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Laird, Mark

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Index

Mark Laird

A Natural History of English Gardening: 1650–1800

Index

Author

Mark Laird

PublisherPaul Mellon Centre

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-32118

Index

Abbot, Sarah 379

Abelmoschus esculentus 87

Abutilon (glade mallow; Napaea dioica) 174, 193

acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia) 211

acacia, rose (Robinia hispida) 132, 202, 256, 257

Achard, Mr 278, 280

aconite, winter-flowering 164, 165, 180, 189, 304, 304

Adams, George (gardener) 83, 85, 87, 88–9, 108–9, 352

Adhatoda Zeylanensium (Malabar nut; Justicia adhatoda) 63, 90, 103, 397 n. 144

Aeonium arboreum 101, 102, 213

‘Albovariegatum’ 101

Africa, plants and seeds from 85–6, 91, 99, 354

Agapanthus cf. africanus 301

agriculture, and wildlife 364, 366

Aiton, William:

and duchess of Beaufort 90, 91, 399 n. 214

Hortus Kewensis 34, 91, 121, 122, 156, 156, 304–6,

339–41, 340, 342, 397 n. 115

and Kew 249, 251, 255–7, 260

Albin, Eleazar:

A Natural History of English Insects 11, 11, 107, 109, 116–20, 116, 139–41, 140, 385

A Natural History of English Song-Birds 139, 251–3, 253, 350, 420 n. 55

Alchemilla vulgaris 99

Alexander, James 257

aliternies see buckthorn

Allen, David E. 14, 67, 334, 344–5

almond (Prunus communis) 296

aloe 90, 97, 99, 122, 138

Aloe Aquatica fol jridis (Bulbine frutescens) 68, 89, 89, 97

Aloe variegata 89, 90

alpine rose (Rhododendron ferrugineum) 306

Alstroemer, Clas 308, 374

Amaranthus:

A. paniculatus 141

A. spica (Celosia argentea) 141, 141

amateurs:

and art 24, 56, 93, 108–9, 108

and meteorology 330

and science 22, 329–30, 339–41, 351

Amberboa moschata see centaurea

America:

birds from 241–2, 242

plants from 85, 125, 127, 127, 144, 146, 148, 156, 158, 159–64, 187, 194, 214, 342

acclimatization 133–4, 148, 163–4

exotics 131–4, 141, 152–5, 154, 204, 231, 255–8, 259, 306

at Kew 255–7, 258

and shrubberies 127, 188, 202, 204, 221, 229, 255

and trade 131–4, 141, 152–5, 154, 204, 231

and War of Independence 303, 344 see also Philadelphia

Amherst, Sarah Archer, countess 374

Amomum/Zingiber (Zingiber zerumbet) 202

Amorpha fruticosa (bastard indigo) 133, 135, 154

Amsterdam:

glass-frame technology 86

Hortus Botanicus 55, 56

Hortus Medicus 66

Anacampseros telephiastrum 87, 101

Andrews, Henry C. 341

andromeda:

A. acuminata 411 n. 133

A. axillaris 411 n. 133

A. coriacea 411 n. 133 ‘Andromeda Dabœcia’ 296

anemone 57, 61, 265

A. pavonina 83

Angelica tree (Aralia spinosa) 83–5

animals:

attitudes to 52–3, 233–4, 237–8, 243–7, 243, 252–5, 258–63, 344–51

collecting 231–3, 242–3, 258, 282

cruelty towards 53, 349–50

domestication 262

Anon., William Sherard 87

ant:

army (Eciton sp.) 114, 115

leafcutter (Atta cephalotes) 114, 115

Antirrhinum:

A. linaria var. peloria 363

A. majus 60

Apocynum Americanum Chamaenerij (Asclepias curassavica) 90

Apocynum rectum elatius salicis angusto fol (Gomphocarpus fruticosus) 90, 91

Arboretum, Derby 356

arctotis:

A. aureola 193, 196

A. venusta 304

Argyle, Archibald Campbell, 3rd duke 164, 193, 257

Aristolochia sipho 411 n. 148

Armeria sp. 91

arrowhead (Sagittaria sagittifolia) 200, 204, 206

art:

and nature 222

topographical 172–5, 175–6, 181, 182, 184, 186, 188, 212, 223, 254, 367

and frame 175–6, 182–3, 184–5, 186–7, 204, 205, 223, 225

as weather record 22, 207–14, 212 see also Delany, Mary; Edwards, Sydenham; Ehret, Georg Dionysius; Kilburn, William; Marshal, Alexander; Robins, Thomas the Elder; Sowerby, James; Stone, Sarah; Waller, Richard

artists:

amateur 24, 56, 93, 108–9, 108

women as 18, 77, 192–3, 336

Asparagus Zeylanica 90

Asphodelus:

Trachyandra divaricata 99

Trachyandra revoluta 99

Asplenium rhizophyllum 411 n. 148

aster:

A. cordifolius (Symphyotrichum cordifolium) 306

A. dumosus (Symphyotrichum dumosum) 306, 307

A. grandiflorus (Symphyotrichum grandiflorum) 133, 155, 156, 164, 167

A. tardiflorus (Symphyotrichum tardiflorum) 411 n. 133

Carolinianus (Inula conyza) 193, 195

China (Callistephus chinensis) 142, 145, 146, 288, 291

astrology 44, 46, 314

Athyrium filix-femina 91

aubergine (Solanum melongena) 306

Aubrey, John, watercolour of Evelyn’s home at Wotton 71

Audley End, Elysian Garden 121

Augusta, dowager princess of Wales 135, 140, 259–62, 292, 349

aviary 23, 234, 235, 253

and Bute 234, 259, 260, 261, 292, 379

and Carlton House 13, 15, 248

death 258–61, 285

and Kew 13–14, 15, 247, 248–9, 252, 260, 372

and widowhood 134, 372

The Aurelian xvi, 111, 150, 201, 340, 402 n. 57

aurelians (lepidopterists) 109

auricula see primula auricula

Austen, Jane, Emma 20

avenue planting 73

aviary 231

at Goodwood 233

at Kew 23, 234–5, 247–8, 251–3, 252

at Sayes Court 52

azalea:

mountain (Rhododendron canescens) 133

nudiflora (Rhododendron nudiflorum syn.

R. periclymenoides) vi

Rhododendron viscosum 133

Bacon, Stephen (nurseryman) 133, 138

Badminton House 97, 102–4, 103, 106

bird’s-eye views 71, 72, 73

conservatory 63, 66, 75, 75, 86, 87, 93, 97, 98, 102–4, 103, 106

estate management 104–6, 105, 106, 107, 336, 371

florilegium 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 75–6, 78, 89–97, 119–21

butterfly and moth studies 112, 116, 117, 119, 120

Great Garden 78, 97, 97, 396 n. 55

and Great Storm 22, 69, 71, 71, 75–6, 102

hothouse 22, 86, 90, 97

melon garden 103, 106

parterre 77

physic garden 64, 75, 96–7, 96, 106

plans 73, 74, 75, 76, 115, 115

wilderness 189

Baird, Rosemary 233

Baker, Henry 349

Baker, Matthew 396 n. 57

Baldwin, Thomas, Airopaidia 322, 362

Bale, John 85, 104, 396 n. 57, 398 n. 148

‘The Balloon ascending from the Thuilleries at Paris’ 318

balloon flights 23, 318–21, 318, 319, 322, 348

Balm of Gilead fir (Abies balsamea) 164, 164

Bampfylde, Coplestone Warre 169, 171, 171, 173, 175, 191, 220, 222–3

Cascade at Hestercombe 223

Bampfylde, Mary 219, 222, 222, 224

Pheasant, Lapwing and Yellow Ham Still Life 222, 223

banana (Musa x paradisiaca) 102

Banister, John 85, 411 n. 138

Magnolia virginiana 85

Banks, Joseph 269, 274, 292, 298, 304, 424 n. 229

and Delany 273

florilegium 273, 274, 285, 285

and Kew 301, 342

and transit of Venus 23, 273–4, 310

and White 323–4

Barber, Rupert:

Dr Patrick Delany 270

Mary Pendarves (Delany) 270

Barker, Thomas 7

Barker-Benfield, G. J. 349

Barrells / Barrels Hall (Warks.) 178

shrubbery 188, 223

barrenwort (Epimedium alpinum) 297

Barrington, Daines 219–20, 238, 323, 325, 360

Bartram, John 125, 132, 158–9, 160, 188, 194, 233, 238, 242

attitude to wildlife 253–5

and Collinson 129, 142, 146, 216, 231, 240–1, 248, 255–6, 342

and duke of Richmond 240

and Kew 247, 256

Travels 255

Bartram, William 233, 238, 242

paintings:

‘Rattle Snake’ 243

‘View of the Underside of the great Mud Tortoise’ 241

Travels 255

bastard balm (Mellitis melissophyllum) 297

bastard indigo (Amorpha fruticosa) 133, 135, 154

basteria see Beveria/Butneria

Bateman, Richard 150, 181, 190, 201, 277, 281, 308

Batey, Mavis 29

Battie, Catherine 216–17, 219, 385

Bauhin, Gaspard, Pinax theatri botanici 67, 112

bay, loblolly (Gordonia lasianthus) 159

Beale, John 31

Beaufort, Charles Noel Somerset, 4th duke 122

Beaufort, Elizabeth Somerset, 4th duchess 122

Beaufort, Elizabeth Somerset, 5th duchess 415 n. 137

Beaufort, Henry Scudamore, 3rd duke 115

Beaufort, Henry Somerset, 1st duke 66, 72, 73, 79, 86, 95, 107

Beaufort, Henry Somerset, 2nd duke 67, 75, 87, 87, 89, 104, 115, 120

Beaufort, Henry Somerset, 5th duke 122, 287

Beaufort House (Chelsea House) 65, 77

bird’s-eye view 78, 78

bowling green 78

evergreens 83

hothouse 66, 83–6, 97, 104, 396 n. 57

memorandum of 1691 66, 85, 103

Parlour Garden 78, 83

seasonal planting 79–83

Beaufort, Mary Somerset, duchess xviii, 5, 16, 22, 64–123, 77, 139, 330

and Albin 107, 116–20, 139–41

banishment to Beaufort House 71, 89, 111, 112, 115, 117, 120, 374

and butterflies 107, 109–11, 109, 116–20, 116, 117, 344

care of plants 107–12

collection of seeds and plants 83–6, 88, 90, 98, 101, 104, 122, 122, 165, 257, 327, 339, 344

depression 65, 73, 107

and estate management 104–6, 105, 106, 107, 336, 371

and florists’ flowers 22, 66, 78–9, 78, 81, 108, 120, 121–2, 399 n. 200

and Glanville and Merian 107–20

hortus siccus 64, 65, 67, 70, 81, 86, 87–9, 120, 213, 374

naming of plants 86–97, 98

and natural embroidery 189

and Sherard 66–7, 69, 71, 75, 86, 87–8, 95

and Sloane 86–9, 107

and striped plants 101, 102

and widowhood 64, 66, 71, 72, 108, 111, 122, 336, 371, 374 see also Badminton House

beech, purple (Fagus sylvatica purpurea) 256

Beecham, Robert (bird-catcher) 238, 251–2, 253, 260

Beilby, Ralph 347

bellflower, Canary Island (Canarina canariensis) 180, 181, 186, 296

Bending, Stephen 4

Benjamin tree (Lindera benzoin) 84, 85

Berger, Alexander 348

Berkeley, countess xvi, 150

Besler, Basilius, Hortus Eystettensis 91, 99–101

Beveria/Butneria (Calycanthus floridus) 200, 202, 202, 204

Bewick, Thomas 345, 346–8

‘The Goldfinch’ 346

‘The Long-Tailed Field Mouse’ 367

and swallows 346–8, 347

Bignonia capreolata (crossvine) 158

Bill Hill (Berks.), and Mrs Delany 284, 287, 292–3, 303–4

bindweed:

hedge (Calystegia sepium) 15, 245, 364

lesser see convolvulus, field

biodiversity, and English gardens xviii, 5, 7

bird of Paradise 261

birds:

and divided sensibilities 236, 253, 345–51

and egg collecting 344, 345

and Evelyn 51–2

exotic 242–3, 261, 275

from America 241–2, 242

and hibernation 346, 348

keeping 344, 346

and Knowlton 139

migration 7, 324, 346–7, 350

as pests 52–3, 54, 218, 330

songbirds 12, 14, 52, 54, 61, 251, 261

trapping and shooting 11 11, 12, 15, 23, 31, 52–3, 61, 181, 238, 251–2, 253, 344, 350 see also aviary; White, Gilbert

bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara) 300

black spring (1771) 259, 284

blackbird / black ouzel (Turdus merula) 350, 351

as pest 54, 350

Blackburne, John 159, 160, 162–3, 256

Blackstone, Sir William 371

Blackwell, Elizabeth 18

Blaikie, Thomas 304–6

Blanchard, Jean-Pierre 318, 320, 348

Block, Agneta 66

bloodhound 55

bluebird, eastern 241

Bluestockings 13, 269, 287, 288, 298, 354

Blunt, Wilfrid 18, 397 n. 121

Bobart, Jacob 95, 340

Boerhaave, Hermann 138

bogbean (water trefoil; Menyanthes trifoliata) 93, 297, 297, 333, 335

Bolingbroke, Henry, 1st Viscount 177

Bolton, James 382

Icones fungorum 278–81, 281

Bonnefons, Nicolas de 33

Books of Hours, frames 181, 188

Boscawen, Admiral Edward 287, 288, 298

Boscawen, Frances 122, 285, 287–92, 288, 289, 293, 300, 301–3, 304, 311, 315, 317, 320

and birds 303, 345

and Bluestockings 287, 298–9

gift of sheet cow 292, 299, 303

bosquet 1, 35, 125; see also grove

Botanical Society 127–8, 333, 383

botany, and women 3, 15, 69, 87, 108, 109, 338–9, 383

Bowles, Thomas, A View of Grosvenor Square 198

bowling greens:

at Badminton 72

at Beaufort House 78

at Sayes Court 46–9

box, gilded (Buxus sempervirens ‘Marginata’) 79

Bradley, Richard (horticulturist) 89–90, 98, 101, 109, 351

bramble (Rubus ulmifolius) 299

Brewer, John 127, 352

Brewer, Samuel 129, 138, 139, 141, 143, 145–6, 155, 158, 160

Brewton, John 111

British Museum 356

broderie 46, 72, 77

Brompton Park 57, 85, 363

Brown, Lancelot ‘Capability’ 3, 4, 191, 352

and Croome Court 212

and Fisherwick 279

and Hampton House 217

and Luton Park 301

and Moor Park (Herts.) 212

and Petworth 127, 145, 158

Brunfels, Otto 91

Bucknall, Thomas, Plan of Goodwood Park 238, 239

buckthorn (Rhamnus alaternus) 27, 41

Buddle, Adam 111–12, 112

Buddleja globosa 311

bulbs, spring, and Evelyn 57, 58

bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) 346

as pest 31, 54, 181, 184, 204, 218, 345, 350

as pet 4, 11–12, 285, 285, 344

Bullion, John 234

Bulstrode (Bucks.):

