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Index
Elizabeth S. Bolman (Editor)
Description: The Red Monastery Church: Beauty and Asceticism in Upper Egypt
The Red Monastery Church: Beauty and Asceticism in Upper Egypt
~Page numbers in italics indicate images. Abbreviations: P1-P5 = phases 1–5; PMed = medieval phases; PU = phase unknown.
Author
Elizabeth S. Bolman (Editor)
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2016 by American Research Center in Egypt, Inc.
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-23751
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Index
Abbreviations: P1–P5 = phases 1–5; PMed = medieval phases; PU = phase unknown.
‘Abd al-‘Aziz (Umayyad governor), 196
Abdel Nour (family of parish priests), xvii
Abraham (bishop), icon of. See Berlin
Abraham (painter-monk), 117
Abraham (priest), 220
Abraham of Farshuṭ (Pachomian leader), 195
Abrusca, Emiliano, xxxiv
Adam and Eve, 145
Adribah. See Atripe
aedicular architecture (Roman). See tabernacle facades
Aelia Eudoxia (Byzantine empress), 46
Ahmad Kamal (Egyptologist), 231
Akhmim, xxiv–xxv (maps), xxviii, xxx, 9, 44, 193, 195, 197, 199, 221, 224, 228, 257, 258, 337n92, 342n111
Dayr Anba Bakhum (triconch basilica) (north of Akhmim), xxiv, 42, 43, 44, 45. See also Panopolis
Alexander II (patriarch of Alexandria), 196, 226, 344n5
Alexander Sarcophagus. See Istanbul
Alexandria, xxiv (map), xxiii, xxx, xxxiii, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 19, 37, 46, 47, 145, 147, 158, 163, 169, 171, 172, 176, 195, 197, 198, 199, 243, 244, 281, 283
as source of illusionistic artistic style, 163
basilica of Saint Menas (west of), 19
Kom al-Ahbariya (near), 145, 158
patriarchs (bishops) of, xviii, xix, xxi, 3, 5–7, 29, 47, 147, 166, 169, 171–172, 195, 196, 245, 246, 248, 253, 256, 257, 258, 285
Serapeion (temple), 5, 172
shrine of St. Mark, 172
Tomb at Sidi Gabr, 120, 127
Amalric (king of Jerusalem), 198
Ambrose (bishop of Milan), 185, 336n36, 340n8
American Research Center in Egypt. See ARCE/USAID
Ammonas (monastic leader), 4
Ananias (inscription writer), 220
Anastasios (Pachomian superior), 195
angels, 14, 130, 141, 165, 177, 179, 180, 187, 195
ascetics as, xxiv, xxx, 17, 18
depictions of, 127, 130, 133, 134, 144, 155, 156, 179, 187, 188, 206, 212, 213, 215, 217, 228
performing the liturgy, 137, 140, 144, 188. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, angels; White Monastery church paintings, angels
Anicia Juliana (Byzantine aristocrat), 123
Annunciation, depictions of, 145–146, 155, 156
Anonymous 1 (papa), 220
Anonymous 2 (female donor), 220
Antinoupolis, 24, 155, 213
Antonios (donor), 220
Antonious al-Shenoudi (abbot), xviii–xix
Antony the Great (monastic leader), xxi–xxiii, xxiv, xxv, 4, 14, 15, 166, 168, 169
apa, definition of, xxvi
Aphrodisias, 176
Aphrodito (Aphroditopolis), 7, 224, 289, 325n61
Apion, archive of, (Oxyrhynchos), 7
Apophthegmata Patrum (Sayings of the Desert Fathers), xxiii, 4, 31, 338n31
apostles, 33, 34, 35, 42, 130, 134, 144, 146, 170, 172, 197. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, apostles; White Monastery church paintings, apostles
ARCE/USAID, xi, xxxiii, xxxv. See also Red Monastery church, ARCE/USAID conservation (2002–2012 C.E.)
archangels. See angels
architectural decorum, xxi, 17, 285
architectural polychromy, 97, 116, 119–125, 283, 323–324n48
and elite display, 20, 284. See also Bawit; Saqqara; Red Monastery church paintings, ornament, architectural polychromy
architecture: architectural energetics, 19
ascetics and, xxxv–xxxvi, 17–21, 25, 281–282, 284–286
asserting taste and wealth, xxxv–xxxvi, 17–20, 25, 285
associative meanings of, 38, 47
Trinitarian symbolism of, 47, 140, 281. See also church architecture
Archillites (liturgical associate), 220, 225
Arian controversy, 5, 169
Ark of the Covenant, 138, 145
Armenians in Egypt, 194, 198, 203, 209–211, 215, 218, 286
Aron (priest), 220–221
Ascension of Christ, 130, 134, 136. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Ascension
Asceticism. See monastic entries
Ashmunayn, 193
Dayr Abu Fana (near Ashmunayn), xxiv (map), 42, 43, 44–45, 206-207, 211
shrine of Saint Ptolemy of Dandara, 193, 195. See also Hermopolis Magna
Asterios of Amaseia (Cappadocian churchman), 123
Aswan: Dayr Anba Hatra (Monastery of Saint Simeon), xxiv, 241, 244
High Dam, xxviii
Atalla, Sylvia (USAID), xxxiv
Athanasios (patriarch of Alexandria), xxi, 3, 4, 5–6, 17, 148, 166, 168, 169
Festal Letters of, 5. See also Life of Antony; Red Monastery church, paintings, Athanasios
Athribis. See Atripe
Atripe (Athribis, Adribah), xxiv–xxv (maps), 4, 6, 8, 9, 14, 24
mountain of, 180, 193, 196 218, 219, 220, 227, 229. See also White Monastery Federation, women’s community
Augustus (emperor), 121, 127
Ausonius (poet), 123
Autefage, R. P. (missionary), 232
Badr al-Jamali (Fatimid vizier), 198, 222
Bahgat, ‘Ali (Comité), 231
Bahram (Vahram) (Fatimid vizier), 194, 198, 221, 342nn111, 113
Barjanus (region of Taha), 198
Barry, Fabio, 120
Bartholomeos (calligrapher), 219, 221
Bartholomew (apostle), relics of, 197
Basil the Great (bishop of Caesarea), 17, 34–35. See also Liturgy of Saint Basil; Pseudo-Basil; Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Basil
Basile (monk, steward), 180, 218, 219, 221
Basilios (scribe), 221
Basilius al-Bishoi (monk), xviii
Bassak (brother of Bahram), 198
Battle of the Pyramids (1798 C.E.), 199
Bawit, Monastery of Apa Apollo: archive of, 7
architectural polychromy at, 323–324n48
archaeological work at, 162, 163
early Byzantine art and monastic paintings of, 281
encaustic painting at, 162, 272
figures painted on columns at, 335n57
illusionistic paintings at, 337n11
inscriptions at, 176, 177, 179, 185
ledger from, 220, 223, 341n48
ornamental patterns at, 97, 332n29, 333n5
painted niche of Christ in Majesty above Virgin and Child from Room 6 at, 134, 149
painted niches of Christ in Majesty at, 335–336n24
paintings of animals in Chapel XVII at, 158
paintings of bread baskets at, 336n53
paintings of eagles at 185
paintings of monastic virtues at, 179, 340n48
paintings of prophets in Chapel XII at, 145
portal sculpture (south church) of, 91
stylistic comparison with Red Monastery paintings, 158, 159, 162, 163
wooden banding at north and south churches of 66
Baghdad, xxx
Beaver, Jim (USAID), xxxiv
bedouin, 197–198
Bénazeth, Dominique. 212
Benedictines (monastic order), xxiv
Beni Suef, 93
Benjamin I (patriarch of Alexandria), 195
Berlin, Museum für Spätantike und Byzantinische Kunst, icon of Bishop Abraham, 177, 288–289
Besa (archimandrite), 7, 169, 228, 344n9
as Pseudo-Besa, 6, 325n24. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Besa
Bethlehem (near): Church of Saint Theodosios (Dayr Dosi), 37
Church of the Nativity, 38
Betika, Croatia, triconch basilica at, 41–42, 45
Bible, 166, 167, 179
Biblical references: (OT): Dan. 2:34–35, 144
Exod. 3:2, 135
Exod. 4:1–5, 136
Exod. 4:5, 136
Exod. 16:4–5, 135
Exod. 24:18, 135
Exod. 34:29–35, 136
Ezek. 1:5–11, 133
Ezek. 1:13, 133
Ezek. 1:15–18, 20, 134
Ezek. 1:24, 133
Ezek. 20, 134
Ezek. 44:2–3, 144
Gen. 2:10–14, 188
Isa. 7:14–15, 144
Jer. 31:4–5, 144
Jer. 49:36, 188
1 Kings 18:20–46, 144
Num. 21:4–9, 136
(NT): Acts 1:10–11, 130
2 Cor. 3:3, 137
2 Cor. 3:7–8, 136
2 Cor. 3:17–18, 136
Gal. 4:5, 135, 144
Heb. 10:19–20, 138
John 3:13–15, 136
John 8:12, 185
John 15:1–5, 185
Luke 17:37, 185
Luke 23:45, 138
Mark 15:38, 138
Matt. 4:2, 135
Matt. 5:17–20, 135
Matt. 14:19, 135
Matt, 17:1–8, 144
Matt. 24:28, 184
Matt. 26:27–29, 185
Matt. 27:51, 138
Rev. 4:7–8, 133
Rom. 7:6, 135
Bigol, xviii, xix, xxvii. See also Pcol
Bishay, xviii, xix, xxvii. See also Pshoi
Bishay (parish priest), xvii
Bishoi (monastic leader), xxvii
bishops, roles of, 17. See also monasticism and bishops
Bock, Wladimir de (antiquarian), 22, 235, 236, 240, 244, 246, 249, 252, 257, 288, 296, 297
Matériaux pour servir à l’aréhcologie de l’Égypte Chrétienne, 235
Bohairic Coptic. See Coptic language, Bohairic
Bolman, Elizabeth S., xxxiv, xxxviii
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 199, 233
book of life, 35, 141, 180
Boud’hors, Anne, 212
Boulos (parish priest), xvii, xviii
Boutros, Ramez, 42–44
Bowen, Gillian, 44
Brown, Peter, 7
Bulah (bishop of Akhmim), 197
burning bush (Exod. 3:2), 135, 136, 145
Christ and, 135
depictions of, 135–136
Mary and, 135, 145. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, burning bush
Burton-Christie, Douglas, 167
Buschhausen, Hans, 44
Cairo, xxiv (map), 199, 261, 233
churches of, 209, 212–213, 236, 241, 244
chapel of Thekla Haymanot, al-Mu’allaqa Church, 212–213
Church of Saint Merkurios, 209
Coptic Museum in: Bawit niche painting of Christ in Majesty above the Virgin and Child (Room 6), 134, 149
Bawit South Church portal sculpture, 91
censer with life of Christ, 204
coin hoard, 20
painted textile of Michael, 212, 213, 215
foundation of, 231
White Monastery key, 212. See also Bawit
Coptic Patriarchal Library in, 14
Egyptian Museum in: Oedipus killing Laios, 155
medieval city of, xi, xxx, 14, 195, 197, 198, 199, 203, 207, 212, 222
Islamic monuments of: Bab Zuwayla, xi
Fatimid palace library, 205
Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya, 211: Mosque of Ahmad ibn Tulun, 51
Mosque of ‘Amribn al-As, 51
Nilometer, 51
University of, 231
Calendar of 354, 122, 123
calendars: anno Hijrae, xxv
anno Martyrorum, xxv, 147
Common Era, xxv
Gregorian, xxv
Cambi, Nemad, 39
Cambridge: Fitzwilliam Museum, evangelists and miracle scenes, ivory panels, 146
Cameron, Alan, 9
Canopus, 5
capitals: Corinthian capital, development of, 80
elements of, 79, 80
Theodosian, 80, 91–92. See also Red Monastery church sculpture, capitals
Cassian (martyr), 123
Cassian, John (monk, author), 19
Castelseprio: Santa Maria, 155–156, 337n8, 338n13
cenobitic monasticism. See monasticism, cenobitic
Ceri: Church of Santa Maria Immacolata, 135, 136
Chael (archimandrite), 218, 221, 226
Chalcedon, Council of (451 C.E.), 6–7, 147, 149
Chalcedonian Christianity. See doctrine
charioteer papyrus. See London, Egypt Exploration Society
Chartres: Cathedral of Notre-Dame, 136
Chersonesos (Crimea), Kruse Basilica, 41
Chorikios of Gaza (rhetorician), 121–122, 185
Christ: Ascension of, 130
as Child, 144, 177
as God, 131, 133–134, 136, 140, 147, 148–149
as “good Iconographer,” 129
as head of the Church, 35
as light of the world, 185
as Logos, 135, 137, 144, 146, 148–149, 176, 181
as veil of the temple, 129, 138
burning bush and, 135–136
depictions of, 103, 130, 133, 134, 135–136, 146, 187, 206, 207, 213
eagles associated with, 184
Eucharist and, 29, 129, 136, 137, 140, 141
in Majesty, 133
Nativity, 135
nature of, 7
Old Testament prophecy and, 144–146
prefigured by Moses, 135, 136, 138–139
returning from the East, 139
shroud of, 205. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Christ
Christophoros (calligrapher), 219, 221
Chromatius (bishop of Aquileia), 42
Church, material turn of 17, 121, 285
church architecture:
as body of Christ, 138, 139
and the jeweled style, 119–127
beauty of, xxxv–xxxvi, 17–21, 25, 177, 285
building’s significance to early monastic communities, 33–35, 129
competition with, 19
cost of, 18–20, 46, 100, 121, 124, 286
east-west alignment of, 49–50, 139
economic significance of, 7–8
expressing honor to God, 17
form and function of, 33
orientation of, 49–50, 139
prothesis in, 40, 183, 186
secretaria (sacristies), 40
symbolism of, 47, 129, 138, 140, 281
triconch, origins of, 38–39. See also Red and White Monasteries entries
Cimitile (Nola): Basilica Nova, 19, 37, 40, 45, 47
cities and beauty, 17, 25
Clarke, Somers (architect, antiquarian), 230, 231, 236–239, 243, 245–246, 257–258, 286
Christian Antiquities in the Nile Valley, 236, 237
Clédat, Jean (archaeologist), xxiii, 185, 213, 239–240, 241, 244, 245, 246, 252, 253, 255, 289, 296
Clement of Alexandria (early Christian writer), 144, 184
Cleveland Museum of Art: tapestry icon of the Virgin and Child, 145, 149, 337n92
clothing. See monasticism, clothing; Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, clothing; textiles; White Monastery Federation, uniform of
Cocconis Fréres (tile manufacturer), 250
coins, die, 20, 21
gold, 20, 21
Comité de Conservation des Monuments de l’Art Arabe, xiii, xiv, xvii, xxxi, 231, 235, 236, 238, 239–240, 241, 286
colonial context of, 243
composition of, 243–244
criticism of, 257–258
dates of, 243
establishment of, 231
importance of, 241
including Coptic architecture in remit of, 243–244
publications of, 243, 244
Islamic architecture of Egypt and, 243, 244
rebuilding by, 208
registering and documenting monuments, 244
responsibilities of, 243
restoring Red and White Monasteries, xxxvi, 200, 213, 243–259
Technical Section of, 243, 248, 257. See also Red Monastery church, Comité conservation (1909–1912 C.E.)
