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Index
Charlotte Klonk
Description: Science and the Perception of Nature: British Landscape Art in the Late Eighteenth...
Science and the Perception of Nature: British Landscape Art in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries
Index
Author
Charlotte Klonk
PublisherPaul Mellon Centre
Copyright© 1996 by Charlotte Klonk
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-32190
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Index
Adorno, Theodor W., 4–5, 152
aesthetics, aesthetic theory, 7, 11–12, 57
Alison on, 22–4, 25
Burke on, 13–15
Gerard on, 19, 157 n.32
Gilpin on, 10–11, 26–7
history of, 156 n.6 and n.8
Home on, 19–20, 157 n.32
Knight on, 29–32, 35
Price on, 27–30, 35
Stewart on, 24–6
aether, Newtonian, 12
Cullen’s modification of, 19
Hartley’s use of, 12–13, 18
and Young’s theory of light, 155 n.29, 161 n.160
Aikin, Arthur, 126
Alison, Archibald, 11, 12, 22–4, 25, 35, 67, 78, 83
on contemporary society, 23–4
Essays on the Nature and Principle of Taste, 22–4
Hartley and, 23
MacCulloch influenced by, 83
Reid and, 23
similarities with Kant, 23
Smith’s division of labour and, 23
Stewart and, 24, 25
on taste, 23–4
Aiken, Samuel, 73
Allan, David,
Thomas Graham, Baron Lynedoch, 60, plate 36
Andrews, Malcolm, 170 n.37
animals,
depicted in landscape settings, 68–70
Annual Register 64
aqueous theory, see neptunism
art,
science and, 3, 5–6, 150–1
art history,
landscape art and, 4–6
science and, 5–6
association of ideas,
Alison’s theory of, 23–4
Burke’s use of, 157 n.32
Chomsky against a modern version of, 157 n.25
Erasmus Darwin and, 40
Hartley’s theory of, 12–13
Knight and Hume’s theory of, 30
Locke’s principle of, 12
MacCulloch and, 82–3, 87, 94
Priestley and Hartley’s theory of, 17
Reid’s limited use of, 25
Stewart’s theory of, 24–6
astrology,
John Varley and, 145
Aurora Borealis, 127
Austin, Jill, 178 n.132
Bacon, Francis, 6, 171 n.84
Badt, Kurt, 127
Banks, Joseph,
on Staffa, 68, 74–6, 80, 83, 85, 89
Baptist Church, 128, 147
Barker, Robert, 149
Barrell, John, 24, 155 n.21, 179 n.173
Bass Rock, see Scotland
Beaudrillard, Jean, 4
beautiful, the, (aesthetic category), in Alison’s aesthetic theory, 23–4
Burke on, 13–14
landscape art and, 7, 9–10, 67, 70, 71
Price on, 27–8
in Stewart’s aesthetic theory, 25–6
Thornton’s plants and, 37, 52–3, 57, 61, 65
beauty, 30
see also beautiful
Beddoes, Thomas, 38, 164 n.39
Bell, Charles,
WORKS:
Columnar Promontory of the Scure-Eigg, 81, 82, plate 51
View from Beinn,Na,Caillich in Skye, 80, 90, plate 50
Benjamin, Walter, 4–5, 153
Bensley, Thomas, 65
Benthamism, 13, 159 n.82
Berger, John, 4
Berkeley, George, 20, 21
Bermingham, Ann, 155 n.21
Bethlem, 113
Blagden, Charles, 75
Blake, William, 144, 163 n.6
Botanical Magazine, 37, 46, 165 n.48, 166 n.66
botanical treatises, 37, 49, 62
Brewster, David, 155 n.29, 161 n.160
Bridgewater, 3rd Duke of, see Egerton, Francis
British Mineralogical Society, 126
Brown, John, 163 n.11
Brown, Lancelot (‘Capability’), 29, 32
Browne, Janet, 167 n.81
Brunonianism, 38, 163 n.11
Bryson, Norman, 4
Buckland, William, 88
Burke, Edmund, 11, 12, 13–17, 18, 27, 39, 61, 65
and contemporary society, 15–17
Hartley and, 13–14
A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, 13–16
Price and, 17, 27
Priestley and, 15–17, 18
Reflections on the Revolution in France, 15–16
on taste, 15
Busfield, Joan, 175 n.60
