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Index
Tim Barringer
Description: Men at Work: Art and Labour in Victorian Britain
Men at Work: Art and Labour in Victorian Britain
Index
Author
Tim Barringer
PublisherPaul Mellon Centre
Copyright© 2005 by Tim Barringer
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-23843
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Index
Abbeydale Works (Sheffield), 202, 356n54
Acland, Henry, 255, 256
Adams, Maurice B., 272, 273
Aerial View of the Cyclops Works (Pawson and Brailsford), 192, 193
Aestheticism, 93, 313–318
Africa, 326n46
Agnew, Thomas, 155
agricultural labour:
beer-drinking and, 121–125
gender and, 90, 91–94, 339n32
“improvement” and, 86–88, 87, 89, 99–101, 103–106, 122, 201
Linnell’s religious views of, 125–131
social conditions and, 88–102
Sykes and, 230–233. See also Cole, George Vicar; landscape painting; Linnell, John
Akerman, James, 273
Albert, Prince, 1, 41–42, 222–223
“Albertopolis.” See South Kensington Museum
Alexander, G., 359n116
Allen, George, 142
Amalgamated Society of Engineers, 137, 138, 171, 351n143
associative workshops and, 178, 180, 183
emblem of, 8, 9, 173–176, 174
Jubilee Souvenir, 151, 152
Sharples and, 149, 172, 173–176, 174
trade policy of, 176–177
Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers, 177
Apollo Belvedere, 37–38, 40, 330n51
aristocracy, 90, 332n111
“aristocracy of labour” debate, 137–138, 153, 184
Armstrong, Walter, 216
Arscott, Caroline, 191–192
art education, 333n131, 355n35
Henry Cole and, 223–226
India and, 260–261, 267–269, 294, 302
Ruskin and, 255–256, 314
South Kensington system and, 224–226
artist as labourer, 70–71, 161, 228, 309, 333n31
Brown and, 44–45, 53, 76–81, 77, 81, 133, 140
George Vicar Cole and, 83–84, 101–102, 107
land ownership and, 107–108, 109, 111–112, 115–117
Linnell and, 114–115, 126–127
Ruskin and, 313–321
Sharples and, 133, 135–136, 138–139, 152–253, 166, 184
South Kensington Museum project and, 226–228
Sykes and, 187–188, 198, 224, 227
Whistler and, 319–320
Art Journal, 120, 130, 140–141, 154, 155, 299
Arts and Crafts Movement, 318
Athenaeum, 59, 124, 128, 133
Atkin, Edward, 215
Baden-Powell, B. H., 287
Baksh, Amir, 289, 290
Bakshiram (Indian artisan), 303, 304
Baron, Joseph, 153–154, 180
Barrell, John, 40
Barry, James, The Thames, 35
Baucom, Ian, 276
Bau Daji Lad Museum. See Victoria and Albert Museum in Bombay
Bayley, R. S., 218, 359n118
Bentinck, William, 262
Berg, Maxine, 359n111
Bermingham, Ann, 338n16
Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, 219
Bhabha, Homi, 250, 262–263
biblical allusions, 29, 70, 107, 128–129, 280, 308, 318–319
Birdwood, George, 269, 270, 287, 290, 292, 297, 306
The Industrial Arts of India, 278–279, 280–283, 284, 292–293, 307
Blacksmith’s Forge and Bellows of Goatskin (engraving), 284, 285
Blake, William, 111
Blore, Edward, 241
Sheffield from the Attercliffe Road (engraving), 189–190
Bombay Pioneer, 286
Brailsford, 192, 212
Brantlinger, Patrick, 294
Brassey, Thomas, 40–41
Brett, John, The Stonebreaker, 97–99, 98
Brooks, Chris, 44
Brown, Ford Madox, 34–35, 41–44, 141, 159, 166–167, 229–230, 294. See also Work
—works:
The Body of Harold Brought before William the Conqueror, 42, 43, 48
Carrying Corn, 102
Geoffrey Chaucer Reading “The Legend of Custace. . . ,” 42–44, 43
The Hayfield, 77, 78, 102, 133, 141
Heath Street, Hampstead, 25
Jesus Washes Peter’s Feet, 60, 61, 63
The Last of England, 32–34, 33, 39, 79
Portrait of James Leathart, 68, 69
Waiting: An English Fireside of 1854–5, 52, 53
Bruegel the Elder, Pieter, 99
The Harvesters, 83, 85, 121
Builder, The, 197
Building News, 272, 273
Bulmer, Henry Taylor, 218
Burden, Jane. See Morris, Jane
Burn, W L., 13