Communion. See Eucharist
Connerton, Paul, 33
conservation. See Red Monastery church, ARCE/USAID conservation (2002–2012 C.E.); Comité conservation (1909–1912 C.E.)
Consortium for Research and Conservation at the Monasteries of the Sohag Region, 324n52
Constantine (emperor), 121
Constantinople, xxx, 5, 6, 162, 203
Golden Gate, 80
Great Palace, 122
Hagia Sophia, 80, 119, 122, 123, 336n66
Church of Saint Polyeuktos, 123–124
Stoudios Monastery, 19, 93
Constantius II (emperor), 122
Conti Rossini, Carlo, 200–201
Cook, Thomas (tourist agency founder), 232
Coptic Encyclopedia, 193, 195, 281
Coptic language, xxiii, xxx
Bohairic, 14, 28, 31, 178, 179, 180, 236, 324n10, 327n4
Sahidic, 11, 13, 29, 35, 143, 327n4
Coptic Orthodox Church, xiii, xxxiii
crises in, 197–199
geography of holiness of, 195
monks in, xvii
practices of, xxxv
priests in, xiv, xvii, 241
White Monastery Federation and, 195
Copts, xxv–xxvi, xxx
Arabization of, xxvi, xxx–xxxi, 204, 207
art of, historiography, xxxii–xxxiii, 281
culture of, xxxi, 203
definition of, xxv–xxvi
economic and political decline of, xxxi, 213, 215
relations with Muslims, xxx–xxxi, 196, 198, 199, 207
vocal music of, 30
Western interest in, 231. See also Coptic language; Coptic Orthodox Church; Red Monastery church paintings; White Monastery church paintings
Coquin, René-Georges, 193, 195
Cordoba, Great Mosque of, 141
Corinthian capital. See capitals, Corinthian
Cotton Genesis. See London, British Library
Creswell, Keppel Archibald Cameron (architectural historian), 37
Cribiore, Rafaella, 9
Cromer, Lord (Evelyn Baring) (British consul-general), 236, 244, 245
Cross of Theodote. See Theodote 1
cross, 22, 24, 29, 125, 138, 186, 188, 207, 211
as tree of life, 205, 207
depictions of 185, 187, 206–207, 211. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, cross; White Monastery church paintings, cross
Crum, Walter E. (Coptologist), 223, 227, 230, 239, 241
cultural heritage, xi, xiii, xv, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvi, 207, 231
Egyptian interest in, 231, 243–245
Western interest in, 231–241, 243–245
Curzon, Robert, Jr. (English traveler). Visits to the Monasteries of the Levant, 232
Cutler, Anthony, 333n20
Cyril (patriarch of Alexandria), 3, 5, 47, 130, 171, 172
Discourse on the Virgin Mary, 144
Letter to the Monks of Egypt, 148–149. See also Liturgy of Saint Cyril; Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Cyril
Cyrus (Kyros) of Panopolis (poet), 9
Dakhla Oasis: xxiv (map)
Dayr Abu Matta (triconch basilica), xxiv (map), 42, 43, 44, 45, 49–50
Dalmatius (donor), 41
Dalusham (martyr) 44
Damascus, xxx
Daniel (prophet), 144
depictions of, 145–146. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Daniel
Darmstadt Technische Hochschule, xxxi, xxxviii, 253, 254, 257, 258
Dayeid (scribe), 221
Dayr al-Abyad. See White Monastery
Dayr al-Ahmar. See Red Monastery
De Cesaris, Luigi, v, xiv, xxvii, xxxii, xxxiv, xxxviii, 97, 98, 106, 261, 262, 271, 279, 286
Deesis, 213, 215
Deichmann, Friedrich W., 40
Demetrios (patriarch of Alexandria), 3
Demetrios (patriarch of Antioch), On the Birth of Our Lord and on the Virgin Mary, 144
Dendera: xxiv (map)
birth houses (mammisis) at, 44
church (triconch basilica) at, 37, 38, 42–44. 45, 47, 185
eagles in niche hoods, 185
fountains at, 129
Temple of Hathor at, 42, 51, 129
Denon, Vivant (French artist), 199, 200, 201, 233–234
Desaix, Louis (French general), 199, 200
Di Marco, Chiara, xxxiv, 286
Diocletian (emperor), xxv, 99, 130, 172, 193, 208
Diocletianic persecution. See Persecution, Great
Dioskoros, archive of (Aphrodito), 7, 225, 289, 325n61
Dioskoros (patriarch of Alexandria), 5, 6, 147. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography
Dioskoros dipinti, 175–181
relationship to graffiti, 176–177. See also Red Monastery church and tower, architecture, inscriptions; White Monastery church, inscriptions
diyārāt literature, 198, 200
doctrine:
and conflict, 6–7, 284
and paintings, 130, 147, 149, 283–284, 348n12
consubstantiality, 47, 134
Chalcedonian (Melkite) Christianity, 5–7, 8–9, 147, 149, 195, 197
Christology, 7, 130, 147–149
economy of salvation, 147–149, 189, 283
Miaphysite Christianity, 6–7, 8–9, 147–149, 283–284
donors, 22, 24, 41, 42. See also White Monastery Federation, donors to
Dublin, Chester Beatty Library, Qur’an (1037 C.E.), 211
Qur’an (ca. 1306–1310 C.E.), 212
Dumbarton Oaks, Byzantine Studies Program of, xxxiii
Dura Europos, inscriptions at, 176, 200
EAC. See Egyptian Antiquities Conservation Project
eagles, 18, 133, 184–185. See also Red Monastery paintings, iconography, eagles
earthquakes. See White Monastery Federation, earthquakes
Eck, Werner, 175, 176
economy of salvation. See doctrine, economy of salvation
Edessa: cathedral of, 122
Edfu, 159
Edict of Maximum Prices (301), 99
education, Greco-Roman, 166–167. See also memory house
Egypt: accessibility of, xxx
Arab conquest of, xxv, xxvii, xxx, 7, 195, 197, 204, 207, 340n63
Arabic language in, xxx–xxxi
Arabization of. xxvi, xxvii
British rule in, 243
Byzantine economy of, 7–8
calendars used in, xxv
centralization of episcopal authority in, 5
French occupation of, 199
in Byzantine Empire, xxx
Islam in, xxx–xxxi, 197, 203, 205, 207, 212, 215, 231
map of, showing monasteries and triconch basilicas, xxiv
monepiscopacy in, 3
plague (medieval) in, 199
population growth (recent) in, 287
regard for historic heritage in, xiii, xv, 231, 243, 287
travel within, speed and ease of, 3, 7
unrest (recent) in, xxxv
Egyptian Antiquities Conservation Project, xiv
Egyptian Antiquities Organization, 243
Egyptian Antiquities Project, xiii–xiv
Egyptian temple architecture, xxvii, 18, 24, 50–51, 57
Elijah the Tishbite (prophet), 144, 165 168–169, 338n25
mantle of, 165, 168. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Elijah
Elisha (prophet), 169
Elizabeth (mother of John the Baptist), 171
Elsner, Jaś, 136
Emmel, Stephen, 6
encaustic paint, xxvii, 99, 272. See also Red Monastery church paintings, phases, materials, and techniques, encaustic
Engemann, Joseph, 134
Ennodius (bishop of Pavia), 180
Ephesos: First Council of (431 C.E.), 6, 145, 282
Second Council of (449 C.E.), 7, 147
Epimachos (monastic), 221
Epiphanios (bishop of Salamis), 135
Esam Abdel Raouf, xxxiv
Esna: xxiv (map); column (truncated) with cavity, 331n32
hermitage at, 4
Monastery of the Martyrs (Dayr al-Shuhada), 208, 212
Monastery of the Potter (Dayr al-Fakhuri), 194, 211
Estafanous, Fawzy G., xxxiv
Eucharist, 25, 129, 140, 142, 144
architecture associated with, 38
celebration of, 29–30, 130
eagle symbolism and, 184–185
facing east for, 40
hymns for, 30
Mary’s milk and, 144
paintings linked with, 137, 139, 144
participation in, 13, 140
prayers for, 29–30
preparation of, 183, 189
readings for, 30
reference 10, 207
resurrection associated with, 186
symbolism for, 184–86, 188–89
vigils in preparation for, 29. See also church architecture, prothesis; Red Monastery church and tower, architecture, NSR as prothesis
euergetism, 47, 129, 281
Eulogiousal-Bishoi (monk), xviii
evangelists, 33, 34
depictions of 146, 187. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, evangelists
Ezekiel (prophet), 133–134, 144, 145, 146, 290
vision of, 133. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Ezekiel
Faitaous (parish priest), xvii, xviii
Fatimid dynasty, xi, 198, 200, 205, 207, 211, 221, 222, 342n129, 343nn16, 50
Fayyum: xxiv (map)
Qalamun Monastery, 198. See also Naqlun
Felicianus (donor), 41
floors, Roman treatment of, 121–122
Forty Anecdotes (al-Arbn’un khabar), 195–196
Freer Gospel covers. See Washington, D.C.