Bush, Clive, 56, 163 n.5, 166 n.57 and n.65, 167 n.80
camera lucida, 131
camera obscura, 130–2
Canaletto (Giovanni Antonio Canal), 71, 131
catastrophe (natural), 10, 77, 152
causation,
divine, 77, 78, 88–9
efficient,
Alison’s abandonment of, 23
Burke’s explanation of, 14
Gilpin does not identify, 27
Hartley adopts Newtonian aether as, 12
Knight takes up Scottish criticism of, 30
Newton’s postulation of, 12
Price’s explanation of, 27
Priestley’s criticism of, 18
Reid’s criticism of, 19, 20–2
Stewart’s abandonment of, 24
Thornton’s understanding of, 39
geology and, 76–9
meteorology and, 126–7
Chemical and Philosophical Society (Hatton House), 114
Cheselden, William, 25
chiaroscuro, 1, 29, 67, 73, 80, 85, 101, 106, 136, 138
Chitnis, Anand C., 20
City Philosophical Society, 126
Clark, Kenneth, 4
Claude, (Gellée, called Le Lorrain), 9–10, 42, 52, 70–1, 97, 106
Clerk of Eldin, John, 78
Cleveley, John,
Fingal’s Cave in Staffa, 75, plate 46
colour
drawing instruments and, 133
sketching in, 101–3, 106–11, 137
vision, 22, 29–30, 157 n.20
common sense, see Scottish School of Common Sense
Conisbee, Philip, 106–7
Constable, John, 1–4, 5, 10, 35, 67, 105, 127, 150, 151
on art and science, 150
cloud studies and, 127
WORKS:
Boat Building, 105
Flatford Mill, 1–2, 105, 151, plate 2
Conybeare, W.D., 88
Cooksey, Janet, 173 n.158
Copley, Stephen, 161 n.177
Coruisk, Loch, see Scotland
Cosway, Maria, 41, 48
see also Temple of Flora
Cotman, John Sell, 107, 111
cottage scenes, 135–8
Cox, David, 102
Cozens, John Robert, 29, 111
Cetara, on the Gulf of Salerno, 29, plate 7
Cristall, Joshua, 119
Crome, John,
Blacksmith’s Shop Near Hingham, Norfolk, 136, plate 100
Crouan, Katherine, 130
Cruikshank, George, 140
Cuillin mountains, see Scotland
Cullen, William, 19
Cumming, David A., 169 n.8
Curtis, William, 37, 46, 165 n.48 and n.51, 166 n.66
Cuvier, Georges, 88
Dalton, John, 126–7
Daniell, Thomas, 67
Daniell, William, 8, 67–70, 74, 76–7, 80, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90–2, 93, 99, 101, 131, 151
the camera obscura and, 131
Interesting Selections from Animated Nature with Illustrative Scenery, 67–70, 74, 76–7
sketching and, 101
Thornton and, 69–70
A Voyage Round Great Britain, 67–8, 80, 84, 85, 89, 90–2, 93, 99, 101, 131, 151
WORKS:
The Cave of Fingal, 67–8, 70, 74–5, plate 41
The Coolin Taken from Loch Slapin, 90–2, plate 60
Entrance to Fingal’s Cave, Staffa, 67–8, 84, plate 42
The Island of Staffa from the South West, 85, plate 56
Loch Coruisg Near Loch Scavig, 90–2, 93, plate 61
Darwin, Charles, 40
Darwin, Erasmus, 39–40, 61, 62, 63, 65
The Botanic Garden, 39–40, 62
and contemporary society, 40
Phytologia, 39, 61
Zoonomia, 40, 61, 157 n.9
Davie, George E., 20
Dayes, Edward, 42, 48–9, 106
De Bolla, Peter, 156 n.8, 158 n.40
Descartes, Rene, 12
Desmarest, Nicolas, 76
De Wint, Peter, 102, 111, 155 n.29
Divine Providence,
Burke and, 16
Hartley’s and, 13
MacCulloch and, 88–9
Thornton and, 62–4, 65
drawing instruments, 130–3
Dryander, James, 75
Dutch tradition, 57, 71, 144
Dyce, William,
Pegwell Bay, Kent — A Recollection of October 5th 1858, 150, plate 110
earth, see history of the earth
earthquake, 77
ecology, 152
Edwards, Sydenham Teak, 37, 41, 42 see also Temple of Flora
Egerton, Francis, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, 144
Egremont, 3rd Earl of, see O’Brien, Sir George
Ehret, Georg Dionysius, 37, 166 n.66