American grove 281, 281, 282

botanical garden 281, 295, 296–7, 342

and Delany 202, 267–9, 273–7, 282–5, 287–96, 300–6, 308–10, 311–14, 321, 324, 342–4

effects of cold winter 262

and Ehret 278 flower garden 281, 284

garden 165, 177, 194, 194, 198, 203

greenhouse 202

map 276, 281, 281

menagerie 262, 275, 281–2, 283

re-landscaping 281

shell grotto 269, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285

significance 267

and study of fungi 278–81

visit of George III and Queen Charlotte 301, 301, 311 see also Lightfoot, Revd John

Bunbury, Henry William (after), St. James’s Park 315

bur-reed (Sparganium erectum) 204, 206

burdocks (Arctium spp.) 374

Burke, Edmund 267

Burlington, Lord 129, 139

Burney, Edward Francis, frontispiece to Portland Catalogue 277

Burney, Fanny 323, 324

Burns, Robert, ‘To a Mouse’ 367

Bury, Priscilla Susan 351

Busch, John 256

Bute, John Stuart, 3rd earl:

and Curtis 298, 379

and Kew 14, 15, 238, 248–51, 251, 255, 256, 308

and Mrs Delany 301, 303

and Princess Augusta 234, 259, 260, 261, 292, 379

writing, Botanical Tables 292, 379

see also Luton Park

Butomus umbellatus 93, 200, 203, 334, 338

Butt, Richard (nurseryman) 128

butterflies:

African Precis sp. 187

brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni) 112, 112, 206, 208

brown hairstreak (Thecla betulae) 111

clouded yellow (Colias croceus) 150, 151

collecting 338

danaid eggfly (Hypolimnas misippus) 202

and duchess of Beaufort 107, 109–11, 109, 116, 118, 344

and Evelyn 50–1, 59

and Glanville 66, 111, 112–13, 120, 344

Glanville fritillary (Melitaea cinxia) 113, 113

green-veined white (Pieris napi) 111

high brown fritillary (Argynnis adippe) 111

marbled white (Melanargia galathea) 340

orange tip (Anthocharis cardamines) 113

painted lady (Vanessa cardui) 340

Precis 181, 187

red admiral (Vanessa atalanta) 118, 119, 192, 206, 208

small copper (Lycaena phlaeas) 112, 112

swallowtail (Paplio machaon ssp. britannicus) 16, 51

tortoiseshell, large (Nymphalis polychloros) 116

tortoiseshell, small (Aglais urticae) 181

white admiral (Limenitis syn. Ladoga camilla) 206, 208

and women 109–16, 127, 338, 344

butternut (Juglans cinerea) 240

Byng, John 350

Cabinet of curiosity 24, 38, 59

Calamintha 101

Calceolaria Fothergillii 341

calendar, reform xvii–xviii

Calla syn. Zantedeschia aethiopica 308

Callicarpa americana 242, 258

Calmann, Gerta 173

Camellia japonica 255

campanula:

C. americana 411 n. 148

C. persicifolia 396 n. 58

Campbell, Colen, Vitruvius Britannicus 239, 281

Campbell Orr, Clarissa 267, 270, 416 n. 171

Campbell-Culver, Maggie 29

Campsis radicans (trumpet flower) 126, 129, 154, 158

candleberry myrtle (Myrica cerifera) 177, 179, 240

Capel, Arthur, Baron Hadham 64, 76, 77

Capel, Elizabeth (later countess of Carnarvon) 76–8, 77, 120

Carduus tormentosus Acanthium dictum arabicus (Onopordum acanthium) 98

Carlton House (London) 259

garden 12–13, 13, 15, 128, 145, 248

carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) 83, 84, 139, 255

‘Belle princesse’ 84

and duchess of Beaufort 79, 84

‘King of Prussia’ 211

‘Nonpareille’ 84

‘Triumphante’ 84 see also Dianthus

Caroline, Queen 135, 311

Carthamus laevis see Stokesia laevis

Cassia Bahamensis (Cassia ligustrina) 148

Cassis (Phalium) strigata 336

Casteels, Pieter 136, 137, 215

Catalogue of the Portland Museum (Lightfoot) 204, 277, 277, 284, 321, 344, 345, 382

Catalogus plantarum 65, 121, 127, 128, 133, 134–9, 135, 137, 151, 154, 351, 352

catalpa tree (Catalpa bignonioides) 127, 128, 145, 146, 154, 158, 159, 240, 242

caterpillars, and Evelyn 48, 49, 49, 50, 51, 59

Catesby, Mark 16, 18, 22, 127, 146, 154, 161, 257, 342, 409 n. 35

Hortus britanno-americanus 125, 152

Hortus europae-americanus 158

and Linnaeus 400 n. 12

and Magnolia grandiflora 129, 151–2, 152, 154, 155

map 135

Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama

Islands xiv, 125, 127, 131–3, 141, 241

birds xv, 344

Bison bison 132

catalpa tree and orchard oriole 145

flamingo and bent sea-rod 134

Kalmia angustifolia 159

sponsors 127, 129, 131, 134, 136, 139, 141, 143, 143, 148, 148, 150, 151, 344

tree frog and skunk cabbage 165

tufted titmouse and mountain azalea 133

and trading favours 134–8, 141, 145

and wood duck 241, 242, 315

Cathay, imaginary 234, 255, 255, 258

cats xix, 303, 345, 348–9, 384

Cavallo, Tiberius 316–17

cedar:

of Lebanon (Cedrus libani) 83, 164

Syrian 164

Celosia argentea 122

Centaurea:

C. cyanus (cornflower) 94

C. moschata (Amberboa moschata) 306, 307

C. nigra (knapweed) 93, 94

centaury, lesser (Centaurium pulchellum) 296

Centunculus minimus (Anagallis minima / chaff weed) 423 n. 173

chaffinch 11, 181, 238, 251–2, 253, 255, 258

Chamaedaphne calyculata 257, 259

Chambers, Douglas 65, 233, 394 n. 11

Chambers, William 190, 191, 255, 258

Dissertation on Oriental Gardening 190–1, 231–3, 248, 258

and Kew 234, 238, 248, 251, 252, 255, 257, 262

Plan of the Gardens at Kew 251–2

Chambers, Zachary, ‘A Numerical Register of all His Majesty’s Leasehold Houses’ 13, 285

Chaplin, Joyce E. 127

Chapman, T., ‘G.W.’ 4

Chapone, Hester 6, 269, 299, 320

Chaucer, Geoffry 10

Chelsea House see Beaufort House

Chelsea Physic Garden 30, 85, 96, 148, 297, 351, 401 n. 25

alpine plants 297–8

conservatory xviii, 46, 53, 55, 85, 104, 196

and Ehret 193, 196

and Mrs Delany 310, 342

chickweed wintergreen (Trientalis europaea) 297

China:

and Cathay 234, 255, 255, 258

exotic birds from 255, 255

seeds and plants from 86–7, 88, 142, 145–6, 163, 310–11

Chionanthus virginicus 257

Christensen, Annie 21

Christmas rose 164, 180

Chrysanthemum coronarium 180, 187, 204

cistus, gum (Cistus ladanifer) 135

Citrus 375

double-flowered 206, 208

clary (Salvia pratensis) 95

clematis:

C. crispa 257

C. montana 374

clergy:

as naturalists 363, 379 see also Lightfoot, John; White, Gilbert

clethra virginia (Clethra alnifolia) 204, 308

climate, and human longevity 151

climate change 5, 131–3, 134, 157, 164–5, 178, 362, 383

histories 18–21, 214–16

and volcanoes 20, 21, 23, 314–16, 316, 359, 383–4

and weather records xviii, 18–20

clouds 23, 359–62, 363

Cnicus ferox 98

cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) 366

coffee house culture 12, 18, 22, 24, 69, 127, 148

coincidence, in natural world 5, 11

Colden, Cadwallader 164, 164, 177

Colleton, Sir John 132, 151, 161

Collier, Mary, ‘The Woman’s Labour’ 352, 369

Collinson, Mary 370–1

Collinson, Peter E. xvii, xviii, 157–9, 157, 159–61, 163, 165, 324

and Bartram 129, 142, 146, 216, 231, 240–1, 248, 255–6, 342

and Bulstrode 281

Catalogus plantarum 132, 148

Commonplace Book 240

and cornucopia years 195

death 163

and duchess of Beaufort 213, 374

and duke of Richmond 233, 240–1

and Ehret 193, 198–200

and electricity 195–8, 198

and exchanges of plants and knowledge 129, 133, 139, 142, 143, 145–6, 164, 164, 194, 231, 296, 351

and hibernation experiments 348

and hortus siccus 213

and Kew 249–51, 256

and Linnaeus 160, 177, 200, 202–4, 213–14, 403 n. 119

and locust swarm 177–8, 178

and migration 348

and Petre 146, 158, 164, 240–1

and shells 339

and Wager 132, 140, 146–7, 148–51, 159, 164

and weather 188–9, 213–14

Collinsonia canadensis 160

Collinsonia scabriuscula 411 n. 147

colutea, dwarf 137

Commelin, Johannes:

De Nederlandze Hesperides 102

Horti medici Amstelodamensis 66–7, 120

commerce, and exotics 22, 66, 128–9, 131–9, 135, 145, 146, 152, 155, 159, 229, 231

Compton, Henry, Bishop of London 55, 112, 340, 396 n. 79

Fulham garden 59–60, 85, 108, 148, 340

plant collection 101, 121, 131, 314

Comptonia asplenifolia 121, 122

Comstock, John Henry, The Spider Book 9–10

conchology see shell collecting

conservatories:

Badminton House 63, 66, 75, 75, 86, 87, 93, 97, 98, 102–4, 103, 106

Chelsea Physic Garden xviii, 46, 53, 55, 85, 104, 196

and fruit growing 53–5, 61, 177 see also greenhouse; stoves

Constable, John 363

convolvulus (C. tricolor) 192

field (C. arvensis) 184, 269, 373, 374–7, 376, 377

Ipomoea coccinea 121, 121

Ipomoea hederacea 121 see also morning glory

Cook, James, Endeavour expedition 269, 273–4, 274, 356

coppice 173, 178, 187

coppicing 257

Cordia myxa 101

coreopsis:

C. lanceolata 155, 160

C. verticillata 193

corn cockle (Agrostemma githago) 189, 364

corn marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum) 200, 202

corncrake (Crex crex) xviii, 20, 367, 368

cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) 94

Cornucopia years 177–8, 181, 182, 188, 195–8, 202–14, 240

Corydalis sp. 206, 208

court, and gardening culture 12–13, 13

Courten, William 112

Coventry, Anne, countess 78, 81

cow, sheet 292, 299, 303

cowage (Mucuna pruriens) 87

Cowper, William 221, 314, 316

Cozens, Alexander 344, 363

All Cloudy 361

Cree, John (gardener and collector) 255, 256

cress, wart (Coronopus squamatus/Lepidium coronopus) 76, 76

Crinum asiaticum 310–11

crocus 189

autumn (C. nudiflorus) 227, 316

Croome Court (Worcs.) 207, 212, 256

Cross, Edward 255

cruelty, in gardening 53, 348, 349–50

cuckoo 348, 369–70, 377

Cullum, Sir Dudley 56

culture, horticultural 13–14, 127–8

Curtis, William 96, 297–8, 306

Botanical Magazine 333, 340, 342, 342, 351

Flora Londinensis 17, 96–7, 189, 297, 298, 330, 333–4, 334, 354, 369, 374–7, 377

Caltha palustris 359

dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) 334

Galeopsis versicolor 355

Ligustrum vulgare 344

marsh woundwort (Stachys palustris) 355, 370

Menyanthes trifoliata 335

and networks 363–5

‘Papaver Rhoeas’ 371

Phallus impudicus 378

and the public good 351–4

Pulmonaria maritima 363, 364, 366

‘Sagina erecta’ 359, 360

‘Saxifraga Oppositifolia’ 380

Valeriana officinalis 348–9

and weather observations 359

and gardener-naturalist 374–8

and women 351

custard apple (Annona reticulata) 102

Custis, John 146–7, 148, 157

Cyclamen:

naturalized (C. hederifolium) 227

sp. 208, 223

Cystopteris fragilis 95

Daffodil 188

Narcissus papyraceus 300

Narcissus tazetta 300

daisy 188, 189

dal Pozzo, Cassiano, ‘Paper Museum’ 36, 38

Dale, Samuel 148

Dance, George, Huang Ya Dong 299

Dance, Peter 337

Danckerts, Hendrik, A View towards the North Front of Badminton House 73, 74, 76, 96, 105, 106

dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) 334

Dandridge, Joseph 140, 399 n. 201

Dandy, J. E. 121, 424 n. 201

Daniell, William 366

Daniels, Stephen 363

Daphne mezereum 79, 165

Darley, Gillian 29

Darwin, Erasmus 334

Datura stramonium 419 n. 11

Davenport House 181

Dawe, Philip, The Macaroni 287

Defoe, Daniel, The Storm 70, 71

Delany, Mary (née Granville) 93, 198, 320, 324, 342–4

and Bill Hill 284, 287, 292–3, 303–4

and birds 345, 348

and Bluestockings 267, 298–9

botanical collages 16, 23, 122, 267, 269, 288–92, 300–11, 315, 321, 339, 358, 372, 373, 374

