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Index
Gregory C. Bryda
Description: The Trees of the Cross: Wood as Subject and Medium in the Art of Late Medieval...
The Trees of the Cross: Wood as Subject and Medium in the Art of Late Medieval Germany
Index
Author
Gregory C. Bryda
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2023 by Gregory C. Bryda
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-31682
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Index
Aachen, 58–59
Abbey of the Holy Cross, Rostock, 6
Adam, 6, 24, 25, 28, 30, 45, 110, 136, 148
Adelheid, abbess of Gandersheim, 115
Adolf II of Cleves, Count, 38
Adoration of the Cross, Holy Cross Chapel, Duttenberg, 31, 33, 50
Adoration of the Cross, Holy Cross Church, Wiesendangen, 31, 33, 50
Adoration of the Magi, 128
agricultural and vegetation rituals, 2, 12, 13, 24, 121, 123
Ahrensbök, monastery and picture of Mary in, 8, 48
altarpieces, 5–6, 9
Ambarvilia, 40
Ambrose, 151
Amorsbrunn Chapel, 47, 48, 48, 51
Amstalden, Peter, 71
Annunciation to the Shepherds, 54
Anthony, Saint, 94–95, 99, 112–15. See also Order of Saint Anthony
Antonite Order. See Order of Saint Anthony
apotropaic powers, 14, 41, 50, 66
Aquinas, Thomas, 117–18, 155, 160
Arbor virginis (Tree of the Virgin), 42–43, 42, 106
from Geistliche Auslegung des Lebens Jesu Christi, 43, 45, 106
from Heggbach Altarpiece, 42–43, 43, 106
reverse of Triumphal Cross, Bad Doberan, 6, 8, 9
architecture, tree and plant forms linked to, 6, 10–12, 144–45
Aristotle, 68
Arma Christi: absent from Protestant imagery, 166
feast day dedicated to, 10, 18, 64, 76, 77
in Grünewald’s paintings, 90
in Heggbach Altarpiece, 83
images of, 77
liturgical uses of, 77
as maypole decorations, 76–77, 85, 87
relics of, 77
spring rituals linked to, 10, 48, 65, 75, 77–78, 82
trees and vegetation associated with, 4, 12, 18, 58, 75, 79–80, 82–83, 97. See also Passion of Christ
Ascension Day, 40–41, 94–95, 104, 112, 163
Assumption Day. See Feast of the Death and Assumption of the Virgin Mary
Augustine, Saint, 151
Bad Doberan, former Cistercian abbey church, 5, 5, 6, 8, 8
Baldung Grien, Hans, Consecration of Water, from Geiler’s Emeis, 123, 123
balsam, 104–5, 112, 146
bathing, 109–10, 112
Baumkelter. See tree press
Baxandall, Michael, 8, 12, 158
Beatae Mariae Virginis, 151–52, 152
Beham, Barthel, 60, 64–65
Beham, Sebald, 64–65, 77
The Nose Dance at Fools’ Town, 60, 64, 65
The Village Fair, 60, 62–63, 64 (detail), 154, 155 (detail)
Benedictine Order, 3, 6, 10, 80, 82, 110
“Berlin Vineyard Sermon,” 144
Bernard of Clairvaux, 140, 154
Bernward, Bishop, 25
Bernward’s Doors, 25, 25 (detail)
Bethesda Pool, Jerusalem, 4
Binding and Elevating the Vine, from Peter Drach’s Petrus de Crescentijs zu teutsch, 138, 139
Bittwoche processions, 40
Blaubeuren, Benedictine abbey: bathhouse, 110, 111
Blaubeuren Altarpiece, 6, 7
church vault, Mary praying, 10, 11
blood of Christ, 1, 6, 19, 68, 87, 89, 97, 100–106, 156–57
Bock, Hieronymus, Kreutterbuch, 53, 55, 164
Boemus, Johannes, On the Ceremonies of All Peoples, 54
Boivin, Katherine, 156
Bonaguido, Pacino da, Bonaventure’s Lignum vitae, 25, 26
Bonaventure, Saint, 25, 140, 143, 151
Mystical Vine, 135–36; Tree of Life, 136, 141, 171
Boniface, Saint, 75
Book of Simple Medicines (Livre des simples médecines), 101, 101
botany, 164
bread, 35, 38, 129, 155–56, 160–61, 165, 167. See also Eucharist; Host; wheat
Brueil, Antoine de, Le sandrin; ou, Verd galand, 54, 56
Bridget, Saint, 146
Bridget of Sweden, Saint, 99
Brotherhood of Saint Urban, 13
Brotherhood of the Rosary, 118, 121
Brunfels, Otto, Kreutterbuch, 164
Brunschwig, Hieronymus, 120
Book on Surgery (Das ist das Buch der Cirurgia), 103, 103, 105
Bynum, Caroline Walker, 156
calendar: church, 13, 17, 18, 19
seasonal, 12
vegetal world linked to, 10, 13, 18, 19
Calm Lord, 78
Campin, Robert, 124
Catherine of Cleves, Countess of Eu, 28
Celtis, Conrad, Quatuor libri amorum, 110, 110
Charlemagne, 75
Charles IV, Emperor, 77
Chauliac, Guy de, 103
Chemnitz whipping post. See Meister H. W., Whipping Post
Christ: as new Adam, 6, 25, 45
blood of, 1, 6, 19, 21–22, 68, 87, 89, 97, 100–106, 156–57
as child, 17, 73, 85–87, 106, 146
crucifixion of, 1–2, 4, 16, 18, 21–25, 33–39, 56, 59–60, 64–65, 68–70, 72, 77, 79–80, 85
depictions of body of, 4, 21, 89, 97, 99, 101–2, 106
healing powers of, 18, 92, 97, 100, 104