Eigg, Isle of, see Scotland
electricity,
Newtonian aether and, 12
Thornton’s understanding of, 39, 40, 61
Cornelius Varley’s meteorological observations and, 127
empiricism, 6, 150
versus phenomenalism, 5
enclosure, 6, 34, 137–8
Essex, Earl of, 115, 140–2
evolution, 40
Faraday, Michael, 126, 128, 179 n.170
Farey, J.,
Camera Obscura, 130–1, plate 95
Farington, Joseph, 73–4, 95–6, 99, 107
sketching and, 73, 95–6, 107
tours in Scotland, 73–4, 95–6
Fast Castle, see Scotland
Faujas De Saint-Fond, Barthélemi, 75, 76
Vue de la Grotte de Fingal, 75, plate 47
Fielding, Anthony Vandyke Copley, 88
Finch, Oliver Francis, 104
Fingal’s Cave, see Scotland
Finley, Gerald, 173 n.151 and n.163
Fittler, James, 80
flowers,
depicted in landscape settings, 8, 37–8, 42–64
Forster, Thomas, 127
Foucault, Michel, 6–7
Fox, Charles James, 16, 32, 34
French Revolution, 15, 16, 18, 20, 31, 32–4, 39, 40, 78, 143, 149
Fruchtman, Jack, 16
Furber, Robert, 62
Gage, John, 87, 172 n.110
Gainsborough, Thomas, 1–2, 4, 5, 11, 27, 60, 96
WORKS:
Coast Scene: Selling Fish, 96
Wooded Landscape with Gypsy Encampment, 27, plate 5
Wooded Landscape with a Seated Figure, 1–2, 11, plate 1
Galvani, Luigi, 40
Garfmkel, Norton, 164 n.40
Garnett, Thomas, 75
Garside, Peter, 161 n.177
Geological Society of London, 68, 75, 78–80, 82, 88, 102, 117, 126, 149
Annual Report of 1815, 79
phenomenalism of, 78–9, 88
social context of, 79
Transactions, 68, 78–9, 84–5, 90, 94
geology, 8, 67, 68, 70, 74–99, 149
Gerard, Alexander, 19, 157 n.32
Gilpin, William, 10–11, 26–7, 57, 73, 74, 95, 106, 107, 109
Observation on the Coast of Hampshire, 95
Observations of Scotland, 10, 73, 74
on the picturesque, 10–11, 26–7, 73
Price and, 27
Reynolds and, 155 n.5
on sketching, 106, 107, 109
Three Essays, 11, 27, 106, 109
WORK:
Dumbarton, 73, plate 45
Girtin, Thomas, 107, 111, 122, 175 n.42
Kirkstall Abbey, 107, 122, plate 85
Godwin, William, 144
Gombrich, Ernst, 4, 5, 154 n.15
Gould, Stephen J., 77
Graphic Telescope, 8, 130–5
Greenough, George Bellas, 79–80, 88
Griffiths, Moses, 68, 75, 89
Grose, Francis, 95
Tantallon Castle with the Bass & the Isle of May, 95, plate 65
Guettard, Jean Etienne, 76
Hall, James, 78, 97
Hamilton, William, 76
Hammond, John H., 178 n.132
Hardie, Martin, 114
Hartley, David, 11, 12–13, 17–18, 23
Alison and, 23
on contemporary society, 13
Observations on Man, 12–13
Priestley and, 17–18
Hatton House, see Chemical and Philosophical Society
Havell, William, 119
Hawes, Louis, 127
Heleniak, Kathryn Moore, 136
Hemingway, Andrew, 155 n.21, 156 n.6, 180 n.180
Henderson, Peter, 41, 47–8 see also Temple of Flora
Hipple, Walter, 23, 28, 156 n.6 and n.8, 158 n.40 and n.42, 160 n.135
history of the earth,
Erasmus Darwin’s understanding of, 40
diluvian theory of, 88
Hutton’s theory of, 77–8, 149
Lyell’s theory of, 88
Hogarth, William, 38
Home, Henry, (Lord Karnes), 19–20, 157 n.32
Howard, Luke, 126–7
Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von, 127
Hume, David, 12, 18, 20, 21, 30
Humphry, Ozias, 171 n.92
Hunt, William, 102, 111, 128, 135, 142, 144, 147
Study from Nature at Twickenham, 102, plate 69
Hussey, Christopher, 156 n.8
Hutton, James, 40, 70, 77–8, 79, 88, 97, 126, 149
hypotheses,
in the 1830s, 88, 99, 180 n.2
Hutton and, 78
theory of light and, 155 n.29, 161 n.160
igneous theory, see vulcanism
Impressionists, 151
instruments, see drawing instruments
