 (figs.), 111–12

geopolitical narratives of Aalto:

Finland and freedom, 125–26, 190

Finland and the Soviet Union, 4–6, 5(fig.), 125–39

generally, 3–4, 203–5

land reflected in works, 1, 2(fig.)

pan-European idea(l), 5–6, 86–89

skepticism about American model, 191–92

summation, 182–84

World War II activities, 125–27, 134–37, 176–77. See also cosmopolitanism; humanism, in Aalto’s thought and works; internationalism; national culture, Finnish; political beliefs of Aalto; regionalism

Germany, 113, 192–95, 194–95 (figs.). See also Frankfurt CIAM meeting; World War II

Gesellius-Lindgren-Saarinen (architectural firm), 77, 174, 175(fig.), 218(n33)

Giddens, Anthony, 4, 7, 207(nnn–12) Giedion, Sigfried:

on Aalto and Finland, 1, 2(fig.), 159–60, 176–77, 201

Aalto’s relationship with, 98, 115, 159

at the Athens CIAM meeting, 162–63

and biocentrism, 144

correspondence with Aalto, 163–64, 163(figs.)

Produktion Paris 1930 exhibition, 150, 160

Giedion-Welcker, Carola, 150, 151–52, 162–63

glass, 89–90

globalization, 121. See also internationalism

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 39

Goldwater, Robert, 177

Greenberg, Clement, 170

“Greetings from Stockholm” (Olsson), 89–90

Gropius, Walter:

Aalto’s friendship with, 98

and Bauhaus thought, 101

Circle contributed to, 169

goal of Bauhaus education, 147

on internationalism in architecture, 95

“minimum dwelling” concept advocated, 98–99

Moholy-Nagy and Aalto hired, 219(n32)

MoMA exhibition (1938) visited, 170

and organic line, 143, 144

and prefabrication, 215(n15)

Soviet design competition entered, 214(n48)

Gullichsen, Harry, 117–18, 132, 138

Gullichsen, Maire, 114, 117, 118, 214(n52)

Guyau, Jean-Marie, 156–57, 217(n27)

Habermas, Jiirgen, 207(n10)

Hahl, Nils-Gustav, 114, 162, 214(n52), 217(n12)

Hamann, Johan Georg, 164

Hamsun, Knut, 48

Hansaviertel apartment building, Berlin (Aalto), 193–94, 194–95 (figs.)

Harnoncourt, René d’, 177

Haussmann, Raoul, 148

Havas, Heikki, 196

Heckscher, August, 181

Helsinki:

about, 75

America Builds exhibition, 137

architectural character, 75, 76(fig.)

Finlandia House (Aalto), 198–99, 200(figs.)

House of Culture (Aalto), 195–96, 196(fig.)

independence memorial competition entry (Aalto), 58–60, 59(fig.)

Kaleva Insurance Company Building (Lindgren), 79–80, 79 (fig.)

Railway Station, 76–77

Rautatalo (Iron Building; Aalto), 198, 199(figs.)

Stockmann Department Store (Frosterus), 78–79, 78(fig.)

university, 52

University of Technology (Aalto), 195

Henningsen, Poul, 54, 61, 95, 210(n8), 210(n9)

Herald, Heinz, 62

Herder, Gottfried von, 33

Hilberseimer, Ludwig, 95–96

Hirn, Yrjö, 26–27, 208(n25)

historical revivalism, in architecture, 16. See also Stockholm City Hall (Östberg)

Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, 161, 164–65, 217(nn1, 8), 218(n11)

Holland, Aalto in, 94–95

House of Culture, Helsinki (Aalto), 195–96, 196(fig.)

housing:

mass housing, 52–54, 53(fig.), no, 193–94, 194–95(figs.)

“minimum dwelling” projects, 98–102, 100–101 (figs.)

prefabricated, 124, 132–34, 133(fig.), 215(nn15, 34, 36)

variable (flexible) standardization in single-family homes, 129–30, 130–32(figs.), 132–34, 133(fig.), 135(fig.). See also apartments

“The Housing System in the USSR” (Aalto), 1, 110, 110(fig.)

The Human Side (magazine), 125

humanism, in Aalto’s thought and works, 195–98, 201, 204

“The Humanizing of Architecture” (Aalto), 186, 201

Hyökkäys (The Attack; Isto painting), II, 12(fig.)