Incarnation of, 106, 137, 157
maypole linked to crucifixion of, 18
Passion of, 6, 10, 45, 50, 74, 73, 77, 79, 80, 82–83, 100, 104, 105, 113, 135–37, 141, 145, 146, 152, 157, 165
real presence of, 1, 6, 37, 38, 50, 97, 150, 161, 165, 168
redemption through death of, 22
relics stored in body of, 4–5, 34–35
torture of, 3, 4, 21, 82, 95
trees and vegetation associated with, 89, 96–97, 99–100, 103–4, 129, 157
wine and winemaking associated with, 1–2, 104–5, 112, 135–38, 140–41, 143–44, 146, 148, 150–54, 156, 165, 168
Christ Carrying the Cross, Church of Saint John, Lage, 41, 41
Christ Child at Sister Eufrosina’s Convent Door, in Stephan Fridolin’s Der geistliche Mai, 17, 17
Christ Child Proffering a Wreath of Forget-Me-Nots, Stephan Fridolin’s Der geistliche Mai, 73, 73, 77
Christian church: absorption of non-Christian practices by, 8, 15–18, 40, 51, 56, 58, 64–77, 119, 123–24, 135–36, 167, 171
attitudes toward the maypole, 56, 58–69
meanings ascribed to nature by, 9, 13, 15–19, 24, 38–42, 58, 136
Christ in Repose, 78–79
Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane, Heggbach Altarpiece, 83, 84
Christ in the Winepress, from Geistliche Auslegung des Lebens Jesu Christi, 148, 149, 150
Christ in the Winepress, from The Load Bearers’ Altarpiece, x, 1, 148, 149, 150
Christology, 16, 69, 72, 97, 100, 105, 106, 110, 123, 135, 141, 143, 153, 157
Christ on the Tau Cross, 95, 95
Christ Playing the Cross-Harp, Stephan Fridolin’s Der geistliche Mai, 109, 109
Christus in der Rast, See Christ in Repose; Melancholic Christ
Chronicle of Hirsau Abbey, 77
church. See Christian church
Church of Our Beloved Lady, Ingolstadt, 12, 13 (details)
Church of Saint John, Lage, 33
Church of the Divine Savior, Hakendover, 34
Codex Manesse, 73, 73
Colledge, Edmund, 67
Constance Cathedral, 28
Constantine, Emperor, 31
Corpus Christi, 10, 12
Counter-Reformation, 69, 168
Court Linden Tree, Diebold Schilling der Jüngere’s Schweizer Bilderchronik, 71, 71
Court Linden Tree, Saint Michael’s Chapel, Kirnbach, 71, 71
Cranach, Lucas, the Younger, Luther and the Vineyard of the Lord, 167–68, 167
Cranach, Lucas, Virgin of the Grapes, 145, 145
crosses: healing/medicinal properties of, 92, 94–95
maypole linked to, 18
miraculous, 8–9, 18, 24, 26, 31, 33–35, 38, 41, 45, 94–95
rituals involving, 2, 9, 18, 24, 28, 39–42, 50, 58
trees associated with, 1–2, 15, 22, 24, 33–39, 60, 70, 75, 89, 100, 171
typological antecedents of, 6
vines associated with, 140–41. See also Crucifixion; Holy Cross/True Cross/Wood of the Cross
Crossley, Paul, 12
Cross Week, 40, 41, 64, 94, 163
crown of thorns, 58, 65, 73, 80, 82, 83, 85, 90, 97, 99, 100, 137, 148, 166
crucifixes. See crosses
Crucifixi dolorosi, 4, 22, 34, 176n3
Crucifixion: agriculture linked to, 16
Christ’s suffering in, 113
Grünewald’s depictions of, 89–104
maypole linked to, 56, 59–60, 64–65, 68–70, 72, 77, 85, 163
sculpted images of, 4
vegetal associations of, 21–25, 33–39, 79–80, 129
winemaking associated with, 1–2, 152–54, 166. See also crosses; Holy Cross/True Cross/Wood of the Cross
Crucifixus dolorosus, Saint Sixtus Church, Haltern am See, 4, 4, 45, 48
Crucifixus dolorosus, Santa Maria im Kapitol, Cologne. See Kapitol Crucifix
cultural landscape, 15, 69, 75
cultural techniques, 15–19, 51
Cyriac, Saint, 115
Da Costa Hours, 143
Daniel, book of, 171
Daniel’s Vision of the Tree Crucifix, from Johannes Geiler von Kaysersberg’s Sermones prestantissimi, 170, 171
Decker, Bernhard, 117, 158
de Crescentiis, Petrus, Ruralia commoda, 138, 139
Deleuze, Gilles, 87
Dioscorides, Materia medica, 101
Dominican Church, Frankfurt, 19, 114, 117, 117, 121, 124
Dominican Order, 19, 28, 68, 94, 114
Donar oak, 75
Drach, Peter, Petrus de Crescentijs zu teutsch, 138, 139, 142–43, 143, 146
drinking, 154–57
Drinking apostle complementing Judas, Holy Blood Altarpiece, 160, 161
Dümpelmann, Britta, 159
Dürer, Albrecht, 85, 117–19, 124–29
frame for Landauer Altarpiece, 126–27, 128
Large Turf, 91
Dürer Workshop, and Matthias Grünewald, Heller Altarpiece, 19, 94, 114–19, 116, 117, 124–29, 125 (detail), 129 (detail)
Easter Stroll, 69
Eber, Paul, 167–68
Eckhart, Meister, 68–69
Eden, 11, 22, 25, 28, 30. See also Tree of Life; Trees of Paradise
Eicha, 41, 50, 106
Elector Lutheran Bible, 166–67, 166
Elizabeth, Saint, 107, 114–15, 121
Ellringen, Johann von, 148, 156, 157, 161
Elsbeth (disciple of Suso), 85
Erbach, Eberhard VIII, Count von, 48
