Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

Mason, Darielle

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Description: Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz...

BOOKKantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

Darielle Mason (Editor)

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00323

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22907

This first book-length study on kanthas published outside of South Asia focuses on two premier collections, one assembled by the legendary historian of Indian art, Dr. Stella Kramrisch, the other by Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz, leading proponents of self-taught art. Created from worn-out garments imaginatively embroidered by women with motifs and tales drawn from a rich regional repertoire, kanthas traditionally were stitched as gifts for births, weddings, and other family occasions.

Innovative essays by leading scholars explore the domestic, ritual, and historical contexts of the fascinating quilts in these collections—made between the mid-19th and mid-20th century in what is today Bangladesh and West Bengal, India—and trace their reinterpretation as emblems of national identity and works of art.

Author

Darielle Mason (Editor)

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

Print publication date December 2009 (in print)

Print ISBN 9780300154429

EISBN 9780300270549

Illustrations 270

Print Status in print

Publisher (in print)

WorldCat

Google Books

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List of illustrations

Undivided Bengal
Contemporary Bengal Region
Groom seated on a kantha, Mathbari village
Rice and banana cultivation near Paharpur
View of a Bengal Village
A local tree shrine with clay votive horses and elephants, near Bishnupur
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail
Women processing rice, including pounding with a dheki
Bride being presented with ritual objects on a kula, Mathbari village
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail of the central lotus
Girl with lotus flowers collected from a pond, village near Pabna
Design of an alpana for Lakshmi Puja
Lakshmi-Narayana
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail of a corner kadamba tree
Canopy of a kadamba tree
Flowers of a kadamba tree
Shiva's Marriage
Bride covering her face with a betel leaf as she is carried on a pidi around the groom, who stands on a second pidi
Fish-shaped sondesh in a sweet shop
Fish-shaped containers and other dokra (resin-thread recycled metal) objects
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail
A bride in a palki followed by musicians
An enthroned shaligrama (ammonite embodiment of Vishnu)
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail depicting from above the flowers and leaves floating in a kosha (ritual water vessel)
Image prepared for Durga Puja showing the goddesss Durga and her lion destroying the demon Mahisha
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing a linga topped by a triple bel leaf and fruit offerings
Woman lustrating a large linga
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing a battle between Ravana and Rama
Battle of Lanka
Sari (Baluchar Butidar)
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing the roundel bearing the inscription Ya Allah
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing the underdrawing of a gopi in the vastraharana episode
A Babu with His Bibi
Tom Raw visits Taylor and Co.'s emporium in Calcutta
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing a train engineer using a kula-shaped coal shovel
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing a steam-driven pleasure mayurpankhi (peacock-prowed boat)
A design being transferred to silk for women to embroider in kantha work at the NGO Siban Udyog
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing the popular elephant riders and a tiger with rider
Kantha Placemat (Embroidered Quilt)
Two women working together on a large kantha in the workshop of the West Bengal Crafts Council
A woman engages her daughter in her embroidery at the NGO Siban Udyog
Chandra Basu displays a seating mat
Sima Pal, daughter-in-law of the caretaker of the Basu family estate, sets out ashans she has made
Malati Das displays cross-stitched kanthas on the rooftop of the Das family home (photographer's daughter sits on one in the foreground)
Nibedita Basu unfolds her son Deep's kanthas on the bed
Cross-stitch kanthas displayed by Malati Das on the rooftop of the Das family home
The Nag Chaudhuri family's living room in Jodhpur Park
Anima Nag Chaudhuri and Sagarmoni Sarkar display a quilt cover made by Banasree Nag Chaudhuri from patching leftover pieces of fabric she saved
Banasree Nag Chaudhuri displays a kantha
Anima Nag Chaudhuri's silk kantha embroidered with the story of the clever bird Tuntuni
Anima Nag Chaudhuri's kantha for her grandson Akash, detail
Sagarmoni Sarkar points to the border of her own sari, which has a design often embroidered on kanthas