Furlan, Italo, 41
Fustat (Old Cairo), xxx
Gabriel (archangel), 140. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Gabriel
Gabriel II ibn Turayk (patriarch of Alexandria), 29
Gallus (Caesar), 122, 123
Garstin, William (undersecretary of state), 245
Gasparri, Pietro, xxxiv
Gaza: Church of Saint Sergios, 121, 122, 185
Church of Saint Stephen, 121, 122
genealogy: ascetic, 35, 165, 167–173, 285
authority and, 165, 167–69
ecclesiastical, 34
significance of, 28
Gerge 1 (monk), 221
Gerge 2 (dipinto reference), 221, 289
Gesios (Panopolitan “pagan”), 9
Giorge (scribe), 221, 300
Giza (district): Dayr al-Sham’, 197
Godeau, Patrick, 261
Goehring, James, 7, 195
Gorini, Marti, 273
Grabar, André, 38, 39
Martyrium, 38
graffiti, 175–178, 289. See also Red Monastery church and tower, architecture inscriptions; White Monastery church, inscriptions
grapevines, 18, 185. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, grapevines
Great Euchologion, See White Monastery Federation liturgical practice
Greek language, xxiii, xxvi, xxvii, xxx, 8, 9, 13, 19, 27, 29, 31–33, 165, 180, 221, 224, 225, 226, 228, 288, 289, 290, 294
Gregory the Great (Catholic pope), 135
Gregory of Nazianzos (patriarch of Constantinople), 169
Gregory of Nyssa (bishop, Cappadocian father), 34, 135, 336n81
Gregory (Grigor) (Armenian catholicos), 198, 228
Grigor II the Martyrophile (called Vahram), 228
Grossmann, Peter, 39, 42, 44, 45, 55, 57–58
Hafiz, al- (Fatimid caliph), 198
Hanna Bakhum (Comité), 243, 246, 253
Harrison, Martin, 123
Hasaballah (parish priest), xvii
Heliodoros (mentioned in votive inscription), 228
henna, 22, 327n71
Herculaneum, 175–176, 272, 333n14
hermemeiai, (hermeniai). See White Monastery Federation liturgical practice
hermits, xiv, xxv, 5, 11, 13, 14, 15, 31, 32, 166, 206, 325n22, 342n130
Hermopolis Magna (Ashmunayn), 17, 44, 155, 178
basilica at, 17, 19, 59, 92–93, 335n47. See also Ashmunayn; Thynis
Herz, Max (Comité), 230, 239, 244–249, 253, 256, 257, 258
Historia Lausiaca (Lausiac History), xxiii
Historia Monachorum in Aegypto (History of the Monks of Egypt), xxiii, 141
History of the Churches and Monasteries of Egypt, 193, 197, 199
History of the Patriarchs, 194, 196–197, 224, 226
Hoffman, Lawrence A., 27
Horner, George W., 236
Husayn Fakhry (Comité), 243
Hypatia (philosopher), 5, 172
Iakob (apa), 221
Ibn Fadl Allah al-’Umari. See ‘Umari, ibn FadI Allah, al-
identifying labels. See dipinti
Ignatius of Antioch (patriarch), 3
illusionism (artistic), 120, 121, 123, 124, 151, 155–156, 158, 163, 203, 337n9; 337n11, 338n34, 337–338n12. See also Red Monastery church paintings, style, illusionism
Ingenua (donor), 41
Innemée, Karel, 262, 288, 323–324n48, 337n108
Inscriptions, 18, 41–42, 46, 47, 55, 123, 143, 174, 192, 216, 288–300
goals of, 175
significance of, 175, 176. See also dipinti; Red Monastery church and tower, inscriptions; White Monastery church, inscriptions
Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale du Caire (IFAO), xxxi, 211, 239
International Association of Coptic Studies, xxxiii
Ioannes 1 (bishop), 218, 221
Ioannes 2 (scribe), 219, 222, 227
Ioannes 3 (deacon), 219, 222
Ioannes 4 (archimandrite), 211, 218, 222, 225, 241
Ioannes 5 (archimandrite), 222
Ioannes 6 (dipinti writer), 222, 226
Ioannes 7 (priest), 222
Ioustos (great archimandrite), 218, 222
Irenaeus (early Christian writer), 135
Isaak (monk, priest), 222
Isaak (monastic leader), 19
Isaiah (prophet), 144, 145, 146. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Isaiah
Istanbul, 119, 120, 123
Archaeology Museums: Alexander Sarcophagus, 120. See also Constantinople
Istituto Superiore della Conservazione e Restauro di Roma, 273
lulia Concordia, triconch basilica at, 41, 42, 45
Jerash: nymphaion, 45–46, 47, 129
Jeremiah (prophet), 144, 145, 290–291, See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Jeremiah
Jerome (early Christian writer), xxiv, 165
Jerusalem: Church of the Resurrection in, 195
Jerusalem (heavenly), 17, 129, 138, 141
Jesus Christ. See Christ
jeweled style, 97, 119, 120, 121–124, 179, 283
elements of, 97, 121–124
clothing and, 122–123. See also Red Monastery church paintings, ornament, jeweled style
John Chrysostom, (patriarch of Constantinople), 185
John (evangelist), 35, 136, 146, 147, 185, 260, 295
John IV (patriarch of Constantinople), 185–186
John of Damascus (theologian), 135
John the Deacon (Egyptian historian), 196–197
John of Shmoun (Egyptian writer), 13
Jones, Michael, xxxiv, xxxv
Justinian (emperor), 7, 38, 79, 93, 121, 281
Justin Martyr (Christian apologist), 135
Justin Sinaites, 135
Kaisarios (komes), 6, 8, 20, 46, 47, 217–218, 228–229
Kalamon (scribe, deacon), 229
Kallirhoe (mentioned in votive inscription), 228
Kautzsch, Rudolf, 80
Kellia (monastic settlement), xxiii, 4, 163, 176, 206
key, White Monastery. See Cairo, Coptic Museum, key
Kharga Oasis, 5
Bagawat necropolis, 185, 244
Hibis, 185
Khütchatur (Armenian “metagh”), 218, 222, 226, 227
khurus, 44–45
Kiti, Cyprus: Church of Panagia tis Angeloktisti, 145
Klate (mentioned in inscription), 208, 222, 223, 224, 297
Klaudios (martyr), depiction of, 208
Klayte 1 (archimandrite), 218, 219, 222–223
Klayte 2 (scribe, librarian), 218, 223
Klippel, Ernst (Comité), 244
Knossos, triconch basilica at, 39, 40–41, 42, 45
Kollouthos (apa), 223
Kolthe 1 (monk), 181, 223
Kolthe 2 (archimandrite), 223
Kom al-Ahbariya. See Alexandria
Krawiec, Rebecca, 217
Krumeich, Kirsten, 83, 89
Kyrillos (archbishop), 223
Kyrillos V (patriarch of Alexandria), 243, 245, 253
Kyritzi (Comité photographer), 209, 243, 248, 250, 252, 256, 257
Laferrière, Pierre, 262
laity, xiv, xv, xviii, 8, 24, 34
lamb of God, 187
Lanne, Emmanuel, 29
Layton, Bentley, 28
Lavin, Irving, 38–39
Leader-Newby, Ruth, 178
Lehmann, Tomas, 39, 40
Leo the Great (Catholic pope), 147
Leptis Magna: Arch of Septimius Severus, 185
Life of Antony (Athanasios), xxi, 4, 5, 17, 31, 166
Life of Pachomios, 5, 19, 28, 178–179, 180
Life of Shenoute (Pseudo-Besa), 6, 9, 31, 165
Life of St. Porphyry of Gaza, 46
Life of Syncletica (Pseudo-Athanasius), 176
liturgy, 27–35
angels participating in, 137, 140, 144, 188
as imitation of heaven, 35
bodily involvement in, 33
eternal, 137
multisensory nature of, 32, 127
sung dialogue of, 30. See also White Monastery Federation liturgical practice
Liturgy of Saint Basil, 35
Liturgy of Saint Cyril, 33
London: British Library, MS Cotton Otho B VI, 155
Egypt Exploration Society, charioteer papyrus, 155
López, Ariel, 20, 46, 47
Lubomierski, Nina, 31
Lusignan, Pierre de (king of Cyprus), 199
Luxor (Thebes): xxiv (map)
imperial cult room (Luxor Temple), 130, 154, 155, 264, 279
Karnak Temple, xi
Luxor Temple, xi, 44
Monastery of Apa Epiphanios, 4, 5, 169
Monastery of Apa Phoibammon, 177, 289
Medinet Habu Temple, 231, 327n75
Nefertari Tomb, 279
Luzi, Adriano, v, xxxii, xxxiv, 261, 262, 271, 279, 286
Lythrankomi, Cyprus: Church of Panagia Kanakariá, 145
Mackie, Gillian, 187
Madina, xxv
Maguire, Henry, 185
Mahmud Abul Goud (Comité), 246
Malimud Ahmad (Comité), 246–257, 258, 259
Makarios the Great (monastic leader), 4, 14, 129
Mamluks (sultans and beys of Egypt), 199, 200, 233
Mannou (female archimandrite), 23, 217, 218, 219, 221, 223, 227, 344n12
manuscripts, 204–205. See also New York, Pierpont Morgan Library; Paris, BN; White Monastery, manuscripts; White Monastery Federation liturgical practice
maps: Egypt, xxiv
region around Red and White Monasteries, xxv
Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din, al- (historian), 14, 193, 199, 218, 231
Khitat, 14, 199
Marchese, Marina, 273
Maria (housemaster), 217
Mark (evangelist and patriarch of Alexandria), 147, 171, 172. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Mark; White Monastery church paintings, Mark
Markos (painter-monk), 117
Markos 1 (monk), 223
Markos 2 (housemaster), 223
Markos 3 (inscription writer), 223, 289
Markos 4 (calligrapher), 219, 223
Markos 5 (donor), 226, 229
Marqus ibn Zur‘ah (historian), 194
Martin, Maurice, 193, 195
Martyrdom of St. Peter, 172
martyria, 5, 38–39, 41, 42
martyrs, xxv, 4, 5, 8, 25, 33, 34, 35, 44, 123, 146–147, 172. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Stephen
Mary, the Virgin: as new Ark of the Covenant, 145
as Galaktotrophousa, 142
as Theotokos, 144, 145, 148, 177
burning bush and, 135, 145
depictions of, 9, 127, 130, 144, 145–146, 177
milk of, as Logos, 144
Miriam associated with, 144
Nativity, 135
Old Testament prophecy and, 144
White Monastery Federation churches associated with, 13–14, 32, 218, 219, 227. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Mary; White Monastery church paintings, Mary
Maspero, Gaston (Egyptologist), 238–239
Matermoute (ama, second), 218, 223
Matthaios (deacon), 229
Matthaios 2 (archdeacon), 223
Mawhub ibn Mansur ibn Mufarrij (historian), 197
Maximous El-Antony, xxxiv, xxxvii, 261, 286
Maximus of Turin (theological writer), 188
McKenzie, Judith, 44, 46, 323n39, 323–324n48, 335n60, 348n4
Mecca, xxv
Ka‘ba, 211, 286
Megaw, Arthur H. S., 40–41, 92
Melkite. See doctrine, Chalcedonian
memory house, 166–167, 173
Mergoure (scribe, painter), 219, 223–224, 297, 339n29
Merkoure (painter), 224, 296, 297
Merkouri (painter), 181, 192, 193, 194, 199, 205, 215, 216, 217, 218, 224, 225, 235, 236, 286, 288, 289, 292, 296, 299
Merkurios (Pachomian monk), 195
Mesopotamia, 37
metagh (“convict” or “slave”), 222, 226
Miaphysites. See doctrine, Miaphysite Christianity; White Monastery Federation, Miaphysite allegiance of
Michael (archangel), 140, 188
medieval depictions of, 212, 213, 215, 343n37. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Michael
Michael I (patriarch of Alexandria), 196–197
Michael (monk, translator), 201
Mieza: Tomb of the Palmettes 120, 121
Milan, 282
Sant’Aquilino Chapel, 146
milk, Eucharistic significance of, 144
Miller, Patricia Cox, 123
Ministry of al-Awqaf (Muslim Religious Endowments), Egypt, 244
Ministry of Antiquities (MoA), Egypt, xi, xiii, xv, 243
Miriam (Moses’ sister), 144, 336n81
Moawad, Samuel, 193–194