Ibsen, Henrik, 48

Imatra Master Plan, 139

industry:

in Finland, 117–20, 119(figs.), 122, 214(n1)

paleotechnic vs. neotechnic periods, 121, 123–24

“The Influence of Structure and Material on Contemporary Architecture” (lecture; Aalto), 185–86

Ingria region, 19, 20(fig.)

International Congress of Modern Architecture. See CIAM

International Style, Aalto and, 166–67, 177

International Style:

Architecture Since 1922 (Johnson and Hitchcock), 161. See also Modern Architecture: International Exhibition (MoMA)

Internationale Architektur (International Architecture; Gropius), 95

Internationale Neue Baukunst (Hilberseimer), 3

internationalism:

Aalto’s architecture deemed universal, 196–97

Aalto’s interest in, 3, 5–6

in Aalto’s thought, 75–76, 80, 95–96 (see also biodynamism)

Artek furniture company and, 114–15

association with Marxism/socialism, 170

challenges to, 112–13, 115

criticism of, 160–61

and Finnish national culture, 75–76

Frosterus’ and Strengell’s ideas, 76–77

“local” internationalism, 167

and modern architecture, 94–96, τ12–13

intuition, 188–90

Iofan, Boris, 165

“Is Collectivization of the Social Organism the Only Alternative to Bourgeois Liberalism and to the Forms of Organization and Culture Inherited from It?” (Mumford), 125

Isamu Noguchi, 177

Isto, Edward, 11, 12(fig.)

Italien:

Tagebuch einer Reise (Scheffler), 70–71, 70(fig.)

Italy:

Aalto in, 39–44

interest in Aalto’s work, 186, 187–88 (see also Mosso, Leonardo; Zevi, Bruno)

James, William, 71

Jauss, Hans Robert, 220(n6)

Johnson, Philip, 159, 161, 217(nn1, 8), 218(n11)

joy, Aalto’s use of term, 90–91

Judt, Tony, 192

Jyväskylä, Finland:

Aalto buildings in, 47

Aalto’s advertisement in, 38

Aalto’s ideas for, 44, 46–47

about, 29, 31–32, 52

Lyceum, 32

Meat Inspection Building (Aalto), 24(fig.)

Singing Festival entrance arcade (Aalto), 23–24, 23(fig.)

Kaila, Eino, 152–53

Kaleva Insurance Company Building, Helsinki (Lindgren), 79–80, 79(fig.)

Kallio, Oiva, house design by, 37(fig.), 38

Kaufmann, Edgar, Jr., 178

Kaufmann, Thomas DaCosta, 3–4

Kauhajärvi Church Bell Tower (Aalto), 24–25, 25(fig.)

Kekkonen, Urho, 195, 198, 204

Kemeny, Alfred, 104

Ketonen, Arvo, 54. See also Turun Sanomat Building, Turku (Aalto)

Keuruu Old Church and Keuruu New Church, 34, 35(fig.)

Kevättalvi (Early Spring; Sallinen painting), 21 (fig.)

Kjäldman, J., 61

Kjellén, Rudolf, 203

Kleinburgerhäuser (Schultze-Naumburg), 3, 34–35

Kokemäki River Valley Regional Plan (Aalto), 138–39, 138(fig.)

Kommende Baukunst (Towards a New Architecture) (Le Corbusier), 3, 93

Korhonen, Otto, 113, 214(n49). See also Artek furniture company

Koskimies, Rafael, 51

Kritisk Revy (Danish magazine), 54, 61, 210(n8)

Kropotkin, Petr, 3, 69–70, 121

Kuhlman, Dörte, 207(n1)

Lagerlöf, Selma, 86

lake landscape (photograph), 136

laminated wood, 144, 146(fig.). See also furniture of Aalto

land urbanization, 109–10

landscape, integration of architecture into, 43–44

“Landscape in Central Finland” (Aalto), 1, 43

Langbehn, Julius, 164

Lapua Forest Pavilion (Aalto), 143, 143(fig.)

Lapua Movement, 112, 214(n47)

Latour, Bruno, 203

The Laundresses (Sallinen painting), 30, 31 (fig.)