Erhart, Michel and Gregor, Blaubeuren Altarpiece, 6, 7
espaliered pear tree, 144
Eucharist, 1, 2, 6, 9, 37–38, 48, 73, 79, 97, 112, 114, 129, 135, 137, 148, 150–51, 154–56, 159, 163, 166–67. See also bread; Host
Eufrosina, Sister, 17, 135, 144, 146
Eve, 25, 28, 45
Eyck, Jan van, 124; Annunciation Diptych, 125–26, 126, 127 (detail)
Falco, Aymar, 94
false communion of Judas, Holy Blood Altarpiece, 160, 160
feast days, 2, 10, 17, 64
Feast of Christ’s Wounds, 77
Feast of Empress Helena’s Invention or Discovery of the Cross, 41
Feast of John the Baptist, 50, 106
Feast of Mary’s Nativity, 118–19
Feast of Saint Bartholomew, 119
Feast of Saint Catherine, 119
Feast of Saint James, 59, 69
Feast of Saint James the Greater, 119
Feast of Saint John, 40, 41, 50, 54, 119
Feast of Saint Margaret, 119
Feast of Saint Martin, 161
Feast of Saint Paul, 40
Feast of Saint Philip, 59, 69
Feast of Saint Urban, 2, 13, 14, 19, 72, 119, 135, 136, 139–40, 150, 163
Feast of Saint Walpurgis, 119
Feast of the Annunciation, 118
Feast of the Cross’s Elevation, 25
Feast of the Cross’s Exaltation, 69, 135–36, 153
Feast of the Cross’s Invention, 18, 25, 53, 64, 66, 69, 73, 94
Feast of the Death and Assumption of the Virgin Mary, 10, 12, 19, 118–21, 123
Feast of the Elevation, 33, 38, 41
Feast of the Epiphany, 128
Feast of the Lance and Nails, 10, 18, 64, 76, 85
Feast of the Presentation in the Temple, 118
February Calendar Page, Da Costa Hours, 143, 143
fertility/fecundity, 2, 25, 40, 50, 103, 115
folkloric practices: church’s absorption of, 8, 15–18, 51, 56, 64–77, 119, 123–24, 135–36, 171
maypole, 64, 69, 74, 76
trees and vegetation associated with, 10, 12, 58, 75, 82–83, 100
Forest Stroll, 69–70, 70
Fortunatus, Venantius, 58
fountain churches, 48, 51, 168
Fountain of Life, 28, 45, 48, 51
Francis, Saint, 166
Franciscan Order, 146
Franck, Sebastian, 10, 13–15, 121, 163
World Book (Weltbuch), 10, 13, 40, 163
Francovich, Géza de, 176n3
Frankfurt Master, Retable of Saint Anne, 124, 124 (detail)
Frederick, Emperor, 152
Free Spirits, 68–69
Fridolin, Stephan, 87, 99–100, 103, 106, 141, 143–44, 152–54, 171
Schatzbehalter, 69, 146
The Spiritual Autumn, 69, 136, 146, 148, 150
The Spiritual May (Der geistliche Mai), 16–17, 17, 69–75, 73, 77, 100, 104, 107, 109–10, 109, 135, 146
Gabelkreuze (forked crosses), 22
galium, 121–22
Galium plant growing below Saint Elizabeth, Heller Altar, 121–22, 122
Garden of Gethsemane, 83, 85, 87
Gart der Gesundheit (botanical incunabula), 16, 104, 120
Gaston of the Dauphiné, Lord, 94–95
Geiler von Kaysersberg, Johannes, 59, 65, 69, 163–64
Emeis, 123–24, 123
Sermones prestantissimi, 170, 171
Genesis, book of, 15, 24–25, 136
Georg, Saint, 156
Germany: Legend of the Cross in, 25, 28
trees and greenery in folkloric practices of, 12, 75
Gero Cross, 4
Gersdorff, Hans von, Fieldbook of Wound Medicine (Feldtbuch der Wundartzney), 100, 103, 115, 115
Glockendon, Albrecht, Nuremberg breviary, 54, 57, 72 (detail)
God: and healing, 100
humans created in image of, 66, 68
interventions of, in human affairs, 35, 37–38, 58–59, 76
mystical conceptions of, 68, 72, 75
nature in relation to, 68
God’s Lament for the Fate of His Vineyard, 162 (detail)
Golden Calf, 59, 60
Golden Legend, 22, 24, 26, 28, 34, 37, 58, 59, 113, 115, 128, 148, 176n7
Golgotha, 30, 31
greenery. See plants/greenery
Green Thursday, 161
Gregory IX, Pope, 156
Gregory the Great, 24, 151
Grimm, Jacob, 75
Grimm brothers, 104
grisaille, 114, 115, 118, 124–28
Grosseteste, Robert, 156
Grünewald, Matthias, 9, 18–19, 90–129, 164–65
Anthony’s Temptation, Isenheim Altarpiece, 112–13
The Aschaffenburg Madonna, 44, 45, 110
Bed of Flowers, 91, 91
Christ Carrying the Cross, Tauberbischofsheim Retable, 90, 90, 97
Christ on the Cross, 96
Crucifixion, Isenheim Altarpiece, 97, 98 (detail), 101–6, 102 (detail)
Crucifixion, Tauberbischofsheim Retable, 90, 90, 104
engineering background of, 91, 95
Heller Altarpiece (with Dürer Workshop), 19, 94, 114–19, 116, 117, 124–29, 125 (detail), 129 (detail)
Isenheim Altarpiece, 19, 91–108, 92, 93, 112–14
Lamentation, Isenheim Altarpiece, 105, 105 (detail)
The Lamentation of the Magdalene (Christoph Krafft after Grünewald), 91, 91
Madonna and Child and Angels’ Concert, Isenheim Altarpiece, 106–9, 108
name of, 95
Resurrection of Christ, Isenheim Altarpiece, 106, 107
Rosary Retable, for Marian Altar of Frankfurt’s Dominican Church, 118, 118