Jacyna, L. S., 161 n.157
Jameson, Robert, 70, 76, 79, 80–1, 82, 90
WORKS:
Columnar Promontory of the Scure-Eigg, 81, 82, plate 51
View from Beinn,Na,Caillich in Skye, 80, 90, plate 50
Jenkins, J. J., 102, 104
Karnes, Lord, see Home, Henry
Kant, Immanuel, 23, 156 n.6, 158 n.40
Kassel, 76
Kauffmann, C. M., 178 n.118, 179 n.161
Kemp, Martin, 97
King, Ronald, 41, 165 n.47, 166 n.64
King-Hele, Desmond, 164 n.40
Kirwan, Richard, 75, 77, 78
Klingender, Francis, 155 n.21
Knight, Richard Payne, 7, 12, 26, 29–35, 57
An Analytical Inquiry into the Principles of Taste, 29–32
on art, 32
on contemporary society, 30–1, 32–5
and J.R. Cozens, 29
Hume and, 30
The Landscape, 29, 30, 32–4, 35
A Monody on the Death of the Rt. Hn. Charles James Fox, 32
Price and, 29–30, 34–5
The Progress of Civil Society, 30–1, 34
Scottish Common Sense School and, 30
on taste, 30–2, 35
Knox, John, 93, 95
Loch Coruisk, Isle of Skye, 93, 95, plate 63
Kramnick, Isaac, 18
labourers, 34–5, 142
depiction of, 128, 130, 142–3
landscape art, 3, 9–10, 67, 99, 101–2, 150
art history and, 4–6
drawing instruments and, 130–3
flowers and, 8, 37–8, 42–64
geology and, 8, 68, 70, 74–99 see also beautiful; picturesque; sketching; sublime; topographical tradition; watercolours
landscape gardening, 29
Langford, Paul, 137–8
Lascelles, Edward, 140–2
Lawrence, Christopher, 19, 156 n.6, 159 n.85
Leslie, C. R., 87
Leslie, Margaret, 157 n.24
Lewis, George Robert, 102
Linnaeus, Carolus, 37, 39, 53, 62
Linnell, John, 102–4, 106, 128–30, 135, 136, 138, 142, 143, 144, 147, 163 n.6, 176 n.61
WORKS:
Bayswater, 129, plate 92
Fields Where Gower Street Now Stands, Bedford Square, 128, plate 91
Kensington Gravel Pits, 130, 142, 147, plate 93
River Kennet, near Newbury, 147, plate 109
Russel Square, 128, 143
Study of Buildings, 136, plate 101
Study of a Tree, 102, plate 68
At Twickenham, 102–3, 106, plate 70
Locke, John, 11, 12, 65
London,
artists’ societies in, 102
Millbank, 102, 138–40, 178 n.118
T. Sandby’s views of, 71
street scenes, 138–40
Twickenham, 102
London Gazette, 64
Long, Basil, 124, 176 n.63
Loutherbourg, Philippe Jacques de, 10, 42, 96
WORKS:
An Avalanche in the Alps, 10, 42, plate 4
Shipwreck, 96
Lowry, Wilson, 126
Luc, Jean André de, 77
Lunar Society, 39, 40
Lyell, Charles, 88, 89
Lyles, Anne, 109, 174 n.6, 175 n.37
Lyotard, Jean-François, 4, 158 n.40
MacCulloch, John, 68, 80, 82–7, 88–9, 90, 94–5
association and, 82–3, 87, 94
A Description of the Western Isles of Scotland, 80, 82–7, 90, 94
The Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland, 83, 94, 172 n.109
phenomenalism and, 82–3, 85–6, 88
Proofs and Illustrations of the Attributes of God, 88–9
on Staffa, 68, 83–8
on Skye, 90, 94–5
A System of Geology, 88–9
WORKS:
Entrance of Fingal’s Cave, Staffa, 84, plate 54
View of the Scuir of Egg, 82, plate 52
View of Staffa from the South West, 85, plate 55
View at the Storr in Sky, 90, plate 59
Malherbe, Michel, 22
Martin, Martin, 74
medical education
and Monro, 112–13
Meek, Ronald L., 160 n.107
Melvin, Peter, 15
meteorology, 126–7
Mill, John Stuart, 23
Millbank, see London
Miller, James,
Fingal’s Cave in Staffa, 75, plate 46
Miller, John F.,
Fingal’s Cave in Staffa, 75, plate 46
mind, 5, 7, 11
Alison on, 23
Hartley on, 17
Knight on, 30–2
Priestley on, 17–18
Reid on, 21–2, 25
Stewart on, 24–6
Whytt on, 19
Mitchell, W. J. T., 4, 152, 154 n.10
Monk, Samuel H., 156 n.6