Le Bon, Gustave, 71

Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris):

Aalto’s familiarity with, 49, 52, 93–94

debate on color, 162

MoMA exhibition, 166

and the Paris Exhibition, 165

Shand on, 160

Soviet design competition entered, 214(n48)

Villa Stein, 95

League of Nations, 85–86, 97, 115, 125

Léger, Fernand, 162, 217(n14)

Lescaze, William, 170

“Letter from Finland” (Aalto), 1

life:

Aalto on architecture and, 185–86

as artistic concept, 101, 104

and form, 155–56 (see also organic line)

Paavolainen on, 148

and technology, 148. See also biocentrism; biodynamism; vitalism

lifestyle modernism, 177

lighting, 61–62

Lindberg, Carolus, 13, 80, 82(fig.)

Lindgren, Armas:

on classical architecture, 22

classicism, 23

formalism, 18

Kaleva Insurance Company Building, 79–80, 79(fig.)

on medieval Finnish churches, 14, 14(fig.)

and national style, 11. See also Gesellius-Lindgren-Saarinen (architectural firm)

Lissitzky, El, 88, 88(fig.), 148

living form (defined), 26

Lurçat, André, 94, 112

MacKaye, Benton, 120

Maison Carré, France (Aalto), 181

Malerei, Fotographie, Film (Moholy-Nagy), 104, 144

Mandrot, Hélène de, 98, 163

Markelius, Sven, 66, 86, 88, 97. See also Acceptera (Asplund et al.); Stockholm Exhibition (1930)

Marsio, Aino. See Aalto, Aino (née Marsio)

Martin, Leslie, 169

mass culture, 71

mass housing:

Aalto projects, 52–54, 53(fig.), 193–94, 194–95(figs.)

May’s proposal (mikrorayons), 110

mass media, 58, 70–71

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 129–30, 130–32 (figs.), 181

material studies (Aalto), 144, 145–46(figs.), 148, 150–51, 151(fig.), 153, 169(fig.)

May, Ernst, 54, 110, 110(fig.), 111

McAndrew, John, 166–70. See also Museum of Modern Art (MoMA):

Aalto retrospective (1938)

Meat Inspection Building, Jyväskylä (Aalto), 24, 24(fig.)

Mebes, Paul, 2, 34

medieval architecture, 13–15, 14(fig.)

memorial (stadium) for tenth anniversary of Finnish independence (Aalto; competition entry), 58–60, 59(fig.)

“Mensch und Kunstfigur” (Schlemmer), 102–3, 102–3 (figs.)

Middle East, drawings of, 189–90, 189(fig.)

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 144, 218(n11)

Minimum Apartment Exhibition (Aalto and Aalto), 99, 100–101 (figs.), 102, 104, 105(fig.), 113

The Minimum Dwelling Unit (Frankfurt exhibition), 99

“minimum dwelling” projects, 98–102, 100–101 (figs.) “Minimum Dwelling-a Social and Economic Hurdle” (Aalto), 1, 52

mobility, 104, 105(fig.). See also biodynamism

Mock, Elizabeth, 177

Modern Architecture:

International Exhibition (MoMA), 159, 161, 217(nn1, 8)

Modern Architecture (Tafuri and Dal Co), 187

Modern Art in Your Life exhibition (MoMA), 177–78

The Modern Functional Building (Behne), 156–57

modernism (architectural):

Aalto’s contacts with European architects, 93–95

Aalto’s place within, 166–67

vs. new realism, 54

Scandinavian modernism, 86

modernism (generally):

lifestyle modernism, 177

local/national trends, 167, 170

organic/free form adopted, 167–69, 168(fig.), 177–79 (see also organic line)

modernity:

in Aalto’s thought (1920s), 70

Aalto’s travels as acts of, 93

communal principles, 68–71

dynamic/organic ideal, 143–47 (see also organic line)

dynamism, 103–4 (see also biodynamism)

Giddens on, 7, 207(nn11–12)

Habermas on modernization vs., 207(n10)

as interconnected web, 84

mass media and, 58, 70–71

modern subjectivity, 7, 48–49, 58, 86, 89

and transnationalism, 84, 86

working class and, 53. See also mass culture; space and spatial order

Moholy-Nagy, László:

Aalto’s friendship with, 98, 219(n32)

on aerial photography, 109

at the Athens CIAM meeting, 162–63

and Bauhaus thought, 101, 102

and biocentrism, 144

“dynamic” used by, 104

and dynamism, 104–6

and elementalism, 148

Hahl on, 162

photographic techniques, 106

publications, 66, 144, 169, 213(n5), 213(n29) (see also Die Bühne im Bauhaus; Malerei, Fotographie, Film; Von Material zu Architektur)

on sensory education, 144–47

on technology, 148, 150

on theater, 62–63

MoMA. See Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)

Mondrian, Piet, 150, 151

Moser, Karl, 97, 98

Mosso, Leonardo, 182–86, 188, 197, 198, 205, 219(nn19, 27)

“Motifs from Past Ages” (Aalto):

on the emotional response to architecture, 27

on Finland’s distance from cultural centers, 30

on Olkkala Manor, 21–23, 22(fig.), 30

on popular education, 36

on a portal, 25

Muller-Lyer, Franz Carl, 98, 213(n21)

multifunctional spaces, 99–102, 100–101(figs.)

Mumford, Lewis, 120–22, 123, 125

Museum of Modern Art (MoMA):

Aalto centennial exhibition (1998), 201

Aalto retrospective (1938), 150, 150(fig.), 164, 166–70, 177

Built in U.S.A.: 1932–44 (exhibition), 137

focus shift, 122–23

Modern Architecture:

International Exhibition (1932), 159, 161–62, 217(n1), 217(nn1, 8)

Modern Art in Your Life (1949 exhibition), 177–78

Muthesius, Hermann, 38

Muurame Church (Aalto), 47, 47(fig.)

Myrdal, Alva, 86

Myrdal, Gunnar, 86, 125

“Något om Vår Medeltida Konst” (“About Our Medieval Art”; Lindgren), 14, 14(fig.)

national architecture (generally), 13, 15. See also national style, Finnish national character, 33. See also culture; national style (generally)

national culture, Finnish:

in Aalto’s thought, 4–6, 29–31, 34–39, 58

cultural revival, 36, 43–48

ethnic and class differences, 21, 29–33, 51–52, 76

Giedion on, 159

and internationalism, 75–76

mass media and, 58

in the post-World War II era, 191

before World War II, 30–33. See also Finnish Pavilion (Aalto; New York World’s Fair, 1939)

Finnish Pavilion (Aalto; Paris Exposition, 1936–37)

national fairs, 63. See also “The Finnish National Fair” (thesis project; Aalto)

First National Fair (Lindberg, with gate by Aalto)

singing festivals; Turku Exhibition (1929)

National Pensions Institute Building (Aalto), 195

national style, Finnish:

Aalto on, 4–5, 19–21, 25–26, 27

Aalto’s furniture and, 114

Carelia region, 134–36, 136(fig.)

churches, 14–15, 14(fig.), 24–25, 34

classicism, 21–24

hybrid nature suggested by Aalto, 21–22

Lindgren and, 11

National Romantic style, 76 (see also Gesellius-Lindgren-Saarinen (architectural firm))

Russian influences rejected, 11–13

Sallinen’s paintings and, 19–20. See also specific works

national style (generally), 2–4, 21, 26. See also culture

nationalism:

culturally homogenous nation challenged by Aalto, 125

Giedion on, 160

and mass culture, 71

Mumford on, 122

vs. trans-nationalism, 77–78. See also Finnish Pavilion (Aalto; New York World’s Fair, 1939)

Finnish Pavilion (Aalto; Paris Exposition, 1936–37); internationalism; national style, Finnish; national style (generally); trans-nationalism

nature:

in Aalto’s thought, 43, 109, 185

and the Finnish Pavilion, 170–72, 174 (see also Finnish Pavilion [Aalto; New York World’s Fair, 1939])

and reintegration, 144–47

Schultze-Naumburg on, 209–10 (n30). See also biocentrism; biodynamism; life; organic line

Nelson, George, 177

neoclassical architecture. See classicism

neo-Gothic architecture, 16. See also Stockholm City Hall (Östberg)

neotechnic architecture, 123–24, 128

Neue internationale Baukunst (Hilberseimer), 95–96

Neufert, Ernst, 104

Neutra, Richard, 123–24, 170

New Realism, 54–57, 55–56(figs.), 210(nn9–10)