Burne-Jones, Edward, 255, 315
Caricature of William Morris Giving a lecture on Weaving, 296–297
Burnett, W. H., 151, 153
Butler, Judith, 29
Butterworth, George, 347n56
Caird, James, 89, 90, 104, 122, 338n114
“Calorifere,” 215, 216
Cammel, Charles, 190, 192, 193–194, 195
Cannadine, David, 297
Carlisle, Janice, 323n9
Carlyle, Thomas, 41, 44, 76, 80, 266, 335n183
Gothic revival and, 277–278
images of Christ and, 57–58, 61
light and, 48, 49
moral discourse of labour and, 28–29, 145, 246, 248
representation of, 25, 51, 70, 73–74, 75
—works:
On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History, 75
Latter-Day Pamphlets, 67
Past and Present, 8, 28, 29, 44, 58, 67, 149, 252, 277, 330n56, 333n114
Sartor Resartus, 74, 95, 336n210
Cassell, John, 246
Chambers, J. D., 89
Chantrey, Francis, 219
Chartism, 1, 57, 217, 335n183
child labour, 93, 172, 206–207, 357n64
Christian Socialism, 56–63, 75, 142, 172, 335n186
labour relations and, 177–178, 352n181
Clark, Frederick, 208
Clark, T. J., 17–18
class identity, 332n98
as category of enquiry, 12, 14–15
Christ as working man and, 56–57, 58–63
hierarchies of value and, 53–56, 297–298
Indian craft and, 297–298
Sharples and, 138–139, 141, 148–149, 153–155
Cobbett, William, 252
Cohn, Bernard, 267
Cole, George Vicat, 90, 98, 99, 104, 107
Harvest Time, 83–108, 84
Cole, Sir Henry, 10–11, 188, 215, 234, 267, 294
art education and, 223–226
Gallery of False Principles, 309
reformist project and, 263–265
Ruskin and, 237, 241
South Kensington Museum and, 222–223
Sykes and, 224–225. See also South Kensington Museum
Cole, Henry Hardy:
Catalogue by, 291
The Jeweller (engraving), 291
Collingham, E. M., 262
Collins, E.J.T., 338n17
Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886 (South Kensington), 16, 298–303
colonial Gothic, 243–311
British policy and, 267–276
concept of, 248–250
Gandhi and, 250, 306–311
Great Exhibition displays and, 243–250
Indian design and, 243, 244, 246, 258–265
Morris and, 292–297
Ornamentalism and, 297–306
Scottish vs. Indian labour and, 265–267
village communities and, 276–292, 303. See also Gothic revival
Colvin, Sidney, 314
Committee of the Co-operative Conference, 183
compensation for labour:
agricultural workers and, 89, 94–98, 121–122
artworks and, 117, 146–147
piece-master system and, 170
tradesmen and, 348n75. See also valuation of labour
conditions of labour, 1, 8–10
agriculture and, 88–102
Brown’s imagery and, 22, 24
health and, 208–213, 351, 357n82
Sheffield steel industry and, 9–10, 195–197
textile industry and, 194–195
Condor, Eustace, 66
Coningham, William, 228
Constable, John, The Wheatfield, 104–106, 105
Cooke, George, Sheffield from the Attercliffe Road (engraving), 189–190
Coomaraswamy, Ananda, 308
Cooper, J. D., Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 299
Cooper, Thomas Sidney, 341n73
co-operative movement, 177–185
Copland, Samuel, Agriculture Ancient and Modern, 99–100, 119
Corbyn, Frederick, 268
Cordingly, David, 98
Cornelius, Peter, 42
Cornhill Magazine, 20, 232, 236
Corn Laws, 90, 339n26
Courbet, Gustave, 17
Cousen, H., Labour (engraving), 131
Crawford, Arthur, 272
Crawford Markets, Bombay, 272, 273, 274
Creswick, Benjamin, Bust of John Ruskin, 239
Crossland, James, 146–148, 170, 349n77
Crowe, Eyre, The Foundry, 159–161, 160
Crowe, Joseph, 268
Cuff, R. P., 254
Curtis, Gerard, 51
Cyclops Works, The (unknown artist), 190–197, 191, 240, 241
Daniels, Stephen, 104, 156
David, Jacques-Louis, 36
de Forest, Lockwood, 287
de Loutherbourg, Philip James, 165, 198
Coalbrookdale by Night, 156–158, 157
Denis, Rafael Cardoso, 225
Dent, John Dent, 122
Dickens, Charles, 59, 221, 334n147, 360n130
Great Expectations, 150
Hard Times, 69–70