Monro Academy, 102, 111, 113
Monro, Thomas, 104, 110–13, 115, 128, 135
Montagu, Elizabeth, 9
Monthly Magazine, 64–5
More, Jacob, 70
Morning Post, 124
Mount, Harry, 179 n.152
Mulready, William, 102, 128, 136, 142, 144, 147
Cottage and Figures, 136, plate 102
Napoleonic War, 62, 64
Nasmyth, Alexander, 8, 70, 96–7
Tantallon Castle, 96–7, plate 66
Nasmyth, James, 97
Nattes, John Claude, 80, 89
Fingal’s Cave, 80, 89, plate 49
natural philosophy,
ancient mythologies and, 63
Erasmus Darwin’s, 39–40
Priestley’s, 17
radical politics and, 17, 26, 65
Whytt on the limits of, 19 see also geology; physiology; science; Thornton, Robert John
naturalism, 4, 5
versus phenomenalism, 5
naturalist travellers, 74–86, 89–90
Necker de Saussure, Louis A., 75, 83
WORKS:
Fingal’s Cave, 75, plate 48
The Scuir of Egg from the East, 83, plate 53
neptunism, 76–7, 78, 80–1, 85
nervous system, 11
Brunonianism and, 163 n.11
Burke on, 14–15
Cullen on, 19
Erasmus Darwin on, 40
Descartes’ explanation of, 12
Hartley on, 12–13
history of theories of, 156 n.6
Priestley on, 17–18
Thornton on, 40
Whytt on, 18–19
Newton, Isaac, 12
Burke and, 14
Hartley and, 12
history of science and, 156 n.6
Reid and, 21
Nonsense Club, 38
O’Brien, Sir George, 3rd Earl of Egremont, 144
Olson, Richard, 26, 161 n.160
Opie, John, 41 see also Temple of Flora
Paine, Tom, 15
Paley, William, 147
Palmer, Samuel, 111
panoramas, 149–50
Paulson, Ronald, 155 n.21
Payne, Christiana, 155 n.21, 174 n.17,
Pennant, Thomas,
tours in Scotland, 68, 71, 74–5, 80, 81, 89–90, 95, 98
perspective,
Cornelius Varley and, 117, 126, 133
Pether, Abraham, 41–6, 61–2 see also Temple of Flora
Petty, William, Marquis of Landsdowne (Lord Shelbourne), 15–16
phenomenalism, 5, 7, 26, 35, 79, 82, 83, 86, 88, 95, 99, 101–2, 104, 105, 127, 130, 140, 144, 147, 149–53
Philosophical Magazine, 49–52, 106, 126
Philosophical Transactions, see Royal Society of London
photography
Cornelius Varley and, 8, 178 n.138
phrenology, 161 n.159
physiology, 7, 11
in Burke’s aesthetic theory, 14–15
of Cullen’s theory of the nervous system, 19
of Erasmus Darwin’s theory of the nervous system, 40
of Hartley’s theory of association, 12–13
in Knight’s understanding of the picturesque, 29–30
in Price’s understanding of the picturesque, 27–8
Priestley’s criticism of received understanding of, 18
Reid’s understanding of, 21–2
of Whytt’s theory of the nervous system, 18–19
picturesque, the, (aesthetic category),
in Alison’s aesthetic theory, 23
Clerk of Eldin’s drawings and, 78
Constable and, 105
geologists and, 80–1, 84, 90
Gilpin’s definition of, 10–11, 26–7, 73,
Knight on, 12, 29–30, 35
landscape art and, 7, 10–11, 67, 72–4, 80, 95, 101, 133
Price on, 12, 27–9, 35
Paul Sandby and, 72 in Stewart’s aesthetic theory, 25
Thornton’s plants and, 37, 42, 53–7, 61, 65
the Varley circle and, 102–3, 124, 125, 128, 129, 135–6, 138, 144
Pidgley, Michael, 114, 179 n.176
Pitt, William (the Younger), 64
Playfair, John, 77, 97
plein-air sketching, see sketching
Pococke, Richard, 76
Pointon, Marcia, 136
Porter, Roy, 77
portraiture
in landscape settings, 58–60
Pre-Raphaelites, 147, 150
Price, Uvedale, 7, 12, 17, 26, 27–30, 34–5, 57, 65, 72
adoption of Burke’s aesthetic theory, 17, 27
on contemporary society, 34–5
An Essay on the Picturesque, 17, 27–30
Gainsborough and, 27
Gilpin and, 27
Knight and, 29–30, 34–5
Thoughts on the Defence of Property, 34–5
Priestley, Joseph, 7, 11, 13, 15–18, 26, 39