New York World’s Fair (1939). See Finnish Pavilion (Aalto; New York World’s Fair, 1939)

Nicholson, Ben, 169

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 3, 30, 77–78, 84

Noa Noa (Gauguin), 36, 209(n16)

Norberg-Schulz, Christian, 4, 207(n4)

Nordic Association, 96–97, 213(n16)

Nordic classicism. See classicism; Olkkala Manor (Bassi)

Nordic culture, 76

Nordic sensibility and Nordic Renaissance, 16, 17–18, 23. See also Olkkala Manor (Bassi)

Nordlicht (Finnish pro-fascist magazine), 3

Notes on the Synthesis of Form (Alexander), 182

Nuova architettura italiana (Pica), 3

Nurmi, Paavo, 59

Nyrop, Martin (Copenhagen City Hall), 16, 17

Ode to Joy (Beethoven/Schiller), 90

Old People’s Home, Säynätsalo (project; Aalto), 42, 42(fig.)

Olivetti, Adriano, 186

Olkkala Manor (Bassi), 21–23, 22(fig.), 24, 30

Olsson, Hagar (playwright), 86, 89–90. See also S.O.S. (Aalto stage set for Olsson play)

“On Carelian Architecture” (Aalto), 134,136

“On Finnish Architecture” (Giedion), 159–60

“On the Latest Trends in Architecture:

The Key Questions Concerning the Essence of Art and the Problems of Our Times; What is the Aim of the New Realism in Building Art?” (Aalto), 54

“One’s Own House:

Why Does It Need to Be Beautiful?” (Aalto), 36–38, 37(fig.)

“open work,” 181–82

Opera aperta (Eco), 181–82

organic line, 167

in Aalto’s furniture, 150, 150(figs.), 167, 167(fig.) (see also Paimio chair)

in Aalto’s work generally, 143

in American architecture and design, 177

Behne on, 156–57

Finnish Pavilion, 170–72, 171 (fig.) (see also Finnish Pavilion [Aalto; New York World’s Fair, 1939])

material studies, 144, 145–46(figs.), 148, 150–51, 151(fig.), 153, 169(fig.)

McAndrew on, 167

organic elementalism, 152

Savoy vases, 1, 2(fig.), 143, 153–55, 154 (figs.)

shift from geometric to, 167–69, 168(fig.), 177–79, 186

Viipuri Library, 154–55(figs.), 155–57

The Origins of Art (Hirn), 27

Ospedale degli Innocenti (Foundling Hospital; Brunelleschi), 40–42

Östberg, Ragnar Gunnar (Stockholm City Hall), 16–18, 16(fig.)

Oud, J. J. P., 94, 213(115), 218(n11)

“Our Apartments as Problems” (Aalto and Aalto), 99–101

“Our Old and New Churches” (Aalto), 34

Paasi, Anssi, 203

Paavolainen, Olavi:

Aalto’s meeting with, 93, 213(n4)

biocentrism of, 147–48

Carelia:

Land of Memories, 130–31, 133(fig.)

modernist writers criticized, 153, 216(n6)

travel encouraged, 93, 97

Paimio chair (Aalto):

design and construction, 113–14, 113(fig.)

exhibited at MoMA, 167, 167 (fig.)

Giedion on, 163

organic line, 150, 150(figs.)

Paimio Sanatorium (Aalto), 54, 57, 163, 167

“Painters and Masons” (Aalto), 13, 15

Pan-Europa (Caudenhove-Kalergi), 3, 85–86

pan-geometry, 88–89

Paris, Aalto in, 93–95

Paris Exposition (1936–37). See Finnish Pavilion (Aalto; Paris Exposition, 1936–37) patina, 33–34

Paulsson, Gregor, 66, 125

Pavia housing estate (project; Aalto), 187–88, 187(fig.)

Petäjävesi Church, 24, 26(fig.)