Mohammed Abdel Rahim (MoA), xxxviii
monasteries:
as heavenly Jerusalem on earth, 17, 284
as spiritual centers, 8
cells, 4
competition and, 5, 6–7, 19
economics and, 7–8, 17, 20–21
familial structure of, 167–68, 173, 218
gift giving to, 8, 21–22, 24
handiwork in, xxix, 28–29
importance of, in late Roman Egypt, 3–4
manuscripts and, 204–205
monumental churches at, xxv–xxvi, 17–21, 25, 177, 285
pilgrimages to, 8–9, 17
relations with Muslim authorities, 196, 197
titles used at, 218
wealth accumulation by, 20. See also Aswan; Bawit; Esna; Giza (district); Luxor; Naqlun; Red Sea (region); Saqqara; Wadi al-Natrun; Red and White Monasteries entries
monastic associations, 4, 5, See White Monastery Federation: Pachomian federation
monasticism, xxi, xxiii–xxv, 3–9
and bishops, 3, 5–6, 167–173
architectural competition and, 5–6, 19
as centers of pilgrimage, 8
as centers of power and patronage, 8
as major economic entities, 7
beauty and, xxxv–xxxvi, 17–21, 25, 177, 285
biblical culture of, 166
cenobitic, xxiv–xxv, 4, 5, 7, 11, 18–19, 31, 195, 285
contemplation and, 180
early practitioners of. xxi, xxiii, 4, 129
economy of abundance and, 20
education and, 166–167
eremitic, xxv, 4
literature of, 4
material turn of, 17–25, 285
practitioners (early) of, 4
popular piety and, 8–9
regimentation of, 4
rivalry over lineage and authority, 4
semi-eremitic, 4
rules of, 13
textual aesthetic of, 181
types of, 4, 8
varieties of monastic life, 4
violence and, 6, 172–173
wealth and, xxxv–xxxvi, 7–8, 17–20, 25, 285, See also monasteries; monks; Red and White Monasteries entries
monks:
as painters, 176–177, 218
aspirations of, 170
as scribes, 176–177
contemplation by, 180
demoralization of, 8
economic involvement of, 7–8, 18, 20–21, 285
handiwork of, xxix–xxx, 29
laity separate from, 8
literacy of, 176–77
literary portrayals of, 7
lives of, xix, 4, 7, 13, 17, 28–35
praying for forgiveness of sins, 35. See also monasteries; monasticism; Red and White Monasteries entries
Monneret de Villard, Ugo (archaeologist, art historian), 37, 41, 47, 213, 241, 252
Moorsel, Paul van, 134, 262, 281
Mora, Laura, 279
Mora, Paolo, 279
Morand, Charles Antoine, 234
mortuary art, symbols used in, 185
Moses:
burning bush and, 135, 145
comparisons to, 169
prefiguring Christ, 134, 136, 138–139, 144
iconography of, 135–136
law of, 134, 145, 146, 169
snakes and, 136
tabernacle of, 129, 138–139, 284, 336n54. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Moses
Mshatta Palace, Jordan, 37, 38
Muhammad (prophet), xxv
Muhammad Hammam (Comité), 245
Murad Bey (Mamluk ruler), 199, 200
Murray, John (publisher), Handbook for Travellers in Egypt, 235
Mutawakkil, al- (‘Abbasid caliph), 197
Muyassar, ibn (historian), 194, 198
Nabih Kamil Da’ud, “The History of the Monastery of St. Anba Shinudah,” 195
Nag al-Dayr (village), xvii, xviii, xix, 50
Nagagra, al- (family of parish priests), xvii
Nahla Abdallah (MoA), xxxvii
Nakhla al-Barati (Comité), 243
Naples: National Library, Naples chronicle, IB2, 11, 13, 14
Naqlun: Monastery of the Archangel Gabriel, 171, 206, 329n86
Nasir al-Din (brother of Ridwan ibn Walakhshi), 198
Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun, al- (Mamluk sultan), 299
Nebo, Mount: Triconch Memorial of Moses, 38, 39
Nestorios (patriarch of Constantinople), 5, 6, 7
New York: MMA, Villa Boscoreale, paintings from, 121
Pierpont Morgan Library, cross with interlace, Ms. M608, fol. li v.
Nile, 3, 5, 7, 49, 199–200, 232
Nitria (monastic settlement), xxiii, 4
Nola. See Cimitile
Nonnos of Panopolis (poet), 9
Nuhad es-Said collection: Ka‘ba key, 211
Nur al-Din (Zangid sultan), 198
orans (praying) position, 22, 23
Origen (early Christian theologian), 5, 6
Ouspensky, Porphyrius (Russian traveler), 59
Oxyrhynchos, 7, 89, 289
Olympiodoros of Thebes (poet), 9
Oyseir (scribe), 229
Pachomian federation, xxiv, 11, 129, 195
building activity of, 4–5, 19
Chalcedonian allegiance of, 7, 147, 195
cenobia of xxiv–xxv, 11
combination of work and prayer, 28, 29
daily life in. xxix, 28–29
decline of, 7, 9, 195
Eucharist in, 29
houses of, 4, 28, 29
Koinonia (rules) of, xxiv–xxv, xxix, 4, 11, 28, 129, 176, 178
monasteries in Upper Egypt, xxiv, 4, 11, 195
monastery at Canopus, 5
monastery near Taha, 198
monastic dress of, 4, 169
monks of, 195
prayer at, 31
Pbow, church of, 4–5, 19
Pachomios (monastic founder), xxiv, 4, 5, 11, 14, 19, 20
absent from Red Monastery church paintings, 4, 7, 15, 147, 169
appearing in a vision, 180
meditating on painting, 178–179
Pachomios (martyr), 44
Pamoun (fugitive), 224
Pamprepios of Panopolis (poet), 9
Panantoleos (psalmist), 218, 229
Panile (apa), 224
Panopolis (Coptic Shmin, modern Akhmim), xxiv (map), xxv (map), xxviii, xxx, 3, 4, 8, 9, 11, 44, 163, 172, 218, 221, 225, 228, 229, 283, 298
classical paideia of, 9
textiles and, xxx, 9
Papaconstantinou, Arietta, 8
paradise, 17, 35, 129, 187, 188, 205, 283, 284
Paris: BN, depiction of Shenoute (copte 1305), 204
Louvre, Bawit South Church portal sculpture, 91
Tyche of Constantinople, 159, 161
Pasch, John (USAID), xxxiv
patriarchs. See Alexandria, patriarchs of
Patricolo, Achille (Comité), 244, 258
patrons, 5, 8, 17, 20, 24, See also White Monastery Federation, patrons of
Paul Silentiarios (Byzantine writer), 122
Paul (Apostle), 135, 136–137, 144, 146, 169, 170. See also Red Monastery paintings, Paul
Paul of Thebes (hermit), 4
Paulinus of Nola, 19, 37, 40, 45, 47
Paulos 1 (bishop), 224
Paulos 2 (archimandrire), 224, 225, 228
Paulos 3 (monk, deacon), 208, 222, 224, 297
Paulos 4 (donor), 229
Pbow, 5, 19, 195, 285, 326n39.
Pcol (Paulos) (monastic leader): and current Red Monastery, xviii, xvii
as Father of These Congregations, 11, 13
as Pachomian monk, 11
cenobium of, 11, 15
church of the Virgin and, 219
founder of White Monastery Federation, xxiv, 11–13, 169, 281
icon (early modern) of, xviii
in Naples chronicle, 11
in Synaxarion, 13–14
known as Paulos, xxvi, 165, 169, 224
narratives of, 14, 165, 169, 224, 225
uncle of Shenoute, 171. See also Bgol; Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Pcol
Peers, C. R. (architect), 241
Peinture murale chez les Copies, xxxi
Pekyosh (“second” in authority), 218, 224
Pensabene, Patrizio, 92, 93
Persecution, Great, 146, 172, 208
Peshate (archreader, archdeacon), 218, 224
Peter (Apostle), 138, 169, 170, 171, 172
depictions of, 146, 212. See also Red Monastery paintings, iconography, Peter
Peter I (patriarch of Alexandria), 146–147, 171–172, 329n86. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Peter I
Petra: Temple of the Winged Lions, 72
Petros 1 (scribe), 221, 224–225, 227, 228
Petros 2 (archimadrite), 225
Petros 3 (man of Apa Shenoute), 225
Petros 4 (housemaster), 218, 225
Petros 5 (priest), 225
Phibamon. See Phoibammon
Philips-Egypt, xiv
Philox (house master), 225
phoenix, 184
Phoibammon/Phibamon (priest, builder), 211–212, 225, 241
Phoka (or Phoba), 225
Piammonas (monk, priest), 141
Pianiske (archimandrite), 225
Pikyosh (“second” in authority), 225
Piladius al-Bishoi (monk), xviii
Pirothe (donor), 229
Pliny the Elder (Roman author, naturalist), 99, 272
Pococke, Richard (English traveler), 77, 200, 233
Pompeii, 124, 175–176, 272
Poreč: Basilica Euphrasiana, 123, 145
Pouttor (donor), 229
Price, Sam, xxxiv
Proklos (patriarch of Constantinople), 135, 144
Prokonnesos, 80
Prokopios of Caesarea (Byzantine historian), 122
Proto, Valentina Peri, xxxiv
Prudentius (poet), 123
Pseudo-Basil of Caesarea, 177
Pshoi (Petros) (monastic leader), xxiii, 7, 224, 225, 226, 233, 236, 253, 281
as cenobitic leader, 11, 15
as founder of Red Monastery, xvii, xxiv, xxvii, 11, 15, 169, 172, 186
as hermit, 11, 13, 14, 15, 34, 325n22
death of, 14
desert cell of, 11, 281
icon (early modern) of, xviii
in Naples chronicle, 11
mentioned with Pcol, 11, 13, 14, 281
named Peter, xxvii, 13, 169, 290
in Synaxarion, 13–14
texts about, 14. See also Bishay; Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Pshoi
Psote (presbyter), 225
Qafri (Nubian prince), 195, 225
Qasim ibn ‘Ubayd Allah, al- (Umayyad official), 196, 197, 200
Qur’an, 211, 212
Qus, 198–199
Quzamma, al- (family of parish priests), xvii
Raphael (archangel), 186–87. See also Red Monastery church paintings, Raphael
Raphael (scribe), 219, 225
Ravenna, 203, 283
archbishop’s palace, 187
Orthodox Baptistery, 119, 124
San Vitale, 119, 123, 136, 187
donors depicted at, 24, 327n87
Red Monastery (Monastery of St. Pshoi) xxi, xxiii, xxiv (map), xxv (map), xxvii, xxviii–xxix, 11, 13, 14, 50 (site plan)
appellation of, xxiv, 13, 14, 51, 193
archaeological (monastic) remains of, 49, 50
churches, modern, xvi, xix, 17, 19, 50, 287
founded by Pshoi, xvii, xxiv, xxvii, 11, 15, 169, 172, 186
monastic revival (modern), xxxi–xxxii. See also other Red and White Monasteries entries
Red Monastery church and tower, architecture, xi
(laser scan view of triconch from nave), xvi
(exterior), xx
(facade wall, early Byzantine), xxi, xxii
(plan), xxvii
(exterior), xxviii
(isometric), xxix
(exterior; triconch), xxx, xxxi, xxxii–xxxiii
(triconch domes from below), xxxv–xxxvi
(laser scan section of sanctuary), xl
(exterior), 6
(north lobe), 13, 14, 15, 26
(south lobe), 36
(triconch from below), 42–46
(east and south lobes), 47, 48
(plan with phases of construction), 51
(exterior), 52
(exterior walls), 54
(tower), 55
(nave and medival/Comité facade wall), 56–57
(east-west section), 58
(inner west nave wall), 59
(early Byzantine nave floor, stylobate and column base), 60–61
(isometric reconstructions), 61
(transverse space between facade walls), 62
(triconch plan), 64
(sanctuary screen reconstructions), 65
(facade wall, early Byzantine), 68–69
(reconstructions, looking east), 70
(triconch plans), 71
(triconch levels and materials), 73
(niche types; brick semidome), 74–75
(north-south section), 76
(NLR, SLR), 77
(NSR), 118
(east lobe), 132
(triconch, upper levels), 133
(triconch, upper level west), 251
(sanctuary facade showing materials and Comité work), 280
(triconch looking east), 287
(facade wall, early Byzantine), 302–305