Burke and, 15–17, 18
and contemporary society, 15–18,
An Examination of Dr. Reid’s Inquiry, 16–18
Hartley and, 13, 17–18
Hartley’s Theory of the Human Mind, 16–18
Reid and, 16
Prince, Hugh, 155 n.21
property, 15, 34–5
depiction of, 71, 135–40
Providence, see Divine Providence
radicals, 15–16, 39, 65, 126, 144
Radisich, Paula R., 175 n.32
Raspe, R.E., 76
Redgrave, Richard, 138
Reid, Thomas, 7, 11, 12, 16, 19, 20–3, 24–5
Alison and, 23
and contemporary society, 20–1
Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man, 22
An Inquiry into the Human Mind, 20–2
Newton’s laws and, 21
opposes Berkeley, 20–1
opposes Hume, 20–1
Priestley’s criticism of, 16
Stewart and, 23, 24–5
Whytt’s influence on, 19
Reinagle, Philip, 41–2, 46–7, 52 see also Temple of Flora
Repton, Humphry, 29
revolution, see French Revolution
Reynolds, Joshua, 10, 11, 32, 60, 106, 131, 155 n.5
the camera obscura and, 131
Discourses on Art, 10, 11, 106
Gilpin and, 155 n.5
Knight’s criticism of, 32
WORK:
Commodore Keppel, 60, plate 35
Robinson, Sidney K., 161 n.177
Robson, George Fennel, 93, 95
Loch Coruisk and the Cuchullin Mountains, Isle of Skye, 93, 95, plate 62
Roget, John L., 174 n.9, 177 n.86 and n.93
Rooker, Michael Angelo, 27
Interior of Ruins, Buildwas Abbey, Shropshire, 27, plate 6
Rosa, Salvatore, 9, 10, 70–1, 107
Rosenthal, Michael, 105, 155 n.21, 177 n.91
Royal Academy of Arts, London, 10, 30, 32, 74, 107, 128, 150
Royal Institution, 114, 117, 142, 143
Royal Society of London, 39, 74, 76, 114
Philosophical Transactions, 25, 76
Rudwick, Martin, 70
Runciman, Alexander, 70
Ruskin, John,
on art and science, 150
on geology and Turner, 93–4, 95
and sketching, 105, 147
Russell, John, 41 see also Temple of Flora
Rykwert, Joseph, 171 n.90
Sandby, Paul, 9, 71–3, 78, 107, 110
Clerk of Eldin and, 78
The Virtuosi’s Museum, 71–3
WORKS:
Leith, 71–2, 107, plate 44
South Prospect of Leith, 71, plate 43
Village Street, Old Charlton, Kent, 110, plate 76
Sandby, Thomas, 71, 131
Sandemanian Sect, 128
scepticism, 4, 19, 20–1
Schaffer, Simon, 15, 156 n.6, 159 n.81
Schofield, Robert E., 18
science
art and, 3, 5–6, 150–1
Foucault and, 7
phenomenalism and, 5, 88
Reid’s philosophy aspires to status of, 21
Stewart’s philosophy aspires to status of, 25, 26
use of term, 154 n.1
Cornelius Varley and, 126–7, 130–3, 145 see also geology; meteorology; natural philosophy; physiology
Scotland,
Eigg, Isle of, 80–3
Scottish Highlands, 10, 70, 73–4, 78–80
Scottish Lowlands, 70–4, 78–80
Bass Rock, 95–8
Fast Castle, 99
Tantallon Castle, 95–9
Skye, Isle of, 79–81, 89–90
Cuillin mountains, 90–5
Loch Coruisk, 95
Staffa, Isle of, 74–6, 79, 80, 83–9
Fingal’s Cave, 67–8, 70, 74–5, 80, 83–9
Scott, Walter, 87, 89–94, 98–9
Scottish School of Common Sense, 18, 20, 26, 30
Secord, James A., 79
sexuality
of plants, 39, 56, 61
Shapin, Steven, 156 n.6, 161 n.159
Shelbourne, Lord, see Petty, William, Marquis of Landsdowne
shipwreck, 96, 98
sketching (outdoor),
Banks and, 170 n.44 and n.45
of clouds, 127
in colour, 101–3, 106–11, 137
Constable and, 2, 105
Cotman on, 107
Daniell and, 101
Dayes on, 106
Farington and, 73, 95–6, 107
Gilpin on, 106, 107, 109
Girtin and, 107
Knight on, 35
Ruskin and, 105, 147
Paul Sandby and, 71–2
the Varley circle and, 101–26, 128–44, 147
Sketching Society, 102, 124, 137
Skye, Isle of, see Scotland
Smith, Adam, 18, 20, 23, 30