Saint Anthony and Paul the Hermit, Isenheim Altarpiece, 113–14, 113 (detail)
Saint Lawrence for the Heller Altarpiece, 114, 114
Tauberbischofsheim Retable, 90, 90, 97, 100, 104
Guattari, Félix, 87
Guersi, Guido, 112, 118
guilds, 153
Hagenauer, Nikolaus: carved shrine from Isenheim Altarpiece, 112, 112
Isenheim Altarpiece, 92, 93
Haggenberg, Hans, Legend of the Cross, Holy Cross Church, Wiesendangen, 27, 28
Hamburger, Jeffrey, 16, 68
harps, 108–9
Harschner, Erhard, 146, 153
Altarpiece of Mary’s Assumption, 142, 142, 143
Holy Blood Altarpiece, 19, 130 (detail), 131, 132, 133 (detail), 134 (detail), 135, 137–39, 141–42, 141 (detail), 144, 144, 146, 148, 153, 159, 161
Hayum, Andrée, 96
healing/medicinal properties: bathing, 109–10, 112
Christ, 18, 92, 97, 100
the cross, 92, 94–95
grapevines, 148
Hildegard of Bingen and, 115
Isenheim Altarpiece, 92–114, 122
Mary Magdalene, 105
plants/greenery, 18–19, 89–90, 97, 100, 110, 112–15, 117, 119, 122, 123
Saint Anthony, 112
saints, 18, 89–90, 118
stringed instruments, 108–9
trees, 89–90, 97, 103, 112
Virgin Mary, 106
water, 45, 48, 113–14
Heggbach Altarpiece, 83, 83, 85–87
Arbor virginis, 42–43, 43
Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane, 83, 84
Heinrich of Guelders, 35, 37
Heinrich von Breslau Receives a Wreath, Codex Manesse, 73, 73
Heisterbach, Caesarius von, Eight Books of Miracles, 58–60
Helandenberg, Hugo von, 28
Helena, Empress, 31, 34, 37, 41, 50
Heller, Jakob, 19, 94, 117–22, 126, 128–29
herbal incunabula, 16, 95, 100, 123
herbs, 10, 16, 17, 18, 19, 90–92, 94–95, 100, 103, 106, 109–10, 113, 115, 119–23, 126–28, 135, 138, 164. See also plants/greenery
Heribert of Eichstätt, Salve crux sancta, 66
Herlin, Friedrich, Man of Sorrows, Epitaph for Paul Straué, 97, 99
Hertenstein, Eberhart von, 142
Hessenthal, Pilgrimage Church, 49–50, 49
high altar, former Cistercian abbey church, Bad Doberan, 5, 5, 6
high altar, Parish Church of Saint Martin, Lorch am Rhein, 131, 134, 135
high altar, pilgrimage church of the Coronation of the Virgin, Lautenbach, 131, 134, 135
high altar of Amorsbrunn Chapel, Amorsbach, 47, 48, 106
Hildegard of Bingen: Causes and Cures, 115
Physica, 140, 148
Hippolytus of Rome, 24
Hoene, Otto zu, 41
Hoffius, Jodokus (Jost), De sacrae waltdurensis, 157, 157
Holbein, Hans, the Elder, 118
Gray Passion Altarpiece, 124
Melancholic Christ from the Gray Passion Altarpiece, 79
Holy Blood, 6, 100, 131, 138, 142, 144, 148, 153, 156–61
Holy Blood Altarpiece, Church of Saint James, Rothenburg, 19, 130 (detail), 131, 132, 133 (detail), 134 (detail), 135, 137–39, 141–42, 141 (detail), 144, 144, 146, 148, 153, 157–61, 160 (details), 161 (detail)
Holy Cross Chapel, Duttenberg, 26, 26, 28, 30–31, 30, 32, 35, 50
Holy Cross Church, Wiesendangen, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 42, 45, 45, 50
Holy Cross/True Cross/Wood of the Cross: adoration of, 28, 31, 33
elevation of, 25, 28, 33, 41
exaltation of, 26, 28, 69, 135–36, 153
finding of, 26, 28
healing/medicinal properties of, 95
invention of, 18, 25, 41, 53, 64, 66, 69, 73, 94
legend of, 4, 22, 24–34, 58, 136, 148, 176n7
living wood in relation to, 6, 10, 13
maypole associated with, 10, 18, 53, 56, 58–60, 66, 69, 75, 76, 82, 87, 171
as nonhuman saint, 2, 18, 24, 33
relics of, 2, 4–6, 9, 24, 26, 28, 31, 33–35, 39, 50, 64, 94, 95
sociocultural meanings of, 6, 15–16, 18
spring rituals associated with, 56, 135
Tree of Jesse associated with, 48
Tree of Life associated with, 2, 4–6, 24, 25, 92
trees and vegetation associated with, 2, 6, 15, 24, 34–35, 38, 53, 58, 95, 97, 100, 148, 150
typological associations of, 6, 22, 24–26, 48, 51, 70, 148
Virgin Mary linked to, 6, 41–50
winemaking associated with, 136, 140–41, 148, 152–53. See also Crucifixion
Homunculus on the Cross and Man Fishing, The Hours of Catherine of Cleves, 136, 137
Honorius III, Pope, De materia eucharistie, 156
Hospital Brothers of Saint Anthony. See Antonite Order
Host, 6, 25, 35, 37–38, 94, 97, 131, 155–57, 160, 168. See also bread; Eucharist
Hours of Catherine of Cleves, 28, 29, 33, 136–37, 137, 148, 166
Hours of Charles d’Angoulême, 54, 56
Huizinga, Johan, 11
Hundewinkel (landowner), 34
iconoclasm, 158
idolatry, 35, 59–60, 158, 163, 165
Incarnation, 106, 137, 157
Infant Christ as the True Vine, Stephan Fridolin’s Der geistliche Mai, 135, 135