Dickinson’s Comprehensive Pictures, 9–10
Agriculture, 86–87
hot-air stove, 215, 216
India display, 244
The Mediaeval Court, 245, 248
Moving Machinery, 245
Sheffield Hardware, 9–10, 11, 193–194
transept, 3–4
Diderot, Denis, Encyclopedic, 165
Donatello, David, 73
Dore, Gustave, illustrations to London: A Pilgrimage, 212
Driver, Felix, 94
Duranty, Edmond, 164
Durrant, Henry, 214
Dyce, William, 128, 214
Dyson, John, 202
Earlom, Richard, 155, 156
Ease Parade Congregational Chapel (Leeds), 63–64
Ellis, Sarah Stackney, 32
Elton, Arthur, 12
Ely, John, 66
Emerson, William, 272
empire, concept of, 11–12, 16. See also colonial Gothic; India
Engels, Friedrich, 197, 204, 217
engineering industry. See Amalgamated Society of Engineers; Forge, The
equipoise, concept of, 13, 17
Ewart, William, 222
expressive theory of work, 27, 28–29. See also Brown, Ford Madox; Carlyle, Thomas; moral discourse of labour; religion; Ruskin, John
Fairbairn, Thomas, 176, 177
false consciousness, concept of, 261
Farmer’s Magazine, 340n54
Farrar, Frederick William, 62
Ferguson, Sir Samuel, The Forging of the Anchor (poem), 168–169
Flaxman, John, 219
Ford, Sarah Ann, 153
Forge, The (Sharples), 8, 133–136, 134, 135, 167, 203–204
analysis of, 164–169
compared with other works, 155–164, 284
co-operative movement and, 177–185
hierarchy of labour and, 182
labour relations and, 169–177
Foster, John, 177, 34m73
Fourier, Charles, 178
Fowke, Francis, 223, 234
Design for the Lecture Theatre Façade, 224
Frere, Sir Barde, 269, 272
Fried, Michael, 164
Froude, J. A., 348n62
Furnivall, F. J., 144, 255
Gambart, Ernest, 328n31
Gandhi, Mohandas K. (Mahatma), 278, 297, 306–30, 130
gargoyles, 256, 272, 275
Gatty, Alfred, 192
gender, 41, 105, 154
agricultural imagery and, 90, 91–94, 104–105, 339n32
as category of analysis, 15–16
cooperatives and, 182–183
Ford Madox Brown and, 29–30, 32–34, 33, 50–53
Hicks’s imagery and, 30–32, 31
hierarchies of value and, 50–53, 65–66, 182–183
“separate spheres” concept and, 29–34, 147, 148
unions and, 172–173, 175
German National Gallery, 164
Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 216
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 252
Gogh, Vincent van, 212
Gombrich, E. H., 55
Gothic revival, 250–252, 252–258. See also colonial Gothic; Ruskin, John
“Götzism,” 252–254, 255
Govier, Samuel Edward, 321
Gramsci, Anronio, 138
Graphic, The (publication), 92, 93
Amateur Navvies at Oxford . . . , 72–73
The Queen: ’Twixt East and West, 298, 299, 300
Greatbach, William, 174
Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations (1851), 1, 99
critique of, 258–265
farming imagery and, 86–87
hierarchies of value and, 3–5, 259–265
Indian exhibits at, 11–12, 243, 244, 246, 247, 259–260
labouring body and, 246, 248–250
machinery and, 7–8, 245, 246, 248
manufactured products and, 216, 253
Mediaeval Court at, 12, 245, 248, 250
Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue, 5–7, 6, 8, 10, 11
Paxton’s Crystal Palace prints and, 243–246, 244–245, 248, 249–250
Sheffield Hardware display and, 9–10, 11, 193–194, 210
Sheffield School of Design and, 215, 216
“The Transept,” 3–4, 243
working-class visitors and, 4–5, 248
Green, Nicholas, 103
Gregorius, Aelbert, 36
Grigson, R. A., 149–150
Guild of St. George, 235–241, 293, 306
Totley farming and, 313–314
Walkley Museum and, 235, 237–239, 238
Gurner, Peter, 178
Haig, Axel M., Great Indian Peninsular Railway Terminus, 274
Hall, John Charles, 188–189, 197, 208–213, 209
Hardy, Thomas, 232–233
Harrison, Brian, 122
Hart, Solomon, Maestro Giorgio of Gubbio, 361n155
Harvest Time (Cole), 127
agricultural conditions and, 88–102
contemporary landscape painting and, 102–108, 111
description of, 83–88, 84