Pevsner, Antoine, 104

Pevsner, Nikolaus, 42

photography:

aerial views, 2(fig.), 106–9, 107–9(figs.), 119(fig.), 136, 216(n40)

Havas’ photographs of Aalto’s buildings, 196, 197(fig.)

lake landscape, 2(fig.), 136

Moholy-Nagy and, 104, 106

Piscator, Erwin, 62

planning:

industrial planning, 118–20

large-scale planning, 106–12, 118–20, 214(n44)

regional planning, 117, 120, 129, 138–39, 138(fig.)

stateplanning, 139

urban planning, 44

political beliefs of Aalto:

after World War II, 195–96, 198–200

generally, 4

integration of socialism and capitalism, 125

pan-European movement, 5–6, 86–89

World War II, 125–27

Das Politische Theater (Piscator), 62

Porphyrios, Demetri, 1

Porvoo Cathedral (Aalto painting), 14–15, 15(fig.)

Post-War Reconstruction:

Rehousing Research in Finland (Aalto), 1, 129

power, architecture and, 195

prefabricated housing, 124, 132–34, 133(fig.), 215(nn15, 34, 36)

process, vs. results, 185–86

Psychologie des Foules (Le Bon), 71

psychology, Aalto’s interest in, 152–53, 162, 216(n20)

Puni, Ivan, 148

Pyykkärit (“The Laundresses”; Sallinen painting), 30, 31(fig.)

“The Rational Cinema” (project; Aalto), 60–62, 60–62(figs.), 211(n21)

“Rationalism and Man” (lecture; Aalto), 152, 184–85

Rautatalo (Iron Building), Helsinki (Aalto), 198, 199(figs.)

Ray, Nicholas, 204

regional planning:

in Finland, 117, 129, 138–39, 138(fig.)

large-scale planning, 106–12, 118–20, 214 (n44)

in the U.S., 120, 215(n6)

regionalism:

Aalto and Finnish regionalism, 134–39

Lindgren and, 11

Nordic sensibility, 16, 17

“region” as term, 120–21, 137. See also decentralization; regional planning

Reinhardt und seine Bühne:

Bilder von der Arbeit des Deutschen Theaters (Stern and Herald), 62

Relander, Lauri, 96

research institute (planned by Aalto and Wurster), 124

Riegl, Alois, 18, 101

Riga, Latvia, 80–84, 83(fig.)

Riola Church (Aalto), 187

Rockefeller, Laurance S., 127

Rogers, Ernesto, 188

Rondo (Albers drawing), 189, 189(fig.)

“Room Lighting” (Henningsen), 61

Roth, Alfred, 94

Russia, 11–13, 19. See also Soviet Union (USSR)

Saarinen, Eero, 178. See also Gesellius-Lindgren-Saarinen (architectural firm)

SAFA (Association of Finnish Architects), 117, 192

Sallinen, Tykö, 19–20, 21 (fig.), 30, 31(fig.)

San Lanfranco Housing Estate, Pavia, Italy (project; Aalto), 187–88, 187(fig.)

Sant’Andrea Church, Mantua (Alberti), 42

Santini, Pier Carlo, 188

sauna, 44

Savoy vases (Aalto), 1, 2(fig.), 143, 153–55, 154(figs.)

scale, human vs. modernity’s expansive, 102

Scandinavian architecture, 86, 96, 160–61. See also Nordic classicism

Scheffler, Karl, 70–71, 70(fig.)

Schildt, Göran, 7, 144

Schiller, Johann Christian Friedrich von, 24, 90

Schlemmer, Oskar, 102–3, 102–3 (figs.), 213(n27)

Schmidt, Hans, 111

Schultze-Naumburg, Paul, 3, 34–35

Schwarz, Rudolf, 192–93, 195

Seinäjoki Civil Guard Building (Aalto), 24, 24(fig.)

“Self Generation of Form and the New Ecology” (Mosso), 183–84

Self-Portrait (Lissitzky artwork), 88, 88(fig.)

Shand, Philip Morton, 115, 159, 160–61

Der Sieg des neuen Baustil (The Victory of the New Building Style; Behrendt), 95

Siena Cultural Center (project; Aalto), 187

singing festivals, 66, 211(n33). See also Choir Stand, Turku Exhibition (Aalto); Jyväskylä, Finland:

Singing Festival entrance arcade

Snellman, J. V, 32–33

social value of architecture, 185–86

S.O.S. (Aalto stage set for Olsson play), 86–89, 87(fig.)