Infant Christ Bathing, Stephan Fridolin’s Der geistliche Mai, 109–10, 109
Infant Christ with Basket of Roses, 86, 86
Ingold, Tim, 15
Innocent IV, Pope, 77
Irminsul, 75
Isaiah, book of, 100, 141, 166, 168
Jerome, 151
Jesse Tree. See Tree of Jesse
John the Baptist, 104–5
Judas, 86, 160–61
Kandel, David, The Lime Tree Dance, 53, 55
Kapitol Crucifix, Santa Maria im Kapitol, Cologne, 21–22, 21, 22 (detail), 89, 96, 176n2, 176n4, 176n5, 178n38
Karlstadt, Andreas, 14
On the Removal of Images, 158
Kavaler, Ethan Matt, 12
Kaysersberg, Geiler von. See Geiler von Kaysersberg
Koberger, Anton, 69, 146
Nuremberg Chronicle, 60, 61
Kolb, Karl, 156
Krafft, Christoph, after Matthias Grünewald, The Lamentation of the Magdalene, 91, 91
Kranenburg Crucifix, Church of Saints Peter and Paul, vi (detail), 24, 35, 36, 37–38, 37, 50–51
procession of, 39, 39
site of original oak for, 38–40, 38
Kräuterweihe (herb blessing ritual), 119–20, 121, 123
Kreutzer, Johannes, 15, 16, 19, 107, 114
“Autumn Must” prayers, 136, 153, 154
The Spiritual May, 107–10
Krohm, Hartmut, 146
Kroll, Renate, 91
Kulturlandschaft. See cultural landscape
Kulturtechniken. See cultural techniques
Kumler, Adam, 155
Lage Cross, Church of Saint John, 22, 23, 24, 33–35, 40–41, 41, 50–51, 89, 178n30
Lance Fest, 77
Landauer, Matthäus, 126
Landsberg, Herrad von, Hortus deliciarum, 148, 149
Last Supper, 131, 141, 145, 146, 154, 156, 160–61
Latour, Bruno, 15
laurel tree, 115
Lawrence, Saint, 114–15
Legend of the Cross, Holy Cross Church, Wiesendangen, 27, 28, 31, 31 (detail), 32 (detail), 33 (detail)
Legend of the Holy Cross, Holy Cross Chapel, Duttenberg, 26, 26, 28, 30–31, 30 (detail), 32 (detail), 33 (detail)
Legend of the Wood of the Cross, 4, 22, 24–34, 58, 136, 148, 176n7
Leo X, Pope, 168
Liberius, Pope, 40
lime (linden) trees and limewood, 12, 14, 53, 71, 71, 159
Lindner, Johannes, 50
Little Office of the Virgin, 54
Load Bearers’ Altarpiece, x (detail), 1, 148, 149, 150, 153, 154
Lochner, Stefan, Madonna of the Rose Bower, 145
Louis of France, Saint, 56
Lüdke, Dietmar, 124
Ludwig the Bearded, 77
Luther, Martin, 14, 19, 165–68
Eyn Sermon von dem newen Testament, 165, 165
Table Talks, 49–50
Lutwin, 28
Mamertus of Venice, 40
Mannhardt, Wilhelm, 75
Man of Sorrows, 6, 78, 97, 100, 153, 157, 166
Marin, Louis, 38
Mary. See Virgin Mary
Mary Magdalene, 91, 103, 105, 146
Materiality. See wood, as medium
Maundy Thursday, 161
Maximilian (son of Frederick), 152
may (woods and greenery), 10, 13, 56. See also may devotion; maypole
May Bath, Thomas Murner’s A Devout, Spiritual Bathing Tour, 110, 111
May Day, 17, 54, 59, 66–70, 75, 83, 87, 109, 140, 171, 182n29, 184n57
may devotion, 10–11, 17, 18, 19, 56, 64, 69–75, 78, 85, 87, 97, 99, 135, 161, 171, 174n39
maypole: Arma Christi as decorations for, 76–77, 85, 87
Christian absorption of, 65–69
controversial nature of, 56, 58–69, 75
Heggbach Altarpiece and, 83
Holy Cross associated with, 10, 18, 53, 56, 58–60, 66, 69, 75, 76, 82, 87, 171
medieval traditions involving, 75
origin of the term, 54
as ritual decoration, 53, 54, 76, 76
spring rituals involving, 18, 54, 56
Suso’s mystical conception of, 65–69
Maypole Celebration, Albrecht Glockendon’s Breviary, 54, 57, 72 (detail)
May Stroll, 69
Maytime celebrations, 18
may-woods, 10
McGinn, Bernard, 69
Megenburg, Konrad von, 146
Meister H. W., Whipping Post, 3–4, 3, 8–9, 52 (detail), 81, 82, 89
Melancholic Christ, 78–80
Melancholic Christ in a Tree, Geistliche Auslegung des Lebens Jesu Christi, 78, 78, 85
Melancholic Christ with the Cross and Christ in the Winepress, The Hours of Catherine of Cleves, 137, 137
Melancholic Christ with Whipping Post, 80, 80
Melanchthon, Philip, 168
Melem, Katharina von, 117
Memling, Hans, 124
Meyerich (sexton), 37
Michael, Archangel, 24, 28, 30
miracles: blood, 131, 156–57, 161
crosses, 4, 31, 38, 41, 45, 94–95
Holy Blood Chapel, Rothenburg, 148, 153, 159, 161
Host, 6, 160
tree-crosses, 8–9, 18, 24, 26, 33–35
trees, 35, 37, 40, 49–51, 106
Virgin Mary, 8, 18, 41, 48–50, 106
water, 18, 42, 45, 48, 51
wood, 18, 42, 48
mirrors, 54, 70, 72
Monacensis, Adalbertus, 171
Mondeville, Henri de, 103, 105, 189n50
monstrances, 159, 159
Mother of God on the Mulberry, Pilgrimage Church of Mary’s Birth, Schneeberg, 49, 49
Murner, Thomas: A Devout, Spiritual Bathing Tour, 110, 111
Riddle Book, 152
Mystical Barrel, 151–52
Mystical Barrel, Psalter Beatae Mariae Virginis from Zinna Monastery, 151–52, 152