Society of Arts (Society for the Encouragement of the Arts, Manufactures and Commerce), 126, 143, 176 n.63
Society of Painters in Water-Colours, 102, 107, 111, 124, 126, 137
Staffa, Isle of, see Scotland
Stafford, Barbara Maria, 6, 169 n.16
Stanhope, Charles, 3rd Earl, 114–15
steamboats, 87, 89
Stevens, Francis, 136–8
Stewart, Dugald, 11, 12, 20, 22–3, 24–6, 35, 67, 78, 149
Alison and, 24, 25
on the beautiful and sublime, 25–6
Elements of the Human Mind, 22–3, 24–6
phenomenalism and, 26
Reid and, 23, 24–5
on taste, 26
Story, Alfred, 102, 114
stratigraphy, 78, 79, 82, 88
palaeontological, 88
street scenes, see London
sublime, the (aesthetic category),
in Alison’s aesthetic theory, 23–4
Burke on, 13–14
Clerk of Eldin’s drawings and, 78
geologists and, 80–3
Kant and, 158 n.40
landscape art and, 7, 9–10, 67, 71, 99
Lyotard and, 158 n.40
Price on, 27–8
in Stewart’s aesthetic theory, 25–6
Thornton’s plants and, 37–8, 42, 53–6, 57, 61, 65
Cornelius Varley and, 102, 120–2, 124
John Varley and, 120–2
Tantallon Castle, see Scotland, Scottish Lowlands
taste (formation of),
Alison on, 23–4
Burke on, 15
Gerard on, 19
Home on, 19–20
Knight on, 30–2, 35
Stewart on, 26
Telegraph, 114
Temple of Flora, 37–65
WORKS:
Maria Cosway: Flora Dispensing her Flowers on the Earth, 41, 48, plate 9
Sydenham Teak Edwards: Hyacinths, 42, 49, 56–7, 62, 167 n.86, plate 10
Peter Henderson: The American Cowslip, 58, 60, 63, plate 34
The Blue Egyptian Water-Lily, 52, plate 29
The China Limodoron, 52, plate 27
The Dragon Arum, 53–6, 61, 167 n.84, plate 30
A Group of Auriculas, 49, plate 21
A Group of Carnations, 49, plate 22
Indian Reed, 46, 52, plate 14
The Maggot-bearing Stapelia, 57–8, plate 31
The Nodding Renealmia, 52, plate 26
The Pontic Rhododendron, 63, plate 40
The Quadrangular Passion-Flower, 47–8, 49, 52, 167 n.86, plate 19
The Queen, 52, 62, plate 25
The Sacred Egyptian Bean, 52, 62, 167 n.86, plate 28
The White Lily, 47, 52, 60, 167 n.86, plate 15
The Winged Passion-Flower, 47–8, 49, 52, 167 n.86, plate 18
Abraham Pether, The Persian Cyclamen, 46, 49, 57, 62, plate 13
The Snowdrop, 46, 52, 56–7, 60, 62, plate 12
Philip Reinagle and Abraham Pether, The Night-Blowing Cereus, 42, 53, 56, 61, 165 n.47, 166 n.66, 167 n.86, plate 11
Philip Reinagle, The Aloe, 49, 58, 61, 165 n.47, 166 n.63, 167 n.86, plate 24
American Bog-Plants, 62–3, 166 n.63, plate 39
The Blue Passion Flower, 47–8, 49, 52, 165 n.47, 167 n.86, plate 17
Cupid Inspiring the Plants with Love, 41, 164 11.42, 165 n.47, plate 8
Large Flowering Sensitive Plant, 60–1, 165 n.47, 167 n.86, plate 38
The Narrow-leaved Kalmia, 58, 166 n.63, 167 n.86, plate 33
Oblique-leaved Begonia, 52, 165 n.47, 167 n.86
Pitcher Plant, 58, 166 n.63, plate 32
The Superb Lily, 47, 52, 53, 60, 61, 164 n.42, 167 n.86, plate 16
Tulips, 49, 56–7, 61, 167 n.86, plate 20
John Russell and John Opie, Aesculapius, Flora, Ceres and Cupid honouring the Bust of Linnaeus, 41
Robert John Thornton, Roses, 48, 49, 53, 62, 167 n.86, plate 23
Thomson, John, 98–9
Thornton, Bonnell, 38
Thornton, Robert John, 8, 37–65, 67, 68–9
Advertisement to the New Illustration, 8, 37, 41, 52
on contemporary society, 38–9, 40, 64–5
Daniell and, 68–9
Dr. Thornton’s Exhibition of Botanical Paintings, 41–62, 64
Erasmus Darwin and, 39–40, 61, 62, 63, 65
Lottery, 41, 64
A New Illustration of the Sexual System of Carolus von Linnaeus, 37–65
The Philosophy of Medicine, 39, 40, 61–2