Sources of Modern Eclecticism:

Studies on Alvar Aalto (Porphyrios), 1

Southeastern Finland Agricultural Cooperative Building, Turku (Aalto), 52, 62, 63(fig.)

Soviet Union (USSR):

Finland invaded/occupied, 125–27, 130, 136–37, 176, 190

Finland’s relations with, 111, 195

Palace of the Soviets competition, 214(n48)

planning and modernization, 110–11. See also “The Housing System in the USSR” (Aalto); Russia

Space, Time and Architecture (Giedion), 1, 2(fig.), 201. See also Giedion, Sigfried

space and spatial order:

in Aalto’s thought, 99–106

aerial photography and, 109 (see also photography)

Moholy-Nagy and Schlemmer’s ideas, 102–6, 102–3(figs.)

Russian constructivism, 104

Schlemmer’s conceptualization, 213(n27)

spatial flow, 49. See also land urbanization

Speer, Albert, 3, 165

Spengler, Oswald, 33–34, 44, 209(n12)

St. John Wilson, Colin, 207(n1)

stadium competition entry (Aalto), 58–60, 59(fig.)

Ståhlberg, Kaarlo Juho, 19

Stam, Mart, 94, 111, 213(n5)

standardization and variability, in housing, 129–30, 130–32(figs.), 132–34, 135(fig.)

stateplanning, 139. See also regional planning

Stern, Ernst, 62

Sticks and Stones:

A Study of American Architecture and Civilization (Mumford), 120–21

Stockholm City Hall (Östberg), 16–18, 16(fig.)

Stockholm Exhibition (1930), 66–68, 68 (fig.), 89–91, 159

Stockmann Department Store, Helsinki (Frosterus), 78–79, 78(fig.)

Strengell, Gustaf, 49, 76–77, 210(n40), 211(n32), 217(n27)

Strindberg, August, 48, 71

style, national. See national style, Finnish

summer cottage project (Aalto), 134, 135(fig.)

Sundahl, Eskil, 66. See also Acceptera (Asplund et al.); Stockholm Exhibition (1930)

Sunila (town), 118, 132, 133(fig.)

Sunila Pulp Mill, 118–20, 119(figs.)

Suomussalmi Winter War monument (Aalto), 201, 201 (fig.)

Sweden, 18–19, 96–97, 161, 208(n12). See also Stockholm City Hall (Östberg)

Stockholm Exhibition (1930)

Sweeney, James Johnson, 115

Sweet’s Catalog of Building Construction, 123, 215(n12)

Tafuri, Manfredo, 187, 212(n9)

Taide-Käsiteollisuus (Arts-Handicrafts magazine), 36–38, 37(fig.)

Tampere Industrial and Craft Fair exhibition grounds (Aalto), 19, 19(fig.), 63

Tanner, Väinö, 96

Tapani apartment building, Turku (Aalto), 53–54, 53(fig.)

Taulumäki Church design (Aalto; competition entry), 43, 45(fig.)

Technics and Civilization (Mumford), 120–21

technology:

modern building technologies, 123–24

Moholy-Nagy on, 148, 150

Mumford on, 121

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 120, 137

theater (generally), 62–63, 211(n26)

theater designs (Aalto):

Agricultural Cooperative Building, 62, 63(fig.)

Choir Stand, Turku Exhibition, 66, 67(figs.), 71

“The Rational Cinema” (project prototype), 60–62, 60–62(figs.), 211(n21)

stage set for Olsson’s S.O.S., 86–89, 87(fig.)

Tirgan (city design proposal; May), 110, 110(fig.)

Tolstoy, Leo, 71

Topelius, Zacharius, 32–33, 209(n7)

the Torch Bearers, 93, 97, 112. See also Paavolainen, Olavi; Tulenkantajat (The Torch Bearers magazine)

“Towards a Critical Regionalism:

Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance” (Frampton), 200

Towards a Geography of Art (Kaufmann), 3–4

Towards an Organic Architecture (Zevi), 186–87

“Traditional Finnish Architecture” (Lindberg), 13

transnationalism, 77–78, 82, 84–86. See also internationalism

travel, importance of, 93. See also specific destinations Treaty of Tarto, 19

tuberculosis sanatorium. See Paimio Sanatorium (Aalto)