Gauri Bachkha folding a kantha, Das family residence
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail
Nibedita Basu displays a kantha made for her husband and given for her son's Shashthi Puja
Sardar family courtyard, facing Durga Dalan for Durga Puja
Kanthas hanging on clotheslines in the afternoon, along with other washed clothes that were drying in the sun, Sardar family rooftop
Kanthas hanging on a clothesline in a domestic courtyard
Kanthas hanging on clotheslines, below on the roadside, against the wall of a domestic compound, and above on the rooftop
Samadrita Sardar displays Sumatibala's kantha
Gangadhar Das opens the steel trunk in which the family stores Malati's kanthas
Durga Mahishamardini in worship during Durga Puja, Sardar family residence
Subroto Sardar with his daughter Swastika and nephew Spandan snuggle under a blanket while watching a televised cricket match between Durga Puja rituals
Samadrita Sardar folds kantha blankets, cleaning up as the family prepares to go downstairs for arati
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing a steam locomotive
Cover of G. S. Dutt, Catalogue Exhibition of Folk Arts
Rabindranath Tagore (left) and Abanindranath Tagore working on a sketch for Chitrangada
Gurusaday Dutt with painter Mataru Chitrakar working on a square pat
Interior of the Gurusaday Museum
Sujni kantha
Sujni kantha, detail showing a babu seated in a European chair with a two-anna coin above his head
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing Ghor Kali
Zainul Abedin (second from right) with renowned sarod player and music teacher Ustad Allauddin Khan (third from right), artist Kamrul Hasan, musician Ustad Khadem Hossain Khan, and author Sardar Joinuddin at a music conference
Frontispiece and title page, Darkening Days: Being a Narrative of Famine-Stricken Bengal
The 1901 rajbari
Ashan kantha
Kantha
Square kantha, detail
Central panel of a square kantha depicting Satya Pir riding a leopard and possibly Satya Narayana or Dakshin Ray on a horse
Dakshin Ray
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail image of Dakshin Ray
Naramedha Pata (Narrative Scroll telling the story of Naramedha), detail
Kantha
Shyam Bandh (lake)
Water-filled copper pots
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing janti and pan
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing kohl holder and pair of fish
Montu Chitrakar painting black outlines for the figures on a hand scroll
Madan Mohan Temple
Vastraharana, south façade
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing the vastraharana episode
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing Krishna ferrying the gopis across the Jamuna River, the naukavilas and danakhanda episodes
Krishna ferrying the gopis across the Jamuna River, the naukavilas and danakhanda episodes
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing Krishna is astride a horse composed of eight gopis
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing Krishna stealing butter from his mother Yashoda's butter churn
Dalan temple
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing Krishna and Radha flanked by eight women
Figure grouping of Radha's eight closest friends, Rash Festival
Depiction of Krishna's circular dance
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing the chala temple form enclosing a linga
Elokeshi and the Mahant
Ratha Festival
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing processional cart
Ashura procession
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing a roundel with the Arabic inscription Ya Allah just below a satirical image of a woman beating a man with a broom
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail
Kali and Shiva
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing Kali in a dancing pose wearing Krishna's dhoti and shawl
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail with inscribed date, the elevated iron house (right), enthroned Rama and Sita (left), and Manasa embodied as a pot with snakes (upper left)
Colonial building at Kali Ghat, Calcutta
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing Dhanapati's vision of the goddess Chandi
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing Srimanta's vision of Chandi
Shiva, Parvati, and Ganesha
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing Durga as a clay icon
Celebration of last day of Durga Puja
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing a temporary image of a goddess with chalachitra in a dalan
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail with musicians playing shehnai
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing musicians and dancers performing for a seated Babu
The vastraharana scene from the Kantaji Temple
Sujni kantha, detail with an elaborate Bangla inscription noting that Shrimati Manadasundari made the piece with her own hands for her father
Ashan kantha, detail
Ashan kantha inscribed shrimati hajera khatun sang talukpara