‘Alcea Rosea’ (Alcea rosea cv.) 311, 313

almond blossom (Prunus communis) 296

‘Andromeda Dabœcia’ (Daboecia cantabrica) 296

‘Actotis calendulacea Marigold-like Arctotis’ (Arctotis venusta) 304

‘Aster Dumosus’ (Aster dumosus syn. Symphyotrichum dumosum) 306, 307

barrenwort (Epimedium alpinum) 297

bastard balm (Mellitis melissophyllum) 297

bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara) 300

bogbean / water trefoil (Menyanthes trifoliata) 297, 297, 333, 335

bramble (Rubus ulmifolius) 299

‘Budleja capitata globosa. Hort. Kewensis’ (Buddleja globosa) 311

‘Calla æthiopica’ (Calla syn. Zantedeschia aethiopica) 308

‘Cheiranthus cheiri’ (Erysimum cheiri cv.) 311

‘Chinese Saxifrage’ / ‘Saxifraga stolonifera’ (Saxifraga stolonifera) 299, 300

‘Clethra Virginia’ (Clethra alnifolia) 308

‘Convolvulus arvensis’ (Convolvulus arvensis) 375

‘crinum africanum’ (Agapanthus cf. africanus) 301

‘Cynoglossum omphalodes hounds tongue’ (Omphalodes cappadocia) 300

Cypripedium Purpureum’ (Cypripedium reginae) 296, 296

‘Dianthus caryophyllus / 2 varietys’ (Dianthus caryophyllus cvs.) 308

English lady’s slipper (Cypripedium calceolus) 297

‘Erica coccinea?’ (Erica cf. cruenta) 301

‘Eryngium alpinum’ (Eryngium alpinum) 301, 301

‘Fothergilla of Solander’ (Fothergilla gardenii) 310

‘Fumaria Fungosa new species Climbing fumitory’ (Adlumia fungosa) 301–3

‘Galanthus nivalis’ (Galanthus nivalis) 304, 305

‘Geran:m Inquinans’ (Pelargonium inquinans) 311, 314

Gordonia lasianthus 306

‘Gorteria rigens’ (Gazania rigens) 310, 310

greater stitchwort (Stellaria holostea) 297

‘Helleborus fœtidus’ (Helleborus foetidus) 17

holly (Ilex aquifolium) 300

‘Hottonia Palustris’ (Hottonia palustris) 297, 297

Lathyrus sativus / blue chichling pea (Lathyrus sativus) 303

‘Lepidium Alpinum’ (Hornungia alpina) 306

Leucas zeylanica 306

‘Lily Daffodil’ (Amaryllis belladonna) 296

‘Liriodendron Tulipifera’ (Liriodendron tulipifera) 325

‘Lobelia Cardinalis’ (Lobelia cardinalis) 288, 290

‘Lobelia pubescens’ (Lobelia pubescens) 354

Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) 306

‘Magnolia grandiflora’ (Magnolia grandiflora) 302, 303

marsh marigold (Caltha palustris) 297

‘Mimosa arborea’ (Albizia julibrissin) 308

Mitella diphylla 306

‘Narcissus Tazetta a variety’ (Narcissus tazetta cv.) 300

‘Narcissus tazetta var: Polyanthos Narcisse’ (Narcissus tazetta cv.) 300

‘Nigella Damascena’ (Nigella damascena / love-in-a- mist) 288, 295, 295

‘Nymphæa alba’ (Nymphaea alba) 382

‘Olea odoratissima Soland.’ (Osmanthus fragrans) 306

‘Orphris Spiralis’ (Spiranthes spiralis) 316, 317

paperwhite (Narcissus papyraceus) 300

‘Parnassia palustris’ (Parnassia palustris / grass-of-Parnassus) 304, 382

Passiflora rubra 306

‘Philadelphus aromaticus Solander’ (Leptospermum scoparium / New Zealand ‘Manuka’) 310

‘Phlomis Leonurus’ (Leonotis leonurus) 306

‘Phlox Carolina’ (Phlox carolina) 296, 342

‘Phlox suaveolens’ (undetermined sub-species of Phlox maculata) 300, 342, 343

‘Phlox undulata’ (Phlox paniculata var.) 342

‘Physalis cretica’ (Physalis angulata) 308

‘Portlandia grandiflora’ (Portlandia grandiflora) 311, 312

‘Potentilla recta’ (Potentilla recta) 272, 306, 307, 308

‘Quercus Robur’ (Quercus robur) 304

‘Radbeckia laciniata . . . China Aster’ (Rudbeckia laciniata and Callistephus chinensis) 288, 291

red-flowered strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo f. rubra) 304

‘Rubus Cæsius’ (Rubus caesius) 306, 308

‘Sagina erecta’ (Moenchia erecta) 300, 360

‘Saxifraga granulata & Potentilla Alba cinquefoil’ (Oxalis acetosella and Potentilla sp.) 297

scarlet blood flower (Haemanthus coccineus) 301

‘Scarlet Geranium & Lobelia Cardinalis’ (Pelargonium fulgidum cv. and Lobelia cardinalis) 288, 290

‘Scarlet Geranium’ (Pelargonium fulgidum) 296

‘Sigesbeckia occidentalis’ (Verbesina occidentalis) 306, 307

spindle (Euonymus europaeus) 297

‘Stuartia’ (Stewartia malacodendron) 308

‘Tomentilla reptans’ (Potentilla anglica) 311

‘Trientalis Europæa’ / chickweed wintergreen (Trientalis europaea) 297

water crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis) 300

water forget-me-not (Myosotis scorpioides) 299

white and rose-coloured wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) 297

winter aconite (Eranthis hyemalis) 304

and Bute 301, 303

correspondence xix, 267, 315

and duchess of Portland 267, 273–4, 284, 298–9, 303, 311, 321, 324

and Ehret 23, 203, 269, 275, 297, 342

embroidered petticoat 265, 268, 270, 291, 314, 373

Flora Delanica see botanical collages above

and flowering times xvii, 300, 306, 359

and fungi 15, 275–8

and geraniums 122

and groves 222

and Kew 301, 304–6, 308–10, 324

life

at Bulstrode 202, 267–9, 273–7, 282–96, 300–10, 311–14, 321, 324

death 324–5

eye problems 311, 317–19

in London 13, 19, 262–3, 284–7, 285, 292, 308–10, 311–12, 323

widowhood 22, 269, 269, 270, 271, 274–5, 282, 292, 299, 348, 372, 373

and native wildflowers 93, 297, 299, 304, 311, 373, 382

and natural embroidery 190, 191–2

paintings and drawings:

‘Fort St Davids Bull’ 282, 283

The Secretary 345

A View of ye Beggars hut in Delville garden 191

pet bullfinch 4, 11–12, 285, 285, 344

and winter weather 262

Delany, Patrick 269, 270, 308, 345

Delosperma ecklonis 98, 99

Delville (Dublin) 191, 191, 222, 270, 357

demilunes 72, 73

Dent, William, ‘British Balloon and D**** Aerial Yacht’ 319

depression, and power of gardening 65, 73, 107

Derby Arboretum 356

Derham, William 359

Devis, Arthur:

Portrait of a Gentleman Netting Partridges 11

Sir John Shaw and his Family in the Park at Eltham Lodge 190, 223, 224

dewberry (Rubus caesius) 306, 308

Dewes, Mary Port (niece of Mary Delany) 274, 275–7, 285

Dianthus 169, 265

D. barbatus 139, 188, 190, 208

D. caryophyllus 308

D. superbus 296 see also carnation

diet, and purity 30–1

Dietzsch, Barbara Regina 18

Dighton, Robert, A Real Scene in St Paul’s Churchyard 24

Dillenius, J. J. 158, 177, 178

Hortus Elthamensis 87, 128, 142, 143–6, 144, 154

Dillman, John (gardener) 248

dimorphism, seasonal 181, 187

diseases:

and duchess of Beaufort 106–7

and Evelyn 50

dittany 83

Dixton Manor (Glos.) 369

Dobbs, Arthur 188, 195

Dodoens, Rembert 189

dogwood (Cornus florida) 240, 258

Dolichos lablab 121, 122

Donovan, Edward, Natural History of British Shells 336

Doody, Samuel 67, 85

Dowland, James, rough map of Bulstrode estate 276, 281–2, 281, 283

dragonfly, southern hawker (Aeshna cyanea) 384

Draper, Susanna (née Evelyn) 56

Draper, William 56

Driver, Samuel 354–5

Drosanthemum lique 90

droughts 172, 175, 212, 383, 417 n. 190

and Evelyn 42, 49

and harvests 22, 213, 216, 224

and White 23, 207–13, 214–16, 217–18, 220, 223–4

Dryden, John 35

Du Bois, Charles 148, 151

Duck, Stephen 369

Dundas, Sir Lawrence 211, 212

Dutfield, James 113, 113

Duthie, Ruth E. 65

Earthquake of 1750 195–8

earthworms 20, 372

and Evelyn 46, 47, 49, 365

and White 3, 8, 349, 365

wormcasts 3, 46, 49, 50, 365

East India Company, and collection of seeds 86, 88, 148, 396 n. 77

Eberlanzia spinosa 90

Eden, re-creation 14, 15, 127, 128, 133, 229, 231, 306, 359

Edmondson, John 339, 341, 354

Edwards, George 18, 139

Gleanings of Natural History 242, 251

‘The Great White Owl’ 242

A Natural History of Uncommon Birds 5, 178, 192, 192, 233, 241–2, 251–2, 344, 370, 372

‘Peacock Pheasant from China’ 255

‘Quagga’ 248, 250

‘Summer Duck of Catesby’ 242

Edwards, Sydenham 333

‘Pulmonaria maritima’ 364

‘Saxifraga Oppositifolia’ 380

Ehret, Georg Dionysius 16, 18, 145, 172–3, 172, 271, 333

and Delany 23, 203, 269, 275, 297, 342

as drawing tutor 192, 198–200, 199, 202, 278, 279

and duchess of Portland 73, 177, 187, 194, 197, 202–4, 203, 271, 275, 284

and fungi 278, 278–80

and Linnaeus 22, 173, 174, 196, 197, 200

and native plants 172–3

paintings, drawings and engravings:

‘Azalea nudiflora’ vi

‘Butomus umbellatus’ 93, 203

Campsis radicans 126

Collinsonia canadenis 160

Epigaea repens 281

‘Fungus pulverulentus’ 278

‘Ludwigia’ 193, 194

Magnolia acuminata 162, 163

Magnolia grandiflora iv–v, 129, 130, 131, 148, 151–2, 152–4, 160, 181, 193

Magnolia tripetala 161–3, 161–2

‘Martynia perennis’ (Gloxinia perennis) 193, 196, 197, 353

Phlox 342, 342

‘Pinus Americana’ 240

Rhododendron maximum 159

Self-Portrait 199

stinkhorn (Phallus impudicus) 15, 278, 280

‘white spruce fir and black spruce fir’ 164, 194

publications:

Deliciae botanicae 194, 197, 333

Plantae et papiliones rariores 173–5, 174, 192–4, 193, 196, 197, 200–2, 202, 271, 352, 353

‘Rare Fruits and Seeds Collected and Drawn by G. D. Ehret’ 177, 179

sketchbooks 193–4, 194, 195, 196

electricity, experiments with 195–8, 198, 319–20, 320

Ellacombe, Henry Nicholson 394 n. 7

Elliott, Brent xvii, 20

Ellis, John 162–3, 256, 293

and zoophytes 293, 294

Eltham 89, 98, 138, 143–6; see also Dillenius, J. J.; Sherard, James

embroidery:

natural 18, 173, 178, 187–92, 188, 202, 207, 223–4, 227

silk 265, 266, 267, 275, 291, 295, 295, 314, 373

entertainments, as virtù 281–93

entomology xvi

and women 69, 109 see also insects

Epigaea repens 281

Epilobium adnatum 423 n. 168

Erica cf. cruenta 301

Eryngium alpinum 301, 301

eryngo:

blue (Eryngium amethystinum) 99, 99

field (Eryngium campestre) 99, 99

Erysimum cheiri cv. 311

Erythrina corallodendrum 400 n. 218

Eucomis regia 122

Eupatorium purpureum 257

Evelyn, John 28, 45, 99

and birds 238

and clouds 362

and Bishop Compton 59–60, 101

continental travels 36–9

deaths of children 30, 42, 53, 56

and emblematic resemblances 115

garden tools and implements 47–9, 50

and grove 189

and Little Ice Age 42–5, 54, 359

A Map of Deptford 36

and networks 4–5, 11

and purity 30–1, 44, 53, 55, 56–61, 61, 359, 374, 383

records 20

and whale strandings 23, 33–5, 35, 36, 56

winter of 1683–1684 39–42, 134, 383

and women 335

writings:

Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets 30, 53

Elysium Britannicum vii, 5, 7, 29–31, 33, 35, 43–4, 47–9, 49, 51–2, 52–4, 57, 59–61, 60, 96, 189, 191, 329–30, 360, 374

The French Gardiner 33

Fumifugium vii, 23, 25, 30, 35–6, 37, 42, 57

Kalendarium hortense 30, 46, 49–50, 55–6, 57, 103

Sylva 29, 46, 57, 71, 131, 189, 303, 304 see also Sayes Court

Evelyn, Mary (née Browne) 28, 29–30, 33, 42, 46, 55

evergreens, hardy 229, 263

exotics:

acclimatization 129, 133–8, 145, 148–59, 163–5, 190, 258

at Goodwood 127, 239, 240, 242, 244, 249, 255

and White 238, 259

American 131–4, 141, 152–5, 154, 204, 231, 238, 241–2, 244

animals 231–4, 241–4, 247

and Collinson 214

and commerce 22, 66, 128–9, 131–9, 135, 145, 146, 159, 229, 231

and duchess of Portland 296

and duke of Richmond 238–40

and greenhouses 22, 30, 66, 83–6, 97, 101, 121

and indigenous plants 333

and Kew 251, 255–8, 269

and Wager 131, 159

Fairchild, Thomas (nurseryman) 22, 96, 127, 134, 138–9, 144, 155–7, 156

The City Gardener 132–3

and Vegetable Sermons 128, 139, 159–60

false hellebore, black (Veratrum nigrum) 211

favours 134–43, 146, 160, 164–5, 240, 352, 363

and Catesby 134–8, 141, 145

and Knowlton 137, 138, 141, 142, 155, 158, 160, 358

Ferdinand II, grand duke of Tuscany 360

ferme ornée 178, 405 n. 25

Ferrers, Baroness (Lady Charlotte Townshend) xvi, 150, 340

Festing, Sally 234, 267

Fetherstonhaugh, Sarah 201

Plants and Animals in a Landscape 192, 192

Ficoides 90, 99

Ficus 99

americana (F. benghalensis) 99, 256

Opuntia 99

field cricket (Gryllus campestris) xviii, 7, 7, 8, 11, 20, 218–19, 385

Filipendula rubra 256, 257

Filmer, Sir Robert, Patriarcha 107

Fisherwick Park 278, 279

flamingo, American (Phoenicopterus ruber) xiv, 134

Fletcher, Henry (after Casteels) 136

Flitcroft, Henry 275

florilegium (painted flower album) 59, 61, 61, 67 see also Badminton House; Marshal, Alexander

Floris, Hendrik (carpenter) 55, 104

florists’ flowers 84, 97

and Augusta, princess of Wales 252

and duchess of Beaufort 22, 66, 78–9, 78, 81, 84, 97, 108, 120, 121–2, 136, 399 n. 200

and species survival 298

flower gardening, and women 14–15, 18, 22, 66, 78–83

flowering times:

and calendar reform xvii–xviii

and North American imports 155

records 20, 133, 165, 188–9, 300, 306, 359, 401 n. 31

and weather xvii, 20–1, 165, 188–9, 300, 306, 316, 317

foist (watering truck) 48, 49, 51

Forbes, Mary (née Capel) 122, 192, 200, 202, 284

A Cabbage-Leaf Filled with Field-Flowers 200, 288

Ford, Lisa 270

forget-me-not, water (Myosotis scorpoides) 59

Forsyth, William 334

fossils, and duchess of Portland 293

Foster, Henry 243–4

Foster, Paul G. M. 423 n. 148

and calendar reform xvii-xviii

and White xix, 5, 6, 9–10, 11, 350, 358, 388 n. 1b, 425 n. 243

Fothergill, John 235, 238, 243, 257, 304–6, 310, 340, 402 n. 83

Fothergilla gardenii 310

foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) 333

Frankcom, Daniel 90, 108, 109, 122, 194, 394 n. 8

training by Kick 65, 78, 112, 116

Franklin, Benjamin 20, 152, 216

and electricity 195–6, 198

and manned balloon flights 318–19

and volcanic activity 314–15

Fraser, F. C. 391 n. 29

Fraser, John 342

Frederick, prince of Wales 13, 128, 234, 248, 261, 269

friendship see networks

Frith, William 71

fritillaria:

F. crassa (Stapelia pulvinata) 90

Orbea variegata 99

frog, tree frog (Hyla cinerea cinerea) 165

Frost Fairs 18, 20, 40, 42, 157

fruit:

and diet 30–1

in greenhouses and conservatories 53–5, 61, 177

protection 50, 52–3, 54

and weather 187, 202–4, 215, 220

Fuchs, Leonhart 91, 189

Fucus palmatus 294

fumitory:

climbing (Adlumia fungosa) 301–3

Fumaria officinalis 374

fungi:

and Delany 275–8

and Ehret 278, 278 see also stinkhorn

Furber, Robert (nurseryman) 13, 128, 134–8, 141, 145, 401 n. 35

Twelve Months of Flowers 15, 78, 134, 136, 140, 144, 145, 148, 155, 165, 193, 314, 352

Twelve Plates with Figures of Fruit 215

Gainsborough, Thomas, Coplestone Warre Bampfield as Colonel of the Somerset Militia 171

Galeopsis versicolor 355

garden tools and implements 47–9, 50

gardeners:

conditions for 352, 354–5, 354

landscape see Brown, Lancelot ‘Capability’; Kent, William

as naturalists 374–83 see also Adams, George; Knowlton, Thomas; Oram, William

Gardeners, Worshipful Company 138–9

Gardenia, double-flowered 257

gardening, as restorative 30, 58, 65, 107

gardens:

American 125, 127, 129

apothecary 30

Continental influence 72

garden design 344, 374

natural 3

vernacular 13 see also physic gardens

garnishing 169, 189–91, 190, 191, 223–4, 224, 227

Garrick, David 216, 217

Garzoni, Giovanna 18

Gazania rigens 310, 310

gentian 208

Gentiana pneumonanthe 91

geometry, and natural gardens 3–4, 5

George III, king 301, 301, 311

Geraniologia 341

geranium 341–2

Cape 121

G. macrorrhizum 288 see also pelargonium

Gerard, John 91

germander, Spanish tree 137

Gibbs, James 115

gift-giving 292, 294–5, 303

Gilbert, Samuel 82

Gillmore, Joseph, Map of Great and Little Badminton 115

Gilpin, William 254, 323, 357–8

Picturesque beauty 321

Glanville, Eleanor 69, 107, 109, 340

and butterflies 66, 111, 112–13, 120, 344

Gleditsia aquatica 257

globe amaranth (Gomphrena globosa) 90, 101, 121

Glottiphyllum difforme 98, 99

Gloxinia perennis 193

goldenrod 187, 202

goldfinches 258, 346

caged 12, 261

Golinski, Jan 18, 362

Goodwood Park 213

American grove 239, 240, 242, 244, 249, 255

Catacombs 233, 234, 244, 245, 246, 247

menagerie 23, 38, 233–4, 233, 237, 242–6, 349

moose 23, 232, 237, 238, 258, 263, 350

N. American plants 159, 164, 194, 241–2

shell grotto 233–4

wilderness 239

Gordon, James (nurseryman) 22, 159, 231, 352–4, 402 n. 67

and Collinson 161

and Kew 255–6, 256

and Lord Petre 129, 155, 158–9

Gordonia lasianthus 306

gossamer showers 8–10, 9, 11, 325, 360

Gower, dowager countess 284, 287, 292, 303, 303, 306, 308, 348 see also Bill Hill

Granger, James 349

grass snake 375

grass-of-parnassus (Parnassia palustris) 304, 382

grasses 112

depiction 93, 94

meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis) 364

Graves, Richard 171, 221, 222

Gray, Christopher 160, 231

A Catalogue of American Trees and Shrubs 152, 152, 154–5

Great Storm (1703) xvii, 18, 112–13, 317, 383

and Badminton 22, 69, 71, 71, 75–6, 102

and Evelyn 39, 56–7, 70, 76, 131, 362

long-term impact 131, 132

track 69

greenhouse 57, 61

and exotics 22, 30, 66, 83–6, 97, 101, 121

fenestration 102–4, 103

heating 55–6, 55, 57, 66

and Pelargonium 341, 342

and perpetual spring 22, 30, 54, 60, 101, 120, 164, 374

at Sayes Court 22, 30, 46, 46, 53–6

Greening, Robert (garden designer) 248–9, 251

Greenwich 43

Gresham College 85

Grey, Booth 306, 311

‘Calceolaria Fothergilea’ 341, 341

‘Phlox suaveolens’ 342, 343

Griffier, Jan the Younger, The Thames during the Great Frost of 1739 19, 157

Griffing, Lawrence R. 397 n. 121

Griffiths, Mrs A. W. 337

Grignion, Charles (after Burney), frontispiece to Portland Catalogue 277

Grimm, Samuel Hieronymus 173, 301, 303

Bulstrode 281, 282, 282

Drawing for Gilbert White’s Natural History 218

drawing of Hay Meadow 219

Grotto in the Park at Bulstrode 284

North East Selborne from the Short Lythe 386–7

‘A South East View of the Green Dale Oak near Welbeck’ 304

South View of Selborne Church 6

View of Portland Bill, Dorset 285

A View of Selborne from the Inside of the New Hermitage 10

Gronovius, John Frederick 202

grove 27, 33, 35, 45, 164, 190

American 235, 238, 239, 240, 242, 244, 249, 257, 281, 282

and birds 350

and coppice 173, 187

enamelled 187–92, 200

and lawn 188–9

and menagerie 231

and shrubbery 21–2, 125, 169, 171–3, 175, 181–7, 190–1, 214, 220–3

Grove House (Old Windsor) 150, 190, 190, 277

Grove, John, plan of Sayes Court 45

guava:

Psidium guajava 63, 89, 101–2, 107

Psidium guineense 114

gum, black (Nyssa sylvatica) 240

Gymnocladus dioica 257

Hadham Hall (Herts.) 77

Halesia carolina 257

Haller, Albrecht von:

Bibliotheca botanica 292

Historia stirpium indigenarum Helvetiae inchoata 304

Hamblyn, Richard 362, 395 nn. 20,25

Hamilton, Ann (née Heathcote) 192, 200

Hamilton, Charles 7, 8, 188, 198

Hamilton, Mary 317–19, 321

Hampton Court Palace:

exotics 71, 86

glass houses 55, 57, 66, 85, 104

Hanmer, Thomas 84

harebell 265

Harlow, James 88

Harris, Frances 30

Harris, John 172, 404 n. 12

Harris, Moses, The Aurelian xvi, 111, 150, 201, 340, 402 n. 57

Hartlib, Samuel 108, 118

hart’s-tongue fern (Asplenium scolopendrium var. cristatum) 90–3, 92

Hartwell House (Bucks.):

gardens 121, 121, 344, 352

‘middle patch’ 327

‘round bed’ 327

harvests:

and droughts 22, 213, 216, 224

and heavy rain 259

Harvey, John 128

Hatton, Christopher 104

Haverfield, John 249, 252, 257, 411 nn. 116,132

hawkmoth see moth, hawkmoth

Haworth, A. H., Lepidoptera Britannica 337

Hayden, Ruth 267

haymaking 151, 182, 214, 277, 367–9, 368, 369, 370

head gardener 344, 345, 383

Head, Henry 70–1, 76

heartsease 192

heath, St Dabeoc’s (Daboecia cantabrica) 296

Hedysarum coronarium 396 n. 56

Helianthus giganteus 121, 121, 327

hellebore 189

stinking (Helleborus foetidus) 17, 165

helleborine:

Americana (Bletia purpurea) 148

broad (Epipactis helleborine) 418 n. 246

Epipactis sp. 275

Henrey, Blanche 129

Henstenburgh, Anton, various types of shells 339

Hepatica 180, 189

H. nobilis 54

herbals 91, 93, 101

herbarium see hortus siccus

Hermann, Paul 55, 87

Paradisus batavus 67

Hertford, Frances, countess 5, 18, 177, 187, 190, 218

Hesperides (citrus fruit album) 59

Hestercombe (Som.):

Cascade Lawn 191, 222

groves 169, 171, 171, 221–3

re-plantings 173

hibernation, of birds 346, 348

Hibiscus:

H. syriacus 207

H. vitifolius 76, 76

Hill, John 14, 158, 249, 256, 306

General Natural History 198

On the Virtues of Sage 160

Twenty-Five New Plants 256, 256, 257

The Useful Family Herbal 17 383

The Vegetable System 292, 379

Hill, Tom 244, 245

Hoare, Henry 171, 222, 222, 315

Hoare, William, Lady Emily Lennox in Masquerade Costume 247

Hogarth, William, The Graham Children 12, 261, 370, 372

holly (Ilex aquifolium) 300

hollyhock 255

yellow double (Alcea rosea cv.) 311, 313

Holm, Saemund Magnussen, Om Jordbranden paa Island i Aaret 1783 316

Homes, Nathaniel 349

Hondius, Abraham, The Frost Fair of 1684 40, 41

honeysuckle (Lonicera) 169, 190–2, 190, 191, 223–4, 227, 314, 383

American 207, 209–10

trumpet (L. sempervirens) 207, 211, 396 n. 58

Honington Hall (Warks.) 181, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227