Tucker, Arnold W, 130

Tulenkantajat (The Torch Bearers magazine):

Aalto interviewed, 95

about, 57, 210(n12)

“Bring Pan-European Organization into Finland!” 93, 94(fig.)

cover featuring Turun Sanomat Building, 55(fig.)

on decentralization, 112

eurythmic dance discussed, 216(n25)

“Finnish-European?” (Enäjärvi), 97

“Greetings from Stockholm” (Olsson), 89–90

theater articles, 211(n26)

on Turku, 51

tupa, 100. See also multifunctional spaces

Turku, Finland:

Aalto’s move to, 49, 51

Aalto’s public buildings, 57–66

diversity, 51–52

Tapani apartment building (Aalto), 53–54, 53(fig.)

Turun Sanomat Building (Aalto), 54–57, 55–56(figs.), 159, 161, 167, 210(n10)

Turku Exhibition (1929), 63–66, 64–65(figs.), 67(figs.), 71

Turun Sanomat Building, Turku (Aalto), 54–57, 55–56(figs.), 159, 161, 167, 210(n10)

TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority), 120, 137

Um 1800:

Architektur und Handwerk im letzten Jahrhundert ihrer traditionellen Entwicklung (Mebes), 2, 34, 209(n15)

Unit Steel House (Wurster), 124

United States:

Aalto’s disenchantment with, 191–92

Aalto’s visits to, 122–25, 127, 215(n14)

American architecture lauded by Aalto, 137

architecture in (see Neutra, Richard; Wurster, William)

influence on Aalto’s thinking, 118

internationalism associated with socialism, 170

organic line adopted, 177

regional planning, 120, 215(n6)

and World War II, 126–27

universality, 96

urban culture, 44–47, 48, 210(n33). See also cities

“Urban Culture” (Aalto), 44

urban planning, 44

Vala, Erkki, 112

Välikangas, Martti, 147

van de Velde, Henry, 77, 212(n5)

van Eesteren, Cornelius, 94, 213(n5)

Venturi, Robert, 181

vernacular architectural traditions, 134, 136(fig.), 173–74

Viipuri Library (Aalto), 154–55(figs.), 155–57, 167, 216(n24)

Villa Erica (project; Aalto), 187

Villa Mairea (Aalto), 117, 174, 193, 207(nn1, 4)

Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari, 117, 214–15(n3)

vitalism, 101, 103–4, 106–8, 156–57. See also biodynamism

Von Material zu Architektur (Moholy-Nagy), 105–6, 144–47, 148, 149(figs.)

Vuoksenniska Church (Aalto), 181, 196, 197(fig.)

What Is Art (Tolstoy), 71

Wie Baut Amerika? (Neutra), 123

Williams, Raymond, 197

Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 18

windows, 12–13

Winter War, 125–27, 176. See also Finland:

and World War II Winter War monument (Aalto), 201, 201 (fig.)

Wölfflin, Heinrich, 18, 26

wood (building material):

featured in Finnish Pavilion, 170–72, 171 (fig.)

Forest Pavilion, 143, 143(fig.)

as marker of national style, 167. See also Finnish Pavilion (Aalto; New York World’s Fair, 1939)

Finnish Pavilion (Aalto; Paris Exposition, 1936–37)

wood reliefs (Aalto’s material studies), 144, 145–46(figs.), 148, 169(fig.)

wooden furniture. See furniture of Aalto

working class:

housing, 52–54, 53(fig.) (see also housing)

and sports and entertainment, 60 (see also stadium competition entry [Aalto]; theater designs [Aalto])

The World of Values and Means (Ahlman), 21

World War II:

Aalto’s writing/activities during, 125–27, 134–37, 176–77

Continuation War, 136–37

open cities dream destroyed by, 91

Winter War memorial, 201, 201 (fig.)

World’s Fair (New York, 1939). See Finnish Pavilion (Aalto; New York World’s Fair, 1939)

Wright, Frank Lloyd, 126, 170, 191, 219(n20)

Wurster, William, 123, 124, 215 (nn14–15)

Yleisradio, 58

Zevi, Bruno, 186–87, 201

Zodiac portfolio of Aalto’s works, 188

Zonnestraal Sanatorium (Bijvoet and Duiker), 95

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