The Politician’s Creed, 38–9, 40, 60
The Religious Use of Botany, 42–6, 60, 62, 64 see also Temple of Flora
topographical tradition, 9, 71–4, 107, 108, 109, 110
Transactions, see Geological Society of London
Turner, Joseph Mallord William, 4, 5, 8, 10, 74, 87–8, 89, 93–5, 97–8, 111, 149
WORKS:
The Bass Rock, 97–8, plate 67
Fingal’s Cave, 87, plate 58
Loch Coruisk, Skye, 89, 93–5, plate 64
Staffa, Fingal’s Cave, 87–8, 89, plate 57
Turner of Oxford, William, 102, 178 n.114
Twickenham, see London
Vallin, Jacques-Antoine, 60
Dr. Forlenze, 60, plate 37
Van Dyck, Antony, 60
Varley, Cornelius, 8, 35, 99, 101–47, 151, 153
and contemporary society, 135–44
drawing instruments and, 130–5
meteorology and, 126–8
phenomenalism and, 104, 130, 140, 144
Shipping, Barges, Fishing Boats, and other Vessels, 126, 144
A Treatise on Optical Drawing Instruments, 133
WORKS:
Barmouth Vale from Cader Idris, 122, plate 84
Beddgelert Bridge, 122, plate 86
Devil’s Bridge, 125, 126, plate 90
Devil’s Bridge (sketch), 119, 124–6, plate 89
Evening at Llanberis, 120, plate 82
The Graphic Telescope, 130–3, plate 94
Holland Street, Blackfriars Bridge, 138–40, plate 103
Lime Trees at Gillingham, 115, plate 78
Lord Rous’s Park, 115–17, plate 77
Mountain Landscape, North Wales, 120, plate 80
Near Ross, 153, plate 111
Part of Cader Idris and Tal-y-Llyn, 119–20, plate 79
Patshul Staffordshire, 133, plate 97
River Wye, 143, plate 107
Ross Market Place, Herefordshire, 107–8, 114, 124, 126, plate 71
The Rows at Chester, 109, plate 73
Ruins of Kerry Castle, 133–5, plate 98
St. Albans, Hertfordshire, 108, 124, plate 72
Sawyers Clearing Timber from its Knots, 142–3, plate 106
Sketchbook: Lime Rocks Llangollen, 120, plate 81
Sketchbook: Wrekin Shropshire, 124, plate 87
Stacking Hay, 144, plate 108
The Traveller, 124, plate 88
View of a Farmyard, 135–6, plate 99
View from Ferry Bridge Yorkshire, 133, plate 96
Varley, John, 8, 35, 99, 101–5, 109–111, 114, 120, 128, 135, 138–45
and contemporary society, 135–44
A Treatise on the Principles of Landscape
Design, 104–5
A Treatise on Zodiacal Physiognomy, 145
WORKS:
Looking down the High Street, Conway, 110, plate 75
Mountain Landscape: View from Cader Idris, 120, plate 83
Pulling down Old Houses in Crooked Lane for approach to London, 140, plate 105
The Thames Near the Penitentiary, Millbank, London, 140, plate 104
View of Polesden, Surrey, 110–111, plate 74
Varley, Samuel, 114–15
Vernet, Claude Joseph, 96
Vesuvius, 60, 76–7
Vision,
Burke on, 14
Hartley on, 13
Knight on, 29, 30, 32,
Price on, 29
Reid on, 22
Stewart on, 25
vitalism, 157 n.9, 159 n.88
vulcanism, 76–7, 78, 85, 97
Wagner, Monika, 155 n.21
Wales, 74, 102, 117–25, 126, 147
Walford, Edward, 138
war, see Napoleonic War
watercolours,
Monro’s influence on development of, 110–13
technique and development of, 101–2, 137
Watercolour Society, see Society of Painters in Water-Colours
Watt, James, 38, 39
Webster, Thomas, 88, 117, 126, 142, 155 n.29
Weindling, Paul, 79
Weiskel, Thomas, 156 n.8
Werner, Abraham, 76–7, 79, 81, 82, 97
Whytt, Robert, 18–19, 21
Wilberforce, William, 142
Wilkes, John, 38
Williams, Iolo A., 114
Wilson, Richard, 10
View near Wynnstay, the Seat of Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, Bt., 10, plate 3
Wollaston, William Hyde, 131
Wood, William, 168 n.2, 169 n.16
Yeo, Richard, 171 n.84, 180 n.2
Young, Thomas, 155 n.29, 161 n.160