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Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
BOOKInteraction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Josef Albers
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22763
“One of the most important books on color ever written.”—Michael Hession, Gizmodo

Josef Albers’s Interaction of Color is a masterwork in twentieth-century art education. Conceived as a handbook and teaching aid for artists, instructors, and students, this timeless book presents Albers’s unique ideas of color experimentation in a way that is valuable to specialists as well as to a larger audience.

Now, for the first time, the Interaction of Color is available as its own interactive website, allowing users to create, save, and share color studies following Albers's guidance. The digital edition also includes video commentary by experts explaining the principles in some of the color exercises featured in the book.
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Print publication date September 1963 (in print)
Print ISBN 9780300146936
EISBN 9780300269284
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Illustrations 122
Print Status in print
Publisher (in print)

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List of illustrations

  • Plate IV-1a
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Free
Table of Contents
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Table of Contents
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22764
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Free
Foreword
Nicholas Fox Weber
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
It is now fifty years since Interaction of Color was published and, almost immediately, began to change the way people all over the world thought about seeing...
Author
Nicholas Fox Weber
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22765
Read
Introduction
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
The book “Interaction of Color” is a record of an experimental way of
studying color and of teaching color...
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.1-2
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22766
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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I. Color recollection—
visual memory
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
If one says “Red” (the name of a color)
and there are 50 people listening,
it can be expected that there will be 50 reds in their minds...
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.3-3
https://doi.org/I. Color recollection—visual memory
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22767
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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II. Color reading and contexture
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
The concept that “the simpler the form of a letter the simpler its reading”
was an obsession of beginning constructivism. It became something
like a dogma, and is still followed by “modernistic” typographers...
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.4-5
https://doi.org/II. Color reading and contexture
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22768
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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III. Why color paper—
instead of pigment and paint
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~When, more than 20 years ago, this systematic study of color was begun,
it occurred almost as a matter of course that the studies would be done
in color papers. At that same time there was some concern among teachers
that students might be reluctant to substitute paper for paint.
Since then, obviously, the attitude of students—and of...
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.6-7
https://doi.org/III. Why color paper—instead of pigment and paint
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22769
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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IV. A color has many faces—
the relativity of color
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Imagine in front of us 3 pots containing water, from left to right...
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.8-11
https://doi.org/IV. A color has many faces—the relativity of color
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22770
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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V. Lighter and/or darker—
light intensity, lightness
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~If one is not able to distinguish the difference between a higher tone
and a lower tone, one probably should not make music.
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.12-17
https://doi.org/V. Lighter and / or darker—light intensity, lightness
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22771
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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VI. 1 color appears as 2—
looking like the reversed grounds
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~Having presented, in the previous problem, a very detailed explanation
of a step-by-step method of teaching and learning, the following problem
permits a briefer description.
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.18-19
https://doi.org/VI. 1 color appears as 2—looking like the reversed grounds
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22772
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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VII. 2 different colors look alike—
subtraction of color
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~The fact that one and the same color can perform many different roles
is well known and is consciously applied.
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.20-21
https://doi.org/VII. 2 different colors look alike—subtraction of color
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22773
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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VIII. Why color deception?—
after-image, simultaneous contrast
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~For a better understanding of why colors read differently
from what they really (physically) are, we show now
the cause of most color illusions.
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.22-23
https://doi.org/VIII. Why color deception?—after-image, simultaneous contrast
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22774
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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IX. Color mixture in paper—
illusion of transparence
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~It is obvious that in working with color paper there is no way
of mixing the colors mechanically, as paint and pigment permit,
and as they invite one to do on a palette or in a container.
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.24-26
https://doi.org/IX. Color mixture in paper—illusion of transparence
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22775
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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X. Factual mixtures—
additive and subtractive
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~Though the color class (as a rule) abstains from the use of colorants
(meaning pigments and paints) for reasons explained before,
the color studies in paper are related to the actual use of paint
as often as possible.
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.27-28
https://doi.org/X. Factual mixtures—additive and subtractive
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22776
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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XI. Transparence and space-illusion
Color boundaries and plastic action
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~A study of color mixture in paper leads to 3 important discoveries.
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.29-32
https://doi.org/XI. Transparence and space-illusion Color boundaries and plastic action
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22777
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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XII. Optical mixture—
after-image revised
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~In contrast to after-image, so far the main concern of our studies, here