Hatt, Michael, 39, 330n44
Havell, E. B., 308
Haydon, Benjamin Robert, 35–36, 214
health conditions:
grinders and, 208–213, 357n82
overtime work and, 351. See also conditions of labour
Hemingway, Andrew, 337n9
heroic imagery, 37–41, 75, 159
Herring, John Frederick, Harvest, 95, 97, 107, 120
Hewitt, Martin, 13
Hibbert and Platt of Oldham, 7–8
Hicks, George Elgar, The Sinews of Old England, 30–32, 31, 147
hierarchies of value:
Brown’s Work and, 48–56
gender and, 50–53, 65–66, 182–183
Great Exhibition and, 3–5, 259–265
Sharples and, 182
social class and, 53–56, 297–298. See also compensation for labour; valuation of labour
Higgins, Bobus (character), 67
Hilton, Tim, 142–143
history painting, Brown’s work as; heroism and, 34–44
labouring body and, 26–27
realism and, 44–48
Hobsbawm, E. J., 13, 137
Hogarth, William, Beer Street, 50–53, 52, 122
Holker, Sir John, 317
Holland, G. Calvert, 195, 205, 208
Holyoake, George Jacob, 347n59, 353n186
Self-Help by the People, 180
Hood, Thomas, “The Song of the Shirt” (poem), 182
Hoole, Henry Elliott, 358n99
Hoole and Company, Green Lakes Works, Sheffield, 215, 216
Howard, Peter, 103
“hulls,” 204
Huneault, Kristina, 15
Hunt, William Holman, 42
The Awakening Conscience, 54
The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple, 63, 64
The Hireling Shepherd, 123–124
II Dolce Far Niente, 62
Interior of a Carpenter’s Shop in Nazareth, 335n160
The Light of the World, 60, 61
The Shadow of Death, 61–63, 62
Hunter, Joseph, 198, 199, 204
Hallamshire, 188–189, 197, 239
hybridity, concept of, 248, 262–263, 300, 302
Durbar Room, Osborne House and, 303, 305–306. See also colonial Gothic
Illustrated Exhibitor, 247, 262
Illustrated London News (ILN), 40, 141, 210, 246, 247
Carpet Weaving, 300–301, 302
engravings of machines and, 7–8
The “Hull,” 212, 213
ILN. See Illustrated London News
India:
art education in, 260–261, 267–269, 302
British policy in, 267–276
class hierarchies and, 297–298
Gandhi and, 306–311
Gothic architecture in Bombay and, 268–276, 273, 274, 275
impact of British presence in, 269–270, 279, 286, 289, 292–294, 307
independence and, 250, 307–308
Mutiny-Rebellion of 1857 in, 16, 265–267, 268, 293
village communities and, 276–292, 301, 307–311
Indian craft traditions:
Great Exhibition and, 243, 244, 246–250, 247, 258–265
impact of modernity on, 269–270, 279, 286, 289, 292–294, 307
superiority of, 11–12, 259–265, 264
industrial capitalism:
Aestheticism and, 314
agricultural labour and, 86–88, 87
entrepreneurs in Brown’s Work and, 67–69
Gothic as critique of, 249, 250–258
Great Exhibition machinery displays and, 7–8, 87, 245, 246, 248
rejection of (see colonial Gothic)
slavery and, 253–254, 278
superiority of Indian design and, 11–12, 259–265, 264. See also Sheffield
Ingres, J.A.D., 214
instrumental theory of work, 27–28
Ironside, Isaac, 217–218
Jackson, Mason, 323n11
The “Hull” (engraving), 212, 213
Saw-Grinding, 211, 212
Scythe-Grinding, 209–211
James, John, 146
Jeejeebhoy, Jamsetjee, 268
Jefferies, Richard, 94, 121
Jones, Gareth Stedman, 351n159
Jones, Lloyd, 181
Jones, Owen, 260, 263, 264–265
Jordan, Max, 164
Journal of Indian Art, 289–290
Joyce, Patrick, 14, 166
Keith, J. B., 300
Kingsley, Charles, 55–56, 74
Alton Locke (book), 72, 183
Cheap Clothes and Nasty, 183
Kipling, John Lockwood, 234, 235, 271–272, 274, 275, 286
Blacksmith, 283–284
Carpet Loom, Umritsur Jail, 302
Gold Embroidery, Delhi, 284, 285
In a Good Season, 271
Indian craft and, 280–290, 281, 283, 285, 288, 290, 302–303
Woodcarver, 286–287, 288
Kipling, Rudyard, 271
Kitton, F. G., Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 299
Klingender, Francis D., 37, 139, 166, 170, 351n153
Art and the Industrial Revolution, 12, 136–137, 151