Mystical Vintage, Stör Family Votive Panel, 150–51, 151, 153
Mystical Winepress, Herrad von Landsberg’s Hortus deliciarum, 148, 149
mysticism/spiritual practices, 16–17, 56, 65–70, 72–75
nationalism, 12, 75–76
National Socialism, 76
nature: Christian attitudes toward, 14–19, 136
culture in relation to, 15–16, 19, 75
laypeople’s attitudes toward, 136
mystical conceptions of, 66–68
spring rituals associated with, 58
Virgin Mary associated with, 10, 18, 24, 41–50, 106. See also plants/greenery; trees; wood
Neoplatonism, 65, 66, 68
New Year’s Greeting, 77, 77
“Nice Lesson Against Dancing and the Maypole,” 59–60
Nose Dance, 60, 64
nuns, devotional works for, 16, 65, 68, 69–74, 107–8, 136, 154
Nuremberg Chronicle, 60, 61
Oellermann, Eike, 142
Oettinger, Karl, 11–12, 16, 145, 174n37, 174n39
“On the Manufacturing of Plasters,” in Hieronymus Brunschwig’s Dis ist das Buch der Cirurgia, 103, 103
Order of Saint Anthony, 19, 50, 91–92, 94–95, 99, 103, 106, 109, 112
Order of Saint John, 22, 33
Orholen, Luz, 142
Origen, 24
Orliac, Jean d’, 112
Our Lady of the Oak (Eicha), 50, 106
paganism, 12
pantheism, 68
Paradise. See Eden; Tree of Life; Trees of Paradise
paragone, 125
Passion of Christ, 6, 10, 45, 50, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 82–83, 100, 104, 105, 113, 135–37, 141, 145, 146, 152, 157, 165. See also Arma Christi
Paul, Saint, 68, 72
Paul the Hermit, 95, 113–14
Payment of Dues, Sachsenspiegel, 119, 120
Petrus de Crescentiis, Ruralia commoda, 16
Philip, Saint, 59
Pietà (Mariengnadenbild), Chapel of Mercy, Pilgrimage Church of Hessenthal, 49, 49
pilgrimages, 26, 28, 33, 37–38, 40–41, 48–50
Pilgrim’s Drawing of Kranenburg Crucifix, 37
Pinder, Wilhelm, 96
pitch, 104, 105
plants/greenery: agency of, 15–19, 40, 51
in architectural decoration, 11
Arma Christi associated with, 12
blessing of, 9, 119–20, 121, 123, 164
Christ associated with, 89, 96–97, 99–100, 129
church’s control of meaning of, 13, 15–19, 24, 40
folkloric practices involving, 10, 12, 75, 100
Grünewald’s paintings and, 91, 95, 100, 122, 124, 164–65
healing/medicinal properties of, 18–19, 89–90, 94, 97, 100, 110, 112–15, 117, 119, 122, 123
Holy Cross associated with, 95
liturgical uses of, 9
pigments and dyes from, 10
saints associated with positive effects of, 18
scientific study of, 164–65
sociocultural meanings and uses of, 9–15
transfer of, from Eden to world of fallen humankind, 24, 28, 30
Virgin Mary associated with, 10, 119–24, 145. See also herbs; trees; wood
Pleydenwurff, Wilhelm, Dance Around the Golden Calf, 61
Pliny, 164
Pointing apostle, Holy Blood Altarpiece, 160, 160
Pool of Bethesda, 45
Preimesberger, Rudolf, 125
Preßbaum. See tree press
processions, 39–42. See also weather processions
Protestantism, theological and iconographic influence of, 64, 161, 163–71
Pruning the Vine, from Peter Drach’s Petrus de Crescentijs zu teutsch, 143
pulpit theology, 163–64
Queen of Sheba, 32, 34, 35, 45
Queen of Sheba at the Bridge, Holy Cross Chapel, Duttenberg, 31, 32
Queen of Sheba at the Bridge, Holy Cross Church, Wiesendangen, 32, 32
“Ratione sanctae Crucis in Lage,” 33–34, 177n28
Real Presence of Christ, 1, 6, 37, 38, 50, 97, 150, 161, 165, 168
Reformation, 6, 14, 15, 50, 64, 154, 163–71
Reitzmann, Heinrich, 45
relics: Arma Christi, 77
blood, 19
Christ’s body as storage for, 4–5, 34–35
Holy Cross, 2, 4–6, 9, 24, 26, 28, 31, 33–35, 39, 50, 64, 94, 95
Holy Roman Empire’s possession of, 77
housed in Holy Blood Altarpiece, 19, 131, 137–38, 142, 146, 148, 153, 156–57, 159–61
Protestant criticism of, 64, 163, 166, 168
Saint Anthony, 94, 95, 112
Saint Urban, 140
wine, 19, 131, 137–38, 146, 148, 153, 156–57, 159–61
resins, 10, 89, 92, 97, 100–106. See also sap
Ress, Anton, 156
Reuental, Neidhart von, 53, 72, 73
Riddle Book (attributed to Thomas Murner), 152
Riehl, Wilhelm Heinrich, 75, 76
Riemenschneider, Tilman, 9, 49, 146, 153, 156–61
Altarpiece of Mary’s Assumption, 142, 142, 143, 158–59
Holy Blood Altarpiece, 19, 130 (detail), 131, 132, 133 (detail), 134 (detail), 135, 138, 144, 146, 157–61, 160 (details), 161 (detail)
Riemenschneider, Tilman, School of: Saint Lawrence, 126, 127
rituals, crosses involved in, 2, 9, 18, 28, 50, 58. See also agricultural and vegetation rituals; feast days; spring rituals
rod, Virgin Mary as, 8, 24, 42
Rogation Days, before Ascension Thursday, 40–41, 41, 58