(numbering system), 306–320
(painting phases)
access restricted (modern), xxxv
aisles, 48, 57, 58, 59, 60–61, 74, 90
altars in, xiv, xv, xix, xxvii, xxxv, 60, 62, 63, 70, 127, 140, 234, 236, 238, 253, 255–256
arch (chancel) of facade, xx, xxxiii, 63–65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 75, 83, 84, 87, 102, 133, 233, 236, 239, 246, 249, 250–252, 274, 280
arch (triumphal) on sanctuary platform columns, 66–67, 68, 83, 235
arches (pointed), 51, 53, 56, 58, 76, 205
arches of semidomes, 70, 72, 103, 114, 115–116, 128, 134, 250, 267
architectural type suggesting abundance and euergetism, 47, 129, 281
beam holes, 55, 56, 56–57; 58, 72
brick and stonework xiv, 21, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54–55, 56, 57, 59, 62, 63, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 86, 137, 138, 234, 236, 237, 239, 240, 244, 246, 248, 249, 250, 252, 255, 256, 259, 263, 264, 270, 271, 274, 282, 284, 284
cancelli, 63, 64, 68, 69
church of the Virgin (in nave), 48, 55, 56, 58, 77, 237
clerestory, 59, 63, 71, 72–73, 83, 100, 235, 238, 246, 250, 252, 256, 267, 274
compared to White Monastery church, xxi, 15, 49, 50, 51, 53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 63, 66, 72, 79, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93
cornice (cavetto, exterior walls), 18, 50–51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 60–61, 257, 282
cornice (fragments), 63, 65, 86, 256, 324n55
cornices, triconch. See: entablatures (triconch)
date of (early Byzantine), xxvii, 13, 49, 53, 54, 76, 282
date of (medieval), xxvii, 49, 51, 55, 76–77, 203, 205, 211, 282
date of (Comité), 243, 245, 256–257
dome, xiv, 55, 60, 65, 70, 71, 73, 74–75, 87, 100, 234–245, 236, 238, 239, 240, 245, 246, 249, 250, 256, 276
door (blocked), 48, 51, 56, 58, 249
doorways (facade wall), 64, 65, 66, 67, 74, 87, 206, 250, 252, 253
doorways (sanctuary), 70, 71, 72, 74, 87, 255
Egyptian model for, 18, 51, 53, 57
entablatures (nave), 86, 87
entablatures (triconch), 70, 71, 72, 79, 91, 114, 137, 138, 249, 252, 253, 259, 267, 275, 276
facade wall (early Byzantine), xx, xxvii, 21, 22, 24, 63–67, 74, 83, 249–252, 287
facade wall (medieval). See wall (medieval) enclosing sanctuary
facade wall (modern). See wall (modern) enclosing sanctuary
fenestration (exterior), xl, 51, 52, 53, 55
floor paving, 57–59, 61–63, 70, 72, 252, 253, 254, 257, 258, 286
gallery (internal), 56, 57, 59, 60–61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68–69, 74, 76, 238, 249, 252
historical damage to, xxxiv, 74, 76–77, 222, 225, 241, 253, 255, 258, 267, 268, 274
historical depictions of, 200, 234–237
historical photographs of, xxiii, xxxi, 120, 209, 230, 236, 238–241, 242, 245, 248, 249, 250, 252, 255, 256, 258
inscriptions (dipinti and graffiti), xxviii, 28, 55, 58, 77, 175, 177–181, 194, 208, 215, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 235, 236, 239, 240, 245, 270, 277–278, 285, 287, 288–300
laser scanning of, vi, xxxiv, xxxvi, 286
Merkouri inscriptions in, 181, 192, 205, 224, 235, 236, 288, 289
nave, 48, 49, 55–63, 60–61, 76, 77, 211, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 233, 235, 236, 238, 241, 245, 246–248, 249, 257, 258, 274, 282, 288, 297–300
nave, collapse of, xxxi, 63, 77
nave colonnades, 83, 87, 233, 238
niches in interior walls, 48, 55, 56–57, 58
niches in facade wall, 63–64, 65, 66, 67, 83
niches in triconch, 70, 71, 72, 73, 79, 91
niche types, 72, 73
NLR, xxviii, 67, 74, 76, 98, 159, 162, 181, 186, 188, 189, 192, 223, 224, 235, 265, 269, 276, 279, 288, 296–297
NSR, xxviii, 74, 77, 159, 162, 181, 183–188, 189, 222, 265, 268, 276, 279, 295–296
as prothesis, 183, 185–186, 188, 189
orientation, 49–50, 51
pediment (broken, monumental) on platform columns, 67, 69
pediments (composite), 44, 65, 67, 71, 72, 73, 86, 87, 89, 91
pilasters, 64, 65, 66–67, 72, 73
plaster (late antique) on north portal, 54, 55–56, 90, 205, 282
plaster (medieval) on inner enclosure walls, 55–56, 65, 77, 205, 270, 282
platform (raised) before facade wall, 59–63, 60–61, 62, 64, 66–67, 68–69, 70, 204, 209, 236, 331n30
portal, north, xviii, xxvii, 48, 53–54, 55, 56, 76, 83, 86, 89, 90–91, 231, 237, 239, 282
portal, south, xviii, xxvii, 48, 53–54, 60–61, 76, 83, 86, 88–90, 91, 245, 248–249, 256, 257, 282
portal, trilobed (medieval), 55, 59, 77, 209, 233, 245, 249, 258
roof (early Byzantine), 238, 241, See also dome roof (medieval nave), xvii, xxvii, xxxi, 56, 57, 59, 60–61, 66
roof (modern, timber) above raised platform, 59, 61, 83, 246, 249–250, 257, 258, 274
screens, sanctuary, xv, 63, 64, 68–69, 234
semidomes (monumental) of triconch, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxv, 24, 70, 71, 72, 73, 103, 250, 253, 255, 263, 264
side rooms. See NLR; NSR; SLR; SSR
SLR, xxviii, 74, 76, 162, 183, 186, 188–189, 206, 246, 249, 256, 265, 276
south hall, 48, 57–58, 60–61
spolia, 8, 53, 79, 88
spout (rainwater), 53
SSR, xxviii, 74, 76, 186, 256, 276
staircase to gallery (medieval), 57, 58, 59, 60–61
staircase to roof (modern), 48, 57
static analysis survey of, xxxiv
structure (medieval) enclosing sanctuary, 59, 77, 209, 233, 236, 239, 245, 246, 249
stylobates (pseudo), 59, 60–61, 61
tabernacle facades at, 45, 46, 47, 91, 281
tower, xxvii, xxviii, xxix, 48, 52, 54–55, 60–61, 75, 88, 205, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 247, 248–249, 256, 257, 259, 282
triconch, xi, xvii, xxi, xxiii, xxvii, xxviii, xxix, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvi, 35, 36, 37, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 60-61, 62, 64, 70–73, 76, 234, 241 252–256, 281–282
Trinitarian symbolism of, 47, 140, 281
village within nave, xvii, xviii, xxxi, 49, 56, 235, 241, 244, 245, 246–248, 256, 257
wall (medieval) enclosing sanctuary, xxxi, 55, 61, 63, 77, 249, 256, 257, 258
wall (modern) enclosing sanctuary, 48, 54, 55, 58, 59, 257–258
walls (exterior), xvi, xxvii, xl, 48, 50–53, 55, 205, 234, 263, 270, 274, 282
walls (interior), 45, 46, 47, 48, 55–56, 57; 58, 70–72, 274
walls (mud-brick), built in sanctuary, xxi, 62, 234, 237, 239, 252–253, 274, 283
walls (nave), medieval date of, xxvii, 49, 51, 55–56, 76–77, 205, 282
walls, tapering of, 50–51, 53, 55, 76, 234, 282
wells, 48, 58, 60–61, 233, 285
windows (clerestory), 59, 72–73, 74–75, 117, 235, 236–237, 238, 246, 256
windows (church enclosure walls), 51, 53, 57, 205, 282
windows (facade), 63–64, 87, 238
windows (interior walls), 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60–61
windows (side rooms), 74, 76, 184
wooden banding (facade wall and triconch), 65, 66, 67, 72, 250, 251. See also other Red and White Monasteries entries
Red Monastery church, ARCE/USAID conservation (2002–2012 C.E.), xi, xiii–xv, xxxii–xxxv, 252, 281, 286, 287, 288
aesthetic reintegration, xxxv, 278–279, 283, 324n58
altering conditions permanently, xv
Amido black test, 272
conservators, v, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvii, xxxviii; 276, 278, 279, 286
conditions monitoring, 273
devotional needs of a living monastery, xiii, xv, xxxv, 279
documentation of, 271, 272–273
earlier conservation at (excluding Comité), 275–276
existing conditions before, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiv, 77, 120, 127, 187, 260, 262, 271, 272, 273–275, 276, 278
goals of, xxxiv, 261, 278–279
history and duration of, xi, xiii–xiv, xxxiv, 276
materials of, 271, 276–279
methods and techniques of, 262, 276–279
scaffolding, used in, xxxv
scientific studies, 262, 271, 272
test cleanings, xxxii, xxxiv, 205, 260, 261, 262, 286
tratteggio, 279, 348n18
Red Monastery church, Comité conservation (1909–1912 c.e.), 54, 55, 58, 61, 63–64, 65, 66, 70, 74, 200, 208, 209, 213, 275
altar, demolition of, 253
arch, chancel, 250
clerestory, 256
columns, 249–250
condition of church prior to 1909, 244–245, 245–256
criticism of the project, 257–258
dome, 256
facade wall, 250–252
frieze blocks (painted) misplaced, 138, 253, 275
lobes of triconch, 253–256
nave, houses removed from, 246–248, 256, 258
overview of project, 259
pilaster capital, misplaced, 252
portal, north, 248–249
portal, south, 256, 257
portal, trilobed, 249
roofs, 249–250, 258
sanctuary, 252–256
scope of work, 245–257
side rooms, 256
structure (medieval) enclosing sanctuary, demolition of, 249
tower, 248–249, 257
wall (enclosure), 248–249
walls (in triconch) removed, 252
wall (modern) enclosing sanctuary, 258
Red Monastery church, post-Comité conservation, (1980–1999 C.E.), 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 63, 258–259, 275–276
Red Monastery church paintings, iconography: Andrew (P1), 293
angels (P1), 118, 130, 131, 134, 150, 151, 153, 154–156, 282
(P2, flying), 101, 102, 128, 131, 136, 137, 266
(P2, N semidome), 140, 159, 161
(P3), 77, 139, 141, 142, 146, 159, 161, 162
(P3, facade), 270
(P3, NSR), 182, 184, 186, 187, 188, 189
(P4, E semidome), 118, 131, 134
(P4, niche), 269
(P4, NSR), 159, 162, 189, 269. See also Red Monastery paintings, iconography, Gabriel; Michael
animals (P2), 103, 114, 131, 137, 156, 158, 266
(P5), 205
(PMed), 207
antelope (P2), xiv, 105, 106, 138, 158, 270
apostles (P1), 130, 131, 134, 153–154, 155, 269, 277
apostles or evangelist (P2), 100, 101, 131, 132, 157, 158
arcades, illusionary (P3), 140, 141–142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 149
Athanasios (P3), xxxvii, 2, 111, 112, 165, 168, 169, 289
Bartholomew (P1), 131, 292
Basil (P3), 34, 110, 165, 294
baskets with bread (P2), 81, 131, 137, 138
Besa (P3), 4, 7, 14, 15, 34, 112, 165, 169, 180, 278, 283, 290
birds (P1), 98, 183–185, 189
(P5), xxix, 205, 206, 286
(PMed), 207
bread loaves (P1), 186
burning bush (P2), 102–103, 128, 131, 134, 135, 137, 179, 283, 294
censers (P3). 94, 141, 142, 143
Christ: (PMed, column), 63, 64, 209
Ascension of (P1), 118, 130, 131, 149, 151–156, 162
as Child (P3), 94, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 148–149, 159, 165, 169, 172
(P4), 189
as Logos, 146, 148–149
controversial reintegration of Christ in Majesty, xxxv, 278–279, 283, 324n58