labouring body:
British class hierarchies and, 5–8, 21–25
Christ as working man and, 56–63
forging and, 159–160, 166–169
Gothic artisans at Oxford and, 256
history painting and, 26–27, 37–41, 42, 44
Indian craft labour and, 246, 247, 300–303
living artisans exhibit and, 300–302, 301
manual vs. mental forms of labour and, 67–76, 161, 164
models of craftsmen, 291, 300, 303
rural workers and, 94, 95. See also conditions of labour; heroic imagery
labour relations:
co-operative movement and, 177–185
in engineering industry, 169–177. See also Amalgamated Society of Engineers
Lad, Bhau Daji, 269, 270
land ownership:
by artists, 107–108, 109, 110–112, 115–117
railways and, 107–108, 112–114
landscape painting, 86
contemporary demand for, 102–108
pastoral style of Linnell and, 110–111, 112, 113
railways and, 88, 103–108. See also Cole, George Vicat; Harvest Time; Linnell, John
Laroon, Marcellus, 332n88
Leathart, James, 66, 68, 69
Leech, John:
The Pound and the Shilling, 4–5
What Our Navvies Are Likely to Do, 41
Leighton, Sir Frederic:
The Arts of Industry as Applied to War, 228, 229
Daedalus and Icarus, 38, 39
frescoes by, 228–229, 230
Lenin, V. I., 137, 345n6
Lewis, John Frederick, 287
Linnell, John, 6, 207
artist as labourer and, 114–115, 126–127
land ownership and, 108–109, 110–112, 115–117
at Redhill, 88, 108–114
—works:
Carrying Wheat, 129
The Disobedient Prophet, 117
A Finished Study for “Reaping,” 115, 116
Harvest Moon, 111, 112, 113, 117
The Hayfield, 108
Haymakers’ Repast, 126n-127, 128
The Keg, 122–123, 125, 131, 159
Kensington Gravel Pits, 343n140
Labour, 129–130, 131
Landscape Sketchbook, 111, 113, 125, 126, 341n78
The Last Load, 129, 130
Mowers in the Field in Porchester Terrace, Bayswater, 108, 109
Noah:The Eve of the Deluge, 128
Reapers: Noon, 117, 119, 120–126, 125
Rest, 129, 130–131
Setting Up—Wheat, 117–120, 118
Shepherd Boy Playing a Flute, 110–111
literacy, 359n111, 359n118
Livingstone, Charles, 284, 285
Livingstone, David, 284, 285
London Labour and the London Poor (serial publication), 8–9, 26, 45–48, 47, 54
Longdon, Henry, 208–209
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth:
“A Psalm of Life,” 154
“The Village Blacksmith,” 154–155, 201
Ludlow, J.M., 178, 181, 335n186
Luini, Bernardino, Christ Among the Doctors, 61
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 262
Macbeth, Robert Walker, A Lincolnshire Gang, 92, 93–94
machinery, 2
Great Exhibition displays and, 7–8, 245, 246, 248
rejection of, 240, 295–297, 308–30 (see also colonial Gothic). See also industrial capitalism
Macquoid, T., 99–100
Magazine of Science, 148
Maine, Sir Henry Sumner, 367n119
Village-Communities in the East and West, 276–278
Malthus, Thomas, 103
Marcuse, Herbert, 184
Marlborough House, 263–265, 268
Marx, Karl, 137, 212
British imperialism and, 293
Capital, 91, 93, 194, 293, 327n8
classes of modern society and, 14–15, 136–137
meanings of labour and, 27–28
masculinity:
crime and, 55–56
cultural forms of, 15–16
homoeroticism and, 330n44
labour as associated with, 28, 29–34, 37–41, 55–63
manual vs. mental work and, 72–75, 154. See also gender
masonry, Gothic, 254, 254–258, 257, 258
Massys, Quentin, 146
Mathur, Saloni, 302, 303
Maurice, Frederick Denison, 76, 142, 144, 335n183
Christian Socialism and, 56–57, 58–59
representation of, 25, 51, 53, 56, 58, 70, 73–74, 75
Mayhew, Henry, I, 324n21, 331n76
London Labour and the London Poor, 8–9, 26, 45–48, 47, 54
Mayo School of Art, Lahore, India, 287
Menzel, Adolph, Iron Rolling Mill, 163–164, 172
Merrill, Linda, 317
Merton Abbey, 295–297
metalworking industries, 198–213
forging and, 199–204
grinding and, 204–213
Sheffield School of Design and, 214–215. See also Forge, The