Rogation of Saint Mark’s Day, 40
roosters, 54, 60, 76, 78. See also Saint Peter’s cock
roses, 67–68, 85–87
“Rose Tree” iconography, 67–68
“Rose Tree” Vision and Man of Sorrows / Melancholic Christ Before the Whipping Post, Henry Suso’s Exemplar, 67–68, 67, 79, 80, 85, 183n41
Rötha, 50
Rothenburg, 19, 131–35, 137–38, 142, 146–48, 153, 154, 156–61
Rottenburg am Neckar, 13–14
Rudolf and Johannes (brothers), 33–34
Russ, Jakob, Saint Urban, 14, 14
Sachs, Hans, “The Four Wondrous Properties of Wine and Their Effects,” 154
Saint Anthony, Hans von Gersdorff’s Fieldbook of Wound Medicine, 115, 115
Saint Anthony’s fire (ergotism), 94–95, 97, 103, 104, 105, 112, 188n22
Saint Henry Suso, 85, 85
Saint Peter’s cock, 58, 65, 80, 83
saints: healing powers of, 18, 89–90, 118
plants/greenery associated with, 18. See also Feast of entries
Saint Sixtus, Haltern, 4
Saint Urban’s Day. See Feast of Saint Urban
Saint Vinage, 94, 95, 104, 112
Salm, Christian Altgraf, 125
salvation, 22, 66, 71, 72, 89–90, 95, 97, 100, 112, 114, 118, 120, 122, 128, 148, 152, 166, 168
Sandrart, Joachim von, 125
Teutsche Academie, 95
sap, 10, 53, 89, 92, 100–101, 103–4, 106, 110, 112, 115, 146, 148. See also resins
sapwood, 89
Saxon Mirror, 119
Scherenberg, Rudolf von, 49
Schilling, Diebold, der Jüngere, Schwiezer Bilderchronik, 71, 71
Schlenitz, Heinrich von, 82
Schmid, Hans and Claus, Monstrance, 159, 159
Schneeberg, Pilgrimage Church of Mary’s Birth, 49–50, 49
Schöllenbach Altarpiece, Erbach Castle, Erbach im Odenwald, 46, 48, 51, 106
Schön, Erhard: Four Properties of Wine, 154, 155
God’s Lament for the Fate of His Vineyard, 168, 169
Schongauer, Martin, Madonna of the Rose Bower, 145
Schüchlin, Daniel, 10
Schüchlin, Hans, and workshop, Blaubeuren Altarpiece, 6, 7
Schuler, Johann, 166
Schwanz, Hans-Wilhelm, 176n4
Schwarz, Martin, 145–46
Bridget of Sweden, Altarpiece for Rothenburg’s Third Order of Saint Francis, 147 (detail)
Our Lady Altarpiece, 146, 147 (detail)
Scott, Tom, 141
Scribner, Robert, 14
Sedlmayr, Hans, 174n37
Seidl, Gabriel von, Maypoles in Ellbach bei Tölz and Kochel, 76, 76
Seth (Adam’s third son), 24, 28, 30, 37, 148
Seth Receives the Twig and the Twig Grows from Adam’s Tomb, Holy Cross Chapel, Duttenberg, 30, 30
Seth Receives the Twig from the Archangel Michael, The Hours of Catherine of Cleves, 20 (detail), 28, 29, 33
Sick and Infirm Healed in the Piscina Probotica, Holy Cross Church, Wiesendangen, 45, 45
Siegert, Bernhard, 15, 38
Sigismund, Kaiser, 24
signatures, doctrine/law of, 100, 146
Solomon, King, 31, 34, 45, 122, 148, 154
Solomon Orders Temple Construction, Wiesendangen, 31, 31
Song of Songs, 97, 106–8, 135, 154
Spear Friday, 77
spiritualization, of non-Christian practices, 15–18, 40, 51, 56, 58, 64–77, 123–24, 135–36, 167, 171
spiritual literature, 16
Spiritual May/Maypole, 66, 70–75, 77, 85, 87, 91–92, 101, 103, 105, 107, 112, 152, 168
Spiritual Maypole, The (Swabian text), 43, 73–74, 74, 78, 87, 97, 101, 103, 104, 148, 171
spiritual practices. See mysticism/spiritual practices
“Spiritual Vineyard, The” (song), 150
Spiritual Vintage, 19, 135, 137, 141, 150, 153
spring rituals: Arma Christi linked to, 10, 48, 65, 75, 77–78, 82
crosses used in, 18, 39–42
Heggbach Altarpiece and, 83
Holy Cross associated with, 56
Isenheim Altarpiece and, 104, 109
maypole used in, 18, 54, 56
nature worship and, 58
trees used in, 24, 53–54, 66
Stagel, Elsbeth, 66
stags, 110, 112
Stör Family Votive Panel, 150–51, 151, 153, 154, 168
Stoss, Veit, 158
Sube (landowner), 34
Suso, Henry, 18, 56, 58, 65–69, 72, 74–75, 82–83, 85–87, 99
Clock of Wisdom, 53
Exemplar, 66, 67, 67, 79, 80, 83, 85, 87, 182n27
Life, 68
Sweet, Victoria, 115
Tacitus, 12, 75
Tacuinum santitas, 145, 145
Tapping Turpentine, Livre des simple médecines, 101, 101
tau, 94–95
Tauler, Johannes, 112
Testard, Robinet, The Maypole Dance, The Hours of Charles d’Angoulême, 54, 56
Third Reich, 12, 76
Thor oak, 75
Three Virgins Retable, Church of the Divine Savior, Hakendover, 34, 35, 35 (detail)
Throne of Wisdom Madonnas, 4
timbered house with maypole, 54
tree-crosses, 4, 4, 8, 22, 24, 35, 91–92, 97, 106, 109, 170, 171, 172n10
Tree Is Felled, and Solomon’s Laborer, Holy Cross Chapel, Duttenberg, 30, 31
Tree of Jesse, 42, 48
Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, 25
Tree of Life, 2, 4, 18, 22, 24–25, 45, 48, 51, 66, 68, 83, 92, 110