is another very different color illusion called “optical mixture.”
Instead of 2 (or more) colors changing each other, “pulling” or “pushing”
each other into different appearances (toward both greater difference and greater...
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.33-33
https://doi.org/XII. Optical mixture—after-image revised
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22778
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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XIII. The Bezold Effect
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
There is a special kind of optical mixture, the Bezold Effect, named after its
discoverer, Wilhelm von Bezold (1837–1907)...
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.33-33
https://doi.org/XIII. The Bezold Effect
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22779
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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XIV. Color intervals and transformation
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~The tune of “Good morning to you” consists of 4 tones. It can be sung
in a high soprano, a low basso, and in all in-between voices, as well as
on many levels and in many keys. It can be played on innumerable instruments.
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.34-36
https://doi.org/XIV. Color intervals and transformation
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22780
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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XV. The middle mixture again—
intersecting colors
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~Our studies of illusionary transparence have shown how difficult it is
to find a middle mixture.
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.37-38
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22781
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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XVI. Color juxtaposition—
harmony—quantity
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Color systems usually lead to the conclusion
that certain constellations within a system provide color harmony...
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.39-44
https://doi.org/XVI. Color juxtaposition—harmony—quantity
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22782
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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XVII. Film color and volume color—2 natural effects
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~Usually, we think of an apple as being red.
This is not the same red as that of a cherry or tomato.
A lemon is yellow and an orange is like its name.
Bricks vary from beige to yellow to orange,
and from ochre to brown to deep violet.
Foliage appears in innumerable shades of green.
In all these cases the colors named are...
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.45-46
https://doi.org/XVII. Film color and volume color—2 natural effects
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22783
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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XVIII. Free studies—
a challenge to imagination
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~The previous chapters deal mostly with tasks to be solved as
class problems. Through them, all class members work in 1
direction only. This means they compete for the solution of
1 given problem at a time—that of a single color effect.
Although the solutions may differ considerably, and especially so
in their presentation,...
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.47-51
https://doi.org/XVIII. Free studies—a challenge to imagination
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22784
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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XIX. The Masters—
color instrumentation
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~It should be clear by now that our way of studying color
does not start with the past—neither with works of the past
nor with its theories.
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.52-53
https://doi.org/XIX. The Masters—color instrumentation
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22785
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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XX. The Weber-Fechner Law—
the measure in mixture
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~In order to obtain a graduated scale of greys, M. E. Chevreul,
the author of the famous book “The Laws of Contrast of Colour,”
gave the following instructions (from the English translation of 1868,
page 5, paragraph 11):
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.54-58
https://doi.org/XX. The Weber-Fechner Law—the measure in mixture
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22786
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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XXI. From color temperature to humidity in color
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~Earlier, when explaining light intensity as lightness and color intensity
as brightness, we found that agreement is easier in the first case,
and difficult in the second.
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.59-60
https://doi.org/XXI. From color temperature to humidity in color
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22787
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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XXII. Vibrating boundaries—
enforced contours
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~As a deception, this effect is related to our earlier experience
in which 2 colors appeared as 3 or 4 colors.
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.61-61
https://doi.org/XXII. Vibrating boundaries—enforced contours
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22788
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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XXIII. Equal light intensity—
vanishing boundaries
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~Though rarely perceived, it is a fact that articulate boundaries
between colors can be made nearly unrecognizable, or made practically
invisible—through the choice of color alone.
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.62-64
https://doi.org/XXIII. Equal light intensity—vanishing boundaries
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22789
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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XXIV. Color theories—
color systems
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
~Originally, we began our color course with a presentation
of various color systems, of color theories.
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.65-67
https://doi.org/XXIV. Color theories—color systems
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22790
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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XXV. On teaching color—
some color terms
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
In the previous chapters we have presented a studio course,
or, if you prefer, a laboratory or workshop course...
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.68-73
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22791
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

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XXVI. In lieu of a bibliography—
my first collaborators
Josef Albers
Description: Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
This book presents results of search, not of what is academically called
research...
Author
Josef Albers
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2022 by Yale University
Related print edition pages: pp.74-74
https://doi.org/XXVI. In lieu of a bibliography—my first collaborators
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22792
Chapter subject tags:Albers, Josef. Interaction of colorColor--Study and teachingColor visionColor in visual communicationColor in design

Access to this content is only available to subscribers. If you are at an institution that currently subscribes to the A&AePortal, please login to your VPN before accessing the site. If you have already purchased an individual subscription, please sign in to your account to access the content. Learn more about subscriptions.

Get access
Interaction of Color: The Complete Digital Edition
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