mid-Victorian moment, characteristics of, 13
Mill, John Stuart, 27, 49, 95
Millais, John Everett:
Christ in the House of His Parents, 58–59, 61, 63, 64
The Woodman’s Daughter, 18, 19
Mingay, G. E., 89
Mitchell, 214, 215
Mitter, Partha, 268, 366n88
moral discourse of labour, 46
Carlyle and, 28–29, 246, 248
Gandhi and, 308–309
Ruskin and, 246, 248, 265–267, 308
Sharples and, 140–141, 146
Whistler and, 313–318. See also religion
Morgan, David, 338n18
Morpeth, Viscount, 219
Morris, Jane, 93
Morris, Marshall, Faulkner, and Company, 294–297
Morris, R. J., 359n122
Morris, William, 255, 292–297, 295, 309, 318
News from Nowhere, 236, 241, 279
Mostyn, Lady, 343n123
Mulready, William, 226
Munby, A. J., 151
Nash, John, India (no. 4), 244
nature, concept of:
landscape painting and, 103, 104–105, 128
Ruskin and, 143–144
Nead, Lynda, 54
Neale, Edward Vansittart, 178, 351n157
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 307
Newton, William, 177
Operative, 177, 180
Noble, Matthew, 269
“Old Mechanics,” 171–172
“opus criminale,” 224
“Ornamentalism,” colonial Gothic and, 297–306
Osborne House (Isle of Wight), 303, 305–306
O’Shea, James, 256, 258, 265
O’Shea, John, 256, 258
Oxford University Museum, 255–258, 257
Paley, William, 127
Palmer, A. H., 109
Palmer, John: The “Hull,” 212, 213
Saw-Grinding, 211, 212
Scythe-Grinding, 210–211
Palmer, Samuel, 129
The Harvest Moon, 115, 116
Paris Exposition of 1878, 292–293
Parker, Henry Perlee, Sheffield Grinder, 204–205
Pater, Walter, 37, 314
Pawson, 192, 212
Paxton, Joseph, 243–246, 244–245, 248, 249–250
performative labour:
Brown and, 44–45
living artisans exhibit and, 300–302, 301
Sharples and, 150–151
piecemaster system, 170
Piranesi, Giambattista, “The Well,” Carceri, 155–156, 157
Place, Francis, 122
Playfair, Lyon, 359n139
Plint, Thomas Edward, 27, 63–66, 67
Politics for the People (newspaper), 57
Pollard, Sidney, 207
Pollen, John Hungerford, 256
Pollock, Griselda, 191–192
Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, 89, 94–95, 97, 98, 123
Potteries Mechanics’ Institution Magazine, 170
Prendergast, Christopher, 84
Pre-Raphaelitism, 19, 36, 44, 59, 83, 93
Pugin, A.W.N., 12, 293
Contrasts, 248, 249, 251
Gothic revival and, 250–252
Mediaeval Court and, 248, 250, 294
True Principles, 250–252, 265, 279
Punch, 4–5, 40, 41
Purbrick, Louise, 13–14
“Quittance Paper” system, 171
railways, 88, 103–108, 112–114, 114, 176, 193–194
Rancière, Jacques, 185
La Nuit des prolétaires, 139, 161, 163, 184
realism:
Brown’s work and, 44–48
Cole’s Harvest Time and, 83–86
Linnell’s landscapes and, 115, 117–125
proletarian art and, 137
Sharples’s work and, 155–156, 158, 165–166
Redgrave, Richard, 104–107, 234, 263
And the Valleys Also Stand Thick with Corn, 106, 107
The Sempstress, 182
Redgrave, Samuel, 104–106
Reed, Mick, 338n17
religion:
Brown’s Work and, 27, 29, 56–66
Christ as working man and, 56–63, 141
Gothic revival and, 251, 252–253
Linnell and, 125–131
meanings of labour and, 28, 29, 125, 282, 308
Sharples and, 345n16. See also biblical allusions; Christian Socialism; moral discourse of labour
Report Made to His Royal Highness the Prince Albert, 258–259
Reynolds, the Rev. Henry, 64, 65, 66
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 39–40
Robinson, John Charles, 223
Rochdale Equitable Pioneers, 179, 180–184, 181, 353n186
Rodgers, Paul, 217
Rogers and Sons, J., 212
Rosen, David, 330n56
Rosenfeld, Jason M., 334n146, 364n32
Rosenthal, Michael, 120
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 34, 65, 93, 294, 336n206
Royal Horticultural Society Gardens, 224
Royle, J. Forbes, 259, 260
Rubens, Peter Paul, 36–37
Rundbogenstil, 265
Ruskin, John, 2, 54, 88, 139, 297, 334n147
Aestheticism and, 313–318