Tree of the Cross, 18, 24, 43, 89, 100, 102, 106, 112
Tree of the Virgin. See Arbor virginis
Tree of the Virgin (Arbor virginis), reverse of Triumphal Cross, Bad Doberan, 6, 8, 9
tree press, 2, 2, 148, 149, 150, 153
trees: architecture linked to, 6, 10–12, 144–45
Arma Christi associated with, 4, 12, 18, 58, 75, 79–80, 82–83
Christ associated with, 89, 96–97, 99–100, 103–4
church’s control of meaning of, 13, 15–19, 24, 38, 58
crosses associated with, 1–2, 15, 22, 24, 33–39, 60, 70, 75, 89, 97, 100, 148, 150, 171
folkloric practices involving, 12, 58, 75, 82–83
Grünewald’s paintings and, 90–91
healing/medicinal properties of, 89–90, 97, 103, 112
linked to crucifixion and torture of Christ, 18
miraculous, 8, 18, 24, 34, 35, 37, 37–38, 40, 49–51, 106
in spring rituals, 24, 53–54, 66
Virgin Mary associated with, 8, 41–43, 48–50, 106
and winemaking process, 1–2, 148, 150. See also plants/greenery; wood
Trees of Paradise, 2, 6, 110, 122
Trithemius, Abbot, 77
Triumphal Cross and Cross Altar, former Cistercian abbey church, Bad Doberan, 6, 8
trompe l’oeil, 38, 87, 124, 125
True Cross. See Holy Cross/True Cross/Wood of the Cross
turpentine, 101, 103, 104, 105. See also resins
typologies: blood of Christ, 1
Eucharist, 6
Fountain of Life, 45, 48, 51
Holy Cross, 6, 22, 24–26, 48, 51, 70, 148
Old and New Testament, 150
Passion of Christ, 6
Tree of Jesse, 48
Tree of Life, 25, 45, 48, 51
trees and vegetation, 137
Urban, Saint, 13–15, 139–40. See also Feast of Saint Urban
Urbanek, Regina, 176n5
Urban’s Day Procession in Nuremberg, 72, 139–40, 139
vegetation. See plants/greenery; trees
Veronica’s veil, 65
Village Dance, from Antoine de Brueil’s Le sandrin; ou, Verd goland, 54, 56
Vine Crucifix, 141, 141
vines, 6, 97, 131, 135–36, 138–48, 147, 153, 157
vine tears, 146, 147, 148
Vineyard of the Lord parable, 167
Virgin and Child with Vine Crucifix, 140, 140
Virgin Mary: Assumption of, 118–19
body of, 10
and the cross, 6, 41–50
as Eve, 25, 45
healing powers of, 106
images of, 8
miracles associated with, 8, 18, 41, 48–50, 106
nature associated with, 10, 18, 24, 41–50, 106
plants/greenery associated with, 10, 119–24, 145
trees associated with, 8, 41–43, 48–50, 106
water associated with, 18, 24, 43, 45, 48
Virgin Thirty, 94, 119, 163, 164
Voragine, Jacques de, 24, 114–15. See also Golden Legend
Walpurgis Night, 70
Wanray, Johannes van, “Historia Sanctae Crucis Cranenburgensis,” 35
water: healing/medicinal properties of, 45, 48, 113–14
miraculous, 18, 42, 45, 48, 51
Virgin Mary associated with, 18, 24, 43, 45, 48
weather processions, 25, 40–41
Weiditz, Hans, 164
Weizsäcker, Heinrich, 122
wells, 45
Wertheim, Maria von, 48
Wesoly, Kurt, 153
Weyden, Rogier van der, 124
wheat, 79, 97, 129, 155. See also bread
Whipping Post. See Meister H. W., Whipping Post
“Who Longs for the Maypole,” 53, 58, 182n26
Wiesebeder, Johann, 118
Wimpfen, Dominican monastery, 28
wine and winemaking: Christ and the Cross associated with, 1–2, 19, 104–5, 112, 135–38, 140–41, 143–44, 146, 148, 150–54, 156, 165, 168
commercial value of, 141
cultivation and production, 1–2, 135–36, 138–43, 146, 148, 150–54
drinking, 154–57
Eucharist and, 1, 6, 97, 112, 135, 137, 148, 154–56, 167
Holy Blood Altarpiece and, 131–35, 137–38, 159–61
presses for, 148, 150
as relic, 19, 131, 137–38, 146, 148, 153, 156–57, 159–61
rituals connected to, 13–14, 139–40
Saint Urban associated with, 2, 13–14, 19, 72, 119, 135–36, 139–41
wood/trees linked to, 1–2, 19, 135–38, 140–41, 148, 150
Winemaking Profession, Tacuinum santitas, 145, 145
Winged Altarpiece (with Pope Urban), Convent of the Poor Clares, Nuremberg, 140, 140
Witten, Hans. See Meister H. W., Whipping Post
Wolgemut, Michael, 69
Dance Around the Golden Calf, 60, 61
May Bath and Dance, May Calendar Page, Conrad Celtis’s Quatuor libri amorum, 110, 110
wood: as artistic material, 3–9, 14–15, 159
Grünewald’s paintings and, 90–91, 95–97, 123–26
liturgical uses of, 4–6, 8–9, 14
meanings of, 2–3, 6, 135, 158
as mediation between church and nature, 9, 15–19, 24, 39–42, 136
as medium, 9–15, 51, 159
miraculous, 18, 38, 42, 48, 51
Riemenschneider and, 157–61
sociocultural meanings and uses of, 9–15, 24, 39–42, 51
winemaking linked to, 19, 135–38, 140–41, 150. See also plants/greenery; trees
Wood of the Cross. See Holy Cross/True Cross/Wood of the Cross
wreathes, 3, 54, 58–59, 73, 82
Zimmern, Froben Christoph, Count von, 40
Index
Next chapter