enthroned (P3), 139, 141, 145, 146, 171, 172
in burning bush (P2), 102, 135
in Majesty (P2), 131, 134, 136, 137, 140, 151
reason for visibility of Ascension, 130, 151, 264, 268
throne of, 131
(P3), 139, 140, 148–149, 151, 169
(P4), 151, 159, 279, 269
and fruit trees (P2), 103
with angels (P3), 77, 186, 187, 188, 189, 295
clothing, of angels (P1), 154
(P3, NSR), 187
(P4), 162
of apostles or evangelists (P2), 157
of Christ Child (P3), 142
of donor, 20, 21
of evangelists (P3), 146
of Mary, nursing (P3), 142
of Moses (P2), 156
of Peter (P3), 169–171
of prophets (P3), 143
of Pshoi (P3, NSR), 186
cock (P5), 206, 286
cross (P2), 133, 137, 138
(P3), 139, 142, 267
(P4), 269
(P5), 67, 202, 205–207, 213, 270
(PMed), 207
(PU), xiv 106, 267, 270
cross, double (P1), 183, 184, 185
cross in aedicule (P5), 205, 206
cross with fabric (P5), 203, 205, 206
curtains (P1), 98–99, 265
(P2), xiv, xx, xxiii, xxix, 103, 105, 106, 127, 131, 137–138, 139, 172, 266
(P5), 205
Cyril (P3), 3, 34, 111, 139, 165, 168, 171, 290
Daniel (P3), 34, 140, 143, 144, 152, 291–292
deer (P2), xxiii, 99, 103
Dioskoros (P3), 146, 147, 148, 149, 165, 283, 295
eagles (P1), 183–184, 186, 188, 189
Elijah (P3), 142, 144, 165, 166, 168, 169, 290
Eucharistic implements (P2), 128, 136, 137
evangelists (P3), ii, 34, 139, 145, 146, 148, 179, 261
(P3, NSR), 159, 184, 186, 187, 188, 189
Ezekiel (P3), 140, 142, 143, 144, 290
faces in net pattern (P2), xii, 126, 131
flowers (P1), 153, 154, 278
(P2), 137
flowering plants (P1), 189
foliage or trees (P1), 153
Gabriel (P3), 139, 140–141, 142, 292
(P3, NSR), 184, 186–187, 189
(P4), 294
garlands (P2), x, 2, 12, 36, 96, 104, 113, 118, 125, 131, 137, 138, 214
gazelles (P2), 103, 158
God, hands of (P2), 134, 135, 156
grapevines (P1), 182, 183, 184, 186, 188, 189
Helios (P4), 269, 293
Isaiah (P3), 140, 143, 144, 174, 291
James (P1), 131, 293
Jeremiah (P3), 140, 142, 143, 144, 290–291
John (P3), 145, 146, 147, 261, 294, 295
John the Baptist (P3), 145, 146, 147, 165, 171, 172, 295
Joseph (P3), 140, 141, 142, 144, 292
lamps (P3), ii, 94, 141, 142, 143, 174
(P5), 205
Luke (P3), ii, 145, 146, 148, 295
mandorla (divine field), 133, 134, 141, 146
Mark (P3), x, 145, 146, 147, 160, 171, 172, 294, 295
(P3, NSR), 186
Mary (P2, clerestory), 157, 101, 132, 157
(P3, NSR), 186, 187, 188, 189
(P3, nursing), xxxiv, 94, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 149, 159, 161, 165, 169, 172, 189, 261
(P4, nursing), 76, 159, 162, 189, 269, 279
(P4, orans), 269, 270
(PMed, column), 63, 64, 209
Matthew (apostle) (P1), 131, 293
Matthew (evangelist) (P1), 178, (P3), ii, 145, 146, 148, 261, 295
Michael (P3), 139, 140–141, 142, 161, 292
(P3, NSR), 182, 184, 186–187, 188, 189
(P4 E semidome), 118, 131, 134, 269, 293, 269
monks (P3), 128, 139, 165
(P4), 118, 134
Moses (P2), 101, 102, 266
burning bush and, 128, 131, 132, 134–135, 137, 283, 294
receives the law, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 156–157, 283, 294
snake and, 135, 136
(P3), 143, 144, 145, 165, 168, 169, 292
orant (donor), 16, 21–24, 25, 100, 114, 156, 287
ostrich eggs (P5), 205, 206
Paul (P3), 140, 143, 144, 165, 169, 170, 174, 291
Pcol (P3), 12, 108, 165, 168, 169, 171, 290
peacocks (P1), 98
(P2), xiv, xxix, 79, 101, 102, 105, 106, 114, 131, 133, 137, 138, 158
(P5), 206, 270
personifications in roundels (P3, NSR), 184, 186, 188
Peter (P1), 131, 293 (P3), 140, 142, 144, 165, 169–170, 171, 291
Peter I (P3), 146, 147, 170, 261
prophets (P2), 100, 101, 131, 133
(P3), 139, 142, 143, 146, 267
Pshoi (P3), 4, 7, 10, 13, 34, 35, 165, 169–170, 172, 180, 225, 279, 281, 290
(P3, NSR), 186, 187, 188, 189
Raphael (P3), 184, 186–187
saint, equestrian (PMed), 130, 190, 206, 208, 270, 297–298
saint, female (P2), xx, 113
(P3), 22, 113, 278, 287
saint, military (P3), 139, 165
saints (P2, in niches,), 106, 109, 110, 131, 133, 162
(P2, painted over), x, 107, 266
(P3, in niches), 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 139, 162, 267
(P3, NLR), 106, 189
(PMed, facade), 213, 215
(transitional P, column,), 204
Salome (P3), 140, 144, 292
sheep (P2). xxiii, 103, 158
Shenoute (P3), xxvi, 12, 108, 159, 165, 168, 169, 171, 172, 204, 290
Simon (P1), 131, 153–154, 293
Stephen (P3), 104, 165, 172, 180, 294
Thaddeus (P1), 131, 153–154, 292
Theonas (P3), 108, 165, 170, 171, 294
Theophilos (P3), 5, 165, 168, 169, 171, 290
Thomas (P1), 131, 293
throne of Mary (P3, nursing), 142–143, 162
(P4, nursing), 162
tree, fruit-bearing (P2), 102, 103, 145, 146, 148
Uriel (P3), 184, 186–187
urns (P1), 184, 188, 189
(P5), 205
wheels, flaming (P2), 131, 134, 146
wreath (P1), 124, 182, 183, 184, 186, 189
(P3), 22, 278
Zachariah (P3), 145, 146, 148, 165, 171, 172, 295
zodia (P2), 131
(P3), 139. See also Red Monastery church, phases of paintings
Red Monastery church paintings, ornament: architectural polychromy, xxii, xxix, xxxvi, 2, 6, 12, 26, 34, 46, 96, 97–117, 118, 119, 124–125, 132, 138, 172, 280, 287
band of flowers (P1), 98, 99, 265
bands, interlacing (P5), 205
bands, monochrome red, 109, 111
book-matched panels (trompe l’oeil) (P2), 12, 111, 118, 127
borders (P2), 101, 102, 103, 10;, 112, 124, 156
braids (plaited rope) (P1), 76, 98, 109, 183, 265
(P2), 12, 96, 104, 107–109, 110, 113, 124, 126, 141, 265, 283
bread loaves (stylized) (P3), 186, 188
checkerboards (Pi), 98, 99, 206, 265, 270
(P2), x, xxiii, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 118, 283
chevrons (P2), xxxviii, 2, 22, 23, 101, 110, 111, 113
circle patterns (P2), xiv, 101, 103, 105, 106, 109, 112, 113
(P3), 114, 128, 131, 132, 134, 137, 284
circle, vine, and heart patterns (P3), 115, 116, 136, 137
colonnettes (trompe l’oeil) (P2), x, xxiii, 12, 104, 103, 107, 108
columns (marbleized) (P2), x, 12, 104, 105, 107, 108, 118, 119, 125, 172, 283
columns (trompe l’oeil) (P2), 104, 103, 107, 117, 126, 172
columns with textile patterns (P2), x, 12, 104, 107, 108, 109, 126, 127, 172
composite patterns (flower roundels, palmettes) (P2), 104, 107
composite patterns (palmettes, circles, flowers) (P2), 108, 109
crow’s step patterns (P2), x, 2, 5, 12, 34, 86, 96, 104, 113
diamond (lozenge) patterns (P1) 98, 265
(P2), xx, 23, 101, 103, 109, 112, 113
fan patterns (P3), 66, 114, 115
(P1), 206, 213
feather patterns (P2), 111, 113
(P5), 206
flowers (P1), 98, 153
(P2), 101, 102, 103, 111, 268
frieze, decorative (P1, NLR), 76, 98, 188, 189
(P1, SLR), 76
geometric patterns (P2), xx, xxxvii, 2, 22, 23, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114
guilloche patterns (P1), 76, 98, 110, 265, 286
(P5), 205, 206
guilloche and circle patterns (P2), xxix, 101, 113, 132, 133, 134, 157, 282
(P3), 115
heart patterns (P2), 106, 112, 113
horn patterns, (P2), xiv, 105, 106, 113, 114, 126
interlace patterns (P2), xiv, 106, 114, 118, 138, 172
jeweled style and, 97, 119, 124–127, 283
knot motifs (P5), 2, 205
lattice patterns (P2), 109, 110
leaf (trilobed) and circle pattern (P2), 113
leaves, spade-shaped (P2), xxix, 102, 106, 138
marbling (P2), x, xxiii, 12, 22, 96, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 113, 124, 127, 283
net patterns (P2), xii, xxiii, 102, 103, 105, 108, 113, 118, 119, 282
(P3), 114, 116, 128
palmettes (P2), 113
rope, twisted (P2), x, xxiii, 2, 5, 86, 103, 104, 111, 127, 141
rosettes (P1), 98, (P2), 103, 109, 127, 138
scalloped loops (P1), 76, 98, 206
shells (P2), x, xxiii, xxxviii, 2, 12, 34, 86, 103, 104, 108, 111, 113
square and rectangle patterns (P2), xx, 23, 110, 112
strap-work pattern (PMed), 207
vine, circle, and heart patterns (P3), xxxiii, 36, 115, 116, 132, 140, 145
vines with leaves (P2), 101, 102, 104, 106, 113
vines scrolls (P2), xiv, xix, xxxvii, 2, 106, 109, 110–111, 113
Red Monastery church paintings, phases, materials and techniques:
early Byzantine phases, xxvii–xxviii, xxx
medieval phases, xxvii, xxx
phase 1, xxx, 263–265, Appendix 2
compass, use of, 265
covered by later phases, 130, 264
date of, xxvii, xxx, 151, 163
encaustic paints used in, 153, 264, 277
guidelines, use of, 98, 265
iconography of, 130
illusionism in, 151, 153, 154–156, 162, 163
locations of, 98–99, 265
painters active in, 97–98, 109, 153, 155, 162
palette used in, 154, 155, 162, 264–265
plaster layer of, 151, 263–264
preparatory plaster layer of, 263
style of, 151–156, 162, 163
visibility of, reason for, 151, 264, 268
working practice during, 264, 265
phase 2, xxx, 265–266, Appendix 2
compass, use of, 113
date of, xxvii, xxx, 163
encaustic paints used in, 99, 102, 116–117, 266, 272
date of, xxvii, xxx, 163
guidelines, absence of, 113
iconography of, 131–139
illusionism in, 156, 157, 266
painters active in, 98–114, 157–158, 162, 272
two teams active in, 100, 116
palette used in, 99, 103, 156, 158, 162, 163, 266, 272
plaster layer of, 99, 100, 116, 151, 265–266
scaffolding, use of, 100
style of, 156–159, 162, 163
tempera paints used in, 99, 116, 266, 272
tempera patterns under encaustic used in; 101, 102, 103, 105, 109–110, 111, 113, 266
wax-coated tempera (yellow) used in, 102, 116, 156, 266, 272
working practice during, 97–114, 116–117, 266
phase 3, xxx, 266–268, Appendix 2
absence of professional plaster workers in, 267
date of, xxvii, xxx, 163
encaustic paints used in, 115, 268, 269
iconography of, 139–149
monastic patrons of, 21–25, 106, 117, 119, 162
painters active in, 114–116, 156, 159, 162–163, 268
palette used in, 115–116, 159, 162–162, 268
plaster layer of, 103, 114, 151, 156, 266–267, 274
stencils, use of, 115
style of, 159, 163
tempera paints used in, 115–116
working practice during, 114–116, 116, 268
phase 4, xxx, 26, 270, Appendix 2
absence of professional plaster workers in, 268–269
date of, xxvii, xxx, 163
encaustic paints used in, 206, 272
iconography of, 159
painters active in, 159, 162
palette used in, 162, 269
plaster layer of, 151, 159, 268–269
reason for, 268
style of, 159, 162
working practice during, 269
phases 4, xxx, 270, Appendix 2
compass, use of, 206
date of, xxvii, xxx, 206–207
encaustic paints used in, 270, 272
guidelines, use of, 206