education and, 142–143, 144, 255–256, 314
Gothic style and, 252–258, 254, 257, 277–278, 293
mental and manual work and, 28, 70–73, 141, 142–144, 236–237
moralised discourse of labour and, 246, 248, 265–267, 308
Oxford Museum and, 255–258, 257
Pre-Raphaelitism and, 19
road-building at Hinksey and, 71–73, 236, 237
Ruskinised as term and, 74
as social critic, 142–144
Working Men’s College and, 142–143, 144
—works:
Ariadne Florentina, 143–144
The Crown of Wild Olive, 144, 308
The Elements of Drawing, 141, 143
Fors Clavigera, 70–71, 143, 225–226, 236, 237, 240, 241, 313, 314, 315, 362n176
A Joy Forever, 371n214
letter to The Times, 19
Modern Painters, 84, 86, 315
“The Nature of Gothic,” 144, 226, 255, 309
Stones of Venice, 19, 28, 252–254, 255, 265, 317–318
The Two Paths, 144, 287
Unto This Last, 142, 236, 277–278, 306–307, 313
Saville, John, 323n10
Scott, George Gilbert, 274
Scott, William Bell, 143
Iron and Coal on Tyneside in the Nineteenth Century, 158, 159
Seddon, J. P., 294
Self-Help (Smiles), 13, 50, 67, 145–155, 163
self-transformation, Gandhi and, 309–311
“separate spheres” concept, 29–34, 147, 148, 325n38
Sewell, William, 139
Sharples, James, 15, 153, 284, 346n27
artist as labourer and, 133, 135–136, 138–139, 152–253, 166, 184
contemporary discussions of, 140–144
life as workman, 137, 145–155
in museum collections, 184–185
photographs of, 149–153, 150, 152
Ruskin and, 142, 143–144
Sykes and, 201, 202, 203–204
union activity and, 171, 172. See also Forge, The
—works:
Co-operative Emblem, 178–182, 179, 181
Emblem of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, 8, 9, 173–176, 174, 180
Portrait of James Crossland with His Wife and Child, 146–148, 147, 173
Sharples, Sarah Ann, 153
Sheffield (Yorkshire), 187, 216
Cyclops Works in, 190–197, 191, 192, 196, 199, 202, 203, 207, 240, 241
Great Exhibition and, 9–10, 11, 193–194, 210, 215, 216
labour unrest in, 202–203, 204–205
metalworking industries in, 198–213
Ruskin’s view of, 188, 235–241
social conditions in, 9–10, 197, 204–213, 209
steel industry in, 190–194, 191, 192, 195–197, 196, 207
Sykes’s view of, 198–204, 240
tradition of skill-based trades in, 188–189, 196–197, 199, 201–202, 204, 236. See also Guild of St. George
Sheffield Mechanics’ Institute, 188, 216–222, 220, 221, 235, 358n111
Sheffield School of Design, 188, 198, 214–216, 224–225
Sheffield Times, 221
Shrimpton, Nick, 252
Simpson, William, 370n193
Singh, Bhai Ram, 303, 305
Slight, George Henry, Thrashing Machine, 100–101
Smiles, Samuel, 69, 139
Self-Help, 13, 50, 67, 145–155, 163
Smith, Adam, 27–28
Smith, H. Orrin, 209
Smith, Sidney, 353n183
“social history of art,” 17–19
Southey, Robert, 252
South Kensington Museum, 10–11, 187, 188, 259, 268, 290–291
Department of Science and Art, 265, 359n139
Exhibition of 1862 at, 294
Exhibition of 1886 at, 298–303
Indian collections at, 10–12, 263, 264–265, 269, 294–295
labour iconography at, 216, 218–222, 227–230, 236–237
ornamental art at, 222, 298–303, 360n136
Refreshment Room in, 231, 294
Ruskin and, 237–238, 265–267
social project of, 222–223
South Court of, 226–229, 228
Sykes’s designs for, 216, 222–235, 224, 227, 231, 234. See also Cole, Sir Henry
“South Kensington style,” 224
Stannus, Hugh, 324n16
Steam Engine and Machine Makers’ Friendly Society (“Old Mechanics”), 171–172
steel industry. See Sheffield
Steell, Gourlay, 91, 92, 99
Steel Rolling Mills (Pawson and Brailsford), 196–197
Stephens, Henry, The Book of the Farm, 91, 92, 99, 100–101
Stephenson, George, 193
Stevens, Alfred, 10, 214, 215, 216, 226
Stevens, Frederick William, 274
Story, A. T., 108, 109, 110, 115, 127
Sussman, Herbert, 79, 333n114
swadeshi (“home industry”) movement, 308–309