Hooke, Robert 93, 329

‘Blue Fly’ 9

‘Eye of a Fly’ 2, 9, 52

and weather monitoring 360, 362, 363

Hope, John 161, 162, 251, 256–7

Hornungia alpina 306, 308

Hortus Collinsonianus 257

Hortus Elthamensis 87, 128, 142, 143–6, 144, 154

hortus hyemalis (winter garden) 36, 59

hortus siccus (dried garden) 11, 36, 59, 66, 213

and duchess of Beaufort 64, 65, 67, 70, 81, 86, 87–97

and Mary Delany see Delany, Mary (née Granville), botanical collages

Horwood, Catherine 374, 383

hot beds 83, 86

hounds tongue (Omphalodes cappadocica) 300

Houston, William 196

Hovel, Etheldred 141

Howard, Luke 23, 359–62, 361, 363

Howard, Sir George 311, 339, 340

Huddesford, William 336, 336, 382

Hudson Bay Company 20

Hudson, William, Flora anglica 23, 275–7, 298, 298

hummingbird:

red-throated 241

ruby topaz (Chrysolampis mosquitus) 114

Hunt, David 394 n. 7

Hunt, John Dixon 3, 11

Hunter, Alexander 303, 304

Hunter, William 233, 409 n. 22

hunting, and observation 8–9, 11

Hurdis, James 369

Hutchins, Ellen 337

Huxley, Robert 336

Huyberts, Cornelis 39

hyacinth:

H. orientalis 255, 259

Scilla peruviana 98, 99–101

Hyde, Elizabeth 15

Hydnum species 278, 279, 281

Hyett, Banjamin 174, 182

Ichneumon wasp 116, 116, 118, 119, 120, 294, 395

India, plants and seeds from 86, 90

Ingram, John E. xix

insects:

and cabinets of curiosities 59

and duchess of Portland 294, 321

and Evelyn 383

and fruit damage 50

and Knowlton 139, 140

and Merian 115–16

and White 308, 314, 349 see also butterflies

Inula candida 99

itea, I. virginica 256

Jacson, Maria 383

Jago, Richard 78, 350

James, George, Georg Dionysius Ehret 172, 271

Japan, plants and seeds from 145–6

jasmine:

Cestrum diurnum 172

white 190, 192

yellow

Jasminum fruticans 177, 179

Jasminum humile 177, 179

jay, Eurasian (Garrulus glandarius) 54

Jekyll, Gertrude 344, 374

Jenkin, Jane 107

Jennings, Miss (pupil of Mrs Delany) 311

Johnson, Cornelius, Arthur, 1st Baron Capel and his Family 76, 77

Johnson, Thomas, Enumeratio plantarum in ericeto Hampstediano 298

Jones, E. L. 11, 18, 405 nn. 39,40

Jorry, Sebastian, Recueil de traité sur l’electricité 320

juniper:

J. communis 83

J. sabina 41

J. virginiana 238

Kaempfer, Englebert, History of Japan 144, 145, 146

Kalmia:

K. angustifolia 158, 159, 162

K. latifolia 229

Kell, P. E. 65

Kent, William 3, 4, 115, 284, 329

and Carlton House 13, 248

Kew 12, 14, 23, 85, 349

algal herbarium 294 and Banks 301, 342

Chinese aviary and flower garden 23, 234–5, 238, 247, 248, 251–3, 252, 255–7, 260, 269, 342

as Eden 14, 15, 235, 254, 255, 258, 261, 292, 403 n. 137

Exotic Garden 251, 301

Great Stove 251

menagerie 238, 248, 250 and Mrs Delany 301, 304–6, 308–10, 324

Pagoda 251, 254, 255, 258

Palladian Bridge 254

Physic Garden 251

Temple of the Sun 251

Temple of Victory 254

wilderness 249, 251, 255

key, dichotomous 94

Kick, Everhard (Kickius) 18, 22

Badminton florilegium 89–99

Abelmoschus esculentus 87

Aeonium arboreum 101, 102

Asparagus 92

Bulbine frutescens 68, 89, 89

Cnicus ferox 98

Datura stramonium 100, 101

Delosperma ecklonis 98, 99

and duchess of Beaufort 64, 67, 69, 75–6, 86, 108, 120–1, 242

and emblematic knowledge 70, 107

Eryngium amethystinum 99

Eryngium campestre 99

Galanthus nivalis 100

Glottiphyllum difforme 98, 99

Gomphocarpus fruticosus 89

Hibiscus vitifolius viii–ix, 76, 76

Ipomoea coccinea 121

Onopordum acanthium 98

Pelargonium peltatum 122, 339, 340

Pelargonium sp. 123

Primula auricula 80–1

Primula vulgaris 99

Psidium guajava 101–2

Salvia pratensis 95

Saxifraga oppositifolia 381

Saxifraga paniculata 100

Scilla peruviana 98, 99, 101

Scolymus hispanicus 98, 99, 101

Silene acaulis 96

and Frankcom 65, 78, 111, 112, 116

and Sloane 76, 89, 121

Kilburn, William 1, 93, 298, 333, 337

textile design 338

Killigrew, William 104

Kip, Jan and Knyff, Leonard, Britannia illustrata:

Badminton House 71, 72, 73, 73, 75, 76, 104

Beaufort House 78, 78, 79

Kirby, Joshua/William, View of the Pagoda, the Mosque,

Alhambra & Ruins from the Temple of Victory 258

Kirkall, Elisha:

Coreopsis lanceolata (after van Huysum) 156

as engraver 352

passion-flower (Passiflora serratifolia) (after van Huysum) 143

Pelargonium inquinans (after van Huysum) 148–9

Phlox carolina (after van Huysum) 144, 145

Tropaeolum majus (after van Huysum) 137

knapweed (Centaurea nigra) 93, 94

Kneller, Sir Godfrey:

Portrait of John Evelyn 46

Sir Charles Wager 147

Knowlton, Thomas (gardener):

and birds 139

and Blackburne 162–3

and Collinson 140

and double nasturtium 137, 138, 139

and Eltham 129, 138, 143–6

and exchange of favours 137, 138, 141, 142, 155, 158, 160, 358

and insects 139, 140

and Sherard 129, 138, 143

Lady’s bedstraw, yellow (Galium verum) 365

lady’s slipper:

American (Cypripedium reginae) 296, 296

English (Cypripedium calceolus) 297

lady’s smock (Cardamine pratensis) 379

lady’s tresses (Spiranthes spirales) 316, 317

Laird, Mark:

Badminton conservatory 63

and Langley’s planting scheme 125

Middle Patch at Hartwell House 327

reconstruction of embroidery panel 265

Round Bed at Hartwell House 327

Sayes Court plans 1, 27

schematic diagram for a plantation 229

Strawberry Hill shrubbery 169

Lamb, H. H. 392 n. 70

landscape history 21, 374

Langley, Batty 178, 189–90, 191, 224

New Principles of Gardening 125, 133–4, 190

lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) 222

larkspur, double 208, 373

Latin:

knowledge of 88, 109

publications in 111, 113, 127, 129, 143, 193–4, 238

lawn:

care 47, 48, 50

as carpet 3, 46, 47, 49, 50, 171, 191, 192

and drought 220, 224

mowing 46–9

and natural embroidery 187–9, 188, 191, 223

and seasons 181–7

Lawrence, Thomas, Portrait of Mrs Delany 324

Lawson, William 50

Le Cocq, Mrs 285, 303, 337

Le Nôtre, André 5, 37

Leapman, Michael 401 n. 41

The Leasowes 171, 171, 173, 222

Lee, James (nurseryman) 13, 311, 352–4

Lee, Lady Elizabeth 22, 121, 121, 271, 399 n. 214

and widowhood 122, 327, 344 see also Hartwell House

Lee, Sir William 327

Lely, Peter, Mary, Marchioness of Worcester and later Duchess of Beaufort 64

Lennox, Emily (later countess of Kildare) 234, 245–6, 247, 247, 253, 349

Leonardi, Vincenzo 38

Leucas zeylandica 306

Lever, Sir Ashton, Museum 356–8, 356, 358

Lewin, William, The Birds of Great Britain 344, 345, 346, 350, 368, 382

L’Héritier de Brutelle, Charles Louis 341

Lhwyd, Edward 95

lichen, umbilicated 285

Lightfoot, Revd John (botanist) 13, 269, 297, 324, 336

in Cornwall 293–4

and Curtis 298, 364, 379, 380 death 323

Flora Scotica 284, 294, 323

and Mrs Delany 278, 282, 310, 311

Philosophical Cabinet 284, 284, 359, 363

plant supplies 311, 312 at Portland Bill 285, 287–8, 303

in Scotland 97, 288, 292, 293, 296, 323, 324, 380

and transit of Venus 274

in Wales 292–3, 296, 323 see also Catalogue of the Portland Museum

lightning conductors 198, 198, 216

lilac, Persian (Syringa x persica) 58, 396 n. 58

lily:

Barbados (Hippeastrum striatum) 85–6

Jacobean (Sprekelia formosissima) 178, 181, 186, 207, 209–11

Lilium superbum 202

Turk’s cap (Lilium chalcedonicum) 61

lily daffodil (Amaryllis belladonna) 296

lily-of-the-valley 265

lime tree (Tilia sp.) xvi, 169

Linnaeus, Carl:

and Banks 273

and Bute 292

and Catesby 400 n. 12

and Collinson 160, 177, 200, 202–4, 213–14, 348, 403 n. 119

and Dillenius 142

and Ehret 22, 173, 174, 196, 197, 200

plant classification 238, 277, 277, 298, 298

and shell classification 337

Linnean Society 334

linnet 238, 252–3, 258–9, 349

lion’s ear/lion’s tail (Leonotis leonurus) 164, 167, 306

Lister, Martin, Historiae conchyliorum 336, 336

Little Ice Age 1, 18, 30, 42–5, 54, 133, 359, 383

Llanover, Lady, autobiography of Mary Delany xix, 267, 415 n. 105

lobelia:

L. cardinalis 155, 193, 195, 288, 290, 396 n. 57

L. pubescens 354

L. siphilitica 155

locust:

Great Brown (Locusta migratoria migratoria) 178, 178, 383

‘Locusta Germanicus’ (Gryllus campestris) 7, 385

Loddiges, Conrad, The Botanical Cabinet 97

London:

Deptford 36, 37, 43, 61

Frost Fairs 18, 20, 40, 42, 157

and gardening culture 12–13

locust swarm of 1748 177, 198, 383

Pantheon Masquerade 285, 286, 299

pollution 23, 35–6, 37, 57–9, 58, 59, 127, 132–3, 157, 259, 417 n. 240

London, George 55, 67, 85, 85, 86, 95, 104, 121, 276

London, Henrietta 108, 109, 394 n. 8, 399 n. 200

longevity, human 151, 160, 164–5

Longleat House:

menagerie 315

shrubbery 191

Longstaffe-Gowan, Todd 13

loosestrife, yellow (Lysimachia) 87

lorikeet (lory) 282, 292

Loudon, Jane 351, 374

Loudon, John Claudius 121, 161, 342, 345

Gardener’s Magazine 351–2

Magazine of Natural History 351, 352, 363

and public access to knowledge 356

love-in-a-mist (Nigella damascena) 265, 288, 295, 295

Ludwigia (L. alternifolia) 193, 194

Lummis, Trevor and Marsh, Jan 355

Luton Park (Beds.):

and Bute 292, 301, 342

and Mrs Delany 304, 308, 311

Luxborough, Lady Henrietta St-John Knight 18, 173, 177–8, 349

and Shenstone 177–8, 181, 188, 407 n. 157

shrubbery 181, 188, 214

Lybbe Powys, Mrs Philip 296, 297

Lyttleton, Charles, bishop of Carlisle 213

Macaronis 285, 286, 287

McCann, Timothy 233

McClain, Molly 65

Macclesfield, George Parker, 2nd earl 200, 202

Mackenzie, Alexander 20

Mackenzie, Margaret 359

Maclean, Norman xviii

Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) 306

magnolia:

M. acuminata 154, 160, 161, 163

M. grandiflora iv–v, 129, 130, 131, 134, 146, 147, 148, 151–2, 152–5, 157, 157, 160–1, 181, 193, 242, 292, 302, 303, 383

M. tripetala 146, 154, 161–3, 161–2, 202

M. virginiana 85, 85, 86, 146, 154, 160, 161, 202

maidenhair fern (Adiantum capillus-veneris) 95

Malabar nut (Justicia adhotada) 63, 90, 397 n. 144

Malchair, John Baptist 220

Mansfield, John (gardener) 79, 85, 108

Manuka (Leptrospermum scoparium) 310

maple, silver (Acer saccharinum; Wager’s Maple) 131, 148, 160, 240

Marsh, Mary/Martha 104, 109

marsh marigold (Caltha palustris) 297, 359

double (Plena) 396 n. 56

marsh woundwort (Stachys palustris) 355, 370

Marshal, Alexander 18, 108, 333

florilegium frontis., 38, 59, 374

auriculas 82

Austrian copper rose frontis., 59

black mulberry and spider 32, 52

bloodhound 55

carnations 84

damask rose 59

dead Eurasian jay 54

dead yellowhammer 42

double anemone 83

field pea 58

mulleins 60

and native flora 93, 93, 203

primula vulgaris 55, 83

puss moth larva 116, 118, 118

seasonal arrangement 22, 79, 79, 93, 99, 99

snail and cockchafer 366

snapdragon 60

southern hawker dragonfly 384

swallowtail butterfly 51 tulip 58

Turk’s cap lily 61 vapourer moth 51

water forget-me-not 59

Flowers in a Delft Jar 108

Martin, Alison 379–83

Martyn, John:

Botanical Society 127–8, 333

Historia plantarum rariorum 127, 128, 133, 137, 143–5, 146, 196, 342, 382

sponsors 136, 141, 143, 144, 148, 156

Martyn, Thomas 337–8

The Universal Conchologist 338, 339

Marvell, Andrew 367, 368, 372

Marybone Park (Glos.) 181, 184–5

Meader, James, Planter’s Guide 229

meadow:

disappearance xviii

and lawn 173

as metaphor 367–74

meanings, emblematic 5, 70, 99, 107, 115

medicine, and duchess of Beaufort 107

Melianthus major 101

melon 103, 106, 217, 218

menagerie 231

Bulstrode 262, 275, 281–2, 283

Goodwood 23, 233–4, 233, 237, 242–6, 349

Kew 238, 248, 250

Longleat 315

and zoo 335

Merian, Maria Sibylla 5, 18, 66, 69, 102

Branch of Guava Tree with Ants, Spiders and Hummingbird 114

and butterflies 16, 107, 109, 109, 110, 113–16, 119

Der Raupen 113, 116, 117, 118, 120

Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium 111, 111, 112, 115–16, 115, 117

meteor (1783) 270, 316–18, 359, 363

meteorology 329, 362

and amateurs 330

and clouds 23, 359–62

and topographical art 22, 207–14, 212

and White 7, 216, 218, 258, 359–60, 384

mice:

long-tailed field mouse 367, 367, 369

trapping 31, 50

Michaelmas daisy 155, 167, 187, 202

mignonette, Egyptian (Reseda odorata) 193

Mill Hill (Mdx) 164, 198, 296, 371

and American species 231

magnolias 160–2, 162

and weather xviii

Millenium Hall (novel) 234, 247, 253, 258, 262, 349

Miller, John, Illustratio systematis sexualis Linnaei 238

Miller, Philip 7, 98, 145, 159, 161, 240, 256, 342

and Bulstrode 281

and Catalogus plantarum 135, 138–9

and Ehret 193

Figures of Plants 152, 195

and flowering times 20, 401 n. 31

Gardeners Dictionary 135, 139, 151, 159, 163, 193–4, 411 n. 138

The Gardener’s Kalendar xvii

Milles, Jeremiah 408 n. 10

minerals, collection 38, 59, 267, 282, 285, 292–5

Mitchella repens 411 n. 148

Mitella diphylla 306

Moira Desmene (Co. Down), conservatory 88

moles, elimination 31, 46, 48, 50, 52

monkshood (Aconitum napellus) 51, 296

Monson, Lady Anne 374

Montagu, Elizabeth Robinson 246, 282, 298–9, 354, 410 n. 83

Montagu, Frederick 320

Montagu, George 344–5

Ornithological Dictionary 336–7

Testacea Britannica 336, 337

Montgolfier brothers 318

Moor Park (Herts.) 211, 212, 216, 217, 330

moose (Alces alces), Goodwood 23, 232, 237, 238, 258, 263, 350

Morden, Robert, plan of county of Essex 43

Morin, Pierre 34, 35, 59, 252, 255

Morison, Robert:

Plantarum historia universalis Oxoniensis 141

Plantarum umbelliferarum 141

Moritz, Karl Phillip 24

morning glory (Ipomoea sp.) 193

Mosse, Jonathan (Evelyn’s gardener) 46–9, 47, 52–3

moth:

goat moth (Cossus cossus) 375

hawkmoth:

death’s-head (Acherontia atropos) 306, 308

eyed (Smerinthus ocellatus) 118, 119

lime (Mimas tiliae) xvi

privet (Sphinx ligustri) 118, 118

mullein (Cucullia verbasci) 61, 61

Phalena graminis 364

puss moth (Cerura vinula) 109, 116, 118, 118

vapourer (Orgyia antiqua) 51

Muffet (Moffet), Thomas 116

mulberry:

black (Morus niger) 32, 52

paper (Broussonetia papyrifera) 145

mullein:

moth (Verbascum blattaria) 60, 61

V. lychnitis 60

V. nigrum 60

V. phoeniceum 60

Mulso, John 6

Mundy, Peter, ‘Whale in the Thames’ 35, 36

Munroe, Jennifer 65

Müntz, Johann Heinrich 211

Mynde, J. 195

myrtle (Myrtus communis) 83, 265

Naming of plants:

and eternity 160, 160

problems with 86–97, 98, 300, 342, 400 n. 8

nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) 83, 97, 190–1, 191

double 134–8, 137

natural history:

as community 6

division 3, 22, 344–8

new beginnings 334–5

and women 14–15, 16, 18, 22, 24, 109–20, 140–1, 298–9, 329, 335–7 see also birds; botany; butterflies; entomology; insects; ornithology

Naumann, Johann Andreas 348

Nelson, Charles 401 n. 35

nettle, stinging (Urtica dioica) 118, 119, 192

networks 4–5, 11, 24, 143–8, 148–51, 157–65, 171, 194–5, 363

and Catesby 131–2

and Collinson 132

and Curtis 363–5

and Delany 13, 292

and Evelyn 4–5, 11

and favours 134–43, 145, 146, 160, 164–5, 240, 352, 358

and gift-giving 292, 294–5, 303

and John Bartram 132

natural 365

and Sherard 131

and Wager 131, 132

and White 23, 363 see also Bartram, John; Beaufort, Mary Somerset, duchess; Catesby, Mark; Collinson, Peter; Delany, Mary; Evelyn, John; Glanville, Eleanor; Portland, Margaret Cavendish Bentinck, 2nd duchess; Richmond, Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke; Sherard, William; Wager, Sir Charles; White, Gilbert

Newcastle, Margaret Cavendish, duchess 349, 365, 370

nightingale 41–2

Nisbet, Euan 20

Nodder, Frederick Polydore, ‘Syzgium suborbiculare’ 274

North, Roger 73, 395 n. 44

nurseries, commercial 13, 14, 135, 136, 138–9, 159, 163, 231

Nymphaea alba 382

Oak:

Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera) 398 n. 163

Quercus robur 304

Oatlands, menagerie 262

Offley Park (Herts.) 139

okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) 87

O’Neale, Jefferyes Hammett (attrib.), ‘Scotch Paradise a View of the Bute-full Garden of Eden borough’ 261

O’Neill, Jean and McLean, Elizabeth 402 n. 57

Opie, John, Mary Delany 320

Opuntia curassavica 90

Oram, William (gardener) 79, 81, 83–5, 85, 108, 352

orange blossom 255

orangeries 06, 54, 55, 56, 57, 61, 79, 86, 97, 102

orchard oriole (Icterus spurius) 145

orchid 148

bee (Ophrys apifera) 298

bird’s-nest (Neottia nidus-avis) 139, 316 see also helleborine; lady’s slipper

ornithology 3, 42, 242, 330, 336–7, 344–8, 349–50 see also birds; songbirds

Osmanthus fragrans 306, 310

Oswego tea (Monarda didyma) 193, 194

owl, Great White 241–2, 242

Oxford, Edward Harley, 2nd earl 141, 141

Oxford Physic Garden 200

Paeonia mascula 99

pagoda 184

Painshill Park (Surrey) 5, 7, 20, 385

plan 8

Painswick House (Glos.) 175, 175–6, 181, 182, 186–7, 204, 205

Palma Christi (Ricinus communis) 121

Palmer, Samuel, Study of Clouds 361, 363

Palmer, William, ‘Twenty-Five Miles Round London’ 289, 309

Parkinson, John 87, 91

Parkinson, Sydney, ‘Syzgium suborbiculare’ 274

parks, public access to 351, 352, 356

Parnell, John 8

parrot, Jonquil 275

partridges, hunting 11, 12

passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) 179

passion-flower:

Passiflora rubra 306

Passiflora serratifolia 143

Paterson, William 354

pea:

blue chichling (Lathyrus sativus) 303

everlasting 190, 191, 191

field (Pisum sativum) 58

Lord Anson’s (Pisum Magellanicum, Lathyrus nervosus) 193

sweet pea 265, 306

peacock pheasant (Polyplectron bicalcaratum) 255

pearlwort:

heath (Spergula saginoides/Sagina subulata) 379

upright (Sagina erecta/Moenchia erecta) 300, 359, 360

pelargonium 123, 288, 290, 296, 341

glasshouse cultivation 342

hybridization 341

P. alchemilloides 340

P. fulgidum 290, 296

P. inquinans 148–9, 265, 290, 314, 340

P. myrrhifolium var. coriandrifolium 76, 76, 122, 122

P. peltatum 122, 122, 339

P. zonale 122, 123

Pendarves, Mary see Delany, Mary

Pennant, Thomas xix, 237, 252, 284, 285, 293

British Zoology 323, 324

Penrice, Sir Henry 139

Penson, Robert (gardener) 220

pepperpot earthstar (Myriostoma coliforme) 278

Pepys, Samuel, and Evelyn 46, 59

Perfect, William (nurseryman) 408 n. 5

persicaria (Polygonum orientale) 121, 121, 167

Peterken, George xviii

Petiver, James 88–90, 111, 111, 127

and duchess of Beaufort 66, 69, 71, 88–9

and Glanville 66, 69, 112–13, 120

and Merian 69, 109, 113, 115–16

writings: Gazophylacii naturae & artis 112, 113

Petre, Robert James, 8th baron 155

and Collinson 146, 158, 164, 240–1

death 22, 129, 158–9, 164

and Martyn 143

and plant exchanges 400 n. 14, 409 n, 35

planting plan for Worksop xviii

Petworth House gardens, wilderness 127, 145, 158

pheasant (Phaesianus colchicus) 223, 238, 259

hunting 11, 12, 235, 259, 260, 350 see also peacock pheasant

pheasant’s eye (Adonis annua) 201, 334

Phelps, Richard(?), Portrait of Mary Bampfylde 222

Phibbs, John 21, 350, 404 n. 6

Philadelphia, as collecting centre 231–3, 240, 241–2, 342

Phillyrea 41, 79

phlox:

P. carolina 144, 145, 296, 342

P. divaricata 342, 342

P. maculata 257, 342

P. paniculata 342

P. suaveolens 300, 342, 343

Physalis angulata 308

physic gardens 127, 171

Badminton 64, 75, 96–7, 96, 106

Chelsea 30, 53, 55, 85, 96, 148, 193, 297, 401 n. 25

Oxford 200

Physostegia virginiana 204

Picturesque 9, 10, 11, 22, 169, 321, 367

pimpernel, scarlet (Anagallis arvensis) 224, 334

pine, Weymouth (Pinus strobus) 229, 239, 240, 240

pink see Dianthus

pismire (ant) 50

Pitcairn, William 304–6, 310, 310

plantain 163

ribwort (Plantago lanceolata) 113, 113

planting, theatrical/graduated 21–2, 125, 134, 164, 303

plants:

alpine 95–7, 96, 297–8, 304–6

care of 107–12

collectors see Beaufort, Mary Somerset, duchess; Catesby, Mark; Collinson, Peter; Du Bois, Charles; East India Company; Glanville, Eleanor; Richmond, Charles Lennox, 2nd duke; Wager, Sir Charles

hybridization 128, 139, 341

indigenous 188–9, 189

and Curtis 333, 335, 363–5

and Duchess of Portland 275

and Ehret 172–3, 194, 200, 202, 203, 275, 382

and Kick 95–6, 95, 96

and Marshal 93

and Mrs Delany 93, 297, 299, 304, 311, 373, 382

and Robins 172, 172, 175, 175, 180, 181, 202, 204, 206

and Waller 94

naming 86–97, 98, 300, 342, 400 n. 8

sexual generation 139, 173, 174

plate-bandes (flower borders) 1, 76, 121, 169

Plectranthus japonicus 306

Plukenet, Leonard (royal botanist) 87, 111, 396 n. 72

Pococke, Richard 240, 262, 281–2, 281, 283

Polwhele, Richard 390 n. 55

polyanthus (Primula x polyantha) 78, 265

Polygonum:

P. minus 423 n. 168

P. orientale 121, 121, 327

polymorphism 202

Polystichum aculeatum 91

Pope, Alexander 4, 10, 220

Popple, Henry, ‘Map of the British Empire in America’ 135

poppy:

corn (Papaver rhoeas) 189, 369, 371, 377

Opium (Papaver somniferum ‘Danebrog’) 265

Welsh (Meconopsis cambrica) 296

porcupine, common or crested (Hystrix cristata) 38

Portland, Margaret Cavendish Bentinck, 2nd duchess 5, 14, 15, 122, 141, 165, 335, 342

and Bolton 278, 281

and Bute 292, 379

and Curtis 298, 379, 380, 382

death 321

as egg collector 344, 345

and Ehret 177, 194, 197, 198, 200–2, 203, 271, 273, 275, 284

English herbal 23, 194, 197, 203, 271, 275, 296–7, 296, 311, 382

and fungi 278

and Linnaean classification 277, 277, 336, 336

and Mrs Delany 202, 267, 273, 284, 298–9, 303, 311, 321, 324

and re-landscaping of Bulstrode 281

and Robins 177, 202, 204, 208

sale of collections 321–2, 358, 370

and sea creatures and plants 293

as shell collector 267, 269, 284, 285, 293, 303, 310, 318, 321–3, 330, 335, 336–8, 336, 357, 367

as subscriber 201, 298, 354, 379

at Weymouth and Portland Bill 284, 285, 287–92, 293, 296, 303, 337

and widowhood 122, 269, 276, 299, 372 see also Bulstrode Portland Vase 318, 321, 370

Portland, William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd duke 282, 304, 370

Portland, William Henry Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, 4th duke 370

Portret, James 404 n. 12

Potentilla:

P. recta 272, 306, 307, 308

P. sp. 297

Poulle, Magdalena 55, 56, 66, 86, 102

Power, John (gardener) 400 n. 14, 401 n. 25

Prain, Sir David 394 n. 7

prickly pear (Opuntia) 97

primrose, Tradescant’s Turkie purple 55

Primula

Primula auricula (alpine auricula / ‘Primula ursi’) 70, 70, 78, 79, 83, 97, 108, 117, 136, 192, 265

cv. ‘Duchess of Beaufort’ 80

‘Oram’s Countess of Coventry’ 78, 81

‘Oram’s Duke of Beaufort’ 78–9

‘Oram’s Glory’ 78

‘Primula ursi Borraginoides’ (Ramonda myconi) 69–70, 70, 96, 120

Primula vulgaris 79, 99, 99

f. plena 83

subsp. sibthorpii 55, 83

Primula x polyantha 79, 81, 83

Primula x pubescens 79, 82

privet (Ligustrum vulgare) 344

Prunus mahaleb 121, 122

public:

and museums 356–7, 357

and parks 351, 352, 356

publications:

in English 298

in Latin 111, 113, 127, 129, 143, 193–4, 238

Pulteney, Richard 337

purity, and Evelyn 30–1, 44, 53, 55, 56–61, 61, 359, 374, 383

Pyne, William Henry 352

‘Gardiners’ 354

Mowers and haymakers 370

Pyrola umbellata 411 n. 148

Quagga 248, 250

Quaintance, Richard 409 n. 19

quickstick (Gliricidia sepium) 132

Rabel, Daniel 108

Radcliffe, John 107, 120

ragged robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi) 93, 204, 207, 377

ragwort (Senecio sp.) 225

rainfall:

and flooding 21, 25, 165, 275, 275, 300

records 214–16, 217–18, 259, 320 see also droughts

rammers 47, 50

Ramsay, Allan:

Augusta, Princess of Wales 15

Augusta von Sachsen-Gotha, Princess Dowager of Wales 260

Frances Boscawen 288

Rawdon, Sir Arthur 67, 88

Ray, John 5, 70, 88, 93, 95, 99, 101, 107, 111, 112, 116, 278, 279

reachers 49, 50, 51

Redouté, Pierre-Joseph 341

Reed, George 86

Reed, James 88, 104

remedies, plant 355, 370, 377

restharrow, spiny (Ononis spinosa) 224, 225

retaliation see favours Reveal, James 129

Reynardson, Samuel 121

Rhexia:

R. mariana 256

R. virginica 256

Rhododendron maximum 159, 229, 240

Rhus aromatica 411 n. 148

Richardson, Jonathan, The 2nd Duke and Duchess of

Richmond 246

Richardson, Richard 129, 138, 146, 158, 160, 249

Richmond, Charles Lennox, 2nd duke 146, 164, 231, 246

collection of exotics 238–40, 246

and Collinson 233, 240–1

fireworks celebration 248, 249

menagerie 23, 233, 238, 242–4

Richmond, Charles Lennox, 3rd duke: menagerie 233, 237

racehorses 244, 262

Richmond House 241, 247, 248, 249

Richmond, Mary Bruce, duchess xvi, 150

Richmond, Sarah Cadogan, 2nd duchess 240, 246

right whale (Balaena glacialis) 23, 33–5, 35

Ring, Ludger tom the Younger, Vase of Wild Flowers on a Ledge 189

ring ouzel (Turdus torquatus) 6, 348, 350

roach (Blattaria genus) 114

Robbins, George 240

Robert, Nicolas 108

robin (Erithacus rubecula) 54, 218–19, 349

Robins, Thomas the Elder 18, 121, 172–3, 181–7, 188, 189, 333, 367

and duchess of Portland 177, 202, 204, 208

Fitzwilliam florilegium 172, 204, 205, 207

and indigenous plants 93

and Painswick 22, 178

paintings

black false hellebore 211

A Bunch of Ornamental Flowers 206, 208

carnation (attrib.) 211

Cornucopia 172, 207, 209–11

Phlox divaricata 342

Prospect of Buenos Aires . . . near Panswyke 182

Prospect of Honington Hall 223, 225, 226, 227

Prospect of Marybone Park, Gloucestershire 181, 184

Prospect of Pan’s Lodge, Panswyke 169, 175, 175–6, 181, 204, 205, 207, 216, 219

Prospect of Panswyke from Pan’s Lodge, Gloucestershire 186–7

trumpet honeysuckle (attrib.) 211

Wildflowers, a Butterfly and a Fly 180, 204

and seasonality 178–87

Robins, Thomas the Younger 204

Robinson, Sir Thomas 408 n. 10

rockwork 297–8, 306

Rolfe, W. D. Ian 409 n. 22

rollers 46–9, 47

Rooker, M. A., St John’s College garden 220, 221

roots, portrayal 91, 92

Roque, John, ‘The Plan of Painshill’ 8

rose:

Austrian copper (Rosa foetida ‘Bicolor’) 59

Burgundy 238

damask (Rosa damascena) 59

dog rose (Rosa canina) 204, 206, 225

‘Portland’ 267

rose campion 188, 190

rose laurel 240

Rosenhof, F. Rösel von 308

Rosenhof, Johann Rösel von 7, 308

Rousseau, J. J. 292

Rowley, Gordon 65

Royal Society 85, 93, 127, 128, 323

and electricity experiments 198, 321

and Evelyn 29, 41

and weather recording 43

Rubus:

bramble (Rubus ulmifolius) 299

flowering raspberry (Rubus odoratus) 204, 224, 225, 245

Rudbeckia: R. hirta 155, 165

R. laciniata 288, 291

Ruscus hypophyllum 90

Rush, Benjamin 263

Ruysch, Frederik, Thesaurus anatomicus 39

Ruzini, Carlo 59

Saffron (Colchicum autumnale) 227

St John’s College, Oxford 87, 171, 189, 220, 220, 221

Salmon, Thomas 220, 220

salvia:

S. coccinea 411 n. 147

S. pratensis 95

Samsons Posts Netts 48, 50, 52, 61

Sandby, Paul 169, 190

‘The Gardener’ 352

The Meteor of Aug. 18th 1783 316–17, 317

The North Terrace Looking West 323, 325

South Front of Strawberry Hill 190, 191

Sandby, Thomas 255, 316, 317

The Great Bridge over Virginia Water 275

View of Flower Garden and Aviary at Kew 252

Sanicula europaea 99

Sarothra gentianoides 411 n. 148

sassafras (S. albidum) 146, 240

savin (Juniperus sabina) 41

saxifrage:

S. aizoides 96

S. granulata 297, 423 n. 168

S. hypnoides 96

S. oppositifolia 95–7, 379, 380, 381

S. paniculata syn. Aizoon 100

S. stolonifera 299, 300

S. umbrosa 396 n. 56

Sayes Court 4, 22, 29–61, 34, 45, 370

animals 41–2

bowling green 46–9

elms requisitioned 36, 37

as Elysium 30–1, 33–9, 50, 51, 52, 334

greenhouse 22, 30, 46, 46, 53–6, 66

grove 27, 33, 34, 35, 45

and Little Ice Age 42–5, 54

oval parterre (Morin garden) 1, 29, 33, 34, 35, 46, 252, 255

replanting xviii, 29–30, 42, 44, 45

revisions of 1685 and ‘Directions’ of 1686 46–50, 53

winter of 1683–1684 39–42, 46, 134, 383 see also Evelyn, John

scarlet blood flower (Heamanthus coccineus) 301

Scheuchzer, Jean Gaspard 144, 145

science:

and amateurs 22, 329–30, 339–41, 351

and cruelty 53, 348, 349

and women 115, 383

Scott, Sarah see Millenium Hall

scythes 47, 49

sea lavender:

Limonium majus vulgatius 87

Limonium sinuatum 99

sea purslane (Portacula marina) 95

sea-rod, bent (Plexaura flexuosa) xiv, 134

seasonality 46, 79–83, 99, 120, 155, 164, 165, 169, 172–3, 177

and Ehret 192–204

and Robins the Elder 178–87

Seba, Albert xvii, 113

secretary bird 292, 345

sedum:

alpinum (Saxifraga oppositifolia) 95–7 see also Aeonium arboreum; saxifrage

seed troughs 54

Senecio elegans 296

sensibility 5, 349

and birds 236, 253, 345–51

divided 348–51, 365–7

and women 233–4, 247, 253, 345, 349

sermons:

storm sermons 131

vegetable sermons 128, 138, 159–60, 401 n. 41

sexuality, and botany 15, 22, 139, 173, 174

Seymer, Henry 285, 287, 337, 404 n. 12

shaddocks (Citrus maxima) 396 n. 77

Shakespeare, William

A Midsummer Night’s Dream 20

King Lear 374

Love’s Labour’s Lost 379

shell collecting 18, 59, 336–8, 357

Collinson 240

duchess of Portland 39, 267, 269, 284, 285, 293, 303, 310, 318, 321–3, 330, 335, 336–8, 336, 357, 367

duke of Richmond 240–1

Mrs Delany 270, 275, 282, 284–5, 294

shell grottoes:

Bulstrode 269, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285

Goodwood 233–4

Shenstone, William 223, 350–1, 350, 367–9, 370

and Bampfylde 171, 171, 173, 191, 222

and birds 21–2, 350–1, 350

ferme ornée 178

and Graves 221–2

and Lady Luxborough 177–8, 181, 188, 367–9, 370, 407 n. 157

and Langley 189

‘Pheasant’ 259

and shrubbery and grove 173, 177–8, 188, 191, 223

Sherard, James 88, 98, 148, 158

dry stoves 87, 163

Hortus Elthamensis 87, 129, 142, 143–6, 144, 154

and Knowlton 129, 138, 143 see also Eltham

Sherard, William 109, 145

and Dillenius 178

and duchess of Beaufort 66–7, 69, 71, 75, 86, 87–9, 95, 101, 148

as sponsor of Catesby 131, 148, 148

as tutor to 2nd duke of Beaufort 66–7, 75, 87, 87, 89

shorewort, northern (Pulmonaria maritima/Mertensia maritima) 363, 364, 366

shover 49

shrubbery 135, 169

American 127, 188, 202, 204, 221, 229, 255

and changing taste 220–1

and drought 220

as Eden 229, 231

and Ehret 193

and menagerie 231, 234

and Shenstone 173, 177–8, 181

theatrical 21–2, 125, 127, 164, 171, 190–1, 220–1, 229

and White 5 see also grove

Shteir, Ann B. 15, 335, 379

Sibthorp, Humphrey 200

signatures 70, 99

Silene:

bladder campion (S. vulgaris) 207

sea campion (S. uniflora) 296

Snowdon cushion (S. acaulis) 95, 96, 96

skunk cabbage/skunk weed (Symplocarpus foetidus) 164, 165

Sloan, Kim 18

Sloane, Sir Hans 18, 55, 127, 128, 261, 336

and Albin 140

and Catesby 132, 165

death 356

and duchess of Beaufort 67, 69, 71, 86–9, 107, 108–9, 116

and exotic animals 244

and Glanville 120

herbarium 70, 81

and Kick 76, 89, 121

Natural History of Jamaica 89

slugs 365–7, 366, 383

Smith, James Edward 334, 334, 351

English Flora 337

Smith, Thomas (attrib.):

Badminton from the North 95, 96, 97, 104, 104, 106

Badminton from the South 102–4, 103, 104

snails 365–7, 366, 383

Cernuella virgata 365

snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) 60

Snowdon cushion (Silene acaulis) 95, 96, 96

snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) 79, 79, 165, 180, 304, 305

‘Flore pleno’ 100

Society of Aurelians 109–11, 109, 139, 140

Society of Florists 79

Society of Gardeners 127, 128, 133, 138–9 see also Catalogus plantarum

Solander, Daniel (botanist) 13

and Banks 273, 292, 310

and duchess of Portland 269, 308, 323, 337

and Ellis 293, 293

Somerset, Lady Henrietta 278, 279

songbirds 54, 61, 238, 251, 350

as pets 12, 14, 52, 181, 253, 261, 275, 344, 346

sorrel:

‘Creeping Sorrell [Oxyria] from Snow:down’ 95

white wood (Oxalis acetosella) 297, 334

sour sop 86

Sowerby, James 18, 333

Calceolaria Fothergillii 341

Digitalis purpurea 334

Spalding Gentlemen’s Society 79, 109

Spence, Cathryn 172, 404 n. 12

Spencer, Lady xvi, 150, 201

spider 9–11, 51, 52

brown huntsman (Heteropoda venatoria) 114

orb-weaver 114

four-spot (Araneus quadratus) 52

tarantula 53

pinktoe (Avicularia avicularia) 114

spindle (Euonymus europaeus) 204, 206, 225, 297

Spirea rubra 257

Sprengwell, Conrad Joachim 156

spring, perpetual 165, 171, 189, 191

and greenhouses 22, 30, 54, 60, 101, 120, 164, 374

spruce 240

black (Picea mariana) 164, 194

white (Picea glauca) 164, 194

staking 121, 121

Standing, David 389 n. 14

Stanhope, Sir William 220–1

star apple 86

starwort see aster, A. grandiflorus

Staves, Susan 371

Stearn, William T. 18

Stillingfleet, Benjamin 288, 298, 298, 348, 364

stinkhorn (Phallus impudicus) 15, 278, 280, 281, 281, 377, 378

stitchwort, greater (Stellaria holostea) 297

stock 265

Stokesia laevis 256, 256, 306

Stone, Sarah 356–7

Corncrake (Crex crex) 368

Gorgonian coral 332, 356

Interior of Leverian Museum 357, 357

A Radish . . . and a Carrot . . . Intertwined 358

Stonehouse, William (gardener) 160

Stoopendaal, B., ‘Hortus Botanicus in Amsterdam’ 56

stoves xviii, 55, 57, 120, 159

dry 87, 163

and duchess of Beaufort 63, 63, 67, 72, 75–6, 75, 79, 83–6, 87, 90, 96, 97, 98, 101, 102–4, 120, 121, 399 n. 182

and Evelyn 54–6, 63

and George London 55 see also conservatories; greenhouse

Stramonium (Datura stramonium) 100, 101

Strathmore and Kinghorne, Mary Eleanor Bowes, countess 354, 371

Strawberry Hill 4, 211

shrubbery and grove 169, 220

south front 190, 191 see also Walpole, Horace

strawberry tree, red-flowered (Arbutus unedo f. rubra) 304

Stuartia (S. malacodendron) 257, 308

Stubbs, George:

Lady Reading in a Wooded Park 15

Lion and Lioness 236, 245

The Moose x, 232, 409 n. 22

Racehorses Exercising at Goodwood 244, 262

Reapers 355

A Repose after Shooting 260

Two Gentlemen Shooting 12

Zebra 248, 250

Styrax:

S. americana 255

S. grandiflora 255

subscription publishing 127–9, 132, 135, 141–6, 354–5, 367

and women xvi, 134, 136, 139–41, 150, 200–2, 298, 303, 304, 344, 354, 379

succulents:

and dry stoves 163

and duchess of Beaufort 87, 88, 89–90, 97–9, 98, 101, 109, 122

and Knowlton 160

swallows:

and Bewick 346–8, 347

and Mrs Delany 271

and White 7, 9, 23, 218–19, 259, 306, 324, 325, 347

sweet briar 189–92, 191

Sweet, Robert, Geraniaceæ 341

sweet William (Dianthus barbatus) 139, 188, 190, 208

Swidde, William, Veues de Gunterstein 56

Swift, Jonathan, A Description of a City Shower 23–5

Syringa x persica 58, 396 n. 58

‘Syzgium suborbiculare’ (Eugenia suborbiculare) 274

Tabernæmontanus, Eicones plantarum 91

Tahiti:

and ‘Otaheite’ dress 285, 286

plants from 273, 274

Talbot, Catherine 374

Talman, William 57

Talwin, Joseph and Foster, textile design 338

tares (Lolium temulentum) 374

taste:

and English gardening 6, 204, 220–1, 329

generation 13–14, 13, 20

and role of women 12, 13–14, 18, 358

tea tree (Camellia sinensis) 163

temperature records 20–1, 133, 157, 216, 359

and Collinson xviii

and duchess of Beaufort 85

and White xviii, 219–20, 316, 320 see also meteorology; weather

Temple, Sir William 330

Temple Coffee House 69, 109, 112, 127, 148, 333, 334

Temple Flower Garden of Richard Bateman’s Grove House 190

theatrum botanicum 23, 127, 342

Thesaurus anatomicus 36–9

thistle, golden (Scolymus hispanicus) 98, 99, 101, 374

Thomas, Keith:

The Ends of Life 335, 369, 419 n. 23

Man and the Natural World 14–15, 348, 349, 350, 365, 393 n. 110, 397 n. 136, 421 n. 84

throatwort, giant 284–5

Tillyard, Stella 233

titmouse, tufted (Baeolophus bicolor) 133

toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) 363

Tobin, Beth 267, 335, 336, 337, 358

Tomasi, Lucia Tongiorgi 15, 18

Tomkins, William 121

tortoise:

‘African Land-Tortoise’ of George Edwards (Testudo graeca) 5

of Evelyn 36, 41

giant 248 ‘great Mud Tortoise’ of William Bartram (Chelydra serpentina) 241

‘Timothy’, Gilbert White’s tortoise (Testudo graeca) 5, 10–11, 15, 263, 321

Townsend, Joseph 227

Trattinnick, Leopold 341

treillage 4, 181, 248

Tremella 278, 279

Trew, Christoph Jakob 152, 152, 159, 194, 197, 198

trumpet flower (Campsis radicans) 126, 129, 154, 158

tulip 57

tulip tree (Liriodendron tupilifera) 125, 134, 146

Tunnard, Christopher 374

turkey-beard (Xerophyllum asphodeloides) 256

Turner, Dawson, Fuci 337

Turner, William, A New Herball 91

Turnstall, Thomasin 374

turtlehead (Chelone) 207

Umbrella tree (Magnolia tripetala) 146, 154, 161, 161–2

Upton House (London), American Grove 238, 257

Uvedale, Robert 88

Vaccinium:

V. amoenum 411 n. 133

V. diffusum 411 n. 133

Valeriana officinalis 348–9

Van der Groen, Jan, Den Nederlandsten Hovenier 55

van Huysum, Jacobus (botanical artist) 18, 22, 129, 141

Amorpha fruticosa 135

Campsis radicans 126, 129

Tropaeolus majus 134, 137

Twelve Months of Flowers 144, 155, 164, 166–7, 181

van Reede tot Drakenstein, Hendrik Adriaan, Hortus

Malabaricus 88

Van Rymsdyk, Jan:

‘Bird of Paradise and Humming Birds’ 261

‘Pearls’ 337

vasculum (collecting tin) 111, 303, 310

Venus, transit 23, 273–4, 310

Verbesina occidentalis 306, 307

vermin, destruction 50, 52, 54

Vernon, William 109, 112

Veronicastrum virginicum 121, 121, 257

Vertue, George 248

‘View of the Fire-Works and Illuminations’ 249

vetch, tufted (Vicia cracca) 224

vetchling, meadow (Lathyrus pratensis) 224

viburnum (V. tinus) 83, 165

Vickery, Amanda 18, 351, 371

Virga aurea (Solidago spp.) 204

Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro), Georgics 7

virtù (study of natural productions):

entertainments as 281–93

and women 18, 122, 269, 270, 274, 277, 308, 324, 374

virtuosa 15, 16, 18, 23, 24, 64, 107, 122, 269, 330

Vivares, François (after Pierre Bourguignon), trade card 14

volcanoes, and climate change 20, 21, 23, 314–16, 316, 359, 383–4

Volkamer, Johann Georg 113

Voorhelm, George 300

Vorsterman, Johannes, Greenwich from One Tree Hill 35, 36

Wager, Lady Martha 147–8, 344

Wager, Sir Charles 324

and Collinson 132, 140, 146–7, 148–51, 159, 164

and Magnolia grandiflora 129, 131, 147, 151–5, 152, 153, 160

and migration of birds 421 n. 76

portrait 147

Wakefield, Priscilla 349, 383

Wales, Welsh plants 95

Walker, Anthony, A Park Shower 21

Walker, Robert, John Evelyn 28

Waller, Richard 93, 94, 108, 112, 333

wallflower 204

walnut, French (Juglans regia) 27

Walpole, Horace 173, 190, 191, 298, 374

Anecdotes of Painting in England 358

and Bulstrode 281

and duchess of Portland 321

and haymaking 369

The History of the Modern Taste in Gardening 3–5, 6, 7, 21, 329–30

and Mrs Delany 323, 358

and shrubbery / grove 220–1, 221

weather observations 4, 21, 202, 211, 314 see also Strawberry Hill

Walpole, Lady 128

Walpole, Robert 121, 137

Warburg Hours 188

wasp:

ichneumon 116, 116, 118, 119, 120, 294, 395

parasitoid (Callajoppa exaltatoria) 118, 119

Vespula/Dolichovespula 384

water crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis) 300

water forget-me-not 299

water violet (Hottonia palustris) 297, 297, 338

Watts, John 55, 66, 85

weather 4, 18–19, 23–4

and conversations 25

as divine judgment 30, 39–42, 57, 362, 383

extreme 20, 39–42, 46, 134, 207–11, 238, 257, 259, 262–3, 300

and flowering times xvii, 20–1, 165, 188–9, 300, 306, 316, 317

measuring 44

and mortality rates 42–3

recorded in art 207–11, 212 see also climate change; Little Ice Age; meteorology; rainfall; temperature; White, Gilbert

weather recording:

by Walpole 4, 21, 202, 211, 314

by White 21, 21, 23, 219, 330–1, 359

by women 359 see also meteorology

weeds and weeding 374–7, 419 n. 10

and Evelyn 49–50

and women 15, 23, 258, 349, 351, 355, 369

Weiditz, Hans 91

Welbeck 267, 276, 303, 304, 370

Wesley, John 314

West Indies, plants and seeds from 85–6, 88

whale strandings:

1658 23, 33–5, 35–7, 39, 42

1699 39, 56

whame/burrel-fly (Oestrus bovis) 237

Whateley, Thomas, Observations on Modern Gardening 6, 7

Wheeler, Dennis 395 n. 21

whip-poor-will (common nighthawk) 241

White, Benjamin 24, 254

White, Charles, A Masquerade Scene at the Pantheon 286

White, E. B., Charlotte’s Web 9

White, Gilbert 3, 4, 6, 173, 270, 282

and animals 234–5, 237–8, 258, 324

and balloon flights 23, 321

and Banks 323–4

and birds 218, 238, 263, 314, 325, 346, 348, 349–50

blackbirds 350, 350

chaffinch 11, 238, 252

corncrake 368

cuckoo 348, 369–70, 377

linnet 252–3, 258, 349

migration 5, 348

nightingale 41–2, 385

swallows 7, 9, 23, 218–19, 259, 306, 324, 325, 347

and co-incidents of nature 10–11, 218, 350, 358–60, 360

and divine Creator 362

and earthworms 3, 8, 349, 365

Flora Selbornensis 218, 298

and garden pests 365–7

Garden-Kalendar 7, 216, 218, 220, 223–4, 350, 385

and gardening 3, 14, 238

and gossamer shower 8–10, 9, 11, 325, 360

and groves 22, 223, 257

and hibernation 5

and insects 308, 314, 349

Journals 214, 219, 300, 314, 331, 385

and Lightfoot 323

and London 13, 19, 391 n. 77,262–3

The Natural History of Selborne 3, 319, 333, 365

divergent reading xix, 350

and environmental awareness 25

gestation 323, 358

illustrations 6, 218, 386–7

and journals 219, 300, 314, 385

and natural remedies 355

and shrubberies 5

and Stillingfleet 298, 298 and swallows 23, 325

tortoise 5, 10–11, 15, 263, 321

and vermin 52, 219

weather records xvii, xviii–xix, 21, 21, 219, 258–9, 314–16, 316, 330–1, 359–60, 384

and clouds 306, 362

and drought 23, 207–13, 214–16, 217–18, 220, 223–4

effects of cold winters 238, 257, 259, 262–3, 300

White, Thomas 354, 385

Whitton Place (Mdx) 164, 193, 257

whorlgrass, water (Aira aquatica; Catabrosa aquatica) 364

widows 330, 351, 371–4 see also Beaufort, Mary Somerset, duchess; Delany, Mary; Portland, Margaret Cavendish Bentinck, 2nd duchess

Wijnands, D. Onno 66

wilderness 135

at Badminton 189

at Goodwood 239

at Kew 249, 251, 255

at Petworth 127, 145, 158

wildflowers, British see plants, indigenous

Wilkes, Benjamin:

English Moths and Butterflies xvi, 192, 192, 200–1

A Painting of Butterflies 16

Twelve New Designs of English Butterflies xvi, 109, 109, 352

Williams, William, ‘St John’s College and Gardens’ 230

Williamson, John (nurseryman) 145, 238, 249

Williamson, Tom 3, 11, 13, 14

Willoughby, Cassandra 189

Wilson, Richard:

Kew Gardens: The Pagoda and Bridge 254

Sir Lawrence Dundas . . . at Moor Park, Hertfordshire 211, 212, 214, 216, 217

View . . . of Croome Court 207, 212, 214

winds, and Evelyn 43–4

wine production 177, 179, 204, 306

Wise, Henry 57, 67, 155, 195

wisteria (Wisteria frutescens) 257

Withering, William 390 n. 55

Wittenoom, Cornelius 128

Woburn Abbey, conservatory 55

women:

as artists 18, 77, 192–3, 336, 356–7

botanical publications 383

and butterflies 109–16, 127, 338, 344

and garden design 344, 374

and gardens 4, 14–15, 16, 18, 22, 24, 108, 192, 329, 355

and herbal knowledge 14, 17, 379, 383

and natural history 14–15, 16, 18, 22, 24, 109–20, 140–1, 298–9, 329, 335, 344, 351

and ornithology 344–6

and property ownership 371

and public sphere 349, 351, 370–1

as pupils of Ehret 192–4, 198–200, 199 and sensibility 233–4, 247, 249, 345, 349

as sponsors xvi, 134, 136, 139–41, 150, 200–2, 303, 304, 344, 354

and taste 12, 13–14, 18, 358

and weather observations 359

as weeders 15, 23, 258, 349, 351, 352, 355, 369 see also Beaufort, Mary Somerset, duchess; Delany, Mary; Glanville, Eleanor; Merian, Maria Sibylla; Poulle, Magdalena; shell collecting

wood duck (Aix sponsa) 241, 242, 315

Worlidge, John 50

wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) 248

Wotton, and Evelyn 56, 57, 71

Woudstra, Jan 396 n. 74

Wright, Thomas 115

Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) 54, 219, 222, 224, 252

and severe weather 42, 42

Young, Arthur 222, 222, 223, 369

Zebra, mountain (Equus zebra) 248, 250

zebu 282, 283

Zincke, Christian Friedrich:

Margaret, Duchess of Portland 271

Zoffany, Johan:

Benjamin Stillingfleet 298

David Garrick and his Wife . . ., Hampton 216, 217

A View of the Grounds of Hampton House 217

zoophytes 293, 294

Index created by Meg Davies (Fellow of the Society of Indexers)

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