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail inscribed with the name of the owner, Shri Samandari Das
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail with an inscription noting that the owner of the kantha is Shri Hiralal Bandya[padhyay], as well as one stating that the world is ephemeral
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail depicting Krishna, his legs crossed, playing the flute
A bostani or gatri kantha juxtaposing motifs of a ratha and a mosque
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail depicting the deities Jagannatha, Balarama, and Subhadra
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing the inscription across the ratha
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail, the religious naming of god (Krisha, Hare, Rama) becomes the pattern of the entire quilt
Kantha, detail with inscriptions in Bangla and English, including the word HauSE (upper right)
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing a multicolored tiger and a man in European dress
Kantha depicting well-dressed gentlemen and women hugging peacocks
Sujni kantha showing Gajalakshmi, the goddess Lakshmi with elephants, surrounded by a circle of dancing girls
Purnoshashi Saha drawing the center of a lotus in her alpana
Purnoshashi Saha filling out the lotus
Purnoshashi Saha's filled-out lotus, with dots and a kalasa (water pot)
Ashan kantha with a kalka tree, a fertility motif
Utilitarian kantha drying on bamboo scaffolding
Kantha, kalka motif with fern stitching worked in black thread
Paper label attached to kantha
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail backlit photograph showing where the individual pieces of cloth were stitched together to make this kantha
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail
Fragments of a sari border collected in Calcutta by a British government worker around 1865
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail
Tightly woven and compact mill cloth has been used to make this square kantha; a small piece of handloom cloth attached at the corner enables the textures to be compared
Tightly woven and compact mill cloth has been used to make this square kantha; a small piece of handloom cloth attached at the corner enables the textures to be compared
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail
The second campaign of embroidery in this small rectangular kantha demonstrates the heavier embroidery and wider variety of color that often characterize later kanthas
Galicha (Carpet Kantha), detail
Sujni kantha using lal shalu with back-stitched designs in white yarn, detail
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing wheels created by pattern darning
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail of reverse showing pattern-darned wheels
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing bending stitches
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail of reverse
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing the thickness of line created by chain stitching
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail of reverse
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing kalka (paisley) motifs fringed with fern stitching, with fly stitching between the kalkas
Stitch Diagrams
Stella Kramrisch in India
Stella Kramrisch as a child with her dog Flockie
Vardahamana motif topping a gateway of Stupa 1, detail
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail
A view of the Eastern India section of Unknown India as installed at the Philadelphia Museum of Art
A view of the Eastern India section of Unknown India as installed at the City Art Museum of Saint Louis
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt), detail showing embroidered dedication to Stella Kramrisch
A bedroom in Stella Kramrisch's renovated schoolhouse home in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, showing a kantha used as a bedspread
Stella Kramrisch at home with one of her cats
Stella Kramrisch and Sir Edmund Hillary at the opening of Painted Delight in 1986
Philadelphia Museum of Art Director Anne d'Harnoncourt admires Stella Kramrisch's Padma Bhushan medal after it was awarded by Indian Consul General P. P. Souza on September 15, 1982
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt)
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Sheldon and Jill Bonovitz in their living room, surrounded by pieces from their collection
Kanthas and paintings by self-taught artists adorn the walls of the Duane Morris LLP offices
Kanthas and paintings by self-taught artists adorn the walls of the Duane Morris LLP offices
Yaekle Building
House with Two Men, a Turkey, and a Dog
Dragon Train
Jill Bonovitz at home with examples of her own ceramics and a wire vessel (middle shelves), as well as ceramics by Eugene Von Bruenchenhein (top and bottom shelves)
Blue-handled pitcher (from side)
Scott Rothstein at home in Delhi examining kanthas
Kantha (Embroidered Quilt)
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Contents