Swan, Henry, 237, 239
Swoboda, Rudolf, 303
Bakshiram, 303, 304
Sykes, Godfrey, 187–188, 234, 294, 355n32
labour iconography of, 216, 218–222, 227, 230–233, 236–237
Sheffield Mechanics Institute and, 216–222, 220, 221
Sheffield metalworking trades and, 198–213
Sheffield School of Design and, 214–216
at South Kensington Museum, 222–235
—works:
designs for South Kensington Museum, 216, 222–235, 224, 227, 228, 231, 234
Interior of a Sheffield Grinder’s Hull, 206, 207, 210
Mechanics’ Institute Frieze, 218–221, 220, 221
Sheffield Scythe Tilters, 99, 199, 200, 201–203, 207
Tilt Forge (oil), 203
Tilt Forge (watercolour), 200
Symons, J. C., 207
Tagore, Abanindranath, 308
Tallis, John, 243
temperance movement, 345n15
Tenniel, John, Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue, Title page, 5–7, 6, 8, 10, 11
Terry, George Wilkins, 270
textile industry, 172, 194–195. See also weaving
Thackeray, William Makepeace, 232
theories of work, 27–29. See also moral discourse of labour
Thompson, E. P., 12
Thompson, F.M.L., 86, 338n12
Times, The (London), 58–59
Townroe, Reuben, 234, 235
Travers, Tim, 347n59
Trevelyan, Sir Charles, 268
Turner, J.M.W, 148, 201
View of Sheffield from Derbyshire Lane, 239–240
Tyler, J. W, 302, 303
Tyzack, William, 202, 356n54
union activity, 8, 202–203, 217, 352n181. See also Amalgamated Society of Engineers
Ure, Andrew, 194, 212, 246, 261
valuation of labour:
Indian village-community and, 277–279, 301, 306
moral discourse and, 246, 248, 265–267, 308–309
South Kensington Exhibition of 1886 and, 301–302
theories of work and, 27–29. See also compensation for labour
Vasari, Giorgio, 145–146
Velázquez, Apollo at the Forge of Vulcan, 160
Victoria (queen), 297, 298, 299, 300, 303–306, 370n185
Victoria and Albert Museum in Bombay, 269–270
Victoria and Albert Museum in London, 10–11, 185. See also South Kensington Museum
Victoria Terminus, Great Indian Peninsula Railway, 274–276, 275
Waagen, Gustav, 260
wages. See compensation for labour
Wallis, Henry, The Stonebreaker, 95–97, 96
Wappers, Gustave, An Episode of the September Days 1830 on the Grand Place, Brussels, 36–37
Watts, George Frederic, 229
The Irish Famine, 53
Waugh, Edwin, 166
weaving:
Gandhi and, 309–311, 100
Indian carpet-weaving and, 300–302, 301, 302
textile industry and, 172, 194–195
William Morris and, 294–297, 295, 309
Webbe, Henry, 342n106
Weber, Max, 127
Weekly Times, 228
Weir, John Ferguson, 162
Forging the Shaft, 161–163, 162
The Gun Foundry, 161
Weir, Mary French, 162
Wellington, Duke of, 5
Wells, Roger, 338n17
West, Tuffen, 209
Whistler, James Abbott McNeill, 225, 313–321
The Gentle Art of Making Enemies, 318–319, 321
Gold and Brown: Self Portrait, 319, 321
The Master Smith of Lyme Regis, 320, 321
Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket, 315–318, 316
Wilde, Oscar, 71
Wilkie, Sir David, 148
Wilson, John M., 122–123
Winckelmann, J. J., 37, 39
woodcarving, 303, 305–306
Woodward, Benjamin, 255
Woolner, Thomas, 32, 336n206
Work (Brown), 5, 21–81, 22, 23–24, 26–27, 122, 318–319
artist as labourer and, 53, 76–81, 77, 78
Brown’s own essay on, 34–35
Christian Socialism and, 56–63
comparisons with other works, 83, 101, 159, 164, 287, 315
description of, 21–25
discourses of labour and, 27–29
gender and, 29–34, 50–53
hierarchies of value and, 48–56
as history painting, 34–44
manual vs. mental forms of labour and, 69–76
Plint’s understandings of, 63–66
realism and, 44–48, 47
sketches and studies for, 21, 25, 51, 76, 77
workhouse system, 94–97
Working Men’s College, 142–143, 144, 347n56
Wright, Joseph, 333n123
Iron Forge, 55, 155, 156, 164, 171, 201, 203
Wright, Thomas, 151, 172–173
Wyatt, Matthew Digby, 215–216, 261–265, 290
Index
Next chapter