painters active in, 206, 207, 213
palette used, 206
plaster layer of, 270
style of, 206–207
working practice during, 270
phases, medieval, xxvii, xxx, 203, 270, Appendix 2
compass, use of, 270
date of, xxvii, xxx, 208
encaustic paints used in, 270, 272
guidelines, use of, 270
preparatory drawing of, 270
phases, undated. Appendix 2
Red Monastery church paintings, styles:
historiography of, 32–33, 323–324n48
illusionism (early Byzantine), 99, 117, 127, 151, 153–156, 157, 162, 163, 282
stylization (early Byzantine), 151, 156–158, 159, 163
medieval, 206–207, 208, 215
Red Monastery church sculpture: x, xx, xxi, xxvii, 2, 12, 22–23, 79–93, 104, 108, 127
archivolts (niche) with relief sculpture, 87
before conservation, xxiii, xxxi, 120, 236, 239, 240, 275
capitals, 58, 61, 64, 65, 66, 78, 79–86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 138
capitals compared with Hermopolis Magna, 92, 93
capitals, Corinthian, 78–86
capitals with trompe l’oiel sculpture, 266–267
column bases (nave), 59, 60–61
column capitals, 58, 61, 64, 65, 66
column collars (false bases), 70, 72
column shafts, 63–67
column shafts with relief sculpture, 87
columns, 55, 58–59, 60–61, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66–67, 67, 68–69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 83, 249–250
column (truncated) with cavity, 63
cornice, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 259, 275
dating of, xxvii, 79, 91–93, 163
half shell (apex, semidomes), 119, 140, 145
importance of, 79
niches, 34, 66, 73, 86–87, 88, 89, 91, 104, 108, 270
pediments, 86–87, 88, 91
pediments (niche) with relief sculpture, x, xx, 86, 87, 96
portal (north), 53–54, 83, 86, 88, 90–91, 230
portal (south), 53–54, 83, 86, 88–90, 91
modern replacement sculpture, 72–73, 250–253, 255–256
relationship with architecture, 91
shell (NSR dome), 183, 184, 187
shell niche hood, 22, 23, 65, 87
slit-modillion cornices, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91
spolia, 53, 79, 88
team of sculptors, 92, 93
tabernacle facade and, 45, 47, 91, 129, 281
typology of, 91–93
Red Sea (region):
Church of Saint Antony, 50, 203, 108, 261, 270, 279
Church of Paul the Hermit, 215, 232
Monastery of Saint Antony, xi, xxiv, xxxii, 215, 232
Monastery of Saint Paul the Hermit, xi, xxiv, xxxii, 215, 232, 324n59, 342n130
Reggiori, Ferdinando (architect), 241
Remigio, Riccardo, xxxiv
Ricchi, Emiliano, xiv, xxvii, xxxiv, 97, 98, 106, 278, 286
Ridwan ibn Walakhshi (Fatimid governor), 198
Roberts, Michael, 122–123, 179
Rome, 163
Basilica of Saint Peter, 19, 37, 170
Catacomb of Dornitilla, 130
Chapel of San Venanzio, Lateran Basilica, 145
Church of Santa Maria Antiqua, 155, 156, 337–338n12, 338n39
Church of Santa Maria in Trastevere, 145
Forum of Augustus, 121, 123, 127
Villa of Livia, 121
western and eastern triconchs, Cemetery of Callixtus and Santa Sinforosa, 38
Rossi, Gastone (architect), 241
Saad Mohammed Mohammed Osman (MoA), xxxvii
Sahidic Coptic. See Coptic language, Sahidic
Saint Mark Foundation for Coptic History Studies, xxxiv
saints, equestrians, depictions of, 208
Salah al-Din (Saladin) (Ayyubid sultan), 198
Salome (Mary’s midwife), 144
salvation, 129, 140, 283
economy of, 147–49. See also doctrine; Eucharist
Samuel (archimandrite?), 226
Santa Soteris and San Sisto, mausolea of. See Rome, western and eastern triconchs
Saqqara, Monastery of Apa Jeremiah: architectural polychromy at, 323–324n48
Christ in Majesty (two zoned) niche paintings at, 149, 337n114
column (truncated) with cavity at, 331n32
encaustic painting at, 272
inscriptions at, 176, 177, 339n38, 349n9
ornamental patterns at, 97, 335n5
monastic paintings in discussion of early Byzantine art, 281
paintings of Christ in Majesty at, 335n24
paintings of monastic virtues at, 179, 338n21, 340n48
stylistic comparison with Red Monastery paintings, 158, 159, 338n21
Sargis (Armenian sculptor), 226
Sasanian fashion in Egypt (early Byzantine period), 23, 24
Sauneron, Serge, xxxi
SCA. See Supreme Council of Antiquities
Scarafoni, Sara, xxxiv
Scetis (monastic settlement), xxiii, xxiv, xxvii, 4, 196, 197. See also Wadi al-Natrun
Schroeder, Caroline, 19, 138
Schulz, Bruno, 37
Scott, Gerry D., xxxv, xxxvii
scribes, 219, 228–29
seasons, four, 187
segmenta, 123
sella curulis, 142–143
Service des Antiquités Égyptiennes, 231, 243
Seth 1 (archimandrite), 196, 197, 226
Seth 2 (archimandrite), 226
Severin, Hans-Georg, 79, 83, 88, 90, 91, 92–93
Severus (patriarch of Antioch), 29, 30
Shawar (Fatimid vizier), 198
Shenouda. See Shenoute Shenouda III (patriarch of Alexandria), xix, xviii
Shenoudah (parish priest), xvii
Shenoute 1 (the Great):
After A Few Days, 6
and beauty, 19–20, 177
and bishops, 5, 17–18, 19, 25, 169
And It Happened One Day, 9
as Father of These Congregations, 11, 13, 218
as leader of White Monastery Federation, xxviii, xxiv, 7, 13
as “new Moses,” 169
Athanasios and, 5–6
awareness of, ancient lack of, xxiii–xxiv
awareness of, modern lack of, 232
burial of, 21
Canons of, xxix, 9, 13, 21, 28, 29, 177, 196, 217, 219, 220, 223
cave of, 30–31
career of (inscriptions), 224, 225, 226
Constantinople, visited by, 6, 282
council of elder monks and, 218
Council of Ephesos (431), attended by, 6, 282
dates of, 226
depictions of, xviii, 169, 204
Discourses of, 8, 28, 218, 219, 221, 223, 227
donors and, 20, 21, 46
dying words of, 14
education of, 9
elite roles, assumed by, 17–18, 19, 20, 283
elite social network of, 6, 8, 282
Elijah’s mantle and, 169, 165
feast of, xviii, 28, 31–32, 196, 219
Gesios, conflict with, 9
Good Is The Time, 32
I Am Amazed, 6
icon (early modern) of, xviii
Kaisarios and, 6, 8, 20, 46, 47
imperial funding of, 20
name, spelling of, xxvi
in Naples chronicle, 13
in Synaxarion, 13, 14
narratives about, 14, 31, 165, 170, 196
Nestorians and, 6
on building monumental churches, 19
on church as metaphor, 19–20
on church attendance, 8
on Red Monastery, 11, 13, 14–15
on Theotokos, 177
on the Trinity, 47, 134
on the White Monastery church, xxxiv, 17, 18, 19, 20, 47, 138, 177, 285
Origen and 6
pagans and, 5, 6, 9, 172
rules of, 13, 129, 217
sermons of, 8, 18, 19, 31, 31, 136
textiles, his knowledge of, 9, 177
Theophilos and, 5, 6
violence and, 5, 6, 9, 172
wealth and, 20, 21
writings of, 28, 31, 167, 172, 220. See also Red and White Monasteries entries
Shenoute 2 (archdeacon), 209, 226
Shenoute 3 (“second” in authority), 226
Shenoute 4 (deacon), 226
Shenoute 5 (papa), 226
Shenoutean Federation. See White Monastery Federation
Shinte (apa), 227
Shinudah. See Shenoute 1 (the Great)
Shirkuh. Asad al-Din (Zangid amir), 198–99, 200
sight: Byzantines’ prizing of, 129, 167
sightlines, 35
trans formative nature of, 136
Simaika, Marcus (Comité), 231, 236, 246, 257–258
Simon (apostle), relics of, 197
Sinai: Monastery and Church of Saint Katherine, xxiv, 44, 135, 136, 281, 282, 326n31, 334n3
Sinopia, 337n3
sins, forgiveness of, 35
Siyagha. See Nebo, Mount
Sohag, xi, xxviii, xix, xxvii, xxx, 14, 38, 44, 59, 232, 233, 245, 246, 257, 258, 279
Sohag basilicas/capitals/churches/monasteries/triconchs. See Red and White Monasteries entries
Solomon, palace of, 37
sorcerer, John the Deacon’s account of a, 197
Sousinne (priest), 227
Spieser, Jean-Michel, 149
Stephanos 1 (apa, architect), 25–26, 227
Stephanos 2 (writer of scribal note), 222, 227
Stephanos 3 (brother, deacon), 229
Stephen (martyr), 25, 33–34, 172, See also Red Monastery paintings, iconography, Stephen
Stephen[os] 4 (donor), 224, 229
Stollmayer, Iris, 39, 45
Strzygowski, Josef, 37, 38, 39, 230, 239
style. See illusionism; stylization; Red Monastery church paintings, style
stylization (abstraction, artistic), 163, 206–207, 338n34. See Red Monastery church, paintings, style
Sucato, Alberto, xiii–xiv, xxxvii, xxxiv, 97, 98, 106, 183, 276, 286
Sulpicius Severus (early Christian writer), 40
Supreme Council of Antiquities, xi, xviii, xxxi, 243
Synaxarion (calendar of feast days), 13–14, 30, 196, 197, 225, 325n23, 326n30, 341n53
tabernacle facades, 45, 46, 47, 91
tabernacle of Moses, 129, 138–139, 284, 336n54
Tachom (monastic superior), 217
Taha, Pachomian monastery near, 198
Ta(?)kesh (sister, donor), 218, 219, 227
Tanayasa, al- (family of parish priests), xvii
Taurinos (governor), 6
Tawadros II (patriarch of Alexandria), xix, 287
Tawfiq (khedive of Egypt), 231, 243
Tdoux (sister, donor), 229
tempera paint, xxvii, 99, 203. See also Red Monastery church paintings, phases, materials, and techniques, tempera
textiles, 9, 122, 123, 126–27
linen, importance of, 9
temple veil, 129, 138
textual aesthetics and, 176. See also monasticism, clothing; Panopolis, textiles; Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, clothing, curtains; Shenoute. textiles, his knowledge of; White Monastery Federation, uniform of
Thebes. See Luxor
Theodora (housemaster), 217
Theodora (female monastic), 221, 223, 227
Theodore 1 (monk), 227
Theodore 2 (Armenian painter), 194, 198, 209, 210, 211, 222, 226, 227. See also White Monastery painting, Christ in Majesty
Theodore 3 (monk), 229
Theodore I (patriarch of Alexandria), 196
Theodore the Oriental (martyr), 201
Theodoret of Cyrrhus (bishop, theologian), 135
Theodoros (graffito writer), 295
Theodoros (psalmode), 227
Theodoros, testament of (in Dioskoros Archive), 225
Theodosia (monastic superior), 221, 224, 227, 228
Theodosian capitals. See capitals, Theodosian
Theodosios II (emperor), 46
Theodote 1 (female monastic), 22–23, 25, 217, 219, 223, 227
Theodote 2 (possessed sister), 221, 227–228
Theonas (patriarch of Alexandria), 171. See also Red Monastery paintings, iconography, Theonas
Theophilos (patriarch of Alexandria), 3, 5, 6, 169, 171, 172; Festal Letter (16) of, 6. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Theophilos
Thessaloniki: Rotunda of Saint George, 149
Thomas (apostle), 30, 42, 293
Thomas 1 (scribe), 219, 220, 228
Thomas 2, (scribe), 219, 220, 228
throne (Eucharistic implement), 137
Thynis (Tuna al-Gebel), 155. See also Hermopolis Magna
Török, László, 163