Darielle Mason (Editor)

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

Contents

Author

Darielle Mason (Editor)

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22908

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Foreword

Timothy Rub

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

Foreword

Author

Timothy Rub

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22909

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A Note to the Reader

Darielle Mason (Editor)

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

A Note to the Reader

Author

Darielle Mason (Editor)

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22910

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Maps

Darielle Mason (Editor)

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

Maps

Author

Darielle Mason (Editor)

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22911

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Background Texture: Lives and Landscapes of Bengal’s Embroidered Quilts

Darielle Mason

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

Recycled rags, household cloths, ritual actions, women’s personal expressions, intergenerational bonds, icons of cultural and national identity, links with the ancient past, representations of cosmic reintegration, works of art...

Author

Darielle Mason

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

Related print edition pages: pp.1-29

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00323.1

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22912

Chapter subject tags:Bengal (India)--HistoryKanthasWomen, BengaliRites and ceremonies--IndiaHindu mythology

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From Rags to Riches: Valuing Kanthas in Bengali Households

Pika Ghosh

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

The literature on kanthas has drawn attention to the story of recycling rags, emphasizing the resourcefulness and creativity of Bengali women, particularly in rural contexts, in salvaging and reusing worn, threadbare, and patched fabrics to fashion a new product...

Author

Pika Ghosh

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

Related print edition pages: pp.31-57

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00323.2

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22913

Chapter subject tags:KanthasStorytellingWomen, BengaliRites and ceremonies--IndiaFamilies--India

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In Search of “Living Traditions”: Gurusaday Dutt, Zainul Abedin, and the Institutional Life of Kanthas

Katherine Hacker

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

When Stella Kramrisch started collecting kanthas in the 1920s and 1930s, some of her contemporaries in Calcutta (Kolkata) were also actively engaged in this enterprise. Kramrisch began her academic career in India at Visva-Bharati in rural Santiniketan...

Author

Katherine Hacker

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

Related print edition pages: pp.60-79

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00323.3

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22914

Chapter subject tags:KanthasDatta, Gurusadaẏa, 1882-1941Bengal (India)--Social life and customsFolk art--ExhibitionsAbedin, Zainul, 1914-1976

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Embroidering Bengal: Kantha Imagery and Regional Identity

Pika Ghosh

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

Just as worn cloth is recycled to make kanthas, so designs and stories are creatively recombined to adorn their surfaces. The motifs and narratives found on these quilts are shared with Bengali literature and visual and performing arts; together, they indicate a common regional pool of resources from which individuals across generations...

Author

Pika Ghosh

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

Related print edition pages: pp.81-113

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00323.4

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22915

Chapter subject tags:KanthasEmbroidery--PatternsBengal (India)--Social life and customsHindu mythologyNarrative art

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Women’s Words / Women’s Voices in the Kantha

Niaz Zaman

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

We tend to think that the kantha died out in Bangladesh until its revival in the mid–1980s, but this is not the case. Even when it was not a public object for display as it is today, the kantha continued...

Author

Niaz Zaman

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

Related print edition pages: pp.115-137

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00323.5

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22916

Chapter subject tags:KanthasWomen, BengaliInscriptionsBangladesh--Social life and customsIndia--Civilization--British influences

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A Many-Splendored Thing: Kantha Technique and Design

Anne Peranteau

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

The name kantha may be applied to a range of Bengali textiles that display a variety of techniques, functions, and designs. Some are plain while others are extensively embroidered. The most humble and utilitarian of these layered and quilted...

Author

Anne Peranteau

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

Related print edition pages: pp.139-154

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00323.6

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22917

Chapter subject tags:KanthasBengali textile fabricsEmbroidery--PatternsUpcycling (Waste, etc.)

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Appendix: Stitch Diagrams

Darielle Mason (Editor)

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

Author

Darielle Mason (Editor)

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00323.7

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22918

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The Stella Kramrisch Collection

Darielle Mason (Editor)

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

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Author

Darielle Mason (Editor)

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00323.8

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22919

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Interwoven in the Pattern of Time: Stella Kramrisch and Kanthas

Darielle Mason

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

As her monumental 1981 book The Presence of Siva reflects, Stella Kramrisch was a consummate myth-maker...

Author

Darielle Mason

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

Related print edition pages: pp.158-168

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00323.9

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22920

Chapter subject tags:KanthasKramrisch, Stella, 1898-1993Women art collectorsWomen art historiansFolk art--India

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Kanthā

Stella Kramrisch

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

Kanthā means a patched cloth made of rags and the embroideries called ‘Kanthā’ and illustrated on Pls. X-XVI...

Author

Stella Kramrisch

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

Related print edition pages: pp.169-183

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00323.10

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22921

Chapter subject tags:KanthasUpcycling (Waste, etc.)Women, BengaliEmbroidery--PatternsSymbolism

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Plates 1–52

Darielle Mason (Editor)

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

Author

Darielle Mason (Editor)

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00323.11

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22922

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The Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection

Darielle Mason (Editor)

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

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Author

Darielle Mason (Editor)

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00323.12

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22923

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Resonances: A Discussion on Collecting with Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz

Darielle Mason

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

Sheldon was born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1937. Growing up he worked in his family’s wholesale fish business, held a variety of odd jobs, and, in his own words, lived “at the edge...

Author

Darielle Mason

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

Related print edition pages: pp.240-251

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00323.13

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22924

Chapter subject tags:Art--Collectors and collectingPrivate art collectionsFolk artOutsider artistsKanthas

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Plates 53–85

Darielle Mason (Editor)

Kantha: The Embroidered Quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art

Plates 53-85

Author

Darielle Mason (Editor)

PublisherPhiladelphia Museum of Art

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00323.14

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22925

Access to this content is only available to subscribers. If you are at an institution that currently subscribes to the A&AePortal, please login to your VPN before accessing the site. If you have already purchased an individual subscription, please sign in to your account to access the content. Learn more about subscriptions.

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