Touton (Fayyum). monastery of, 217, 220, 226, 227, 229
Transfiguration, 144
tratteggio technique, 279, 348n18
triconch basilicas, 282
as an architectural theme, 39, 45–47
as an architectural type, 37, 45–47
characteristics of, 42
composite nature of, 38
debate over origins, 37–39
Egyptian type of, 45
examples inside Egypt, 42–45
examples outside Egypt, 39–42
form of, xxi, xxvii. See also Akhmim, Dayr Anba Bakhum; Ashmunayn, Dayr Abu Fana; Betika, triconch basilica at; Cimitile (Nola), Basilica Nova; Dakhla Oasis, Dayr Abu Matta; Dendera, church (triconch basilica) at; Iulia Concordia, triconch basilica at; Knossos, triconch basilica at; Red Monastery church, architecture; White Monastery church
Tulunid dynasty, 207
Tyche of Constantinople. See Paris
‘Umari, ibn Fadl Allah al- (historian), 200
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), xi, xiii–xiv, xxxiv
USAID. See ARCE/USAID; Red Monastery church, ARCE/USAID conservation (2002–2012 C.E.); United States Agency for International Development
Valéva, Julia, 188
Vansleb. See Wansieben, Johann Michael
Varalis, Yannis. 39, 42
Venice Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites, xv
Venit, Marjorie, 120
Vict[or] 1 (mentioned in colophon), 228
Victor 2 (archimandrite?), 218, 219, 220, 223, 224, 227, 228
Victor 3 (deacon), 228
Victricius of Rouen (ascetic), 179
Viktor (martyr), depiction, 208
virtues, 178–179, 338n21, 340n48
Vita Antonii. See Life of Antony
Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus (Roman writer), 79, 272
Wadi Habib, 196. See also Scetis; Wadi al-Natrun
Wadi al-Natrun, xviii, xxiv, xxiii, 116, 145, 212, 232, 241, 244, 340n48, 342n124, 343n37, 344n69
Church of the Virgin (Syrian), 145, 146, 149, 336n73, 337n113
Haykal of Saint Mark (Makarios), 212, 344n69
Monastery of Saint Bishoi, xxiv, xviii
Monastery of Saint Makarios, xxiv, 196, 212
Monastery of the Syrians, xxiv, 116, 145. See also Scetis
Wansleben, Johann Michael (theologian, traveler), 232–233
Washington, D.C., Freer Gallery of Art: Freer Gospel covers, 146
Waththab ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz (Umayyad official), 196
White Monasteries (al-diyārāt al-bīd), 193–194, 198
White Monastery: xxiv (map), xxv (map)
appellation of, xxiv, 14, 193, 218
Armenian connection with, 194, 198, 209–211, 218, 221, 222, 226, 227, 228, 286
Ethiopian monks at, 200–201
foreigners’ visits to, 232–235, 240–241
habitation, span of, 217
inscribed stone (funerary), 13, 290
key of, 211, 212, 217, 221, 222, 225, 226, 228, 286
latest dated medieval attestation of, 199
lavatory at, 285
library and scriptorium (House of Calligraphers) of, 28, 198, 203–205, 217, 219
manuscripts of, 189, 204, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 289
Naples: National Library, Naples chronicle, IB2, 11, 13, 14
physical plant of, 285
pillaged by army of Shirkuh, 198–199
rehabitation for modern monastic use of, xviii. See also other White Monastery entries
White Monastery church, xx (plan), xiii, xvii, xviii, xxii, xxvii (exterior), 8 (southern entrance), 18 (nave), 43 (plan), 194 (east semidome), 200 (exterior, Denon), 210 (east semidome), 212 (archangel), 214 (Virgin and Child), 215 (south semidome), 232 (exterior, drawing), 233 (plan, engraving)
apses, 32, 194
architect of, 47
as a distraction, 20
as a symbol of spiritual purity, 20
as the body of Christ, 19
as the body of the monastic community, 19
as the universe, 20
beauty and, 18, 19–20, 177, 285
brickwork (decorative), 53
burning of, 199
cistern, 58
column (truncated) with cavity at, 63
Comité registration of, 244
Comités work on, 244–246, 256
cost and scale of, 19, 20, 46
dating of, 37
decoration of (early Byzantine), 18, 21, 59, 72, 87, 90, 91, 92, 177
Denon at, 200, 201, 234
donor for, 8, 20–21, 46–47
eastern semidome of, 194, 198, 209–211
Egyptian model for, 18, 51, 53
exterior orientation of, 49–50
funds for building, 20–21
historical depictions of, 200, 232–234
inscriptions at, 8, 18, 46, 177, 194, 211, 217–218, 222, 223, 225, 226
Kaisarios (Komes) and, 6, 8, 20, 46, 47, 217–218, 228–229
married priests at, xvii–xviii, 232
medieval renovations at, xxxi, 77, 205, 211
model for triconch basilicas, 42, 45
multisensory experiences at, 32, 285
narthex, 53, 59
politics and building of, xxxiv–xxxv, 17–18, 19–21, 25, 285
portal (south) of, 8, 20, 46, 217–218, 228–229
pseudo-stylobate at, 59
reduced scale of medieval church, xxxi
return aisle at, 59
roof collapse at, xvii, xxxi
roofless nave of, 18
sanctuary façade of, 63, 66, 73
scale of, 18, 19, 20
sculpture in, 18, 29, 56, 87, 89, 91, 92, 93
vigils at, 31
village in, xxvii, xxxi, 235, 244, 245, 258
walls (mudbrick) in sanctuary, xxi, 213, 274
well at, 285. See also other White Monastery entries
White Monastery church paintings:
angels (medieval), 211–212, 213, 215, 225
apostles, 213
Christ in Majesty (medieval), 194, 209, 210, 211
inscription panels (Armenian, Coptic), 194, 210, 211. See also Theodore 2 (Armenian painter)
Cross (Deesis) draped with fabric, 213, 215
early Byzantine, 18, 287
evangelists (medieval), 194, 209, 210
figural (medieval), 194, 202, 203, 208, 209–215, 286
John the Baptist (Cross Deesis), 213, 215
(roundel, medieval), 194, 211
loros of angel (medieval), 212
mandorla (medieval), 194, 209, 210, 213, 215
Mark (medieval), 210
Mary (Cross Deesis), 213, 215
(roundel, medieval), 194, 210, 211
Mary and Christ Child (medieval), 212–213, 214, 215
Matthew (medieval), 210
ornament (medieval): 211
arabesque, 211
fan (folded ribbon), 206, 213
interlace patterns, 211, 212
palmette, 211
star pattern, 212–213, 214
vine scrolls, 211
phases of painting, 203
prophets (roundels, medieval), 213
throne of Christ (medieval), 194, 211
throne of Mary and Christ Child (medieval), 212, 214
zodia (medieval), 209
White Monastery Federation, xxiii–xxiv, 4, 17, 194
Church of the Virgin (Etrigamou), 13–14, 32, 218, 219, 227
donors to, 20, 21, 22, 24, 46, 180–181 (RM), 181 204, 208 (RM), 211, 217, 218
earthquakes at, xxxiv, 77, 211, 222, 225, 241, 274
Eucharist in, 29–30
fading from historical record, 199
founding of, xxiv, 4, 11–12, 281
geographical scope of, xxiv, 14–15
gold coin hoard found at, 20, 21
inscriptions in. See Red Monastery church and tower, architecture, inscriptions; White Monastery church, inscriptions
lack of knowledge about (early Byzantine), xxiii
lay participation in the Eucharist, 13
lay people in church, 24
leaders of, xxiii, xxiv, xxvi, 4, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 34, 108, 165, 169–170, 180, 204, 221, 226, 281, 283
liturgy of, 13, 27–35, 32–33
manuscripts of. See White Monastery, manuscripts
maps showing location of, xxiv, xxv
medieval activity at, xxvii, xxxi, 28–35, 180–181, 192–199, 203–215, 216–229, 263, 270, 272, 274, 275, 277, 279, 282, 283, 285–285, 287, 289, 297
Miaphysite allegiance of, 7, 8–9, 147, 149, 195, 283, 284
orants, 22–23
organization of and daily life in, xxiv, xxviii–xxx, 4, 11–15, 28–32, 167, 217, 218–219
non-monastic clothing relinquished at gatehouse, 20, 24
Pachomians and, xxix, 4–5, 7, 11, 28, 29
Paul’s writings in, 136
patrons of, 8, 18, 20, 21, 22–23, 24–25, 215, 285
proximity to the Nile, xxv, 199–200
punishment in, xxx, 217
readings of Canons in, 21, 219–220
Red Monastery as part of, xxiii–xxiv, xxviii–xxix, 11, 13, 14–16, 193–195, 218, 281
regimentation in, xxix–xxx, 4, 11, 13, 28–32
ritual and spirituality in, xxix–xxx, 27–35
rules of, xxix, xxx, 4, 11, 13, 20, 23, 25, 28, 129, 217
spiritual lineage of, 7, 165, 167, 169–171, 179–180, 285
status of, 18, 20, 21, 195–197, 285–286
survival of, xxxi, 27, 215
titles used at, 218
uniform of, xxix, 4, 169, 186, 204
violence at, 198–199
visitors to (early Byzantine), xxxi, 8, 13, 24, 33, 166
(medieval) 194–198, 199–200
(modern) xxxi, 200, 201, 231–241, 245, 257–258
votive cross of Theodote and, 22–23, 25, 217, 219, 223, 227
wealth and poverty in, xxxv–xxxvi, 7–8, 17–21, 25, 285
weekly cycles of, 29–30
women’s community at (Atripe/Athribis), xxiv, xxv (map), xxix, 11, 13, 14, 23, 24–25, 193–194, 197, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220–221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 285–286, 323nn11, 35
yearly cycles of, 30–32. See also Red and White Monasteries entries
White Monastery funerary chapel and tomb of Shenoute, 21, 43 (plan), 45, 158, 177, 185, 282
White Monastery Federation liturgical practice: anaphora (praise “offering”), 29–30
Anaphora of Severus of Antioch, 34, 35
aspasmos (liturgical poem), 31
Diakonikon (guide for deacons), 33
Eucharist, 29, 30
fasts (weekly), 29
feast days, 30–31
“feast of the desert of Saint Shenoute” (rite and procession), 28, 31–32
Great Euchologion (liturgical compilation), 28, 29–30, 33–34
hermeneiai (Coptic: hermeniai) (biblical passages arranged thematically), 32
hymns, 30
languages used, 32–33
liturgical books used, 33
Liturgy of Saint Basil, 35
Liturgy of Saint Cyril, 33
poiēkon (short hymn), 30
prayer, form of, 29
prayers of remembrance, 33–34
prayer services, 31
prokeimenon (chanted Psalm), 30
readings, 30
typika (books with order of service), 28
vigils, 29, 31
Wilkinson, John Gardner (Egyptologist), 70, 234–235
Modern Egypt and Thebes, 235
William of Tyre (historian), 198–199
winds, four, 187
Wipszycka, Ewa, 20
Wissa al-Bishoi (monk), xviii
Wissa Faheem (parish priest), xvii, xviii
Wither, Bigg (Anglican priest), 236
World Monuments Watch, xxxiv
wreaths, 185, 187. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, wreath
Yalbugha (Mamluk amir), 199
Yaqut al-Hamawi (geographer), 194
Youannis, Bishop, xviii, xix
Zachariah (father of John the Baptist), 146, 171. See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, Zachariah
Zacharias 1 (archdeacon?), 228
Zacharias (?) 2 (stonemason), 228
Zekiel (second in authority), 228
Zikri Ghobrial (blind cantor), xviii
zodia (incorporeal living creatures), 130, 133–134, 187, 209, 210, See also Red Monastery church paintings, iconography, zodia
zōgraphos, plural: zōgraphoi (Greek: painter), 176, 177, 218, 224